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A  SELECTIVE  MICROFILM  EDITION 

EARTH 

(1879-1886) 


Thomas  E.  Je£Erey 

Microfilm  Editor  and  Associate  Director 

Paul  B.  Israel 
Assistant  Editor 


Mary  Ann  Hellrigel  Douglas  G.  Tarr 

David  W.  Hutchings  Robert  A.  Rosenberg 

Editorial  Associates 


Leonard  DeGraaf 
Joseph  P.  Sullivan 
Alan  Stein 
Karen  Kozak 


John  Deasey 
Barbara  B.  Tomblin 


Keith  A.  Nier 
Assistant  Editor 

Reese  V.  Jenkins 
Director  and  Editor 


Sponsors 

Rutgers,  The  State  University  of  NewJersey 
NaUonal  Park  Service,  Edison  National  Historic  Site 
NewJersey  Historical  Commission 
Smithsonian  Institution 


University  Publications  of  America 
Frederick,  Maryland 
1987 


I  permission  of  McGraw«Edison  Company. 


THOMAS  A.  EDISON  PAPERS 


Reese  V.  Jenkins 
Director  and  Editor 

Thomas  E.Jeffi'ey 

Associate  Director  and  Microfilm  Editor 


Paul  B.  Israel 
Robert  A.  Rosenberg 
Keith  A.  Nier 
Andrew  Butrlca 

Assistant  to  the  Director 
Helen  Endlck 


Research  Associates 
Douglas  G.  Tarr 
Mary  Ann  Heilrigel 
David  W.  Hutchings 


Secretary' 
Grace  Kurkowski 


Joseph  P.  Sullivan 
Karen  Kozak 
Granville  Miller 


Leonard  DeGraaf 
Alan  Stein 


Student  Assistants 


BOARD  OF  SPONSORS 


Rutgers,  The  State  Universit>'  of 
New  Jersey 

Edward  J.  Bloustein 
T.  Alexander  Pond 
Tilden  G.  Edelstcin 
John  Gillis 

New  Jersey  Historical  Commission 
Bernard  Bush 
Howard  L  Green 


National  Park  Sen'ice,  Edison 
Nationai  Historic  Site 
Roy  W.  Weaver 
Edward  J.  Pershey 
Smithsonian  Institution 
Bernard  Finn 
Arthur  P.  Moieila 


EDITORIAL  ADVISORY  BOARD 

James  Brittain,  Georgia  Institute  of  Technology 
Alfred  D.  Chandler,  Jr.,  Harvard  University 
Neil  Harris,  University  of  Chicago 
Thomas  Parke  Hughes,  University  of  Pennsylvania 
Arthur  Link,  Princeton  University 
Nathan  Reingold,  Smithsonian  Institution 
Robert  E.  Schofield,  Iowa  State  University 


CORPORATE  ASSOCIATES 

William  C.  Hittinger  (chairman),  RCA  Corporation 
Edward  J.  Bloustein,  Rutgers,  The  State  University  of  NJ. 
Cees  Bruynes,  North  American  Philips  Corporation 
Paul  J.  Christiansen,  Charles  Edison  Fund 
Philip  F,  Dietz,  Westinghouse  Electric  Corporation 
Roland  W.  Schmitt,  General  Electric  Corporation 
Harold  W.  Sonn,  Pubiic  Service  Eiectric  and  Gas  Company 
Morris  Tanenbaum,  AT&T 


FBVANCIAL  CONTRIBUTORS 


PRIVATE  FOUNDATIONS  PUBLIC  FOUNDATIONS 

Alfred  P.  Sloan  Foundation  National  Science  Inundation 

Charles  Edison  Fund  National  Endowment  for  the  Humanities 

The  Hyde  and  Watson  Foundation 
Geraldine  R.  Dodge  Foundation 


A  Note  on  the  Sources 

The  pages  which  have  been 
filmed  are  the  best  copies 
available.  Every  technical 
effort  possible  has  been 
made  to  ensure  legibility. 


items  contained  on  these  reels 
may  be  made  in  order  to  facilitate 
research. 


THOMAS  A.  EDISON  PAPERS 


A  SELECTIVE  MICROFILM  EDITION 
PARTH 
(1879-1886) 


Edison  Electric  Light  Co.  v.  United  States  Electric  Lighting  Co. 
Volume  V 

Complainants  Rebuttal  -  Depositions 


^;CIRCU1T  COURT  OF  TIIK  UNITED  STATES. 

[■  SOUTHERN  DISTRICT  OP  NEW  TORE. 


“vy;]  -  .  IN  ISQUITV.  ;i446. 

f::]  THE  EDISON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY, 

Complama.t, 

THE  UNITED  STATES  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  COJIPANY, 
W'V  Tkfcndant. 

ON  LETTERS  PATENT  No.  223,898. 


VOL.  V. 

dOMPLAINANT’S  REBUTTAL. 

DEPOSITIONS 


RXHIBITS. 


EATON  A-  LEWIS, 

Cvniphununt's  S<i!i<;!lui‘x. 

Cii’ARENCE  A.  SEWARD, 
f^BBOiSATiNOR  LOWREY, 

.MCHARD  N.  DYER, 

te-r.  0/  Counsel. 


DeiMisitlons— Con/iHutrf. 


no  13.; 

xnmiimtion . . 

“  . 

!A.: 

xnmiimtion  (Intorfcrenco 

Doponi. 

iiiiiimtion  (Intcrfcroncc 

Doiioni. 

hxiuiiiimtion  (Intcrforcnco  Dep* 

Kxnminalion  (Iiitcrferciico  Dop-' 

inmiimtion  (lIcKpcsjwrt 

. 3006-3i:jr» 

miiintion  (ifcKocnport 

Coinpliiliiimt’sEx!iiblt8-Oirereil-Con<;n«e(/. 


Jlorton’H  Government  Koiwrt . 

“  Scribner  Mngiudno  Article .  3604 

NoUco  of  Jlotion  to  Pro<luce,  First,  of  Mnrcb  10, 

. . . . 

Notice  of  Slotion,  Aineiulcd,  of  September  10, 1890. .  3931 

■■  Defendant’s,  to  Herrick  and  Hostings  to  Ap¬ 
pear,  November  15, 1890 .  3932 

Notice  of  November  24,  1890 .  3922 

“  Motion  to  Fnnisb  Herrick  for  Contempt. . .  3933 

.*  o  ‘  ••  “  Hastings  “  “  ...  3933 

Order  of  Court,  April  8,  1890 .  393(1 

o  “  Novemlmr  5, 1890 .  3931 

Paterson  Press  Article  of  September  2,  1882 .  3801 

Koncwal  of  Motion  of  September  9,  1890 .  3931 

Howland  mid  Barker  PapiT .  3603 

Sample  Case  of  Edison  Lamps .  3498 

Sample  of  Coal-bir .  3492 

o  “  Lampblack .  3'*32 

“  “  Tar  Putty . 

Siemens'  Paper .  ’I®”" 

Tclegrapbic  Jonnial  Article  of  Octoliei  15,1878 -  360.1 

Times  Article  of  April  27, 1882  .  3801 

Trant  Letter . 

Upton’s  Scrilincr  Article  of  February,  1880 .  .1244 


Dyer’s  .iVflidavit  of  Jfarcli  27,  1890  .  3947 

Electro-Djiimnic  Light  Hucord,  March  20,  1879  -  3204 

Kerr’s  Letter  of  November  24, 1890 .  3924 

NoUco  of  Motion  to  Prislucc,  Fiist,  of  March  10, 

1890 . 

Notice  of  Motion,  Amended,  of  September  10, 1890..  39.).> 

NoUce,  Defendant’s,  to  Herrick  and  Hastings  to 

Aiipeor,  November  15,  1890  .  3932 

i  Notice  of  November  24, 1890  .  3923 

Notice  of  Motion  to  Punish  Herrick  for  Contempt...  3933 
f  .<  «  o  “  Hastings  “  “  . .  3933 

I  Opinion  of  Lacombe,  J.,  of  October  18, 1890 .  3957 

I  o  o  o  o  ..  November  24,  1890 .  .3908 


(Cirfuit  Court  of  the  ^luitrd  J^tatro, 

SOUTHERN  DISTRICT  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Tiik  Edison  Electihc  Light  Coji-  I 
Coiupliiiimiit,  [ 

riiiE(niity,3M5. 

The  United  States  EEEcniK;  Ligh  t-  j 

"^"''''Dofeiulaiit.  j 

- - J 

Take  Dotico  that  tlio  coinplaiiiaiit  in  tlie  above  case 
will  proceed  to  take  testimony  in  rebuttal  therein,  un¬ 
der  the  OTtb  Rule  in  Eipiity,  as  amended,  before  S.  M. 
Hitchcock,  Esq.,  a  standing  Examiner  of  the  said  Court 
on  Monday,  Ajiril  7tb,  1800,  at  11  o’clock  in  the  fore¬ 
noon,  at  the  office  of  C.  A.  Seward,  Esq.,  Xo.  OO 
Xa.ssau  street,  Xcw  I'ork  City. 

Xew  Yohk,  April  3d,  1890. 

Rktiahi)  X.  Dvei!, 

Of  Counsel  for  Complainant. 

To  Messrs.  Dunca.n,  Clhtis  .fc  Paige, 

Defendant’s  Solicitors, 

120  Broadway,  Now  Y’ork  City. 

Duo  service  of  the  above  notice  is  hereby  acknowl¬ 
edge  this  3d  day  of  April,  1890. 

Du.ncan,  Cuhtis  it  Page, 

120  Broadway,  N.  Y'. 


L.  S.  CIltCUIT  COURT, 

SOITIIKIIX  UlSTllICT  OF  Nkw  YoIIK. 


The  Edison  Elec 


1 

Coji-  I 


The  United  Staixs  ELErrim-  Lioht- 
INO  COMFANV. 


In  Equity,  3-145. 


) 


New  Yohk,  Ai.ril  7tii,  18U0. 

Met  imrsimnt  to  m.tieu  ,.t  tlio  oflieo  of  C.  A.  S.»vnr.l, 
bit].,  1^0.  2!l  N,is.s)iu  street,  lieforo  Sumuel  M.  Hitoli- 
'Wt  ’’  "  of  tl*o  U.  S.  Cireiiit 


Pre.sent-Cl..AiiEN<'E  A.  Seiv.ahd,  Esq.,  nnd 
Esq.,  on  belmlf  of  tl.e  coi.ipl„i,m„i. 
S..».ra.A.  Di-ncan,  EsQ.,un,l  Leo.nahi, 
i-SQ.,  on  iK'lmlf  of  the  (Icfendnnt. 


Richaih)  X. 
E.  CfiiTis, 


Complainant's  Rebuttal. 


Iniieeordaueoivitl.  tl.e  stipulation  entered  into  be- 

a«c  ll-r/v!!!"  tt’"  'n'i""?'  -®’ 

omiilaiirni’ l  •  •  ^‘-'fo'a'init’s  Record,  eouusel  for 

on  i  Sn  K  ‘'*0  .leposi- 

iatcl.elor  Fr  .  -T  IT  Edison,  Charles 


iiitc-bi.l,..-  Vh...  :  T.  ..  A.  Julison,  Charles 

’  S-iw-ver  w'lr*  qP ffob'i*  E-  Garden,  George 
Tt  ‘  f’''S'Tnnd  Walter  K.  Griffin. 


Stipulation  of  Counsel. 


3003 


Counsel  for  coinplniuaut  state  that  under  the  stip¬ 
ulations  enabling  counsel  for  dofondaut  to  introduce 
depositions  apd  exhibits  from  the  McKeesport  case, 
certain  oxliibiU  were  introduced  lus  on  behalf  of  com- 
]>lainnnt  in  this  case  wliicli,  not  licing  now  accessible  to 
complainant  or  having  no  material  bearing  upon  this 
controversy,  it  is  stipulated  that  such  exhibits  may  be 
witlidmwn,  nnd  such  exhibits  so  hereby  withdrawn  are 
described  in  the  testimony  taken  from  the  .^fcKeesDort 
case  ns  follows  : 

'Defendants  Exhibit  Dynamo  Rill,"  ollered  on  page 
488,  Vol.  II. ,  jirinted  record. 

“Defendant's  Exhibits  Accounts  nnd  Jay  I.s;ase,” 
oflerod  at  page  518,  same  vol. 

“Defendant’s  Exhibit  Man  Drawing,  Deo.  i)th,lSS7." 
offered  at  page  75!),  same  vol. 

“  Defendant’s  Exhibit  Sawyer-Man-Koith  Record,” 
offered  at  page  807,  same  vol. 

“Defendant’s  Exhibit  Sawyer-Man-Maxim  Record,” 
offered  at  same  page. 

“Defendant’s  Exhibit  Sawyer- JIan- Weston  Record,” 
offered  at  same  page. 

“  Defendant’s  Exhibt  Sawyer  .fc  Man  Electric  Co.’s 
Lamp  No.  1,”  offered  at  page  032,  same  vol. 

“  Defendant’s  Exhibit  Sawyer  A.  Man  Electric  Co.'s 
Lamp  No.  2,”  offered  at  page  933,  same  vol. 

“  Defendant’s  Exhibit  Experimental  Lamp  produced 
by  Man,”  oflerod  at  page  941,  same  vol. 

“  Defendant’s  Exhibit  Mau-Cheover  Letter,”  offered 
at  page  947,  same  vol. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  depositions  of  Etlison, 
Batchelor  nnd  Upton,  taken  from  the  McKeesport  cilsc, 
wore  made  up  iii  part  of  depositions  given  still  earlier 
in  an  interference  proceeding,  it  is  stiimlated  that  the 
dates  when  the  different  portions  of  the  depositions 
were  given  may  be  taken  from  the  interference  case  nnd 
inserted  at  the  jjroper  points  in  the  depositions,  sub¬ 
ject  to  corrections  by  either  jiarty  at  any  time  before 
the  hearing. 

It  is  further  stipulated  that  the  following  are  correct 
copies  of  the  depositions  of  Thomas  A.  Ellison,  Charles 


3001 


Tliomas  A.  Edison. 


Batcl.elor,  Francis  I{.  Upton.  Huyl.  R.  Gnnlen,  Goorac 
^^..Sawjer,  William  Sharp  anilWaltcr  K.  Griffin  as 
they  appear  in  the  reoor.l  of  the  McKcoaport  case, 
with  the  corrections  as  to  ilatcs  befora  reforrcil  to;  and 
subject  to  the  correction  of  any  errors  in  tlio  aforesai.l 
records  which  may  hereafter  bo  discovered. 


ISON  S  fiIoK££SPORT  DEPOSITION. 

UXJTED  STATES  CIRCUIT  COURT 


OiiAxoi:,  X.  ,1.,  March  (!,  188!l. 
•Met  pursuant  to  adjournment 

Man  a,  1  <="S0  between  Sawyer  A 

ns  a  Dart  0^11'  '  1  “‘■°*«-e““ination) 

thiscasrlnf-.  Mr.  Edison  in 

rialitv.  w’hicln'ilv  1^  ‘•'o  ““te- 

henring.  '  ^  '»«c.  at  the 


Thomas  A.  Edison. 


It  is  also  stipulated  that  any  objections  found 
in  said  deposition,  based  upon  peculiarities  of 
Patent  Office  practice,  sucb  as  that  the  testimony 
does  not  conform  to  the  preliminarj’  statement, 
shall  not  bo  considered  |)ertinout  in  this  case. 
In  accordance  with  said  stiimlntion,  and  Mr.  Edi¬ 
son  lining  duly  sworn,  the  Examiner  is  rc<iuestcd 
to  copy  into  the  record  at  this  point  Jlr.  Edi¬ 
son’s  deposition  in  the  interference  case. 


Edison's  Interference  Deposition. 

New  Yoiik,  June  11th,  1881. 

Pursuant  to  ndjourninont  the  counsel  for  the  resjiec- 
tivo  parties  apiicared  before  mo  at  No.  (lo  Fifth  avenue. 
Now  York  City,  at  11  o'clock  A.  51.,  Geoiioe  5V.  Dykii 
appearing  ns  counsel  for  Thomas  A.  Edison,  and  A.mos 
RitOAIiNAX  ns  counsel  for  Sawyer  A  Man. 

IJy  consent  the  questions  and  answers  were  reduced 
to  writing  by  H.  5V.  Seely,  ho  having  lirst  boon  duly 
sworn  to  faitlifully  and  truly  record  the  same. 

Tjio.mas  a.  Ediko.s',  a  witness  produced  in  his  own  be¬ 
half,  being  duly  sworn,  testified  as  follows  in  answer  to 
questions  proposed  to  biin  by  George  W.  Dyer,  Coun- 
sed  for  Edison : 

1  Q.  Please  state  your  ago  and  residence  and  occu¬ 
pation  ? 

A.  Ago  34  I  occupation,  inventor ;  residence  Menlo 
Park,  N.  J.;  for  the  time  being  living  in  New  A'ork 
City. 

2  Q.  Please  relate  in  detail  your  earliest  exiieriments 
in  the  carbonization  of  paper  ? 

Question  objected  to  unless  the  experiments 
were  made,  or  to  be  used,  or  with  a  view  of  using 


nilud  witli  clmrcoal  powder.  Sliects 
r  laid  in  iron  boxes,  fifty  to  a  Inin- 
loj)  of  wilieli  was  laid  ii  wuijjht  of 
carbon  wcjtild  remain  straii>lit  after 
Also  sheets  of  tbiek  Bristol  board 
ire  were  carbonized  under  strain  to 
.Soiiieexperinionts  were  also  made 
L'lneibles  inaile  out  of  Bristol  board. 

Ji-  Sawyer  A  Jfau  objects  to  the 
uiK  to  show  that  the  invention  was 
the  date  named  in  the  iirclimiimry 
1  so  far  as  it  bears  on  the  mnkiug 
i-electrode  of  paper  for  tho  olectrie 


'i\u  Were  these  experiments,  and 
•,  had  knowledge  of  them  ? 

dioii  iLs  to  former  question. 

aits  were  (pdte  extensive.  My  in- 
do  the  business  of  making  carbon 
lioses,  electrical  and  chemical,  for 
‘  ^'dteries.  A  company  cidled  the 


Thomas  A.  Erlison. 


3007 


in  connection  with  a  gcntloman  name  Janies,  who  is 
now  dead.  Afr.  Charles  Batchelor,  and  I  believe  Mr. 
K  H.  .Tohnson,  saw  manj-  of  tho  experiments.  Mr. 
Adams,  one  of  my  assistants,  now  dead,  helped  me  in 
the  experiments.  I  would  mention  that  we  also  car¬ 
bonized  wood  made  up  in  various  shapes,  as  well  as 
pni)or. 

4  Q.  A\  hut  wius  the  ipnilitv  of  the  paper  carbon  ino- 
duced  at  that  time  in  tho  way  you  have  described  ? 

Question  objected  to  on  tho  same  ground  as 
before. 

A.  They  wore  very  fait  carbons  after  wo  had  got  tho 
idea  of  carbonizing  them  under  strain  and  pressure. 

o  Q.  Did  you,  at  that  time,  determinu  the  quality  of 
those  paper  carbon  strijis  as  to  electrical  resistance '! 

Question  objected  to  on  the  same  ground  as 
before. 

A.  Yes.  tVe  placed  them  in  electrical  circuits  and 
worked  sounders  throughdhem.  We  also  jilaced  one 
of  tho  crucibles  in  circuit,  and  boiled  water  by  the  heat 
engendered  by  tho  pa.ssage  of  tho  current. 

0  Q.  Did  you  tost  tho  electrical  resistance  of  this  car¬ 
bonized  pajier  as-compared  with  various  metals? 

Objected  to  as  impertinent. 

A.  Y’es,  sir ;  wo  did,  lus  one  of  the  uses  of  tho  paper 
was  to  make  rheostats,  and  we  concluded  that  the  car¬ 
bon  would  bo  suitable  for  rheostats.  The  resistances 
of  tho  various  strips  wore  not  wide  apart  from  each 
other.  The  resistance  as  compared  to  metal  was  verv 
much  higher. 

7  Q.  Please  state  in  detail  your  next  exiieriments 
with  carbonized  jiaper,  and  when  such  experiments 

A.  Ml-  next  cx]>eriment  with  carbonized  j’apor  was 
tlio  use  of  the  same  in  a  telephone,  about  May  or  June, 
1877.  Wo  niailo  telephones  in  which  a  great  number 


Iit'ssfs  to  .some  of  these)  ex|ii)rimuiits,  wliellier  tlio  boron, 
silicon,  or  carlion  cxpcrinicnts  I  eminot  sjiy.  Also,  Mr.' 
C'ljiirlcs  Jiatcliclor,  Adiinis.  who  is  tloinl,  nnd  others 
whom  I  ciinnot  reni.mih..r,  saw  these  experinieuts.  I 
think  Herz  and  Field  saw  these  ex|icrimentH  in  Seii- 
tendiiT  of  1877. 

8  Q.  Pleas.,  explain  as  fnlly  as  yon  can  how  those 
last-named  experiments  in  1877  were  eondncte.l  V 
-v.  Two  ro.Is  of  bness,  sliding’  in  beariiiKS  formin{;  the 
two  poles  of  the  batt..ry,  lyid  npon  their  ends  small 
elamps  n,  «h.eh  .litrerent  snh.stances  conld  bo  clamped. 
In  the.se  clamps  strips  of  earbonized  paiMirworu  placed, 
a  out  an  eighth  of  an  inch  wide  nnd  two  inches  louf,’. 

he  paper  ns..,l  for  earhoniziiiK  was  bristol  board.  The 
earhon  was  bront;htnpt<  It  el  tipiicklyox- 

i.hze.1  and  wits  .h.stroye.l,  im  it  was  in  the  open  air.  At- 
temi.ts  were  ma.le  to  coat  the  carbon  with  powdered 

pieseru).t.  llnsdnlnot  work.  Then  experimenU  were 

not  oxidize  when  in  incandescoiiee  in  the  open  air  Also 
"Pon  boron:  but  th.-se  did  not  sncceed  In,  .m  aZ 

Zdiu  I  .'Tn  "‘7“  ‘’‘7'“’  "’"ko  good 

contact  ,it  the  eleetrode.s.  Aftonvards  we  tried  the  ox- 
P'riinent  III  .acno  aith  a  com, non  air  pnmrbut  tlm 
'•‘7'initl-tae  acre  able  to  get  was  so  ZMlml  Ibe 
eaJ,on  oxidized  almost  as  rapidly  as  it  did  in  the  air 
“f  ‘1*0  constnietion  used 


Thomas  .\.  Edison. 


3009 


in  your  previous  answer?  If  so,  produce  it.  If  yon 
have  not  such  sketch,  jilcaso  make  one  now,  to  l)o  at¬ 
tached  as  an  exhibit  in  this  ease? 

A.  I  think  I  have  the  original  appamtn.s,  which  I  be¬ 
lieve  I  can  produce,  and  will  do  so  if  possible. 

10  Q.  In  this  apparatus  referred  to,  was  the  carbon¬ 
ized  imper  strip  an  incande.seent  conductor  .suitable  for 
use  in  an  electric  lani|)  ? 

Question  objecte.l  to  unless  the  strip  was 
afterwards  useil  in  an  electric  lamp,  or  intended 
for  one  at  the  time. 

A.  It  was  used  as  an  ineandesceiit  conductor  in  an 
electric  lamp,  but  not  under  ]>roper  conditions. 

11  Q.  When  was  this  experiment  made  ? 

A.  I  think  about  September,  1877. 

ItJ  Q.  Why  did  you  not  refer  to  these  experiments  in 
your  preliminary  statement  tiled  in  this  interference? 

Objected  to  as  ineompeteiit,  iiTri.levant  nnd 
ininintcrial. 

A.  The  cxporiincnts  had,  I  think,  .slijipcd  my  mem¬ 
ory  when  I  made  out  the  prcliuiinary  statement. 

13  Q.  Plciise  state  in  detail  your  next  experiment  in 
this  connection  ? 

A.  The  next  experiments  took  place,  I  think,  in  Oc¬ 
tober  or  Xovember,  1878.  My  a.ssistant,  Jlr.  Batch¬ 
elor,  made  a  groat  numlier  of  ])npcr  carbons,  fifty  or 
upwards,  which  consisted  of  tissue  paper  and  other 
kinds  of  paper,  coated  over  their  surface  with  a  mixture 
of  lampblack  nnd  tar,  nnd  then  rolled  up  in  the  form 
represented  by  a  knitting  needle,  and  afterwards  car¬ 
bonized  by  beat.  These  were  included  in  electrical  cir¬ 
cuits  nud  brought  uii  to  incandescence  in  vacuo.  They 
were  also  used  in  a  lamp  devised  about  tbe  same  time, 
which  lamp  is  shown  in  ray  patent  224,329,  where  the 
light  was  given  by  the  incandescence  of  the  carbon  at 
the  point  of  contact  between  the  electrodes.  The  car¬ 
bon  did  not  last  very  well  in  vacuo,  and  we  found  it 


M  \>  ilut  (le|;ree  of  nso  wiis  inn<H)  of  the  electn 
lamp  bust  dcscrilaal  'i 

A.  0  limiit  tluan  for  sevural  liotira  at  a  tiino,  bii 
tliu  liost  results  were  olitaincd  with  woo<l  earhona. 

lo  (}.  Are  aa_v  of  tljos<'  lamps  now  ia  existence  ? 

A.  1  do  not  think  so.  I  think  there  were  one  or  twi 
made,  and  then  used  for  other  puipo.ses. 

10  Does  the  drawini,' of  the  imteiit  .you  have  jus 
refened  to  show  fairly  the  constrmrtion  of  the  him| 
which  WILS  mail.:  and  useil  at  the  time  named  ? 

A.  ftiloes;  hut  we  made  other  forms  not  shown  ii 
Ihe  patent.  1  have  repre.sented  these  in  a  sketch  whiel 
I  now  i)roduce,  marked  lulison  Kxhihit  1.  In  this  ex 
Inhit  lij>ure  1  represents  a. spring  (i.seeiiretl  to  a  pillar  U 
rpon  the  extremity  of  the  sjwing  is  a  clamp  c  for  se 
LUiring  the  earhon.  The  lower  extremity  of  the  carhoii 
rested  upcm  iridium  pointed  prongs  c,  ,1,  /;atthei)oint  .r 
the  tension  of  tin;  spring  acting  to  press  the  carUii 
dightly  against  the  iridinniiK.int.s.  Sometimes  thocnrnml 
vas  passed  through  the  wire./,  through  thence  throngli 
ihe  earhon  to  the  points  and  out  hv  the  wire  which 
-■onnectod  to  all  three  points.  At  other  times  the  enrreni 
ivHs  ,,ass...d  through  the  wire  /,,  theneo  through  tin 
mint  across  a  portion  of  the  earhon,  theneo  to  the 
.omt  .1  and  wire  k.  This  latter  metho,!  is  shown  hettei 
n  figure  1.  In  this  figure  the  spring  .ris  disimnsed 
'!  ''“‘t’*'*  '■  '**  "•‘*>••<1  tu  press  the  earhon  against 
hetwoiridinm  Iioiiite.l  electrode.s  e, The  current 
mssiiig  from -/  toe  through  a  portion  of  the  earhon 
■‘'iscd  It  to  hecoiiie  incan.h.scent,  and  as  fast  as  the 
a  non  wore  away  hy  oxidation  it  was  fed  down  hv  the 
c  .0.1  of  the  weight  or  even  hy  the  weight  of  the  ca'rhon 
.oiut/  ‘  ‘•»-- 

Ik.  po  nt  /,  rendering  that  portion  of  the  earhon  he- 


Tliomas  A.  Edison. 


3011 


hotweoii  the  two  jioints  was  hronght  ahoiit  hv  the 
weight  of  the  earhon  paper.  The  whole  apparatus  was 
placed  at  an  angle.  In  Figure  2J  is  shown  ahont  the 
angel  at  which  the  paper  was  [.laced,  a:  heinga  limiting 
stoj)  for  the  downward  passage  of  the  earhon.  It  was 
so  armnged  that  if  the  points  /,  and  k  w.ire  taken  away 
the  paper  would  fall  hotween  the  snpiu.rt ./ and  limiting 
stop  X.  Figure  3  bIiohs  a  inodificntiou  of  tin.  appara¬ 
tus  in  Figure  1,  a  mercury  cup  being  ,, laced  on  the  top 
of  the  carbon,  in  which  a  i.latina  wire  was  in  contact 
with  the  mercury,  «  being  the  mercury  011].,  7  the 
I.latina  wire.  In  the  Patent  Xo.  224,32!)  a  ball  of 
iridium  wim  used  upon  the  upright  metallic  portion  of 
tho  electrode,  upon  whieh  the  contact  hotween  the 
carbon  and  tho  iridium  took  phu.o,  as  seen  in  Figure 
2  oHlie  drawing  of  tho  ahove-meiitioiiod  patent. 

17  Q.  In  tho  instances  named  of  Patent  221,320, 
and  the  modilicntions  just  explained  hy  you  and  shown 
in  your  Exhibit  X'o.  1,  were  tho  coiidiictoi-s  of  carbon¬ 
ized  paper? 

A.  Yes,  sir.  .A  great  many  of  theta  were  carhouized 
paper— a  few  were  made  out  of  wood. 

18  Q.  In  all  the  nhovo-uamod  instances  was  provis¬ 
ion  inado  to  keep  the  electric  continuity  intact,  and 
l.revent  tho  forniatioii  of  an  electric  spark  ? 

A.  Provision  was  always  iiindo  for  the  passage  of  a 
continuous  current,  tho  light  given  was  partially  due  to 
an  arc  and  partially  to  eloctricid  ineaudcsccuce. 

If)  Q.  Can  you  give  any  instniices  of  electric  lamps 
of  other  inventors  operating  in  .substantially  the  sumo 
way  ? 

Question  objected  to  as  iucompetont,  imperti¬ 
nent  and  irrelevant. 

A.  I  believe  the  Wordormaii  lamp  operates  in  the 
same  manner,  also  the  Joel  lamp,  now  operating  in 
London  ;  and  I  also  believe  Air.  .Sawyer’s  late  lamps 
act  somewhat  on  this  principle. 

20  Q.  Are  these  experiments  just  described  ns  hnv- 


:  been  made  in  October  or  Novemljor,  1878,  referred 
in  your  prclimiiiarv  .statoiiioiit  ; 

Question  objected  to  ns  iuicoiupeteut. 

1.  Yes,  sir  ;  these  and  other  experiments  made 
nit  the  same  time. 

11  Q.  Please  relate  fully  the  other  experiments  re¬ 
ed  to  in  your  previous  answer  ? 

L.  Wo,  in  November  or  December,  1878,  bad  our 
iium  pump  jilaced  in  order  to  conduct  some  oxperi- 
its  on  incandescent  carbon  conductors  in  vacuo,  and 
tried  a  great  number  of  experiments  with  paper  car- 
s,  wood  carbons,  and  carbons  made  with  carboni/ed 
am  corn.  'Wlmt  we  desired  at  that  date,  and  had 
eluded  as  the  only  iiossible  solution  of  the  subdiri- 
1  of  the  electric  light,  was  that  the  lamps  must  have 
gh  resistance,  and  small  radiating  surface,  so  as  to 
-•apablo  of  being  worked  in  multi])le  arc  commor- 
ly,  and  our  calculations  showed  us  that  the  lamp 
it  have  at  least  ItlO  ohms  resistance  to  compute  suc- 
ifully  with  giLs,  otherwise,  if  the  lamps  were  of  low 
stance,  the  cost  of  the  main  conductors  would  be  so 
it  as  to  render  the  system  uncommercial.  What  is 
int  here  by  a  subdivision  of  the  electric  light  is,  that 
ly  thou.sand  lamps  could  all  bo  placed  U])OM  n  singlo 
iiit.  and  be  entirely  indepondunt  of  each  other.  We, 

1  onr  previous  experiments,  knew  that  wo  could  get 
requisite  resistance  and  small  radiating  service 
issary  for  a  commercial  uso  of  the  light,  by  menus 
arbonized  paper,  or  wood  ;  and,  tlieroforo,  while 
king  to  accomplish  this  end  by  menus  of  platinum, 
mdeavored,  by  a  more  iiorfect  vacuum,  to  obtain  in 
lescent  conductors  of  carbon,  which  would  eive  ns 


9.  The  great  jioiiit  we  desired  was  a  lamp  of  bigl 
iistauce  and  small  radiating  surface,  and  it  did  no 
ttor  very  much  whether  it  was  of  carbon,  or  of  plati 
m.  The  neceasity  of  these  features,  and  the  neces 
y  of  the  single  lamp  multiple  arc  sy.steni,  is  mori 
rticiilarly  sot  forth  in  a  Hritish  |ialcnt  No.  •2-l()'J 
ted  the  i7th  of  dune,  lb7‘.t.  in  lines  12  to  87,  inelu 
0,  'id  page.  Also  from  line  tIS,  page  1,  to  lim 
,  page  2,  of  U.  S.  patent  ;  27,221).  .Msi 
U.  S.  Patent  228,808.  Nearly  the  whole  of  this  jiat- 
t  gives  information  on  the  subject.  Itetuming  to  tin 
lerimcnts  mentioned  at  the  beginning  of  this  answei 
incandescent  paper,  and  other  earlmns,  wo  fount! 
*  endeavors  blocked  in  the  matter  of  obtaining  lie 
idcsceiit  conductors  of  high  resistance  and  small  ra- 
iting  surface  by  the  fact  that  wo  could  not  makt 
■III  last  for  any  length  of  time  in  the  best  vaeuum  ob- 
liable  with  onr  air-pump,  which  was  coiisidercil  ii 
)d  one.  lint  when,  in  the  course  of  our  attempts  tc 
ain  thu  same  objects  by  means  of  incandescent  ])lat- 
im,  we  had  procured  a  Sprengel  mcreury-pump  and 
icrtainod  tbat  we  could  get  exceedingly  higb  vacuo, 
iceurred  to  me  that,  perbaps.  a  tilainent  of  carbon 
lid  bo  mado  to  stand  in  the  sealed  glass  vessel.^ 
ich  wo  wore  using,  exhaustod  to  a  high  vaeuum,  and 
Octolior,  1871),  wo  made  lamps  of  paper  carbon  and 
buns  of  cuinmon  sewing  thread  placed  in  a  receiver 
de  entirely  of  glass,  with  the  wires  sealed  therein  by 
ion,  and  tbo  wliole  exhausted  by  a  Sprengel  mer- 
■y-pump  to  nearly  the  one-milhoiith  of  an  atmos- 
ire,  and  the.se  tilaments  of  carbon,  although  exces- 
Jly  fragile,  owing  to  their  small  mass,  had  a  smaller 
iatiiig  surface  and  higher  resistance  than  we  had 
>ed :  wo  bad  readied  the  conditions  where,  not- 


lonoring  of  tlic  vneimiii  occiiiTcd  to  .lustroy  tlio  cnrbon. 
IIk.so  uX]i<.-iiiiit:iit»  ii'Kiiltod  III  tlio  Iiiiiip  iiiid  various 
modilicntioiis  and  forms,  moro  particularly  sot  forth  in 
Ill}'  Patent  223,8‘J8,  and  in  tlio  application  now  in  in¬ 
terference. 

22  Q.  Please  stale  what  you  were  doing  in  the  wav 
of  experiments  uiioii  this  subject  lietweeu  November  or 
December,  1878,  and  October,  1879. 

A.  I  was  endeavoring  to  obtain  a  lamp  of  high  resist¬ 
ance — for  instance,  a  hundred  ohms — with  small  ra¬ 
diating  surface ;  the  former  to  permit  of  economical 
subdivision  and  the  latter  to  permit  of  economy  in  the 
use  of  electric  power  ;  and  I  used  platinum  and  plat- 
inum-iridium  wire  during  that  time  to  attain  this  re¬ 
sult  ;  all  of  which  are  more  particularly  set  forth  in  the 
patents  which  I  have  heretofore  recited.  In  conduct¬ 
ing  these  exporiments  wo  made  a  great  variety  of  phir- 
inuni  him]is,  in  which  a  major  portion  of  the  wire  was 

so  coiled  as  to  not  radiate  light,  to  the  end  that  the 

lamp  might  have  a  high  resistance.  One  of  these  fonns 
IS  shown  in  my  Patent  227,220. 


I  ‘o  '““ko  gliws 

bulbs  or  shells  especially  adapted  and  used  for  electric 
incmuleHccnt  lamps. 

A.  I  think  soiinmte  lamps,  iudopondeut  of  the  air- 
immp,  wore  made  either  in  Decombor,  1878,  or  Jan¬ 
uary,  1879,  except  the  device  used  in  1877,  which 
wis  capable  of  being  detached  from  the  pump  and 
[Jhiced  in  any  posit  i  1  ut  ij  i  u,  res  oi  is  that  the 
.^  vacuum  bulb  for  an  incandescent  conductor  that 
u  ould  hold  Its  vacuum  was  made  in  June  or  July,  1879. 
this  was  made  entirely  of  glass,  with  the  conducting 
uires  sealed  therein  and  the  vacuum  obtained  with  a 
prengelpump  A  platinum  conductor  was  used  with 
li?9  T?-in  t  ««  August. 

mfr’efls  ‘o-night 

ind  refresh  my  memory  on  that  point. 


24  Q.  When  did  you  produce  electric  lamps  with  i 
candescent  paper  carbon  conductors  in  vacuum  bull 
hcrmcticnlly  closed,  so  ns  to  be  a  i  i  i  r  mlly  coi 
ideto  lamp,  capable  of  entering  into  competition  wi; 
gas  lights? 

A.  I  niiido  such  n  lain])  about  October  22d,  1879,  wliii 
had  the  charcteristics  of  high  resistance,  small  radia 
ing  surface  and  siiillcient  stability  and  econoniv 
allow  of  competition  with  gas. 

25  Q.  What  was  the  extent  of  your  manufactiire  ai 
u.so  of  such  lnin]).s  thereafter  ? 

A.  We  commenced  immediately  to  make  a  miiiib 
of  vacuum  pumps  and  stiirtoil  to  manufacliire  thei 
lamps  of  paper  carbon  with  the  pum|>  we  had  on  haiii 
During  Novemlicr  wo  made  a  great  number  of  lain] 
of  this  character,  perhaps  as  niiiny  as  one  huiidre 
These  were  put  uji  in  the  labomtory  at  Menlo  I’ar 
and  various  cxperimeiits  tried  with  them,  among  whii 
was  II  teat  of  their  candle  power,  economy,  resistnne 
lasting  time  at  various  degrees  of  incan'desence.  1 
the  latter  end  of  November,  1879,  wo  commoiiced  ojie 
ntions  with  a  view  to  got  our  ilynnmo  machines,  regti 
liitors  and  wires,  in  order  to  make  a  public  ijxhibitit 
of  these  lights. 

What  I  iiieaii  by  a  jiublie  exhibition  is  a  more  gei 
ernl  exhibition,  as  oveiything  that  I  did  in  my  labori 
tory  for  the  last  three  or  four  years  was  seen  by  thoi 
siiiids  of  persons  from  all  parts  of  the  worlil.  .A  grei 
many  peisous  visited  the  laboratory  to  see  the  lights  i 
operation  in  December,  1879,  caused  by  an  intiniatio 
in  one  of  the  daily  pajiurs  that  my  electric  lights  wei 
burning.  But  on  December  21st,  1879,  the  “  New  Yor 
Hendd  ’’  published  an  account  of  my  cxpcrinionts, 
copy  of  which  article  is  now  furnished,  marked  Edi 
sou’s  Exhibit  No.  2. 

On  December  25th,  1879,  I  had  lighted  up  m 
labomtory,  my  office  and  two  or  three  houses,  situate 
about  a  fifth  of  a  mile  from  the  laboratory,  and  als 
about  twenty  street  lights.  On  Now  Year’s  Eve,  187! 
about  three  thousand  people  visited  Menlo  Park,  an 
thereafter  to  the  present  time  all  mt'  experiments  hav 


ouluu  iiiiiu  111  tiio  opriiig  OI  loou  i  iigiiion  up  tlio 
stcaiiisliip  Coliiiiibiii  of  tlio  Ori'goii  Stoniii  Xnvigntioii 
Company  witli  about  sovoiity-fivo  to  a  Iiitiidrui]  lamps 
coiitaiiiiiig  paper  carbons,  wbicb  coiitiniioil  to 
light  tbo  sliip  satisfactorily  for  sovoral  moiitlis. 
Exhibitions  of  the  same  were  made  on  the 
stcaiusliip  Colnmliia,  at  Rio  Janeiro,  Rrazil  ; 
Valparaiso,  Chili;  San  Francisco,  Califomia,  and 
Portland,  Oregon.  I  iiiidorstand  some  of  the  lamps 
were  lighted  during  the  voyage  around  Cape  Horn,  and 
were  kept  lighted  from  San  Francisco  to  Portland  on 
the  regular  trips  for  several  mouths,  and  I  have  recently 
shipiicd  sovoral  hundred  lamps  to  replace  the  ones 
broken.  Since  that  time  I  have  tried  lui  enormous 
inimbor  of  experinionts  to  cheapen  the  cost  of  my  lamps, 
to  incroaso  their  length  of  life,  and  economy  and  resist¬ 
ance.  The  nuclei  for  uiannfaotnring  the  lamps,  estab¬ 
lished  at  Menlo  Park,  in  N'ovember  and  Dccemlicr, 
1879,  have  been  expanded  into  two  lanjo  factories,  one 
situated  at  Menlo  Ihirk  and  the  other  at  East  Newark, 
N.  J.  The  factory  at  Sleiilo  Park  emplovs  about  one 
hundred  hands,  turns  out  about  one  thousand  lamps 
per  day,  and  has  manufactured  about  sixty  thousand 
lamps.  The  factory  at  East  Newark  is  being  armiiged 
to  manufacture  fifty  thousand  lamps  per  day. 

20  Q.  Returiug  now  to  the  paper  carbon  incandescent 
lamps  made  by  you  in  the  winter  of  1879-80,  wlmt  ac¬ 
tual  use  wore  tliey  subjected  to,  and  what  was  tbo  ex¬ 
tent  of  their  durability  as  lights;  also  what  was  the 
tiuantity  of  light  produced  by  each  lamp  according  to 
gas  standards?  “ 

Objected  to  as  incompetent,  irrelevant  and 
immaterial. 

A.  Each  lamp  gave  about  12  to  10  candles  of  light. 

“Kl  run  until  they 
sere  destroyed.  Some  of  then,  were  run  all  day  and 


tho  hours  cnch  one  ran,  whicli  record  I  have  liere. 
Tlio  lamps  are  numliorod  from  142  to  417.  Examiniiij^ 
ti^  record  to  refresh  my  recollection,  Iain  able  to  state 
that,  for  instance,  lanii>  1-12  lasted  404  hours  ;  lamp  159 
lasted  480  hours ;  lamp  189  lasted  217  hours ;  lamp  255, 
294  hours;  lamp  223,  202  lioiirs  ;  laiiiji  107,  15  hours; 
lamp  204, .10  hours;  203,  17}  houis;  lamp  1.55,  280 
hours:  201,280  hours;  101,  322  hours ;  172,  259  hours. 
Ijooking  over  the  wliole  record,  I  should  judge  the 
averago  life  was  about  300  hours.  I  remember  two 
lamps,  one  of  wbicb  lusted  1,350  houis, and  aiiothcrono 
940  hours,  cut  from  tho  same  mold  and  of  tho  same  size 
and  same  paper  as  tho  lamps  I  have  mentioned  by  num¬ 
bers.  Tho  nuiiibcrs  I  have  given  occur  ou  the  pages  of 
tlio  book  consecutively. 


By  ngrcuincnt  of  counsel,  hero  made,  the  book 
of  record  referred  to  in  tho  above  answer  is 
tendered  to  counsel  for  .Sawyer  .k  Man  for  use 
in  crosH-examiiiation,  and  copies  of  so  iiiucli  of 
tho  record  ns  1ms  liceti  testitied  about  bv  the 
witness,  being  pages  1  to  15  inclusive,  are  at¬ 
tached  ns  exhibits  and  marked  Edison's  Exhibit 
No.  3. 


Tho  taking  of  furtlicr  testimony  was  adjourned 
until  Monday,  June  13,  1881,  at  10  o'clock  A.  M.,  by 
consent,  at  the  snino  iiinco. 

W.M.  H.  MiunowciioFT, 

Notary  Public, 

New  York  Countv. 


electric  lnm|)  in  which  experiments  wore  nmdo  witli  i 
paper  oarln.n  hron(>ht  n])  to  ineamlosccnee  ii 
vacno.  Tliis  lamp  was  used  altoiit  September  oi 
October,  1877.  Tlie  apparatus  originally  was  one  foi 
ilhistrating  Cieisslor  tnbe  action  in  vacno.  Tho  basi 
of  thc!  apparatus  lilted  <.ver  the  hole  in  the  platen  ol 
the  air  inimp.  It  was  then  exhausted  and  the  cocl 
turned  to  preserve  tho  vaeuum  in  tho  globe  of  thi^ 
lamp  Wo  did  not  suceee.l  in  getting  a  higher  vacuum 
than  uuliineters  on  tlio  niurciiry  gauge,  ami  wo  could 
not  umko  the  carbons  bum  more  ‘than  a  fow  minutes  at 
a  time.  Some  of  the  carbons  were  brought  up  tn 
brilUant  incandeseenee,  and  probably  gave  thirty  or 
forty  candles  of  light.  Tho  carbons  were  brought  uj» 
to  various  degrees  of  ineandesconce.  Tho  carbons  wore 
made  of  sheet  paper,  of  various  widths  and  thickness. 
I  think  they  were  made  of  llristol  Isiard.  They  were 
from  three-sixteenths  to  a  sixteenth  wide,  and  pridmbly 
irom  eight  to  fifteen  thousandths  thick.  I  believe  they 
vere  carbonized  in  tubes  nmdo  of  gius  pipe.  I  cannot 
•emember  whether  they  wore  prepared  at  the  time  or 
vere  on  hand  :  we  had  an  iniinenso  collection  of  car- 
mnized  paper  and  wood  on  hand,  which  we  used  iu 
>ur  telephonic  experiments,  in  1877. 

The  lamp  refeiTcd  to  in  tho  above  answer  is 
put  in  ovidence,  and  is  marked  “  Edison’s  Ex- 


Thomas  A.  Edison. 


3010 


Counsel  for  Sawyer  .fc  Man  objects  to  the  ex¬ 
hibit  upon  the  ground  that  it  goes  to  show,  and 
is  intended  to  show,  that  the  invention  was  made 
jirovions  to  tho  date  alleged  in  the  preliminary 
statement  of  Jlr.  IMisoii,  in  this  interference, 
and  he  objects  to  all  that  part  of  the  answer  that 
is  intended  to  show  or  goes  to  prove  that  the  in- 
vciitioii  was  made  previous  to  the  time  alleged 
in  such  preliminary  sbitement,  and  gives  notice 
that  111)011  the  hearing  of  this  interference  he  will 
move  to  strike  out  the  exhibit  and  all  that  part 
of  tiio  answer  objected  to. 

28  Q.  Can  you  exiilain  now  why  you  did  not  refer  to 
this  exhibit  in  your  preliiniimry  statement? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent,  immaternd  and 
irrelovant.  Notice  of  inotion  to  strike  out  at  the 
hearing. 

A.  1  had  forgotten  about  the  experiments.  I  had 
forgotten  that  I  had  the  exhibit,  and  it  only  came  to 
my  recollection  .Saturday,  in  conversation  with  my  as¬ 
sistant,  Mr.  llatchelor.  The  results  were  probably 
not  sufliciontly  satisfactory  to  impress  it  upon  my 
mind.  I  try  so  many  thousand  experinients  in  all 
branches  of  physics  that  I  sunictimes  forget  some  of 
them.  Thu  preliminary  statunicnt  was  made  at  a  time 
when  I  was  under  great  strain  and  crowdi-d  with  people 
at  my  laboratory. 

Answer  objected  to  on  the  same  ground  stated 
ill  tho  objection  to  tho  question.  Notice  of  mo¬ 
tion  to  strike  out  at  the  hearing. 

29  Q.  If  you  have  any  other  exhibits  found  by  you 
at  Menlo  Park  on  your  late  search,  please  produce 
such  with  full  explanations? 

Question  objected  to  upon  tho  ground  that  it 
is  incompetent,  unless  it  is  intended  to  call  out 
ovidonco  to  show  that  tho  invention  was  made 


3020 


Tliouias  A.  Edison. 


siiljsequeiit  to  the  Onto  stated  in  tlio  prolimiimr^ 
statement. 

A.  I  present  an  exhibit  wliieli  serves  to  refresh  mv 
leniory  regarding  tlie  experiments  tried  on  electric  light 
1  1877.  The  exliibit  is  dated  November  1st,  1877, 
itnessed  by  Charles  IJatchelor,  myself  and  John 
.rnesi,  and  I  know  the  signatures  to  be  their  handwrit- 
ig.  In  this  exhibit  is  shown  lamps  giving  light  by  the 
e  1  see  0  of  boron,  silieon  and  other  snbstanc-s 
icinded  in  the  electric  circuit,  such  lamps  being  ar- 
inged  in  scries  ii.,d  ,.,„itiplu  are.  Ihe  experiments 
ith  carbonized  pajicr  in  vacimni  were  made  iirevioiis 
I  the  date  of  the  exhibit  of  November  Ist,  187'7. 


Answer  objected  to  ns  intended  to  show  that 
the  invention  in  controversy  was  made  previous 
to  the  date  given  in  the  preliminnij- statement  of 
3Ir.  Edison. 

Notice  of  motion  to  strike  it  out  at  the  hear¬ 
ing. 

Paper  refened  to  put  in  evidence  and  marked 
Edi.son  s  Exhibit  No.  -1. 

Exhibit  objected  to  on  the  grounds  stated  in 
Iiust  objection,  and  notice  of  motion  to  strike  out 
repeated. 


aaouier  paper,  datect  December  3d, 
7/,  which  serves,  like  Exhibit  No.  4.  to  refresh  my 
•niory  regarding  experiments  with  the  paper  carbon, 
as  paper  is  witnessed  by  myself,  Charles  Batchelor 
d  John  Ernesi,  and  I  know  the  signature  to  bo  their 
ndwriting.  It  refreshes  my  memory  im  to  the  faet 
It  wo  wore  trying  to  subdivide  the  electric  light  into 
mall  number  of  burners,  whore  the  circuit  was  closed 

re  elm" 'i  r;  «M>oriments 

u  luetedwith  Imroii  and  silicon  was  bocauso  they 
re  not  subject  to  oxidation  like  carbon,  which  wo  had 
iviously  tried,  and  which  did  not  laaf  na  i 


Thomas  A.  Edison. 


3021 


descent  by  the  jiassago  of  the  current.  The  results  of 
the  carbou  experiments,  and  also  of  tbe  boron  and  sili¬ 
con  exiicrimcnts,  were  not  considered  suflicientiv  satis¬ 
factory,  when  looked  at  in  the  commercial  sense,  to 
continue  them  at  that  time,  nud  they  were  laid  aside. 

The  paper  referred  to  in  the  above  answer 
])ut  in  testimony  nud  marked  “Edison’s  Exhibit 

No.  r,". 

Paper  Exhibit  objected  to  as  impertinent  and 
irrelevant,  and  as  intended  to  show  that  the  in- 
vciitioii  was  made  jirovious  to  the  date  meutioned 
in  the  prclimiiiary  statement. 

Notice  of  motion  to  strike  it  out  at  the  hoar- 
ing. 

30  Q.  Please  statu  whether  or  not  the  paiicr  Exhibits 
No.  4  and  No.  5.  were  written  at  the  dates  given  upon 
each  of  them  'i 

A.  Yes,  sir  ;  they  were. 

31  Q.  State  whether  or  not  your  memory  is  distinct 
ns  to  the  fact  that  the  experiments  with  boron  and  sili¬ 
con,  mentioned  in  these  exhibits,  were  made  after  your 
experiments  with  carbonized  paper  conductors,  and 
after  the  emiiloyinent  of  such  conductors  in  the  lamj) 
marked  “Edison's  Exhibit  Eii-st  Ineande.sccnt  Lam])':'  " 

Same  olijection  as  Ixiforc,  and  same  motion. 

A.  I  am  certain  it  was  before ;  because  we  used 
boron  to  get  rid  of  oxidation,  to  which  the  carbon  was 
very  sensitive. 

32  Q.  If  yon  have  any  other  exhibits  relative  to  the 
matter  in  tpicstion,  found  in  your  late  search  at  Menlo, 
jdenso  jirodnco  the  .same  with  exjdanatious '! 

A.  I  present  a  lamj),  which  is  one  of  my  well-known 
carbon  horseshoe  lamjis,  made,  I  think,  .some  time  in 
December,  1879,  nud  is  one  of  the  same  kind  and  char¬ 
acter  as  those  made  in  October,  1879.  This  lamp  is 
illustrated  in  the  “  New  York  Herald  ”  of  December 
21st,  1879,  heretofore  put  in  evidence. 


302-2  A.  Eilisoii. 


Tiiomas  A.  Edison.  3 


33  Q.  Stntc,  if  yon  please,  in  (lint  connection,  whcthnr 
or  not  tin's  lamp  was  actually  put  in  circuit,  when  and 
where  burned,  statiiiK  the  length  of  time,  and  the 
amount  of  light  given  by  it '! 

A.  I  finil  that  its  number  is  23.5,  and  on  roforring  to 
my  note-Iiook  I  find  that  the  lamp  either  burnt  sovontv 
hours  and  eighteen  minutes  or  2.50  hours  and  forty 
minutes,  as  the  record  is  obscure.  It  gave  n  light  of 
probably  from  twi.lve  to  sixteen  candles.  It  is  one 
among  a  hundred  that  were  burning  at  the  same  time. 
One  lamp,  which  I  have  ,.revio«sly  mentioned,  made 
in  the  same  way  and.  in  the  same  inaniier  of  carlmnized 
paper,  hi-stcd  over  l,:.0O  hours,  and  I  believe  that  the 
Iniiips  of  this  character,  made  in  the  regular  wav,  had 
an  average  life  of  about  300  hours,  which  was  sunicient 
to  render  tlioiii  a  eonimercial  succe.ss  in  competing  with 
lighting  by  gas.  Had  they  but  lasted  an  hour  or  if 
the  average  life  of  a  great  iinniber  of  these  lamps' were 
only  a  few  hours,  they  would  not  have  beon  a  com¬ 
mercial  success,  and  the  results  would  have  been  of  no 
beiicht  to  the  publie. 

But  these  larajis,  in  addition  to  the  fact  that  thev 
lasted  for  a  long  time,  had  other  characteristic,  with- 
oiit  wliieh,  even  with  a  long  life,  they  would  not  have 
been  available  for  eonii.eting  with  gas.  These  iinport- 
Iiit  characteristies  were  that  they  were  of  high  resist- 
iince  of  small  radiating  surface,  and  hence  economicid, 
oi  the  reason  that  smaller  condiieting  wires  could  he 
1.  eu  ior  conveying  the  eiirreut,  as  owing  to  the  high 
•esistance  of  the  lamps  weak  currents  were  only  iiocos- 
;«ry  and  sunicieiit  energy  to  produce  the  result  was 
Diced  through  the  wire  and  lamps  In  incieasiiig  the 
il  ctric  pressure  or  electro-motive  force.  If  lamps  of 
ou  ri  sistaiico  were  placed  in  multiple  arc  in  a  single 

ru?  “  ^  '• 

yry  low,  and  conductors  of  corro- 

n  ’  1  i'^**  current  in  the  form 

^  heat  would  take  place  on  the  conductor.  Hence 
the  resistance  of  each  lamp  was  made,  sav  one  Imn 
Ired  times  greater,  then  the  conductors  could  ha  ra 


hundred  times  less  area,  and  the  losses  would  be  th 
same  in  both  ames.  51  ith  siiinll  radiating  surface  le.s 
energy  is  reejuired  to  produce  a  candle  power  than  on 
larger  surface.  Again,  economy  is  attained  from  th 
fact  that  these  tilamcnts  of  carbon,  being  small  in  iiiasi 
do  not  conduct  heat  any  better  than  they  do  eleetricih 
and  therefore  very  little  heat  is  coiidncted  from  th 
glowing  incandescent  conductor  to  the  clamps  and  sup 
IKji'ts  for  the  .same.  Hence  no  special  ajiplianees  ar 
essential  to  got  rid  of  the  heat  of  conduction,  as  ar 
employed  in  the  type  of  lamps  exiierimented  iiiioii  b. 
Jlr.  Sawyer.  Again,  high  vacuo  render  the  earboi 
hoiseshoe  practically  stable  and  at  the  same  time  rcsiil 
in  great  economy  in  the  use  of  electricity,  as  iiraeti 
cally  all  the  energy  is  lost  by  radiation,  and  none  le 
conduction.  5Iy  ux)ierimunt.s  have  .shown  that  if  tin 
carlion  horseshoe  is  placed  in  an  atmosphere  of  iiitro 
gen  at  the  ntmospheric  pressure,  which  is  the  methoi 
adopted  by  3Ir.  Sawyer  in  his  lamp  e.'C]ierinieuts,  it  re 
iptires  nearly  twice  as  much  electricity  to  bring  tin 
horseshoe  up  to  the  same  caudle  power  as  it  doei 
when  the  horseshoe  is  in  a  high  vaeuum.  As  in  tin 
former  cilso,  heat  is  lost  by  condiietioii  through  tin 
gas,  which  serves  to  carry  it  to  the  inclosing  globe 
from  which  it  radiates  invisibly.  Hence  the  lamp  is,  I 
believe,  the  first  one  ever  proiliiccd  that  was  eomiiier. 
cially  avnilalile  for  cumpetitioii  with  lighting  by  gas 
and  of  great  public  utility. 

This  lamp,  Xo.  23.5,  was  made  at  my  own  laliointory 
at  Jlonlo  Park,  some  time  in  December,  18711,  was  put 
up  in  a  street  lamp  at  the  top  of  the  staiis  in  front  ol 
the  depot  at  Menlo  Park,  a  tifth  of  a  mile  from  the 
laboratory,  and  there  burned  until  destroyed.  I  think 
it  was  made  a  few  days  before  it  wils  jiut  up.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  its  record  I  find  it  had  burned  forty  hours, 
]irovious  to  January  3d,  1880.  It  was  seen  along  with 
about  a  hundred  others  like  it,  by  at  least  twenty-live 
thousand  people,  in  Decemlier  and  January.  At  least 
that  is  my  impression. 

AH  that  part  of  the  answer  after  the  ninth  line 


burner,  in  Mr.  bidison’ 


opinion. 

The  Iiiinp  referred  to  in  the  previous  answer 
put  in  eviilenee  and  marked  “  EdLsou's  Comniei 


.34  Q.  Ple.'Lse  point  out  the  peculiarities  of  eoi 
struction  whieli  make  this  lamp  of  practical  value  .n 
compared  with  other  incandesc.-nt  lami*,  and  pai 
ticularly  those  pro.luce.1  in  accor.lance  with  the  ir 
ventions  of  Sawyer  .V  Man  ? 

A.  I  have  already  .stated  that  in  my  previous  answei 
to  which  I  refer  as  an  answer  to  this  ipiestion. 

.3.5  Q.  Please  state  whether  or  not  this  exhihit  i.«  on- 
of  the  class  of  lamps  of  which  voii  have  testified  nre 
viously  that  about  .3.01)0  wore  made,  ami  if  there  wer 
.any  differences  in  i-onstiuction  in  any  of  the  3,00) 
lamps,  please  state  what  such  .lifferences  were? 

A.  They  were  the  same,  e.xcept,  j)erhaps,  in  the  shapi 
of  the  clamps  for  hohline  the  carbon  and  in  the  font 
and  method  of  cl.ampine  the  paper  horseshoe  carbon  t< 
the  wires  that  wen;  passeil  through  and  were  sealed  intc 
the  glass. 

.30  Q.  Calling  your  attention  to  this  exhibit,  pleas. 
de.scnbe  fully  the  bulb  or  globe,  stating  when  am: 
where  it  w.es  made  and  by  whom,  and  the  advanbu'e. 
connected  with  its  form  and  size  ? 

A.  The  lamp  was  mmle  some  time  in  December,  1870, 
X  think  by  a  person  named  Boelim,  who  was  emploved 
as  a  glassblower  at  my  laboraory  at  Menlo  Park.  The 
great  advantage  of  this  form  and  kind  of  inclosim- 
chamber  IS  that  unlike  all  previous  attempts  made  for 
Itghtmg  by  the  incandescence  of  carbon,  the  incandes¬ 
cent  conductor  is  placed  in  a  chamber  made  entirelv  of 
Ji^s,  the  wires  forming  the  lea.ling-in  conductors 
passed  from  the  exterior  to  the  interior  of  the  chamber 


high  economy  and  length  of  life  of  the  thin  filamont  c 
carbon  which  it  is  es.sentinl  to  use  to  attain  high  resisi 
ance,  to  permit  of  the  economical  subdivision  of  th 
electric  light.  All  attenijits,  I  believe,  heretofore  hav 
failed  to  preserve  the  vaeunin,  where  a  vacuum  is  use. 
and  thus  preserve  the  carbon,  for  the  rca,son  that  th 
chniiiber  was  not  composed  entirely  of  glass,  but  e 
glass  and  metals  and  materials,  between  the  ghuss  air 
which  there  was  a  difference  in  coefficient  of  expansion 
which  at  times  admitted  the  air  ;  hence  most  inventor 
have  used  a  suiiposably  inert  gas  in  the  chamber  at  at 
niospberic  pressure,  and  the  leauing-in  wires  have  no 
been  passed  through  the  glass  and  fused  therein,  wliicl 
is  an  essential  feature.  The  form  and  size  of  this  laiiii 
nre  very  convenient,  ns  it  is  small,  light,  portable,  diirubh 
and  admits  of  radiating  the  light  in  all  directions,  so  thin 
practically  none  is  lost.  Its  size  is  such  that  it  contain! 
very  little  air,  hence  is  .piickly  and  econoinically  ex 
linnstedof  the  same  in  tho  process  of  niamifaetiiro-  ami 
the  whole  lamp  is  so  light  as  to  be  used  on  chandeliers 
now  used  for  gas  in  great  numbers. 

Q.  lieferring  to  the  same  lamp,  plca.su  de.scribe 
tho  loading-ill  wires  and  the  incande.scont  conductor, 
and  state  the  advantages  connected  with  tho  form  and 
size  of  the  same. 

Objected  to  as  inimnterial,  impertinent,  anil 
not  bearing  upon  any  issue  in  controversy. 

A.  The  leading-in  wires  to  within  a  ipiarter  of  an 
inch  of  the  glass  are  formed  of  cop|)cr.  To  these  cop- 
|)ur  wires  are  secured,  by  soldering,  plntiniim  wires, 
which  are  pimscd  through  and  are  fu.sod  in  the 
glass.  Upon  tho  extremity  of  these  wires,  within 
tho  chamber,  are  clamps  which  servo  to  clamp 
the  broadened  ends  of  the  filament  of  carbonized  paper. 
This  broadened  end  is  essential  to  pennit  of  a  jiroper 
damping  and  electrical  contest,  as  tho  increased  con- 
luctivity  of  tho  broadened  end  to  tho  electric  current 


arcs  niKl  bad  contacts  at  the  [loiiit  of  claiiipiiig 
would  toad  to  destroy  the  laiiii)  do  not  take  place.  1 
the  rdaiiicnt  of  ciirbon  was  of  the  saiiic  size  all  over,  8( 
that  the  portion  cluinpcil  was  no  larger  than  theportioi 
which  was  incandescent,  the  lamps  of  this  charactei 
would  be  rapidly  destroraal  by  the  formation  of  smal 
arcs  at  the  iwint  of  clamping,  which,  throwing  out  th- 
vapor  of  carbon  and  ]ilatinum  within  the  ynciium 
would  permit  of  the  formation  of  a  large-  arc  between  tlu 
two  leading-ill  wires,  and  the  lamp  would  l-e  instantb 
•lestroyed.  The  paper  horseshoe  being  of  small  radial- 
lug  surface  and  small  in  ma,ss  is  yery  tlexible,  and  after 
the  iiiLs.sago  of  the  electric  current  yery  tough.  Hence 
the  lamps  may  be  handled,  practically,  with  impunity 
lus  far  as  breaking  the  carbon  hoi-seshoe  is  concerned’. 
In  fact,  after  the  current  has  passed  through  the  horse¬ 
shoe  the  two  broadeuiHl  ends  may  bo  taken  in  the  tiiigei-s 
and  imlleil  out  nearly  straight  without  breaking.  The 
adyantages  of  the  horseshoe  shape  are  that  it  permits 
of  the  expansion  and  contraction  of  the  carbon  freely 
without  injuring  it,  and  also  permits  of  nearly  all  th’e 
light  being  utilized— in  fact,  nearly  the  maximnm 
amount.  The  necessity  of  usii.g  platinum  to  seal  in 
yliiss  IS  that  of  all  inutals  its  suflicient  of  uxi>ausion  is 
nearest  glass,  and  hence  the  glas.s  and  platinum  will  ex- 
pand  and  contract  together  under  diirereuces  of  teni- 
perature  and  thus  prevent  leakage  of  air  or  cmekiug  of 
the  f'lass  chamber. 


as  (}.  Please  state  how  the  carbon  conductor  in  this 
amp  and  those  like  it  was  made,  and  where  '> 

A  The  carbon  condnetor  was  made  at  .nylaboratory 
t  Men  o  Park  either  nrOetober,  Xoyeniber  or  Decern'- 

n  Iin  «p%'ltioV'Zrin'‘if 

3!)  Q.  Please  state  how  you  exlmnso..!  (i.„  t 
his  lamp  and  others  mado'liko  it 
A  We  exhausted  the  air  by  means  of  a  double  glass 
1 .  It  jiart  of  the  pump  being  known  ns  Geissler 


tendered  to  the  counsel  for  Sawyer  A-  Man  f 
inspection,  and  that  a  tracing  cojiy  will  be  fn 
nished  as  soon  as  it  can  be  made  and  before  tl 
cxaminntion  of  this  witne.ss  is  closed. 

40  Q.  To  what  extent  was  exhaustion  |)roduced  1 
the  apparatus  described  '! 

•A.  I  think  the  exhaustions  \yere  carried  beyond  tl 
millionth  of  an  atmosphere.  We  had  on  this  aiipamti 
a  McLeod  gauge  to  measure  the  degree  of  exhaustio 
In  the  notes  which  acconi]iany  this  sketch  it  is  state 
that  a  vacuum  was  obtaincil  where  the  jiimb  spin 
from  an  iiidiiction  coil  jiimiicd  live  (n)  inches  in  a 
rather  than  pass  acro.ss  lietween  electrodes  a  (iiiarlc 
(J-)  of  an  inch  njiart  in  vaciitiui.  This  denotes  exceci 
ingly  high  vacua,  exceeding  the  millionth  of  an  a 
mosphere. 

41  Q.  When  was  the  sketch  referred  to  made  '! 

A.  It  is  dated  October  2d,  1879,  and  witnessed  by  S 
D.  Mott  and  myself.  The  drawing  was  made  by  Mi 
Mott,  and  it  was  I  think  made  on  tlie  day  of  date.  Th 
notes  are  in  the  handwriting  of  Mr.  Upton.  I  think  th 
notes  wore  made  alxmt  the  same  time. 

42  Q.  Please  read  from  these  notes  wlintover  refers  t 
the  constniction  aud  mode  of  operation  of  the  vaciiuii 
apparatus  shown  in  the  sketch  ? 

A.  I  will  furnish  a  cony  of  the  notes  referred  tc 


9028 


Tliotiins  A.  Kdisoii. 


Jlr.  liroiuliiiix  oIijcctH  to  tliu  iiotux,  IwrnuHu  it 
.ippcirs  timt  tlio.v  wore  not  nmde  l)v  tlio  witness 
Iiiniself  or  in  Ids  presenen. 

•13  Q.  Wliosc  propurU-  is  this  book,  nnd  under  whoso 
<lirootion  nnd  by  wliom  were  tlie  entries  nnido  in  it? 

A.  Tlio  book  belongs  to  invself.  It  is  ono  of  nbont 
two  bnndred  or  nn.re  books  in  wbicb  n.v  ex,x,rin.ents 
m  e  ectne  lighting  nre  n.-cordtsl.  The  entries  relating 
to  tins  exhibit  were  nnnie  by  Francis  Ui.U)n,  mv  assist" 
ant.  nuder  a  g, moral  .lirection  from  me.  The  sketch 
Itself  was  made  by  Mr.  Mott,  another  one  of  mv  as- 
sistants. 

•14  Q.  Please  des<Tibe  briefly  the  manner  in  wbicb 
tbe  apparatus  sbown  in  tbe  sketch  referred  to  operates 
in  exbansting  air  from  lamps,  and  if  neeessnrv  to  mnk<‘ 
tbe  sketch  more  clear,  pnt  additional  letters'  of  refer- 
Quee  on  the  jiarts  ? 

A.  Tbe  bottle  at  tbe  top  of  tbe  pnmp  is  the  merenrv 
^80.  voir,  leading  from  wbicb  is  a  rnbbor  tube  tlirougii 

I  m  loft  band  side  of  tbe  pnmp  board.  The  merenrv 

ibo  o  be  contraction  F.  tbrongb  a  small  tube  witbin 

•i  tVi  -n  ‘>'‘' 

L  mine  »«*•■>• 

eo,l.o  .'TSprengel.  E  X  is  tbe  Me- 

ott  e  o  «l‘“'««‘>oii  V 

« I'rrc"’ 


right  of  the  pump  board  by  a  flexible  nil 
stop-cock  13  being  turned  so  that  no  m 
enter  the  main  raciinm  apparatus,  tbe  hot 
and  the  niereury  ran  into  the  ebambor 
part  of  tbe  tube,  filled  it,  and  forced  wbat 
in  it  over  into  nnd  down  tbe  first  tube  or 
the  trap  J),  nnd  tbonce  to  tbe  atniosidien 
enry  bottle  was  then  lowered,  and  tbe  me 
of  the  cbnmber,  leaving  a  vacuous  space, 
was  then  tiinicd  so  that  the  ebamber  foi 
the  general  vacuous  space  of  tbe  pump, 
tbe  right  band  corner  at  tbe  top  were  tbe 
were  all  sealed  by  fusion  with  each  other, 
tube  providcil  with  a  cround  glass  stoppe 
the  vaeiinm  apparatus.  A  stop-cock  on  t 
the  top  served  to  di.scoiniect  tlio  pnni]i  fn 
or  lamiis  when  they  were  properly  exliain 
could  be  sealed  off  and  others  put  on  wi 
the  vaciinm  in  the  pump  entirelv.  I  be 
the  toj)  nnd  above  letters  II  and  C  conbiine 
anliydrido,  to  remove  water  vaiior  from 
gold  leaf,  to  absorb  mercury  vapoi-s.  .-M 
the  Oeissler  spark  gauge  with  the  two  elec 
major  portion  of  the  air  was  taken  out  by 
pnmp  and  the  rest  of  tbe  exlianstioii  was  c 
tbe  Spiengei  ]nimp.. 

45  Q.  In  addition  to  means  for  making 
pletely,  like  that  shown  in  Exhibit  Edison’s 
Electric  Lamp,  and  means  for  exhausting 
pletely  from  sneli  lamps,  wbat  else  bad  yoi 
lattvir  part  of  187!)  towards  a  jicrfect  ojier 
of  elcctriu  lighting  by  incandescence  ? 

X.  1  had  been  devisiiig  a  conipletc  sys 
general  distribution  of  electricity,  so  as 
with  gas.  I  had  dynamo  machines,  a  statii 
for  keeping  the  pressure  constant  tbrongb 
tern,  meters  for  nica.suring  the  amount  of  < 
iuiiicd  bj-  each  customer,  street  mains  for 
die  electricity-,  sockets  for  holding  the  Inmi 
lolier  appliaiiecs,  electro-motors  for  utiliziii 


tartecl  nml  publicly  cxliiliito.1  to  many  tliousan.i  people, 
leveml  Iu)nse.s  wore  liglitoil,  besides  iiiv  lahomton-  nnd 
uenty  .street  lamps  were  also  lighte,!.'  WImt  lias  been 
lone  since  tlint  dale  bius  been  towards  means 
ad  methods  of  maniifactiire,  ebeaimiiing  the 
in.ce.s.ses  of  manufaetiire,  and  establisbing  fa,- 
ones.  In  the  billei  i-nd  of  December,  or  in  the 
I'rW  *v-n  "I  I  aecepleil  the  proposition 

f  Jli.  \illard  to  light  lip  the  steamsliip  “Columbia" 

>  ..iiniedmtoly  went  to  work  preparing  to  do  so  Tin 
‘Pl'nmtiis  was  iinislie.!  nnd  pbieoil  on  boar.l  „  fow  days 

fon  iMlm  huLirimll’onTT')"™ 

-  "  »10  IIOU  leiulv  to  ofibr? 

used  ill  “PI*ur«tus  that  I  was  sure  was 

usc.l  Ill  18,8  with  the  pa,.er  carbons,  but  I  havo  a  man 

am'mS  t^tlw  ai’i  >  ^ 

<>"  tliis  apparatus  to“\‘r7‘'dTer^  k^np  making  changes 

'Vhich  have  nothinn  in  ‘■^’“‘•"“‘>"‘8.  many  of 

"•hioh  the  instrument  was  fi«t''’!  I'c  1 

2;.rC'rrf'-- 


of  18 1 8  are  found,  lie  will  put  the  s 


48  Q.  In  all  the  instances  of  cnrbonirjitioa  of  pape 
given  by  you  in  this  testimony  was  there  any  othc 
treatment  of  the  paper  besiiles  simple  carbonization 
A.  In  the  lights  made  of  ])a|)er  horseslioe.s,  of  wide 
there  were  aixnit  a  hundred  burning  at  a  time,  an 
which  I  havo  s|x)keii  of  as  being  exhibited  to  tb 
imblic,  the  paper  carbons  were  not  treated.  Soni 
lamps  were  made  in  December,  1870,  to  .si'e  what  effec 
treatment  would  havo  but  only  a  few  were  made,  li 
the  experiments  in  1877  with  a  paper  carbon  no  treat 
iiieiit  of  the  carbon  with  any  other  substance  wa 
made,  except  the  incidental  efTect  of  the  grease  used  ii 
the  lamii  being  decomiKisud  anil  depositing  earbon  oi 
the  incandescent  conductor  in  the  Exhibit  First  Incan 
descent  Lamp.  This  was  not  an  hitentional  treatiin.-nt 
The  carbons  made  in  1878  were  generally  composed  o 
paper  having  its  surface  treated  with  lampblack  am 
tar.  I  believe  a  fow  of  the  carbons  made  in  1878  wen 
soaked  after  carbonization  in  tar,  nnd  recarboiiizeil. 

40  Q.  I  call  3'oiir  attention  to  the  printed  record  o 
the  testimonv'  of  A.  Man,  near  the  bottom  of  page  7 
where  ho  sav's:  "  Wo  use  principally  ordinary  Idottinj 
|ia])or."  Havo  yon  had  any  experience  in  the  carboni 
sation  of  ordinary  blotting  [mper,  and  if  so,  witli  whal 

A.  Yes,  sir.  I  have  carbonized  blotting  pajier.  ll 
iinkes  a  loose,  non-coherent,  friable  carbon.  Soiiu 
iinds  of  blotting  paper  separate  in  carbonizing  into  twe 
«•  three  layers.  When  a  current  is  passed  through  it, 
ittlo  arcs  occur  throughout  the  carbon,  due  to  the  loo.se 
lontact  of  one  fibre  with  another.  I  have  made  iiicaii- 
lescent  carbon  conductors  out  of  it,  but  they  are  not 
latisfactory. 

50  Q.  I  further  call  your  attention  to  another  para- 
[niph  upon  the  same  jiage  of  Mr.  Man’s  testimony,  at 
he  bottom  of  the  page,  where  he  speaks  of  “  rubbing 
lown  and  workinc  out  bv  band  the  carbon."  and  ask  if 


joii  Iiiive  ever  lind  iiiiv  cxpcTiciicc  in  tliis  kind  of  mii- 
nijjnlatiou  of  iwipor  enrbon  ? 

A.  I  do  not  fonreivo  liow  it  is  possil)lo  to  rtd.  down 
11  jmper  carbon  made  out  of  blotting  paper,  without  it 
is  verv  large,  sueb  ils  an  eigbtb  (l)  of  an  inch  sipmre, 
and  then  I  judge  it  would  bo  esceedingly  diflicnit.  f 
never  did  this,  nor  did  I  ever  see  anvone  do  it.  If  the 
earbon  was  anything  like  the  flexible  lihinient  us  shown 
in  my  flexible  commercial  electric  lamp,  I  should  sav  it 
1.S  imi.os.sible.  Further.  I  .lo  not  see  the  necessity'  of 
It.  as  any  thickness  of  pa|>or  could  have  been  used,  and 
any  desired  shaiie  could  have  been  obtained  from  the 
paper  111  the  llrst  instance.  It  is  not  an  easy  matter  to 
rub  down  blotting  paper  before  it  is  cnrlionized. 

The  taking  of  further  testimony  herein  was  ad- 
idacr*  •fiine  M,  1881,  at  same 

W.M.  H.  SlK.MHJWclioKr, 

Notary  Piildic, 

X.  y.  Co. 


siimI>"r''T'*^  **1  tliis  examination  was  re- 

U  aiitrwartls  be  made  incandes<ient '! 
tion  of  paper,"  b!,tr'bv''X"'”'’"** 
tlirongh  a  filament  with  pllmb'roT  i“i 

also  bv  tliG  tinsRn.ro  ^  Rurfnco  aud 

anctor'  o i  v  "|  tlm  I:  ‘  'S'*  “  • 

t'-Htthedec^iSirorthr  1,:"*’  ""r 

fo  paper  produced  su.licibnt  oxyge.lr  coTln^,:: 


by  the  pas.snge  of  the  electric  current  in  an  ati 
of  nitrogen,  hydrogen,  or  air. 

■)2  Q.  Keferring  to  the  o7th  and  .57J  ciuest 
answer  of  Albon  .’llan,  what  would  become  ol 
enco  Hash  filled  with  gas  as  described  aud  sub 
currents  of  eh-ctricity  ? 

A.  1  have  placed  illuminating  gas  in  Husks  s 
a  Florence  flask  and  in  which  there  w.as  an  inca 
conductor  of  carbon,  and  on  beating  the  same 
incandescence  the  gloljes  exploded,  duo  to  the  i 
expansion  of  the  gas  and  decomposition  of  tin 

lifl  Q.  Referring  to  answer  to  iiiiestion  111  it 
tiniony  of  Allxm  Man,  what  comment,  if  anv,  1 
to  make  on  the  statement  that  the  oxygen  of 
would  eonsiime  the  pajier  ? 

•A.  I  do  not  see  how  any  oxygon  salt  won 
the  paper  to  become  a  conductor.  1  do  no 
there  is  a  dry  oxygen  salt  that  is  a  cc 
of  electricity  siillicient  to  allow  a  current 
through  a  strip  of  jmper  impregnated  with  i 
was  moistened  to  permit  of  conductivity  the 
would  bo  evaporated  before  carbonization,  bee 
water  could  not  exist  at  a  high  temjieniture  siil 
carbonize.  And  if  the  water  was  dissiimted  th 
salt  would  not  lie  a  conductor. 

51  Q.  Referring  to  the  answer  to  Q.  (17  t 
Man,  what  comment,  if  anv,  have  von  to  inn 
lhat? 

-A.  I  do  not  see  thnt  the  treating  of  the  jmjit 
li.V  a  hyilro-carboii  gn.s,  to  deposit  hard  car 
proves  the  paper  carbon.  If  the  jmjier  cai 
iriginally  bad  it  will  always  remain  so.  If  it  i 
■ly  dejio.sition  of  hard  embon  the  light  is  radia 
com  a  hard  carbon  and  not  from  a  jmjier  curl 
ho  paper  carbon  is  to  have  a  deposit  of  tins  h 
ion  jflaced  over  it,  and  within  it,  it  doesn’t 


II  (lifroreiit  hydro-carbons  suvond  times  and  recarli 
zed  eacli  time  a  deiiosit  of  liard  carlion  takes  place 
he  surface  as  well  as  within  the  paper.  Tlie  use  ol 
lydro-carhon  for  ilegiosilino  hard  earhon  by  electri 
ncandesccnce  is  only  a  method  for  rendering  a  iisel 
arhon  available  in  an  elcctrie  lnm]>. 

It  is,  in  fact,  an  evidence  of  the  imperfeetion  of  I 
arhon  jiaper. 

Answer  objected  to  as  being  mere  argnmi 
find  not  any  statement  of  facts  responsive  to  I 
rpiestion,  the  answer  being  mere  criticism. 

uu  Q.  In  the  foregoing  answer  have  von  e.xiires! 
n  opinion  simply  as  an  expert,  or  spoken  from  kno 
Ige  derived  from  experiments  made  by  yourself  ? 

A.  Derived  from  experiments  made  l.y’ myself, 
ali  (}.  Ueferring  to  the  answer  of  Allion  'Miim  to  I 
3th  question,  what  elleet  would  the  g|„e  mentioned 
le  answer  have  in  the  emi.loymentof  the  paj.er  earh 
r  ineamloscence  in  a  lam|i  ? 

A.  The  olTect  would  be  that  when  the  same  i 
need  in  the  lamp  it  woiihl  he  earbonized,  and  a  gr 
noiint  of  smok.'  would  eoiiie  out  and  idiseiiro 
iibo.  ihis  IS  from  my  actual  knowledge. 

01  Q.  Calling  your  attention  to  the  answers  of  Alb 
to  qne.stion.s  8H,  8-1  and  8.a,  1  ask  what  would 
result  of  earhoniziiig  the  paper  described,  in  I 

'l'!cXd  ‘‘ 

tr1!T,“l'  ‘■"‘^kacssesof  blotti 

Jed  in  a  ^  eo 

ald  be  I  l>«li«ve  th 

"'d  "o^ked  down,  im  stated  by  Air.  Man. 


know  this  from  my  own  experience.  Could  tl 
kept  together,  which  wius  impossible  aecor 
method  of  carbonizing  described  by  Mr, 
might  possibly  have  been  worked'  dow 
im]>er,  giroviding  they  were  largo  mioiigh,  1 
sizes  given  by  Mr.  Alan  in  another  giart  of  h 
1  ilo  not  SCO  how  it  is  |)ossii>lo.  It  wonh 
the  progier  methoil  would  have  been  to  cii 
in  the  form  desired  and  then  carbonize  it 
cutting  it  in  a  form  not  desir.'d  and  then 
down  after  it  was  earbonized. 

That  is  a  method  of  inaiiufnetnring  bv  i 
appliances. 

58  Q.  1  call  your  attention  to  the  sketi 
Kxhibit  Xo.  ;i,  Alboii  Afnii,  and  ask  if  it  wo 
siblo  for  the  spring  chimp  there  shown  to  eh 
of  the  earbonized  l>apur  de.seribud  V 
A.  I  do  not  see  how  a  practical  laiiqi  con 
with  such  clamps.  Afr.  Alan  has  lestilii 
width  of  the  carbon  was  from  to  of  a 
as  these  carbons  rest  upon  the  plate 'of  gila 
the  sketch,  the  length  of  the  s|iring  ]ior 
idanips  would  only  bo  from  ,'5  to  of  an 
is  manifestly  absurd. 

5!l  Q.  I  call  your  attention  to  the  answer 
lawyer  to  the  sixth  question,  and  ask  if  siii 
ivas  used  as  an  ineandesceiit  eoiidnctor  in 
ight,  what  would  be  the  source  of  light  in 
lescoiit  conductor  V 

A.  The  source  of  light  would  be  a  hard 
iiid  not  the  pajier  carbon. 

hO  Q.  I  call  your  atteution  to  the  answer 
sawyer  to  the  eighteenth  question,  and  to  wl 
tilted  about  candle-power,  duration  of  b 
racture,  and  ask  you  to  state  from  your  own 
ho  results  that  would  follow  from  the  various 
nmed  ill  tho  answer. 

A.  Tho  life  of  tlio  lamp  would  depend  up( 
icnndoscenco.  Eeforring  to  Jfr.  Sawyers 
ross-question  fifty-three,  I  have  made  a  cal 
)  the  radiating  surfaces  of  the  carbon,  wljos 


Hail  I  tile  sainn  railiatiiig  siirfacu  in  niy  fniiii), 
woiilil  liava  given  about  tliirtv  eaiidles,  and  liusted  jn 
as  long,  tlieoreticallv.  I'nioticnlly,  it  wonid  last  longe 
iLs  the  siiiallei-  and  ligliter  tlie  carbon  tbe  more  dinicii 
it  is  to  nmnnfaetiirc  it  so  |>erfect.  To  sliow  bow  absni 
it  is  to  give  candlo-]iower  witboiit  the  radiating  snrfne 
one  niiglit  make  a  lamp  tliat  would  givo  twunlv-li' 
candles  when  only  brought  u]i  to  a  yellow  boat.  Froi 
my  experience  I  should  judgi-  that  the  carbon  mar 
of  the  material  and  in  the  nmmior  specified  an 
and  used  under  the  conditions  specified,  would  last  o 
an  average  al.out  as  long  as  was  stated  l.y  Sir.  .Sawv, 
m  Ins  communication  to  the  New  York  paimm,  aboi, 
December  i!'.M  or  ‘^'Id,  ISTil,  that  is,  they  would  nn 
last  more  than  a  few  minutes.  In  faet.  Sir.  Sawve 
to  the  “  N.  Y.  .Sun,"  DeeJm 
aer  22.  IS.!.,  which  is  now  before  n.e,  and  dated  /ror 
IS  Widker  street,  December  21st,  that  ..  earixmire, 
-mpor  lamp  would  not  last  tluoe  houn.,  and  also  state, 
ha  ...  p.-«et.ce  .t  wo..ld  ..ot  last  twe..ty  ...i....tes  i..  a  per 

ect  vac......  Now.  as  Sir.  .Sawyer  did  ,.ot  get  ....ywl.cr 

.ear  a  perfect  vac,......,  „..d  yet  fro...  his  experi...e.,t.. 

1  e?  w  n  ■  «  I'orfoct  vaeuun 

Zl  l  m"'  o  the  results  ob 

I.isel  Sawyer  A-  Sian  can  bo  readilv  su.- 

used,  lhat  were  ...nloubtedly  very  dis.nal  failu’ros. 

ber„_d,  18..),  .efened  to  in  the  foregoi..g  an- 

Exi.u‘axo.a 

ha  the...s  ‘'tut  it  w.m  published 

the  Y.  •  or  fhnt  Sir.  .Sawvor  wrote  it. 


hud  an  intmsiiig  chjimlior  partndiv  made  of 
metal  n..d  seeu.-ed  to  the  glass  by  ccncts. 
Sir.  Sawyer  slates  the  sa.ne  i.i  his  patets,  ai 
.i,a..y  devices  to  ol.viate  this  defect.  Asuflici. 
vacuu.n  Cl... not  be  obtained  i..  eha.i.bers  of  t 
.leter  to  prevent  oxidation  and  electric  conv 
the  carbon.  When  the  glolm  is  filled  will, 
the  atn.ospl.eric  g.ises  will  .still  pass  in,  in  tie 
described  by  Gml......  in  his  expe.-ime.itsupim  i 

pi.iitio..  n..d  difTusio.i  of  gases.  A  great  ...a 
to.-s,  i.iol..diug  Slessrs.  Sawyer  A  Sla..,  place  t 
bo..s  i..  an  atmosphere  of  nitrogen,  o..  the  th 
..it.-oge.i  is  i.iert  towards  ci.rbo.i.  It  is  we 
that  earbo.i  at  h.gh  ...cn.ido.sce..co  co.ubi.ies  w 
ge.i  to  form  cya..ogo..,  and  the  eya.iides  d..i‘  l 
the  carlio...  Sly  assista..t.  Dr.  Sloses,  lum  ol. 
diemical  reaction  for  eya.ioge..  compou..ds,  f< 
dectricid  iucndescence  of  earlion  i.i  ai 
iphoro  of  nitrogen.  To  obviate  the  de 
in  i...i>erfectly  sealed  chamber,  Slessrs.  .Sii 
Han  introduce  nitrogen  gim,  upon  the  theory  ti 


Another  reiuson  \vh_v  the  lamp  would  not  ho  n  ]>rac- 
tical  lamp  is  that  the  earhon  in  the  lamp  whieli  Mr 
Sawyer  tostilies  was  the  perfi'cted  lain])  is  not  proviiha 
with  thickened  ends,  wherel>y  the  iiicandesconco  of  tin 
ejirhon  is  reiliiced  ;  hene..-,  it  ran  only  have  its  incniidcs 
cenee  duo  to  the  passage  of  the  eiirrent  redtieed  liy  con 
dnction  of  the  heal  away  frrmi  the  earhon  at  tho'poini 
of  eontaet.  The  carrying  capacity  and  heat  conduct 
ivity  of  those  chimps  are  so  small,  coinpareil  to  tho  siz. 
of  the  earhon  and  tin;  ineamh^scelleo  which  it  is  nocos 
sary  to  bring  tho  earhon  up  to,  to  give,  say  twenty  can 
dies,  that  the  earhon  at  the  point  of  contact  would  la 
part.i.lh  iiiCi>iidi;Skcnt,  lus  tho  heat  could  not  ho  con 
ducted  away  fiust  enough,  and  ti  had  contact  hotwcei 
the  carbon  timl  the  clamps  would  necessarily  follow 
accompanied  by  small  arcs,  which  would  gradually  in 
crease  and  nltinmtely  destroy  the  contact.  Tho  ainoun 
of  energy  lost  by  conduction  would  he  far  greater  thai 
that  lost  in  tho  form  of  useful  light.  Mv  ns.scrtion  it 
this  respect  about  tho  eomluctiou  of  heat  are  vorifie. 
by  the  constnictiou  of  the  lamp  itself,  whore  spccia 
moans  are  employed  in  the  way  of  radiators  whereby  tie 

heat  of  conduction  may  he  radiated  so  that  tho  lami 

will  not  got  too  hot.  This  energy  is  of  course  iiseles 
forlight.givmg  puriwses,  and  consumes  nearly  as  mud 
electricity  <is  is  required  to  produce  a  light  of  twent 
candles  in  tho  carbon.  The  great  heat  also  produce 
groa  d.lTerencisoftc  ,  rt  i  the  inclosing  cast 
and  therefore  ditreronce  in  the  expansion  of  portions  o 
the  case,  which  causes  leakage  from  the  atmospher 
into  he  case.  Another  thing  is.  that  if  when  the  lam, 
IS  cold  the  wuses  within  it  nn.  nf 

o  It  an.  at  the  same  pressure  n 

that  of  the  atmosphere,  this  result  will  he  change 
wlienthelamp  is  lighte.1.  The  gim  within  the  glob 
liecouics  expanded  and  there  is  a  il!n’er,...f  fi 


lied  the  lamp  which  Jlr.  Sav 
lamp  is,  in  niy  view,  entirely 
I)',  scieiititically,  or  otherwise. 
.0  previously  stated  the  reason: 
tical  eomniercially  in  a  previoii 
Its  resistance  would  Im  too 
d  subdivision,  on  account  of  t 
■cpiired  for  copjier  conductors. . 
itly  economical  on  account  of  t 
lion  and  by  convection  through 

Counsel  for  Kdison  gives  in 
iig  the  right  to  put  in  certain 
if  which  ho  will  procure,  and  e 
uents  ill  1878,  for  which  .sear 
iiade  during  the  course  of  tliii 
lere  rests  his  examination  of 
iffers  him  for  ciuss-examinati 
iawyer  .t  Man  gives  notice  I 
iniination  of  the  witness  will  be 
ill  that  part  of  the  witiies.s'  tesl 
ended  to  show  or  goes  to  sho 
he  iiivention  previous  to  the  di 
ireliminary  statenient,  and  tha 
end  that  his  cross-examiiiatn 
trued  as  n  waiver  of  any  objec 
iitered  of  record,  and  that  In 
novo  to  strike  out.  either  befori 


luooii  nil  tiio  tilings  I  «us  working  on.  I  Hliould 
lo-tontli  of  my  time  wns  given  to  gpciiking  tele- 

c-Q.  Wore  yon  working  in  the  summer  of  187(i  nt 
ml  tlie  same  time,  or  ilnriiig  the  snmo  period  of 
upon  nil  tlie  inventions  yon  mentioned  in  nnswer 
x-Q.y 

Yes,  sir;  I  think  I  was. 

c-Q.  Mas  there  ani  uxigeacv  in  the  dcvolopinent 
her  of  the  inventions  referred  to  hy  you  that 
1  yon  to  earlionir.e  papery 
1  have  stated  that  one  of  the  things  I  was 
ig  on  wns  the  earlsmizntion  of  paper  to  form 
int  artieles.  One  of  my  assistants,  Mr.  .lohnson, 
rmed,  or  was  nhont  to  form,  a  eompnny  called 
ueriean  Novelty  Company,  whose  purpose  was 
k  oir  some  of  the  small  inventions  which  I  wns 
g.  The  mannfaetnre  of  a  great  many  articles 
arhon  was  one  of  these  inveutioiiB.  Among  other 


sheets  and  a  half  a  pound  to  a  |)Oii 
tissue  paper. 

on  x-Q.  How  long  did  yon  continii 
experiments  in  the  manufacture  of 
ized  paper  in  the  summer  of  1870  ? 

A.  I  should  say  we  tried  experimei 
perhajis  two  months. 

70  x-Q.  Please  to  state  when  yon  I 
ments  and  when  you  discontinued  th 
can  recolleet '! 

A.  As  near  ns  I  can  recolleet,  it  wi 
of  1870. 

71  x-Q.  Can't  you  state  at  what  tit) 
of  1870  yon  comnionced  your  experin 
liiiie  von  discontinued  Ihein  'i 

A.  1  should  judge  that  it  wns  aho 
1870. 

72  x-Q.  State,  if  yon  please,  when 
next  took  up  the  subject  of  carbonizi 

A.  I  think  alxiut  January,  1877. 

78  .x-Q.  What  circumstnncuK  movei 
the  carbonization  of  pa]>or  in  Jaiinar^ 
Using  it  in  a  tolephone. 

7-1  x-Q.  How  long  did  you  continu 
ized  paper  in  your  telephone  y 

A.  I  think  I  used  it  ns  late  as  Jam 
1878,  perhaps  later.  All  my  exhibits 


A.  The  first  carbon  electric  lniii|),  if  it  m 
1  electric  lamp,  was  a  jtieco  of  carlionized  ] 
I  iiicli  long,  one-sixtccntli  of  an  inch  broa( 
veil  thonsainlths  of  an  inch  thick,  the  cm 
?re  seenreil  to  clamps,  which  clamps  form 
a  battery.  The  carbon  wa.s  brought  up 
nee,  and  of  course  oxvilized  immediately, 
le  of  the  ’77  o.xperimcnt.s.  The  first  lamp 
may  bo  called  a  lamp,  was  Edi.son’s  Exhb 
nile.sceiit  laiiiip.  This  consists,  as  will 
d  clamps,  forming  the  poles,  between  w 
carbonized  pajier  was  placed  and  socnrei 
g.  The  base  of  the  lamp  being  placed  ove 
the  hole  on  the  platen  of  the  air  pump, 
haustod  fiom  the  globe,  as  far  as  possible 
imp,  and  tho  carbon  brought  up  to  incaiidi 
e  air  due  to  the  first  licating  had  been  put 

52  x-Q.  Did  your  liist  experiment  in  oloci 
nsist  of  a  section  of  carbon  made  of  paper  i 
ictric  circuit  in  tho  open  atiiiosphuro,  to 
plied  a  current  and  burnt  ii])  the  carbon. 
•V.  I  have  already  stated  that  I  first  tried 
t  wo  will  leave  this  out  of  coiisideratii 
swer  will  bo  yes.  It  was  a  mere  experime 
•bon  ill  open  air.  I  know  kcforeiiaiid  wh 
.  It  was  to  ascertain,  I  think,  tho  amoun 
piired  to  bring  it  to  incandc.suuncc. 

53  x-Q.  AVhon  was  that  oxiierinient  ma 
J  date,  as  near  os  possible  ? 

It  might  have  boon  in  September  or 


so  x-Q.  AVfts  tlmt  tlio  first  attempt  timt  you  nmdc  to 
so  cnrliuii  ma'ilo  of  paper  in  cleetrie  lighting  ? 

A.  The  first  premeditated  attempt  to  use  paper  for 
ghting  hv  incandescence.  1  have  stated  that  one  of 
nr  objects  in  1870  was  to  make  carlions  for  electric 
chting,  but  not  by  incandescence. 

87  x-Q.  AVIien  did  you  make  your  next  attempt  to 
se  carbon  made  of  pajier  in  incandc.scent  electric  light- 

* 

A.  In  .September,  Octolier  or  Xovember,  1878.  I 
lonld  say  October  is  the  month  we  started  to  make 
ifier  carbon. 

88  x-Q.  You  say  that  your  first  piemeditated  attempt 
using  carbon  made  of  paper  for  incandescent  elec- 

ic  lighting  was  in  .September  or  October,  1877,  when 
)U  placed  a  piece  of  carbonized  paper  in  circuit  in  the 
ion  air,  for  the  puriio.se  of  ascertnining  the  amount  of 
irrent  to  make  it  incandescent.  And  that  your  next 
tempt  was  in  the  fall  of  1878.  Xow  please  testate 
liether  this  second  attempt  embraced  the  Exhibit 
Edi.son’s  Fii-st  Incandc.scent  laimps  ?” 

Question  objected  to  by  counsel  for  Edison  as 
containing  a  mnsstatemont  of  the  witness’  testi- 


A.  3Iy  second  attempt  was  not  in  the  fall  of  1878.  1 
ive  already  stated  in  my  testimony  that  my  first  at- 
iiijit  at  making  an  incaiide.scent  carbon  lamp,  if  it  can 
(jailed  a  lamp,  unis  made  in  Soptember  or  October, 
II ,  and  consisted  in  bringing  a  strip  of  carbonized  paper 
I  to  iiicandescenco  in  the  air.  And  my  next  attempt 
make  an  incaiide.scent  lamp  with  carhoii  paper,  if  it 
ly  be  called  a  lamp,  was  that  shown  in  Edison’s  Ex- 


ensont  to  Wednesday,  .Tune  1.7,  1881,  at  10 
t  the  same  place. 

W.M.  H.  JluxnowciioiT, 

Notary  Public, 
Now  Y'ork  C( 


Pursuant  to  ndjoiirnment,  this  examination 
lined  Juno  1.7,  1.S8I,  at  10  A.  M.,  at  No.  (1 

'I’lie  witness,  Tiio.m.x.s  A.  Eniso.x,  further  ans' 
iiestions  jiroposed  by  Amos,  llroadiiax,  Estp, 
ir  Sawyer  A-  Jfiin,  ns  follows  : 

89  x-Q.  Then,  ns  I  understand  you,  yoiir  ti 
icond  ntteniiits  at  oloetric  lighting  with  enrbe 
'  paper  were  made  either  in  the  month  of  Sef 
•  October,  1877,  the  second  attempt  being  iiiadi 
few  days  of  tin-  first  ‘i 

A.  Yes,  sir;  lighting  by  incande.scence  of 
ipor. 

90  x-lj.  The  first  attempt  was  the  use-  of  the  < 
ed  paper  in  the  open  air  and  the  second  on 
0  lamp  marked  “  Edison’s  Exhibit  First  Incan 
anip’”^ 

A.  Y'os,  sir. 

91  x-Q.  Do  you  fix  the  time  at  which  these  al 
ore  made  by  the  Exhibits  Edison  No.  -1  and 

A.  Ye.s,  sir ;  those  exhibits  refre.sh  my  men: 
experiments  conducted  at  that  time  and  fi: 

92  i-Q.  What  is  there  upon  Exhibit  No.  4  th 
mr  attentioii  to  any  experiments  made  in  i 
jilting  by  iiicandescenco  with  carbonized  papei 
A.  The  exhibit  merely  refreshes  my  memory  .s 


'.M  x-Cj.  JJo  yon  1111(1  niiytliiii^  on  the  oxhibit  tin 
Iiakos  any  rofereiiec  to  electric  ligliting  by  ineandei 
eiice  witli  carbonized  paper  ? 

A.  Xo,  sir ;  I  do  not.  I  have  already  stated  that  tli 
xhibit  sorvo.s  only  to  refresh  my  iiiemory  as  to  tli 
ate.  The  reason  why  boron  and  silicon  were  used  i 
liat  they  arc  not  .so  sensitive  to  oxidization  ns  the  pi 
er  inevioiisly  tried. 


counsel  for  .Sawy 


ir  is  objected  to  b 


IS  irresponsive. 


!'l  x-Q.  In  whose  hainbiiitine  i,  Exhibit  Xo.  I!* 
Most  of  it  is  in  my  own  handwriting. 

95  x-(J.  There  is  a  strip  of  Exhibit  Xo.  1  torn  on 
Jtweein  tin)  names  of  >fr.  Charles  Uatcholor  and  .1 
riie.si.  M'ho  tore  that  out '! 

‘V..^  '"‘I’*-''’*  “‘■'B'linlb'  ii 

loks,  and  the  books  were  all  destniyed,  and  the  sheet; 
lining  the  same  immhered  and  bundled  together.  Tin 
ost  of  them  were  used  as  exhibits  in  my  tolei.hono  in 
rforonce. 

91)  x-Q.  Mas  there  any  one  else's  signature  writtei 
on  this  pijiior  between  the  imiiies  of  Charles  liatcho 
r  and  J.  Ixruesi  'i 

A  I  do  not  know.  I  do  not  think  so.  It  looks  m 
It  had  been  stuck  on  a  paper  tile  and  torn  off. 

diibVtXo  ]'y 

A.  I  did. 

“oJith?;;  ».nl  writing  made 

this  paper,  so  much  of  them  as  was  made  by  you? 
A.  At  the  date  stated  thereon 

per  a^^ollo,":  ‘‘CoZTf:' 


Menlo  Park. 

101  x-Q.  Does  that  niemoranda  show  the 
'  the  record  of  this  paper  ? 

A.  It  shows  the  date  when  it  wius  reco 
lok,  lus  set  forth. 

102  x-Q.  'Why  was  it  not  recorded  nnti: 
Ith.  1878  y 

A.  15ecnu.se  about  that  date  we  commenc 
1  the  scraps  and  niemoranda  relating  to 
gether,  for  the  purpose  of  lireseving  them 
ly  those  relating  to  telephones,  of  which 
vend  thousand,  now  used  as  exhibits  in  i 
CCS  on  telephones. 

108  x-(J.  Have  you  got  that  Iiook  in  whic 
recorded,  and,  if  so,  will  yon  produce  it 
lination. 

.•V.  I  have  it  at  Menlo  Park,  I  think.  I 
ought  in. 

101  x-Q.  It  appears  by  this  paper  that 
evioiis  to  Xoveinber  1st,  1877,  yon  had  “ 
Ihuiiinin,  chruiniuin.  and  the  almost  infm 
•  sj^irators  in  iny  electric  light  device 
ryliigh  resistance,  and  would  do  if  arran( 
Then  follows  a  dingrani.  It  is  then  state 
nil,  on  the  other  hand,  is  of  very  low  res 
aid  have  to  bo  nminged  thus."  Then 
lor  diagram.  Then  follows  these  words 
wdered  silicinni,  mixed  with  linieorothoi 
e  nnii-condnctors  or  .Heiiii-condnctoi-s 
)d.”  Xow,  if  previous  to  the  making  of 
yon,  yon  had  attum]ited  the  use  of  carbo 
incaiidoscent  eloctrie  lighting,  how  did 
it  yon  didn’t  mention  it  on  this  ])ai)or  wit 
istances  or  materials  refened  to  by  the  ]) 
V.  Because  I  had  got  done  with  my  expc 
lionized  paper.  The  results  were  so  nm 
ni  when  the  earbonized  paper  was  in  t 
ich  we  obtained.  Its  sensitiveness  to  oxi 
i  of  the  factors  which  led  mo  to  trv  exiii 


A.  .No,  sir;  I.loiiot  think  I 

IOC)  x-Q.  Did  you  keep  ii  written  inuinornndii  of  nil 
e  uxporiinonts  tlnit  yielded  resnlls  of  any  vnlno  '! 

A.  No,  sir  ;  1  do  not  think  1  did.  Thu  exhibits  thom- 
Ives  state  that  I  tried  experiments,  and  yet  I  have  no 
L-ord  of  them. 

107  x-Q.  What  is  there  in  the  l)aper.  Exhibit  No.  -1, 
at  satisfies  yonr  mind,  that  yonr  lii-st  and  second  at- 
:upt  at  electric  liyhting  by  incandescence  with  car- 
nized  paper  was  previous  to  the  date  of  the  paper  ? 
A.  It  refreshes  my  memory  as  to  the  fact  that  I  wins 
•iug  ex,,eriments  on  electrie  lighting  by  inean- 
scenee,  ami  it  permits  mu  to  remember  that  my  first 
periments  were  ..ith  iihitiiinin  and  carbonized  paiier. 
lOS  x-Q.  Then,  as  I  understand  yon,  yon  know  ccr- 
nly  by  this  paper,  that  the  exi)erimunt8  noted  on  it 
re  made  on  or  before  its  date,  which  is  November  Ist, 
Ti,  and  to  the  best  of  your  recollection,  the  oxperi- 
iiits  with  the  carbonized  paper  umbiacod  in  your  first 
il  second  iittempt  at  electric  lighting  by  incaudos- 
ico,  were  made  iirevions  to  the  date  of  tho  oxtieri- 
nts  noted  on  that  paper  ? 

\.  Yes,  sir  ;  that  allows  me  to  fix  the  date. 

lOJ  x-Q.  Did  3Ir.  Charles  iiatchelor  and  Mr.  J. 


110  x-Q.  Please  to  mark  the  diagran; 
ixhibit  -I,  figures  1  and  2  respectively  ? 

■A.  I  have  done  so,  ns  reipiested. 

111  x-Q.  Does  Fig.  1  of  these  diagri 
umlier  of  lamps  set  in  multiple  are,  an 
|•signnte  the  lnm])s  by  letter  o  ? 

A.  It  does  so  represent,  and  1  have  < 
y  letter  it,  a',  ti-,  o’. 

112  x-f^.  State,  if  you  plea.se,  whetla 
ri'si-nts  lamps  set  in  series,  and  if  so, 
le  lamps  by  letter  1/  ? 

A.  It  does  so  rejiresent,  ami  I  have 
imps,  h,  1)1,  I)’’. 

11!1  x-Q.  Tho  word  “  magneto,"  ns  1 
ritten  by  tho  two  diagrams,  is  intcndci 
leetric  generator  ? 


IM  x-Q.  Who  is  5Ir.  Charles  lintchel 
A.  Ho  is  one  of  my  assistants. 

11")  x-Q.  How  long  has  ho  been  in  yt 
A.  About  ten  (10)  years. 

1  If)  x-Q.  Who  is  Mr.  J.  Krnesi  ? 

A.  A  machinist  in  my  cm|)loy. 

117  x-Q.  How  long  has  ho  been  in  yr 
A.  I  think  about  seven  (7)  years. 

118  x-Q.  In  who.so  handwriting  is 

A.  Nearly  all  in  my  handwriting. 

11!)  x-Q.  When  was  it  mndeV 
A.  On  tho  day  of  its  date,  that  is, 

120  x-Q.  Was  this  paper.  Exhibit  No, 
larles  Batchelor.  M.  N.  Force  and  J.  ] 


after  tlio  date  on  the  paper  ;  tliii 


within  a  (lay  or  t« 

124  x-Q.  And  this  paiior,  Exhihit  Xo.  5,  assures  yo 
tliat  the  ex]ieriiiients  noted  on  it  were  made  on  i 
lieforo  tlie  day  of  its  date,  and  tlint  to  the  best  of  you 
recollection,  your  first  and  second  attenipt  at  electri 
lighting  with  carbonized  paper  was  made  before  th 
date  of  that  paper '! 

A.  I  have  already  testified  that  it  was  made  Ijefor 
the  date  of  Exhibit  Xo.  4,  which  is  an  earlier  date  tlia 
Exhibit  Xo.  5. 

12")  x-Q.  Does  either  Exhiliit  Xo.  4  or  Xo.  u  iiiak 
liny  reference  to  your  experiment  with  carbonized  pnpi 
in  electric  lighting  V 

A.  Xo,  sir;  they  merely  refresh  my  recollection  a 
to  dittos. 


12lix-Q.  Who  made  Edison  Exhibit  Eimt  Incan 
descent  Lanii)? 

A.  I  don’t  know ;  we  bought  it.  It  was  a  well 
known  school  apparatus  for  illustrating  the  oleetri< 
brush  in  vacuo.  The  changes  neces.sarv  to  try  tho  ex 
periment  on  carbonizod  paper  were  nmdo  by  or  tliroilgl 
the  orders  of  Jlr.  Charles  Datclielor. 

127  x-(}.  Did  you  buy  tho  lamp  yourself? 

A.  I  do  not  know,  I  cannot  rcinember,  but  niv  im 
pressioii  is  1  did. 

128  x-Q.  Where  did  yon  buy  it? 

A.  I  Caiii.ot  ronicmbor  that,  but  my  impression  is  1 
bought  it  of  a  firm  called  Liilime  A  Co. 

12!)  x-Q.  Where? 


Klti  X-Q.  Who  do  you  think  would  have  parch 
you  did  not  ? 

A.  It  might  have  been  purchased  by  letter 
cssenger  boy. 

i:t7  x-Q.  You  are  sure  it  was  ]mrchnsed  of  tl 
biilime  fi  Co.  in  the  City  of  Xow  York  ? 

A.  Xo,  sir,  I  am  not ;  but  iny  impression  is  t 

i;i8  x-Q.  Were  you  in  the  habit  of  dealing  wil 

A.  I  was  in  tho  habit  of  dealing  with  that  tin 
Krill  named  Denjamin  A  Co.,  I  think. 

I'i'J  x-Q.  Where  is  tho  firm  of  lienjamin  A  Co. 
A.  I  think  It  was  somowhern  .south  of  Clmi 
irth  of  Vesey  and  west  of  Broadway. 

140  x-Q.  What  docs  Liilime  A  Co.  deal  in,  ami 
es  Bonjnmiu  A  Co.  deal  in  ? 

A.  In  pliilosupliieal  upimratus. 
i  ll  x-Q.  This  lamp,  Edison  Exhibit  First  Inci 
lit  Lamp,  that  you  say  you  think  you  piircl 
lat  was  tho  iiaiiiu  of  the  appanitiis  when  voii 


tliu  bmultli  and  tliu  tliickiiess 
A.  My  impression  is  tliat  it 
broad,  and  I  think  aoniuwh 
I  should  say  thov  were  ei”ht 


at  it  was  about  an  inch  lon^ 
lewhere  less  iu  width  than  ,3 
nht  thousandths  of  an  iiic 


145  x-Q  Did  yon  earboni/.o  the  paper  especially  fo 
:hcsu  experiments '! 

A.  I  do  not  rcniembor  whether  wo  used  some  cur 
ionized  pajier  we  had  on  hand,  or  carbonized  it  ox 
iressly  for  the  occasion. 

14(i  x-Q.  How  did  yon  get  the  carbonized  paper  it 
he  lamp  ') 

A.  Mr.  Dalcholor  put  it  in. 

147  x-Q.  Yon  don’t  know  how  ho  got  it  in  ? 

A.  Xo,  sir ;  I  don’t. 

148  x-Q.  ■\\  liat  degreo  of  vuenum  did  you  cot  in  tlji.< 

amp '!  ■>  b 

A.  My  tminossion  is  we  got  two  and  half  millimeto.v 
f  moienry  on  a  gango,  which  represents,  if  the  gangr 
I  as  correct,  that  the  column  of  mercury  was  within 
wo  and  a  half  millimeters  of  a  perfect  vacuum. 

14.)  .x-Q.  How  much  wius  the  millimoter  in  inches  ’/ 
A  Itisu  t  an  mch;  two  and  a  half  ndllimeters  are 
bout  a  tenth  of  an  inch. 

loU  x-Q.  What  was  the  resistance  <if  the  carbonized 

apor  burner  that  yon  used  in  this  lamp? 

A.  I  did  not  measure  it. 

./'’l  ’"''“A  strength  of  current  did  you  have  on 


15:i  x-Q.  How  long  did  the  carbonized  ji 
lie  lamp  ? 

.\.  5Iy  impre.ssion  is  that  it  only  lasted 
dilutes. 

154  x-Q.  How  long  was  yon  engaged  n]i 
eriments  with  this  lamp? 

A.  I  do  nut  think  more  than  a  day. 

155  x-Q.  Were  they  made  at  your  labon 

A.  Yus,  sir. 

155  x-Q.  How  did  yon  exhaust  the  nil 
imp? 

A.  IJy  an  air  i>ump. 

157  x-Q.  Was  it  a  pump  you  had  on  ham 
iiy  it  for  the  occasion  ? 

A.  A  pump  1  had  on  hand. 

158  x-Q.  Did  you  prepare  the  lamp  f 
■rinient  yourself,  or  did  Mr.  Dntehelor  pri 
A.  Mr.  Datehelor. 

159  x-Q.  Did  yon  see  Jfr.  Batchelor  put  i 
rbons? 

.\.  I  don't  reniembur  it. 

KiO  x-Q.  How  ilo  you  know  that  paiier  ci 
tnally  put  in  the  lamp  ? 

A.  Beeanse  1  told  him  to  put  them  in, 
eni  after  they  were  in. 

101  x-Q.  How  could  yon  di.stiiignish  a  cii 
pa]icrfrom  any  other  carbon? 

Very  easily,  by  its  looks. 
l(i’2x-Q.  How  dues  it  difl’er  in  nppearaiic 
III  made  of  wood  ? 

A.  It  is  veiT  diflicult  to  describe  the  d 


IfiG  x-Q.  In  misHor  toiiuestion  !l  r>f  o  r  mi  i  to 
-uliiul,  winch  ih  ,us  follows  iconiisul  rends  qiicstioi 
1(1  nnswcr  to  witness).  State,  if  von  pleiiso,  wlietlie: 
that  answer  V(ai  referred  to  Kdison  Kxhihit  Firs 
(•inidescent  Lamp,  which  you  snlwiapiently  produced ' 

1(17  x-Q.  Then,  as  1  understand  you,  the  ntteiiipl 
ustrated  l.y  Edison  Exhil.it  No.  1,  followed  the 
lemiit  emhi-aeed  in  Edison  Exhihit  Fi,-st  IneandeseenI 
imp  ^  the  latter  being  made  in  Septcinher  or  Octohei 
_1.S77,  and  the  former  in  Oetols-r  or  Novenilior  ol 
78.  I  mean,  of  course,  in  incandescent  eicctrh 
hting  with  carhonized  [.aper  ? 

A.  Yes,  this  Exhihit  No.  1  is  an  illustration  dl 
perimcnts  conducted  in  Septemher  or  Octolair,  1878, 
th  incandescence  of  carlsinizcd  imner 


1«8  x-Q.  Then  this  paper,  Exhihit  No.  1,  as  I  under 
ml  yon,  ri^^presents  your  third  attempt  at  incandes 

it  olectno  lij'Iitiiig  with  carbonized  |m|)er  ? 

V.  Xo,  sir;  it  represents  the  second  in  point  of  date 
uni  ers  am  ing  of  “attempt"  at  incandcscen 
;““S>s,tl  t  t  no  11  tl  s  ex  meiitsmah 


,  .  ,  ,  . ""  loose  experiments  maili 

hin  a  few  (lays  of  each  other,  forming  a  group.  Tin 


Ihonms  A.  Edison. 


H78  my  second  attempt,  and  those  in  1879  my 
;tempt. 

1()9  x-Q.  Well,  then,  referring  to  Edison  Eihih 
lus  your  second  attciiipt,  please  to  stale  whetln 
ihihit  is  intended  to  repre.sent  the  whole  or  a  ]) 
1  experiment  with  earlMuiized  ])aper  in  incandt 
editing  ill  vacuum  'i 

A.  They  represent  a  few  of  the  experiments  tri 
at  time  on  the  iiieandescenc!  of  carhonized  | 
it  not  in  vacuo. 

170  x-Q.  riease  to  descrihe  the  first  electric  lai 
iparatns  in  which  yon  used  earhonized  pajie 
candescent  electric  lighting  in  vacuo,  in  Octol 
iiveml>cr  of  187S  ? 

A.  My  impre.ssi(»n  is  tliat  it  consisted  of  a  pie 
rhonized  paper  coated  with  tar  and  lamphlack 
rhonized,  placed  in  chimps  connected  to  the  oil 
d  placed  under  the  hell-jar  of  the  vacuum  piim 
I  not  ahsolutely  sure  that  this  experiment  was 
Heptemhor  or  Octoher,  hnt  it  was  tried  not 
1111  Ilecemher,  1878. 

171  x-(J.  What  do  you  mean  hy  the  “hell-jar 
■  vacuum  pump  y 

A.  The  hell-jar  that  usually  accomjianies  vai 
nips  in  which  the  vacuum  is  ohtained. 

17‘1  x-Q.  Was  the  hell-jar  of  glass  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

178  x-Q.  Please  to  illustmte  the  arrangement, 
scrihe  it  hy  letters  of  reference  ? 

A.  This  sketch  rejiresents  the  arrangement  i 
ollect  it.  A  rcjirc-scnts  the  |ilaten  and  hull  jar  o; 
•uuni  iiump  ;  U  is  the  hell-jar  ;  e  is  the  platei 
1  c  are  landing  posts  ;  /'and  y  of  tigiire  2  are  n 
ices,  connected  through  the  inai  of  the  iilateii  to 


other  through  tlic  enrhoii  wlieii  tho  hell-jiir  wiih  oi 
The  bell-jnr  represents  the  vncuuni  cimiiiljer  of  th 
pump  in  whicli  the  light  wns  proiliiceil. 

This  sketeli  is  jmt  in  eviileiiee  by  counsel  fo 
Sawyer  .t  JInii  as  au  illustration  of  tho  witnes; 
testimony  and  marked  Edison  Exhibit  No.  0. 

174  x-Q.  How  mauv  experiments  did  you  iimko  witl 
carboniz'd  pa|)er  in  tho  vneuum  chamber  of  this  pump 
as  3011  have  deseribcd  ? 

A.  My  impression  is  that  wo  made  three  or  four  cj 
pcrinieuts. 

175  x-Q.  Were  the  exi>eriincnts  made  by  j-ou  pel 
ioimlly  or  in  your  presence  '! 

A.  I  think  they  were  made  by  myself  and  JIi 
llatchelor,  and  perhaps  Jlr.  rpton.* 

17Cx-Q.  IVho  prepared  the  pump  for  tho  expori 

A.  I  don’t  remomber. 

177  x-Q.  Did  you  witness  the  experiments  voursolf 
A.  I  witnessed  some  of  them. 

178  x-Q.  Did  you  see  the  carlsmized  iiaiior  put  i 

the  vacuum  chamber  ?  ‘ 

A.  I  saw  it  in  the  chamber.  I  don't  reniombor  see 
ing  It  put  in. 

17!)  x-Q.  Are  you  able  to  swear,  of  vour  own  knowl 
=ilgo,  that  the  carbon  in  tho  vacuum  chamber  wa 
inaile  of  pa]ier '! 

A  Yes, sir;  Some  were  made  of  paper  and  some  o 
.•aibonized  broom  corn. 

180  x-Q.  AVero  the  papers  earbonized  expressly  fo 
he  experiment '! 

■Im  '  carbonized  for  the  oxporimeii 

.ho  in  in  exhibit  1,  and  had  been  carbonized  proviou 
o  tins  last  experiment. 

■xoresal  ^  ***“*•  "'ere  carbonizci 

ni  d!Tn  nT  "hichyoii  say  wer. 

adi.  in  October  or  ^ovember  of  1878.  and  wore  thev 


A.  Mr.  Datchelor,  I  believe,  had  111 
if  these  carbons  for  experimeiits 
)ctober,  1878,  some  of  which  are  illui 
I'ixhibit  No.  1. 

182  x-Q.  What  size  were  the  earboi 
leriiiicuts  made  with  the  piiiii))  ? 

A.  My  impression  is  that  they  were 
ccond  in  iliameter,  and  au  inch  r 
Cllgth. 

IS.-)  x-Q.  AVas  the  carbon  that  y. 
Exhibit  Eirst  Incaiidesceut  Lamp,  stn 
A.  .Straight. 

181  x-Q,  AVhat  was  tho  success  of 
ith  carbon  in  tho  vacciim  chamber  of 
A.  AVo  could  not  make  tho  carbon 
e  had  pieces  of  potassium,  and  also  s 
liamber. 

185  x-Q.  AVhat  was  the  resistance  ol 
A.  AA'e  didn't  nicnsiire  it. 

18(i  x-Q.  AVhat  was  tho  strength  of  1 
A.  1  think  the  strength  of  the  cii 
le  veliers,  or  four  or  five  thousand  fo 

187  x-Q.  AVhat  degree  of  vacciini  dii 
le  burner  ? 

A.  1  think  alioiit  2J  or  three  millin 
ad  olT  from  a  niercury  gauge  which 
imp  and  was  tho  best  vneiium  gene 
Ith  a  imiup. 

188  x-Q.  I’lcase  to  describe  tho  next 
«n_v,  in  Nctober  or  November  of  lS7f 
ed  carbonized  paper  for  ineandescei 

A.  I  don’t  think  wo  tried  any  other  e 
a  ones  I  have  hero  recited  in  vacuo,  i 
18!)  x-Q.  That,  then,  ns  I  iiiiderstaud 
lat  you  call  your  second  attempt  at  1 
iiicnndoscenco  with  carbonized  iiapei 
A-  That,  and  including  the  devices  il 


190  x-Q.  Do  YOU  wisli  to  be  iinilonstood  iig  navi 
timt  yon  mncle  ii  laini)  in  the  fall  of  1878  like  tl 
shown  anil  dcscrihed  snhstnntmlly  in  patent  221,3! 
(lated  Fehrnary  lOtli.  1880,  and  used  carbonized  im| 
ill  it  for  incandescent  electric  li('liting? 

A.  Yes,  sir ;  we  used  carbonized  paper  and  carbo 
ized  broom  corn  in  it  in  September,  October  or  Novel 
her,  1878. 

191  x-Q.  Does  the  siiecifieation  making  part  of  tli 
patent,  make  any  reference  to  the  nse  of  carbon  mm 
of  ])aper? 

A.  No,  sir,  it  dues  not ;  it  merely  mentions  carbo 
and  does  not  mention  the  kind  of  carbon. 

192  x-Q.  IVliy  did  yon  not  descrilie  in  that  specilici 
tion  the  nse  of  carbon  made  of  j.aper  in  that  lamp  ? 

A  Decanse  that  was  not  a  part  of  the  invention.  M 
made  these  slender  iiencils  ol  carbon,  becatiso  it  w. 
the  eimiest  way  to  make  carbon,  as  we  had  no  mill  f< 
grinding  carbon  or  mold  for  molding  it,  and  heiico  mac 
the  ]ioncds  in  the  most  coiiTenient  wav,  such  as  coatiii 
|>aiior  with  tar  and  rolling  it  nji  and  carbonizing  it,  an 
ilso  by  carbonizing  broom  corn. 

that^  of  the  , intent  hast  referred  to  in  the  fall  . 


vilMl,  ’  "i  *'*«  experiments  mad 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

«lent"rcJerr!d”to  madT'n'tZ‘“ 

. ’  .'O'l  experimented  with  thii 


1\  a.  H.  lltunowciiorT, 

Notary  Public, 

N.  Y.  Co. 


I’lirsnnnt  to  adjoiiniment,  this  examination  was  re 
iimed^  June  10,  1881,  at  10  A.  M.,  at  No.  (m  FiftI 

llioSS-EXA.MlS.lTIO.\  CO.NTIXI-EO  : 

The  Witness  desires  to  add  to  his  last  answer 
the  following ; 

-My  answer  is  changed  to  this :  No  ;  only  it  was  very 
oiivonient  material  to  use,  and  was  organic  carlion. 

197  x-Q.  Iteforriiig  now  to  Edison’s  Commorcial  In- 
aiidescent  Electric  Lamp,  state  when  it  was  thai 
on  first  made  a  lamp  of  the  form  and  substance  of  tliii 
Ixhibit? 

■1.  I  think  duplicates  ■  of  this  lamp,  as  to  form 
liape  and  material,  were  made  some  time  in  October, 
879. 

198  x-Q.  Have  you  got  the  originid  lamp  of  the  form 
f  this  exhibit? 

A.  I  have  not  been  able  to  lind  it  within  the  Inst  two 
r  throe  days,  but  my  impression  is  that  I  can  ])roducc 
ae  of  the  first  six  made. 

199  x-Q.  Was  the  first  one  of  the  same  size  that  this 
shibit is  ? 

A.  The  globe  was  about  the  same  size.  It  was 


201  k-Q.  Was  tliere  n  .section  of  |ilatiniiiii  intorposei 
in  the  eoiidiietor  between  the  co|)|)er  and  tlio  carbon  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

202  x-Q.  And  tlie  interior  gbess  bulb  was  containe.i 
in  it  tlie  same  as  in  this  one,  wius  it,  and  tbe  lani] 
sealed  in  tbe  same  wav  V 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

20.1  x-Q.  Please  to  give  the  diniensions  of  tbe  car 
lions  used  in  tbose  lii-st  bini|is  like  tliis  exbibit? 

A.  Tbe  first  laiiiji  of  tins  ]ieculiav  cbaracter  witl 
paper  carbon  bad  a  carbon  alHiut  a  tbirty-second  of  ai 
incb  wide,  six  or  eight  tlioiisandtbs  of  an  inch  thick 
and  about  two  indies  and  a  half  to  throe  inches  ii 
length  before  carbonization.  It  was  cut  straight  ami 
had  thickened  ends,  and  was  bent  in  tlie  form  of  ai 
arch  before  carbonization.  After  being  jiiit  in  the  hini| 
the  height  of  tbe  arcli,  I  should  judge,  was  ahout  an 
inch  or  an  inch  and  an  eighth.  Within  a  day  or  twe 
afterwards  we  cut  loops  out  of  paper  of  the  form 
desired,  the  same  as  shown  in  my  Jilxhibit  Commer¬ 
cial  Iiicande.seeiit  Electric  liaiiip,  and  tlio  same  a.s 
shown  and  de.seribed  in  my  nppli.-ation  in  this  iiiter- 

201  x-Q.  lleferring  still  to  the  first  lamps  like  this 
exhibit,  state,  if  yon  plea.so,  what  resistance  the  carbon 
bad  in  tbose  lamps  ? 

A.  The  resistance  of  a  unit  length  and  mass  of  paper 
carbon  is  genenilly  tbe  same,  wbetber  the  lamp  has  one 
ohm  or  a  thousand  ohms  resistance.  'J’he  rosistaiieo  of 
the  whole  carbon  probably  was  a  hiindred  and  twoiitv- 
hve  ohms  cold,  and  perha])s  seventy-five  ohms  at  six¬ 
teen  candles.  Carhon  decreases  its  resistance  when 
heated,  but  not  in  direct  proportion  to  the  rise  of  tom- 
peratiire.  1  do  not  think  we  measured  the  resistance 

-  •>  X-Q.  lo  what  degree  of  perfection  did  you  got 
the  vneuuia  in  the  first  lamps  lik.‘  this  Exhiint  Edison’s 


0(i  x-Q.  To  wluit  degree  of  luminosity  did  you  rai 
carl  Km  ? 

i.  I  think  wo  raised  it  as  high  as  .'lO  or  10  camllei 
07  x-Q.  How  long  did  it  last,  rai.sed  up  to  that  c 
!•  of  hiiniiiosity  ? 

.  We  did  not  keep  it  for  more  than  half  an  ho 
bat  degree  of  himinosity.  >fy  impression  is  tb 
from  12  to  Hi  candles  it  lasted  over  a  biinilr 


10.S  i-Q.  Of  continuous  ilbiimnation  ; 
t.  Of  contiiiiiuns  ilhimination  ;  yes,  sir. 

100  x-(}.  lleferring  now  to  this  particular  lam 
ison’s  Exhibit  ('oiiimereial  lncando.si.ent  Lamp,  y. 
in  answer  to  Q.  uxamination  in  chief,  that 
'lit  cither  70  lioni-s  and  1.S  minutes,  or  2o0  hours  ai 
minutes.  Can't  yon  state  any  more  detinitelv  tin 
t  the  time  that  the  laniii  did  actually  burn  ? 

1.  No,  sir,  I  cannot.  In  my  book,  in  which  is  r 
ded  the  life  of  l.'iO  or  more  lamps,  I  fiml  that  tl 
iird  of  the  life  of  this  lamp  is  put  down  in  ink 
horn's  and  -11  miiiiites  ;  but  this  Inns  been  partial 
itched  off,  and  70  hours  and  18  minutes  substitute 

10  x-Q.  And  yon  cannot  tell  which  is  the  cone 
a,  as  I  understand  von  ? 

I.  -No,  sir. 

11  x-(}.  Please  to  read  from  your  reconl  book  ii 
inumoranda  and  data  yon  have  in  writing  that  r 
i  to  this  particular  lamp— Edison's  Exhibit  Coiiime 
Ineandesccnt  Lamp. 

.  I  think  I  have  other  records  of  this  lamp  and  wi 
to  find  them.  I  read  now  from  the  book  referri; 
page  ;j!)  : 

Street  lamp  toji  of  stairs,  right-hand,  211.7.  llesis 
annary  2d,  noon.  Iliirnt,  .10.  .lamiary  ild,  lO.HO 
•laii’y  4th,  9.58  ;  Jan’y  5th,  20.50  ;  Jan’y  5th,  .1.47. 
f),  20.20  ;  7,  12.15  ;’s,  22  ;  9,  9  ;  SI,  0.50 ;  10,  19.15  ; 
7;  12,  11.  Total  time  burnt.  70.18.  Carbon 
busted. 

Total  time  burned,  207.30  iiii  to  5  P.  JI. 


AVitiiess  Imiuls  tlio  record  to  tlie  counsel. 


213  k-Q.  Does  tliis  record  .show  t!ie  rcsistniiec  of  tlio 
lain|)  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

214  .\-Q.  Does  it  show  tlie  liiiiiiiiosity  of  the  lump  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

215  x-Q.  Does  it  sliow  tlie  degree  of  raciiiim  in  the 
ilhiminatiiig  ehamher  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

210  x-Q.  Does  it  show  when  the  record  was  made? 

A.  It  sliows  that  it  was  January  2d,  at  noon,  hut 
does  not  state  the  year  ;  hut  on  page  38,  one  page  be¬ 
fore  tliis  record,  lamp  153,  a  date  (January  2d,  1880)  is 
recorded,  and  I  know  that  this  was  in  1880.  Lamp 
153  had  a  resistance  of  132  ohms  and  lasted  over  200 


Last  part  of  answer  objected  to  by  counsol  for 
Sawyer  A  Man  as  irresponsive  and  ’impertinent, 
as  no  impiiry  is  being  made  about  the  record  of 
lamp  153. 


217  x-Q.  Call  you  swear  that  this  record  you  have 
<]uoted  was  made  January  2d,  1880  ? 

.4  I  <mn  swear  it  was  made  within  four  or  five  days 
0  <  “to.  I  think  I  shall  he  able  to  produce  a  wit¬ 

ness  who  made  these  records 

An;!;-/*"''""' . .  ■«>  >!■■■ 


219  x-Q.  Which  of  it  is 
liaudwritiiig  and  which  of 


in  Mr.  Charles  Batchelor’s 
it  is  iu  Mr.  Herrick’s  hand- 


mil.  iiesist.  uiimt,  HI,"  are  in  Mr.  Chari 
ir’s  handwriting,  and  all  the  rest  is,  I  thi 
crrick’s  haiidwriting. 

220  x-Q.  How  docs  it  happen  that  the  d 
cord  is  January  2,  noon,  and  the  biiming  o 
ijicars  to  have  comiiieiiccd  on  January  Oi! 
iiieil  down  to  Jaiiuaiy  12th,  taking  the  wl: 
dcs  into  account,  iiicliidiiig  those  that  ai 
it '2 

A.  It  could  not  have  commeiiced  on  J, 
cause  the  record  states  that  up  to  Janiiari 
iriied  19.30,  which  nicaiis  19  hoiii-s  and  3 
im  Jnniiary  2d  ;  it  had  also  burned  40  hoi 
niiiiry  2d. 

221  x-Q.  Apart  from  this  record,  have  yo 
let  recollection  of  the  hiirniiig  of  this  lamp 
.4.  I  have  an  indistinct  recollection.  It  \ 
rd  matter  to  recollect  any  particiihir  lamp 
iiidrcd  nenrly  all  alike.  Upon  the  lamp  it 
lejiot,”  and  I  renionilicr  it  there.  It  wins 
iisjiiciioiis  place  and  must  have  been  seen 
oiisand  peojile. 

222  x-Q.  You  did  not  make  this  i-cciml  you 
dersbuid  you,  and  did  not  see  it  made  ?  ' 

A.  I  did  not  make  it  m3-8elf.  I  don’t  reiiie 
law  it  made  ;  but  I  remeiiibor  that  I  watel 
•ords  pretty  closely,  and  must  have  seen  i 
V  or  so  after  it  was  iiiiide. 

223  x-Q.  How  does  it  happen  that  the  wh 
s  not  made  by  one  person  ’! 

4.  I  think  becansu  Mr.  Batehulor  started  t 
d  then  got  an  assistant  to  carry  it  out  more 
I  will  doubtless  bo  able  to  testify  on  that  sii 

224  x-().  Are  vou  able  to  swear  that  the  n 


-oKj  .xow,  tins  liiin|),  hdisoii  s  Exiiibit  Commer 
I'liil  Liimi),  mu]  tliosu  few  tliiit  preceileil  it,  iiljoiit  wliicl 
yon  Imve  tcstilicil  tliis  moriiiiij,' ;  eml)mcc,  ns  I  niulor 
stmul  you,  your  tliir.1  atteiiipt  nt  eleetrie  lighting  h' 
lucniulescciiee,  with  earlioiiize.I  paper  '! 

A.  I  testified  regariliiig  a  few,  luit  tliere  wore  mon 
than  a  liundred  made  by  the  end  of  December,  1870,  nl 
of  this  character,  with  carbonized  pajiur.  Thase  eon- 

h-llvdone  llnce  '''‘H*  «>•  ‘l>»t  I 


-dl  x-Q.  \\  hat  I  want  to  know,  Jlr.  lulison,  ii 
whetlier  tins  lamp  and  all  the  lamps  that  you  mad. 
having  the  form  and  substance  of  this  lamp,  “Edison^ 
i:..\lnlnt  Commercial  Incandescent  lainip,"  embraced 
your  third  attempt  at  electric  lighting  by  incandcscouce, 
with  cabonizcd  paper? 

clmr,ete?''‘°l’“  T  '“'*>^>''8  of  thosame 


I  do  not  think  I  have— that  is  dated, 
i  x-Q.  Have  you  got  any  written  reconl  I 
iwear  reiircsunts  the  [lerforniance  of  this  1 
I  think  among  my  records  1  may  have  soi 
1  hunting  I  neglected  generally  tlio.se  reco 
no  datc.s. 

I  x-Q.  How  much  of  the  time  .lid  you 
with  carbonizu.l  ])apcr  ? 

I  should  say  carlxjiiized  paiier  was  used 
IT  several  hours,  burning.  In  this  lamp  ' 
carbonized  bruom-e.irn  and  carbonized  jiaj 
'i  x-Q.  Is  the  illuminating  portion  of  th 
led  to  be  unclosed  in  a  glass  chamlier? 
Vos,  sir ;  partially  of  glass. 

x-Q.  Hetween  tho  time  that  you  discoi 
experiments  in  the  electric  lighting  by  in 
with  carbonized  paper,  in  the  fall  of  18 
me  you  cuinmenced  to  experiment  again  u| 
subject  in  the  fall  of  187^  as  you  have  t. 
oil  engaged  any  of  the  tin  o  i  xj).  rim  1 1  i 
ic  lighting  by  incaiidcsccnce  ? 

My  imiircssion  is  that  I  did  try  some  exnei 


st  (iiiestion,  ploiiso  to  ile.scrilic  them  ? 

A.  I  only  Inivo  an  iiii|>re.ssion. 

23!)  x-tj.  You  ean’t  ilusoribe  any  uxpcriiiiunt.s  ? 

A.  No. 

2-tO  x-Q.  Now,  hetweeii  tile  time  that  yon  iliseon 
iuneil  yonr  experinient-s  in  incandesoeiit  electric  light 
ng  with  carhoiiizeil  paper,  in  the  fall  of  1878,  anil  "th. 
ime  you  coininencccl  them  again  with  earliouizeil  paper 
11  the  fall  of  18711,  (lid  you  make  any  experimeiita  ii 
lectrie  lighting  by  iueandusccnee  '! 

A.  Ye.s. 

211  x-(}.  \\  hat  substance  or  material  did  you  use  fei 

le  illuminating  portion  of  your  lamp  in  such  exi.eii 
leuts?  ‘ 

A.  Platina  and  other  materials, 

212  x-Q.  How  much  of  the  time  embraced  within  my 
uostion  (210  x-Q.)  were  you  engaged  in  ex])eriinonl- 
ig  with  iilatinnm  and  nmteriid  other  than  carbon  ? 

A.  ^xeejit,  perhaps,  some  experimcnta  with  carbon, 

January,  18711,  we  ivere  ungag..Ml  night  and  day  be- 

ruun  thu  times  imiiiei]. 

213  x-Q.  During  the  period  iuclnded  in  my  x-Q.  210. 
)w  many  ex]ierimunt.s  did  you  make  in  inciindcacent 
ectric  lighting  with  carbon  that  was  not  made  of 

A.  1  ilon’t  remember  any  exiieriment  made  with 
rbon  that  was  not  made  with  carbon  pallor,  or  car- 
luized  broom-corn. 


211  x-Q.  What  experiments  did  you  make  with  cai. 

Ill  miulo  nf  piipor,  in  Jammrv,  1879  I' 
dental  32-)^""" 

215  x-Q.  Pie, use  to  describe  the  lamp  in  which  you 
iploycd  caibou  made  from  paper,  for  incnndesJei.t 
hting,  in  January,  1879  ? 

-  ‘  X  Q.  Hou  (lid  it  difTcr  from  tho  hiiui)  described 


A.  I  think  tho  carbon  was  shoyed  down  1; 
spring. 

217  x-Q.  How  mueh  carbonized  paper  di: 
In  such  lamp  ? 

A.  Perhaps  a  length  of  it;  about  tw, 

218  x-Q.  Can  you  produce  that  lamp? 

A.  No,  sir;  it  IS  substantially  tho  same 

aiap  as  that  shown  in  li'igure  2,  Patent  221, 
21!)  x-(^  Was  the  carbonized  paper  used 

2.i0  x-Q.  M  hat  was  your  object  in  niakini 
iciimeiit  with  carbonized  pajier,  in  January. 

A.  To  make  what  wo  call  a  “  shoii-lauiii 
ihich  the  current  only  had  to  be  siibdiyided 
nd  not  oyer  a  large  area,  where  a  high  resis 
ol  absolutely  essential. 

251  x-Q.  hy  did  you  use  carlxin  made  oi 
reference  to  carlsin  made  of  anything  el 
uiip  and  for  that  experiment? 

A.  Hecaiiso  it  was  easy  to  make,  and  pro 
roper  kind  of  contact  desired,  and  we  had 
I  making  hard  carbons  with  any  degree  of  fi 

202  x-Q.  tVas  the  ]mpor  specially  carbonizi 
iperiniont  ? 

A.  f  cannot  renicnibur. 

203  x-Q.  AVas  the  experiment  made  in  your 
A.  I  think  1  made  it  myself. 

2ol  x-Q.  AVhat  was  tho  result? 

.\.  It  worked  fairly. 

2o;i  x-Q.  Why  liayo  you  not  mentioned  th 
•Id  in  your  precious  testimony  ? 

A.  1  forget  why;  perhaps  because  tho  qiie 
•t  been  asked  me. 

2.i(i  x-Q.  Did  you  make  any  other  t‘X|>eriui 
cen  tho  fall  of  1878  and  tho  fall  of  1879  will 


miiko  and  use  carlxjiiizuil  paper  for  olcctrie  ligli 
ing  l.y  ineandeseeiiee  in  vacuo  succuH.sfully  ? 

A.  I  laive  already  testified  on  that  ])oiiit  qiiito  elearl 
3Iy  answer  will  he  the  same  as  answer  to  x-  Q.  232. 

201  x-Q.  The  answer  to  x-Q.  232  does  not  answer  it 
last  (luestion,  which  is  reiioafcd  V 

A.  Jly  inevious  answer  answers  it  perfectly. 

202  x-Q.  "W  hat  ilo  you  uiulorstaml  hv  the  word  “sii 
cessful  in  the  relation  that  I  used  it  iii  x-Q.  200? 

A.  Seveiid  understan.lings  have  passed  through  ii 
nnnd.  Sonictnnes  an  experiment  is  a  siicecssfnl  oxjic 
imeiit  when  it  don’t  work,  if  it  proves  positively  or  ne 
idivoly,  or  shows  possibilities.  It  mav  or  may  not  1 
considered  successful,  and  in  my  answer  to  x-Q.  232 
have  stated  fully  about  the  success  and  non-succcss 
these  experiiiioiits. 

203  x-Q.  In  cross-ipiestioii  2(i0  I  did  not  ask  v. 
anything  about  experiments,  but  about  successful  ligh 
|»g.  and  I  now  lusk  you  again  when  you  first  siiceecdi 
|«  1  bditiiig  successtiilly  by  incandesconco  with  carlio 
ixed  paper  in  vacuo  V 

in  b.'.lob' ““  I  succeeded  successful 

"  K  up  a  piece  of  carbonised  paper  in  vacuo  I 

electrical  ...candescence  I  will  state  tit  it  was  done 
Ldison  s  Exhibit  Fn-st  Incandescent  Lamp. 

-  >  vQ.  How  long  did  you  say  voii  succeeded  in 
luminating  that  lamp  with  carboiiized  imner  in  v::cu( 


Slimed  Juno  17tli,  1881,  nt  10  A.  M., 
avcmie,  same  foiinsel  being  present. 


Xo.  G5  Fift 


Counsel  for  Edison  proilnees  record  book  con 
tainingthe  copy  of  Edison's  Exhibit  Xos.  4  nin 
r>,  and  submits  it  to  the  inspection  of  comise 
for  Sawyer  .t  Jfan. 


•271  x-Q.  lieferring  now  to  your  record  book,  Xo.  G7 
pages  1  to  in  inclusive,  of  which  Exhibit  Xo.  3  is  an 
alleged  copy,  please  to  state  whether  this  record  wius 
kept  by  you  pei-sonally  ? 

A.  Xo,  sir ;  it  was  not. 

275  x-Q.  Please  to  state  bv  whom  it  was  kept''* 

A.  Partially  by  Charles  IJatchelor,  and  jiartially  hv  a 
man  named  Herrick,  I  think. 

27(1  .x-Q.  Wits  it  kept  by  those  persons  in  your  pros- 

A.  I  was  present.  1  should  say  almost  all  this  time 
11.  tl.e  room  with  the  parties  when  this  record  was 


is  the  record  'i* 

ti.iVl  ill  Herrick's,  1 

think,  and  .some  of  my  writing  is  on  it. 

the  dwr  roconl  hv 

he  d  tleientpei'sons  mentioned,  all  made  at  tho  same 


A  About  Jannary  1st,  1880,  it  was  decided  to  keep 

■■  ‘■o.d  ...us  the  starting  point  of  the  time,  and  was 
iieve  “t"  '“'"""f  iiy  .>rr.  ISatchoIor,  I  be- 

n  Jaiiuar.  Jd  the  numbers  of  the  lamps,  tlieir  posi- 
tioii^and  the  time  they  had  burned  previous  to  Janii- 


280  x-Q.  Is  a  portion  of  this  original 
icncil 

A.  Yes,  a  vei.v  small  jiortion. 

281  x-Q.  Uy  whom  was  that  portion  o 
A.  One  portion  by  myself,  and  the  ol 

'liarles  llatchclor. 

282  x-Q.  When  did  Mr.  IJatchelor  im 
1  lead  pencil,  and  when  did  you  make  v 

A.  1  made  mine  January  5th,  ISSd; 
as  dated  his  entry  January  2d,  1.S80,  8 
eve  that  I  know  that  he  made  thal 

28:i  x-Q.  .Vre  the  figures  in  ink  that  nr 
le  month,  the  number  of  Inmrs  and  m 
lective  lamp.s,  burned,  in  the  handw 
lerriek  ? 

A.  I  think  ]mrt  of  them  an-  in  Mr.  llai 
riling,  and  part  in  the  writing  of  Jlr.  11 
•281  x-t^.  And  those  Ggnres  were  iiiai 
tlier  on  the  day  of  the  date  or  the  day  i 
A.  Yes,  sir;  I  think  they  were. 

28a  x-Q.  Do  yon  know  that  of  you 
Ige  'f 

A.  les,  sir;  1  am  almost  certain. 

•28(1  x-Q.  When  did  you  got  the  vacniiii 
iteil  by  Erlison  Exhibit  Xo.  G? 

•V.  'I'liiit  particular  slinisj  of  vacuum  pi 
me  time  in  Septeinber,  187'.). 

•287  x-Q.  Previous  to  gutting  that  piiiiii 
vl  ill  getting  a  satisfactory  vaciiiim  in 
iieaii  a  vacuiiin  in  which  your  carbon  I 
dure  iiicandcscent  for  any  reasoiml 


288  x-Q.  When  did  you  tii-st  succeed  ii 
■aeiiiim  ? 

A.  1  think  it  was  in  .Viigiist,  187‘J,  thi 
lap  that  would  produce  :i  Yacuiiii)  up  t< 
ndred  thonsandth  part  of  an  atiuosphei 
-H'J  x-Q.  Was  that  tho  first  voii  obtaiur 


2110  x-Q.  Ecferriiig  now  to  Edison's  Exhibit  No.  2 
being  tlio  “  New  York  Hernld,”  or  part  of  it,  dntci 
December  21st,  18711,  state,  if  von  ])leasc,  whetlier  yo\ 
wrote  or  ean.sed  to  li(!  written  the  article  headed  “Sli 
son’s  Liglit,"  on  jjage  live,  and  to  be  illustrated  as  then 
illustrated  ? 

A.  No,  sir;  I  did  not  write  it,  nor  di.I  1  cause  it  tc 
be  written. 

201  x-Q.  Did  yon  revise  o.  examine  it  after  it  wa, 
written  and  ajjprove  of  it '! 

A.  No,  sir  :  I  did  not. 

202  x-Q.  Are  its  statements  tnie  ? 

A.  Some  are  and  some  are  not.  The  article  seeim 
mostly  to  bo  made  from  my  patents,  into  which  a  great 
deal  of  romance  has  lioen  injected. 

203  x-Q.  Are  tlio  ilhistrations  true  ilhiHtrations  of  the 
lamp  referred  to  in  the  article  ? 

A.  Not  strictly  true.  Host  of  tliem  have  been  taken 
from  the  iiutents.  Two  1  recognize  as  Imving  been 
taken  from  the  “  Sciontitic  American.” 

20")  x-Q.  AVhich  of  the  ilhistrations  are  correct,  and 
which  are  erroneous  ?  Please  mark  the  ligmes  ? 

A.  The  ligures  are  substantially  correct  as  illnstra- 
tions.  Figures  8  and  0  are  copied  from  the  “  SoientiBe 
American’s"  articles.  Figures  1,  2,  3,  4,  5  and  G  scorn 
to  bo  taken  from  patents  or  caveats.  Figure  7,  I  do 
not  know  how  that  was  obtained.  It  is  snbstantialli 
correct,  but  not  correct  in  detail. 

21)0  x-Q.  State,  if  you  know,  who  is  the  author  of  the 
article’? 

A.  I  believe  a  roiiorter  of  the  “  New  York  Herald  ” 
iiamod  Edwin  Fox,  was  the  author. 

■207  x-Q.  M’hat  part  of  the  article  is  true,  and  what 


cantDii  wuuhl  not  uust  at  tliat  nicanilesuLMii.'c  than 
four  or  live  hours  when  the  barometrical  mercury 
column  showed  a  vacuum  of  only  about  a  millimeter. 


iru-iitio?i  ill  liiH  IiiiiuIb  hi 
siiv  tlint  lie  would  vei 
iilieiiticiii  if  lio  liad  u  co| 
'V  wlietlier  liis  copy  is 
loiii^  retained,  papoi'H  < 
oil  ill  wliicli  iiiaiiy  alte 

vliieli  1  am  stiro  is  a  uo 

■lietlier  tlio  carlxiiiizi 
i;ct  iiiatter  of  this  into: 

oils,  according  to  my  ri 

ler  tile  carlionizod  burm 
lliis  interference  is  ii 
a  glass  cliamber  froi 


:i0!)  x-fj.  Did  yon  make  tlie  I'xperiments  voiirself  V 
A.  No,  sir. 

:I10  x-Q.  Wlio  made  tlieiii  ? 

A.  I  tliink  one  of  the  parties  was  named  I’raie 

ill  x-Q.  Wliore  were  tliey  made  ■* 

A.  At  iny  laboratory,  at  Jlenlo  I’ark. 
il’J  x-Q.  When  were  they  made? 

A.  .My  iniiiressioii  is  they  were  made  either  in  D 
ibor,  1871),  or  Jaiiimry,  18.S0. 

Il:)  x-Q.  AVliat  gas  was  used  in  the  chamlicr? 

A.  1  did  not  analyze  it. 

'll  x-Q.  Don't  you  know? 

1.  1  know  what  wo  intendcil  to  use. 

In  x-Q.  AA’hat  did  you  intend  to  use? 

Hydro-carbon  gas,  hydrogen  gas,  nitrogen  ga; 
Iro-chlorie  acid  gas  and  chlorine  ga.s,  I  think. 

1*'  x-Q.  How  many  experiments  did  you  make  ? 

1.  1  saw  two  or  three. 

IT  i-Q.  AVliat  kind  of  gas  wa-s  the  chambor  lille 


'oiiMscl  for  Mr.  Kdisoii  olijccW  to  all  tliatixn 
I  of  tin;  (|Ucstioii  wliirh  rolat.'S  to  tlii!  spccili 
on  on  tlie  p'ronnd  that  tin-  specilication  itsol 
ho  Ix'.st  cvidonro. 


ito  what  I  intend  or  what  I  do  not  inte'iiil  to  use  ii 
r  system  of  elo'trie  lif'htin^;. 

h’Ja  Ifa.s  eleetrii-  liKhtinK  hy  ineandeseeni'e  witl 
rlsiii  in  sealed  lamps  ehar^ied  with  inert  oas  hereto 
imiile  any  part  of  your  system  of  eleetrie  lif-htinf 
ineumleseeiiuo 

I  have  already  testitieil  that  1  have  tried  the  same 
1  as  1  had  a  system  of  eleetrie  liohtiiio  at  Menh 
rk  at  the  time,  the.se  formed  a  part  of  the  system  !i 

kjli  x-(^.  Do  you  mean  to  swiair  that  you  have  usei 
Mmdo  I’ark  a  sy.stem  of  eleetrie  liuhtino  hy  ineaii 
s’eiiee  in  which  earhon  was  used  as  the  illuminatniv 
•tion  of  the  lamp,  in  an  atmosphere  of  inert  oils  in  ; 
led  lamp '! 

^es,  sir;  such  a  lamp  formeil  part  of  a  .system 
lip’htin;'  by  inennde.scenei-  of  earhon  at  .Menlo  Park 
I'iT  x-Q.  WhonV 

1.  In  December,  187U,  or  in  January,  18SI.),  1  think. 
I-H  x-Q.  What  kind  of  carbon  iliil  you  use? 

1.  Darbon  made  out  of  paper. 

^'Q-  How  loiiK  dill  you  u.se  that  .system  '! 
t.  Thu  system  is  still  there. 

ot)  x-Q.  How  many  lamps  did  you  u.se  of  the  kind 
lave  do.scrilK-d  in  my  i|uestion  No.  J'Jfi  ? 
t-  We  have  used  on  that  system  at  Jfonlo  Park,  f 
uld  .say,  lus  many  as  thirty  lamps,  hut  lus  to  the  in- 
less  of  the  ;^a8  on  the  carbon,  1  am  not  .sure  as 
;;as  whatsoever  has  an  eflcct  on  the  earhon. 

J1  x-Q.  How  manv  sealed  lamps  have  you  used 


3078 


Thoinns  A.  Edison. 


inert,  and  the  illnininating  part  of  whicli  wns  inndc 
carlionized  pa])er? 

I  liave  already  testified  that  no  (>ius  is  inert  a 
therefore  I  eonld  have  made  no  lamps  in  which  it  v 


A.  So  lamps  tliat  i 
no  gas  eonld  lie  used 
elTeet  on  the  carlion. 


333  x-Q.  (Question  repeated.) 

A.  I  have  already  testified  to  that  <piestion. 

331  x-Q.  How  many  sealed  lamps  have  yon  used  tl 
were  ehaiged  with  gas,  eommnnly  called  inert,  nnd  t 
illuminating  part  of  which  was  made  of  enrboniz 
pajier? 

A.  Jfy  iniiire.ssion  is  that  half  a  ilozon  were  inade. 

33")  x-Q.  How  long  did  you  eontinne  to  use  them? 

A.  I  did  not  see  more  than  two  or  three  nnd  tho 
didn’t  last  more  than  from  fifteen  minutes  to  an  hoi 
^  330  x-Q.  Slate,  if  yon  please,  whether  the  Exliil 
Edison  s  I'irst  Incande.scent  Eanip  is  the  npjmnit 
referred  to  in  answer  !)  of  your  exaniiimtion  in  cliief  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

337  x-(}.  AVImt  experiments  have  you  made  in  treii 
iiig  earhons  for  electric  lighting,  iniide  of  paper,  elc 
trieally  in  a  hydro-enrhon  gas  ? 

A.  'J'he  exiieriment  with  the  First  Iiicandesce 
rjiiini)  might  he  considered  an  experiment  with  a  hydr 
carlion  gas ;  1  have  tried  other  experiments  in  troatii 
|m]ier  with  an  atmosphere  of  a  hydro-enrhon  gim  'sini 
that  time. 

338  x-Q.  Please  to  relate  what  experience  vou  hm 
liid  in  triating  caihon  <  lectiaally  in  a  livdm-carhc 
,’ns,  for  the  piirpo.se  of  enlarging  or  purifying  tho  cn 


erforence 


Hii  ;  S«mu  of  tlioin  did.  Tlu 
it  WHS  lowor  rosistiinco  and  seciiK'd  to  li 
IjIo  to  dfstnudion  liy  ulijctriiial  rarryi 
atcd  carlions., 

I  x-Q.  To  wliat  dr)^ce  of  luminosity  di 

Varying  dugruos  of  Inimnosity. 

!  x-Q.  Ploasu  to  name  tlioni  ? 

I  think  ns  high  as  a  hundred  candles, 
t  x-Q.  How  long  did  thu  carbon  bnrnci 
.■  luminosity  of  a  liundrcd  candles  ? 

My  itni>russion  is  that  it  lasted  about 
8  a  very  fine  tilamcnt. 
x-Q.  Please  to  give  its  dimensions? 

I  cannot  oive  its  diiiifiiisious.  We  had 


d.-.O  x-Q.  ])„es  the  s„e<.es.sfnl  use  of  tl.e  km.,  ,1,.. 
■•il.c.lan.l  illustmte.!  in  the  a,,,,lieatioM  of  tl.o  nateat 
volve.  la  th.s  latorfereaeo  necessitate  a  I.iKh  vac.aa. 
llie  illinaiaataig  clminhur  ? 

A.  In  a  coaia.ercial  sense  it  is  my  opinion,  wl.icl,  r,- 
Its  from  my  exiieriments,  that  it  is  essmitial  to  Imve  a 
i,'liyacnam  in  the  lamp  chamher,  for  the  reasons  I 
ivo  lieretofore  stat.sl. 

x-Q.  Ale  yon  aou  maaiifactariiiK  incandescent 
yctric  am,ys  sal, stantially  like  that  descrilxni  and  il- 
stiated  111  the  application  for  the  patent  involved  in 
IS  intorfereiice,  roimiiurriallv  V 
A.  The  Kleciric  Lamp  Company,  with  wliieh  I  am 
f  t  o  1  jis  of  this  kind  and 
illiiig  them  to  eh'ctrie  light  coiiipn„i..K 

liieh  v.m  '■■'""I’"!''’ "ill' 

. . . .  .i.». 

jV  ThelCdkon  IJIectric  Lamp  Companv. 

ithcarhoiilairnersniadeofp,,pm-v  ’  '  '^“'"'•<1 

. 

.  ''I--."  o, 

A.  I  M.J-  timj.  „.o,,  ^  ^ 


A.  Al)oiit  a  tlioiisaiul  per  ilav, 
iiTO  x-Q.  Have  voii  ever  inaile  any  carhona  from  sev¬ 
eral  tliiekiiessos  of  hlottiiig  paper  pressed  togctbor  iiii- 
tier  a  liyilraullc  press  ? 

,,  *  '  ' . '■  . .  •■’e..lal  tllleklICKSCS  of 

blotting  paper  pressed  together  nndor  a  screw  press, 
unt  not  nniler  a  liydniulic  jness. 

3(1  x-Q.  Where  is  tiie  Edison  Eleetrio  Lamp  Com- 
paiiy  sitimtetl,  I  mean  its  factorv?  * 

A.  At  Menlo  Park  ami  at  Newark. 

372  x-Q.  Does  that  comi-any  sell'  lamps  to  any  one 
who  may  wish  to  piirelitese  them  ?  ^ 

A.  ye.s.  in  foreign  countries,  ami  in  this  coimti  bv 
Wglit  cZIZf  ™«>|mny.  (lie  Edison  Eletlrn 

oiJ*of  ‘•■“"‘I’'"*.'-  ‘rest  the  carbon  burn- 

ora  of  their  lamps  electrically  in  the  pre.sence  of  hvdr- 
carbon  oils  before  tln.v  ..c.  ti  .  L  “J<iro- 

niean  the  I’V  r,  ^  » i  I  i  at  o  f 

-can  the  Edison  Electric  Lamp  Companv  7 
A.  Eol  lately.  ‘  • 

Clioss.i;.\.\,Mi.x.erio.\  Kxuicn. 

KiTOi'"r'tl  “  thoiiotice 

miU  in  Pv-  r  ^  “S'ci'iiatioii-in-chief, 

JIIIIOII  18,<J;  ,dso  Lotters  Patent  205  144  o 

SOOof  sLwer  (-‘af !'•».  1S78;  210,- 

21!)  771  of  Wi,  iJaoeiiiber  10, 1878 ; 

1879 ;  211  Ofjo  of  o‘  '1'**®''  Sol'tembor  IG. 

7  1879  non  ‘>«‘o<l  Januarv 

’  "  ’  S'-’i®--  A  Man.  dated  Jun'o 


exporimeiils  ni.i.lo  in  1877,  Init  intnmipte.i  by  tlioVl,, 
Hogmph  and  tl.o  state  „f  my  Imaltl.,  and  l.avo  contb, 
ued  tlieni  mglit  and  day  over  sinoo.  About  DecemlH., 
■lS/8,  1  engaged  a  matlieniaticiaii  named  Mr  Upton  t 
assist  mein  working  out  the  oomplieated  problems  a 
to  economy  and  adaptability  of  the  various  dovie. 
necessary  to  make  a  complete  system  of  electric  ligli 
Ijv  incandeseonce  which  would  be  capable  of  reph.ein 
or  comiieting  with  g.us,  over  large  arcus,  such  a  systei' 
eomiirising  mam  conductors,  house  conductors  hm,, 

■.dvmi'm'L  nolo' 

•  us  kinds  and  characters,  apiiaratns  for  regnlai 

•system,  arnmgement  of  the  system  of  condnudors  f„ 
ft  IcMc/bo 

1878\md‘'\77!r  rS 

. 

"M.  H.  JIwpowciiOKr, 

Xotary  Public, 

X.  Y.  Co. 


this  .‘iOth  day  of  .Tune,  1881  : 


:t7'.  Q.  In  yonr  answer  to  question  :t7  l  yon  have  i 
staled  the  nature  of  the  duties  of  the  assistants  e 
pldvrtl  by  you  ;  pleuHc  do  so  now  y 

I'mncis  Jehl  was  employed  genendiv  to  assist 
any  kind  of  experiments  ;  John  Kriiesi  was  forein 
nf  the  mnehinu  shop  ;  Charles  Clarke,  laalhemali.  i 
and  nicchaniciaii  ;  Charles  liatehelor,  prineipal  .ussi. 
ant  on  general  exiMirimenling  ;  William  llamnier,  a 
sistant  on  vacmini  pniniis;  Mr.  Herrick,  time-keep 
for  the  lamps;  Dr.  Ilnid  and  Mr.  Uiwson,  chemist 
Martin  roree,  assistant  on  any  ex|H..rinienting :  11 
Moses,  chemist  and  assistant  on  general  experinientini 
K.  H.  Johnson,  assistant  outside  of  hiboratoiv  gei 
enilly. 

Jill  Q.  Have  yon  been  present  this  moining  dioii 
the  examination  of  .1.  Kmesi,  ami  have  von  seen  tl 
-aemorandnm  book  produced  by  .Air.  Kniesi  and  niarke 
Kdison’s  ICxhibit  Xo.  12  ? 

A.  Ves,  sir ;  I  have. 

•■i77  (^.  In  view  of  the  testimony  of  Mr.  Kniesi,  an 
'fyoiirexiiniination  of  his  meniorandiim  book,  Kxhibi 


et,  .imrChat  h 

A.  The  skelcli  was  laad.-  Oolola.r  -,t|,  I877  t, 

«..0.  >v  a,vsolf  aa.I  is  i„  .„v  . . .  i  ^/  J,  ,i 

assfd  bv  Charles  Uatcheh.r  i  i  t  ..t.  • 

■nl-t  i.  I  .Hast.  It  s  tl  p,..  '  V  f  I  r  “r"'' 
10  ..Ip, K.ri.*  'IM  ‘  '‘>r  subdivuliii^' 

he  1...,!  .^^presoats  then,  worked  in  series 

iry?  ’  ■‘‘-'fii-sl.  yotir  moia 

tion  tills  lull,*]'!  *“  ’**'"''*  •*'“  iiivcii- 

. . 

A.  It  does.  It  refi  i>cl.s.i, 

itrcf.e.shes.„y  „,e,nory„s  to  the  dab 


10  the  ilateof  this  exhibit,  October  .'.th  187 
.•)S2  (i.  Since  yoa  gave  yo.ir  testi.ao'.iv  b, 
I-Iise,  have  you  been  eonstantly  absent  fm.,. 
■A.  A'es,  air  ;  I  have. 

('onn.sel  giv.'s  notice  tliat  he  hi  re 
re-exn.nination  of  Mr.  IMis,,,,.  ,„„i 

for  ro-crfsis-exaiaination. 

x-Q.  What  iiaalities  mast  paiier  carb 

reader  It  sanicient  for  an  . . scent  coail, 

'•M*ftru:  lamp? 

A.  'I'he  paper  should  bo  free  fro...  adaltei 
roiapact  and  well  cnrboiiixiid.  It  will  then  ! 
resistance  imr  ....it  length  ami  thickness  a 
«  lilaiaunt  the  lamp  in  which  it  is  a.sed  wi 
r«.‘si.staiiL*i*. 

I'tSI  AVhat  ipmlities  mast  anv  eirb 
render  it  safficient  for  an  incande.seent  cond 
electric  lamp  sabstantiallv  like  Kxhibit  ICde 
wercial  Incandescent  Kleetric  Immp. 

•y  My  impression  is  that  all  kinds  of  carl 
iwrhaps,  the  diamond,  are  the  same,  and  tin 
Jl'IK'aranees  are  due  to  their  stractaral  ai 
‘  think  that  hard  gas  retort  carbon  and  p. 
are  the  .same  kind  of  ciirlxm,  and  the  ditVer.- 
in  their  stmet.iral  arrangements.  Paper  ca 
cnrhoii,  and  i,,  fact  all  earboii  derived  froii 
“rKiinie  matter  of  celltilar  formation  when 


imlitioiis  of  tlie  liuiip  marked  Rlisoii's  Cominorei 
jeandescent  Electric  Lamp,  and  tlio  aame  resnl 
Iidd  lie  olitaiiied  as  to  candle  poiver  and  ainonnt 
lergy.  But  the  (pndity,  or  rather  the  aggregation 
.0  carhon  to  form  the  incandescent  conductor,  shoe 
;  such  as  to  oiler  high  resistance  to  the  jiassage  of  tl 
irrcnt  to  allow  of  commercial  sulidivisjon  And  tli 
lahty  organic  carhon  is  possessed  of. 

-Answer  ohjeeted  to  hy  counsel  for  Sawver 
Jfaii  as  irresponsive. 

dS.)  x-(^.  (l^iiestion  repeated,  and  counsel  disclaii 
■y  desire  to  induce  the  witness  to  reveal  any  now  di 
'Very  he  may  have  made  in  the  troatinent  or  riualii 
carhon  hut  asks  him  to  state  merely  the  qualiti, 
■at  he  thinks  the  carhon  should  pos.se.ss  to  make 
ittah  e  for  an  illuniiiiating  conductor  in  an  incand. 

Jilt  (jlectnc  laiu]).) 

. . . 

A.  It  must  have  uniformity  of  texture,  hut  it  is  n 
■soidial  that  It  should  he  hard,  that  is,  the  carhon  a.« 

187  x-g.  Must  the  texture  of  the  carlmn  ho  fine? 

UOQ  essential. 

088  x-Q.  Must  it  he  solid? 

lit.  ^  ^  ‘‘  **‘‘'"cliiml— formed 

1.1,  , 

A.  It  must  he  aggregated  together  in  such  a 

""nTTta'T r ' 


M  M.  II.  MKADinvcitorr, 


End  of  Edison's  Interference  Deposition. 


Continuation  of  Edison's  MoKeseport 
Deposition. 


.K  WiTNKss,  Thomas  A.  E imson.  hk.no  pohchkh  .mkh 

.  I'*  >.  IteJSsy.,  (^L\\Sia  KOUTHK  Dk 

ft.MMN']’,  1’E.STIFIES  AS  FOIJA3WS* 


e  iiitorfurence,  (uid  wl'iidi  Ims 


I  in  tliis  t-asf,  is  the  opinion  tliereii 
“  im'cticability  of  tl,„  Sawyor-Mai: 


11  Hiieli  us  IS  (lusiiribud  in  the  imtoiit  in  suit,  Imviii; 
iss  jiliite  secured  to  the  botloin  of  the  elmmbur,  li 
er  11  ‘’''"'I''''  eon^rnetion  provided  with  n  iiietnl  pi 

A.  I  mil  see  no  iidvantaoeseientilimlly,  niid  coinn 
Hy  n  nieUd  jilate  would  be  very  iniieli  easier  to 
shape;  and,  lus  a  vaeniini  iniist  be  niaintainod 
ine  siibstanee  at  tlic  jiinetures.  tlie  dilTereiiuu  as 
iss  or  iiietal  would  be  iininaterial.  The  iiiotal  iiiij 
rhaps  have  some  advantaoo  by  slowly  oxydi/.iiiff  i 
dll"  lip  some  of  the  residual  oxygen  in  the  vaeni 
e  to  the  heat  which  would  be  eondiieted  througl 
eonduetioii  Ihronob  tbe  electrode  strips. 

101  Q.  The  patent  in  suit  speaks  of  the  fact  tl 
;  wall  forming  the  chamber  of  the  laiiiii  is  “  mi 
oily  of  gliLss,  by  which  all  danger  of  oxidization,  lei 
!,  or  short  circuiting  is  avoided."  What  is  yoiir  op 
1  as  to  the  validity  of  these  advantages? 

A.  I  do  not  tind  in  the  imteiit  that  the  chamboi 
do  entirely  of  glass.  It  seems  to  be  made  of  t 
material  between  the  joints 


A.  No  ;  but  one  wholly  of  gliiss  an  tlio  leanlt  of  t 
iiiiufaetiiring  oponitioii. 

•10!)  Q.  AVoiihl  a  glass  cliaiiiber  having  a  soparal 
int  bo  snob  a  chainlwr? 

A.  If  there  was  nothing  in  betwe.!n  the  joints;  bat 
at  ease  yon  eonhl  not  inaintain  the  vmainni. 

■110  Q.  Have  any  patents  been  issneil  to  von  in  whi 
e  lamp  elnnnber  is  deseribed  as  being  whollv  ore 
•ely  of  glass ;  and  if  so,  please  state  what  they  are, 
e  earliest  of  them  ? 

A.  3Iy  eleetrie  lamp  imtent  No.  ‘JiaM.SOS,  of  .lanna 
th,  1880,  has  sneh  a  ehamber  entirely  of  ghuss.  Tl 
dent  states  the  dilTerent  advantiig.-s  of  ehainbei-s  lua 
tirely  of  glass  over  those  made  with  joints.  1 
dent  No.  227,'2i),  of  Jlay  -Ith,  1880,  also  shows 
mmbermade  entirely  of  gl, ms  eontaining  tho  inea.al 
int  burner.  The  latter  s])ecitieation  also  contains  s, 
et  matter  relating  to  tho  advantages  of  a  cha.nh 
ade  eidirely  of  glass,  in  eontradistinetion  to  bei 
julc  witli  joints. 

•Ill  Q.  lVhen  were  tho  applications  for  the.se  t> 
dents  tiled  ‘ 

A  The  patent  No.  22S,8!)8  was  tiled  November  -I 
the  patent  No.  •227,22!)  was  tiled  April  21 

rrinted  Patent  Office  copies  of  the  two  p 
ents  referred  to  by  the  witness  are  offei 
m  evidence  and  are  marked  respeotivelv  “  1 
fendants  Exhibit.  Edison  Patent  oo;s  spR 


I  Hieir  eiKliiriiif,'  .jimlitic's,  not  less  tlnm 
iliff.'n'iit  spcc-ius  of  ve/>etnl)le  growtiis. 

i  Q.  Kow  large  a  proportion  of  theao  vog 
Iis  ihd  voii  liial  at  all  suitable  for  3-oiir  purr 
Only  abo.it  three  speeies  of  lmmb,xj,  nn 
■s  of  a  peenliar  cane  tliat  grows  np  in  tlio  n 
Amazon,  but  of  wbi.'li  I  have  nevei  been  a 
re  a  supply,  owing  to  the  malaria  and 
;  and  one  or  two  si)ecies  of  fibres  from  the 

Q.  Out  of  tiu'se  vegetalile  growths  that  voii 
suitabl.!,did  you  liml  it  possible  to  use  the  . 
»>•  only  i)artieular  portions.  State  wlia 

if  the  bamboo,  wbieb  we  now  use,  only  tli 
miter  edge  of  the  cylinder,  after  the  ronio' 
raous  eiiidermis,  can  be  used. 

Q.  How  large  a  portion  is  that  of  tlio  c 
iss  wbieh  IS  suitable  ? 

■be  lliickness  of  the  walls  of  the  cvlimlor  is  ii 
.b'htlis  of  an  inch;  and  we  i.,;  twenty! 
^  of  tins  ;  bill  the  best  portion  is  the  first 

<-  I-  the  libres  are  more  nearly  parallel 

;  "n  s  of  the  fibres  arc  apparentb 

1... I. I,. 

^  I"  cutting  or  forming  the  filaments  from 

>“-««ryth 

lav  or  di,  "*i-"’'  :  or  "•ill  cut 

or  dnection  answer  the  purpose  •/ 

’  1-nriillel  with  the  fibres 

II  as  nearly  parall,  1  with  tl  e  I  I  ..o 


hold  of,  with  thu  ideii  ofj'etliiigu  cnrhoii  that  wool 
!  life  under  eoiniiiureiid  eouditioiis  ;  and  also  wide 
lid  give  even  manufaeturitig  results;  that  is  to  sa\ 
where  we  eould  iiiade  a  thousands  lamps,  and  m 

I  that  three  or  four  hundred  of  them  were  spottei 
useless,  but  an  ineamleseing  eonduetnr  whieh  i 

dug  a  thousand  lamps  would  he  sopurfeet  that  old. 
imll  pereeidagci  would  he  had  ami  ueeessihde  th 
essnessof  the  lam]>.  I  rememher  the  eireumstaue 
at  the  hamhoo.  Wo  had  an  ordinary  ]ialm  leaf  fai 
line  of  the  tables,  and  1  was  then  investigating  every 
ig  with  a  mieroseope,  and  1  pieked  that  up  am 
id  that  it  had  a  rim  on  the  outside  of  hamhoo  en 

II  the  outer  edge,  a  very  long  strip.  I  gave  this  t. 
of  my  assistants  and  told  him  to  cut  it  up  and  ge 
all  the  hlanks  he  eould  from  it  and  earhonize  them 
imt  them  in  lamps,  and  run  on  the  light  eurreut  ti 
rtain  their  availability  ;  and  we  were  surprised  I. 
that  these  lamps  were  several  times  better  than  Jio 
lad  then  sueeeeded  in  making.  Hy  a  ndcroscoph 
nination  and  by  other  experiments  we  aseairtainei 
leason  u'hy ;  and  1  felt  so  eonvineed  that  we  hie 
on  the  right  traek  that  after  a  short  while  I  dis 


Tork.  prolml.ly  l.c,  say  two  l„,„.I,o,l  tl.ousan, 

lollai-s  for  the  eoi)j)er,  whereas,  if  tlie  cells  wore  la 

illed  solid,  the  investaient  would  he,  . . .  Imiidre 

housaial  dollai-s  ;  yet  the  eroiiomv  aial  life  of  the  laia 
vould  lu-aetically  he  the  same.  The  carl.ou  in  ll, 
nterior  of  a  lihiiiieiit  is  a  positive  .lisadvanlaj-e,  hocatis 
t  dons  not  give  light,  and  reipiires  a  large  invostinei 
■■  ooiijier  to  carry  the  enrrent  nee.-ssarv  to  keep  it  n 
;o  such  a  degree  of  incandeseenee  as' to  permit  tl, 
ixlcrior  of  the  earhoii  to  emit  light. 

ISS  Q.  Do  I  nndei-stand  that  out  of  the  six  thonsan 
mals  of  vegetable  growths  which  von  sav  von  h  o 
ned  that  the  three  or  four  which  yon  In.;;,  J.entione 

inakt  them  snitahle  for  incande.scent  lighting? 

A.  ?,o ;  nut  exactly  that ;  hnt  none  hut  the.so  thr. 
out  tha  I  Imvu  stated  were  sunicieiitlv  gix,d  for  m 
IHiipose;  that  is,  the  pru.h.etion  of  a  pe.'fmit  con.n.e 

rfoiiie  of  m"' "iniinfactiire 
r  ."ft  ■■■■•lerial  eonid  he  nseii 

'‘■■>1  f.  m  the  mannfactnre,  those  wl.nh  acre  defect., 
ns  sl.otti.  hy  hringing  them  ..)>  to  .,  dull  rod  we- 

Znl.i"o’,f‘‘'‘  ‘'7 'HU'o.nmercial ,  h’ut  tl 
peiee  itiigo  of  good  lo  Im.i  lamps  would  he  so  eno 

"f  ; 

that  the  cost  would  he  iirohihilorv.  Out  of  all  the 
se.eial  tlionsa.id  materials  there  a're  remarkahlv  fe 
that  are  of  any  value  whatsoever.  ^ 

. . 


Thomas  A.  Edison. 

for  the  mamifaetnre  nl  carlHui  lilanieni 
Id  make  even  fairly  operative  lamps? 

I  am  not  aware  of  the  existence  of  an  exo 
1  which  would  answer  at  all.  'J'lie  eiidog 
ii.g  parallel  lihres)  are  the  only  ones  tlial  w,; 
ly  value  ;  and  these  are  not  all  eapahle  of  m 
nee,  take  the  palm  lihres.  Thev  .seem  to  In 
■  generic  family  as  the  lihres  eo'nip.esing  tin 
Imt  the  fiindaineiital  nines  of  the  visible 
which  can  only  he  si'en  with  a  mieroseopej  a 
I  greater  in  diameter  in  the  palm  than  in  tin 
and  the  cells  of  the  ehareoal  an-  niiieh  larger 
than  in  the  haiiilaio ;  so  nincli  so  that  <mi 
shown  that  lilaments  cat  from  appareiillv  | 
lihres  did  not  give  one  tifth  the  life  as  cone- 
amhoo  fibres.  Thenv  exists  great  diversity  i 
Mis  woods  in  the  amount  of  ash  ami  sili< 
1  the  liiiidameiital  lihres  and  of  the  fibre  as  a 

•  M|,'«re-gateil  lihres;  and  this  . . is  to  pi 

result  in  thu  ehemical  action  or  ileeimipi 
I  takes  place  in  earhoni/.ation.  I  have  nevei 
o  lescurtaiii  definitely  what  elfect  is  produce, 
■M  produce  an  efTect  not  desired,  I  know  froi 

Q.  JTavo  yon  any  patents  eoviTing  the  i 
iio  and  sitiiilar  lihres  for  this  pnrpos,’  whici 
the  proper  way  of  cutting  the  material  ? 

Objected  to  hy  .Mr.  Kerr  ,  IS  imniateria: 
incumpetent. 

ies,  I  have  a  ])ati'nt  on  hamhisi  and  similar 
he  a-.l.dlO,  of  Dec.-nih.M-  -’7,  ItS.Sl. 


A  printed  copy  of  the  patent  r.-ferr(.-.l 
elTered  in  evidence  ami  marked  “  De-feii.l 
Kxhihit  Edison  Damhoo  I'ateiit.  .V.e  -'.al.'il 


cut  bliinks  for  carbonization  from  tlio  .same,  reilnces 
nitric  aciil  from  the  coini>onniI  bv  inc.ans  of  a  rcdiii 
ayent,  thus  making  a  non-librons  strnctnro  wliich  gi 
a  very  beantifni  anil  perfect  carbon  filament.  If 
re.siilinm,  whidi  is  transparent  like  glass,  was  as  ile 
as  bamboo,  it  wonbl  be  as  nearly  Ibeoreticallv  perf 
in  my  mind,  as  any  material  that  could  be  used  for 
l•...•|.osc.  Another  maker,  I  believe,  uses  a  solntioi, 
cellulose  m  sniphnrie  acid,  reduced  to  a  svnipv  com 
tcucy  and  squirts  it  through  „  din  iuti’.  a  ■chou.i 
li;|uul  winch  precipitates  it  as  fast  as  it  i.ssues  from  I 
die,  iimkiug  a  tilaineut  for  caibouizatiou  nou-fibr- 
but  as  the  origiual  cellulose  can  be  regeuemted,  I  I 
lieye  that  it  does  not  alter  the  cells  or  destroy  its  nri 
cities  to  any  gr...«f  extent.  Another  maker  imos  a  so 
tioii  of  uielas.sie  acid  which  he  forces  through  a  d 
ilii.s  IS  purely  a  eheniical  compound,  artificially  nnii 
Another  maker  I  have  heard  of,  uses  a  cheniicnl  art= 
eially  made,  which  he  squirts  thinugh  a  die  into  a  sol 
tioii  winch  Iirecipitiites  it.  Other  niakeis  use  bambe 
I  think  Sawyer  A-  Jlaii  use  bamboo,  or  at  least  did  : 

4.:":wh;:h;i::fo;“/£tn^ 

tbHibreof  thebaniboo.  Other\in.L;';';;v  "ise!;  d 


i  (liioctidiis,  like  iiiinmiciileil  filass) 
"leiitcr  or  less  coiitriietioii  in  dil 
lultiuit  earlion^so  that  wlioii  jiiit  in 
ip  to  a  red  heat,  sonic  parts  won 
rthers  would  ho  a  hriyht  yellow,  tl 
stroyed  at  the  hottest  part.  In 
wu  used  jiaper  we  found  extreme 
great  nntnhcr  of  lamps  free  from  s 
1  be  used  ;  but  when  we  got  bambooi 
y  disapiieared,  as  all  these  dill 
,  weir;  absent  when  bamboo  was  in 
I  call  yonrattention  to  the  original 
itent  in  suit,  which  is  contained  i 
Exhibit  File  Wrapper  and  Conte 
,  if  anything,  known  genendly  in 
if  the  liling  of  the  apiihVation  for 
Inch  was  known  as  earbonixed  pai 
hired  plumbago? 

ver  hoard  of  earbonixed  paper  co 
being  used  in  the  arts. 

Would  the  statement  eontained  it: 
ication,  “Me  have  tried  carbon 
ith  plumbago,"  be,  in  your  ojiinii 
ription  to  onablo  a  pers'on  skilled  i 
f  the  application  to  make  an  in 
without  further  experiment, 
is  meant  that  the  carbonized  Dane 


inforiimfioii  of  viiliio  to  otliurs  skilled  in  the  iirt 
1  would  oimble  them  to  nmke  ii  pmcticid  inciin 
lit  lamp? 

The  paragraph  states  that  tliev  have  tried  thro. 
LUit  kinds  of  carhoii,  hut  which  is  the  best  they  di 
state;  and  as  evervthing  depends  on  the  kini 
nod  from  which  the  wood  carbon  or  charcoa 
de,  it  would  of  coiii-so  bo  necessary  to  aseertaii 

. . lit  the  proper  kiii.l  to  use.  i  think  a  fiillc- 

ijition  of  incamlcsceiit  conductors  mado  fron 
carbon  or  charcoal  may  bo  found  in  some  of  tin 
r  foreign  patents  of  ten  or  tiftecii  years  ago. 

Q.  M  hat  do  you  mean  by  charcoal  from  onlinan 
ill  your  previous  answer.  Do  you  iimkoaiii 
ictioii  between  the  specie.s  of  the  wood  ? 

Dy  “  ordinary  wood  "  I  mean  exogenous  wtaxls - 
s  of  inediillary  rays,  ordinary  domestic  woods. 

I  (J.  Was  that  the  character  of  the  charcoal  gcin  r 
nowii  ill  the  arts  as  charcoal,  at  the  date  of  tin 
of  this  specification  ? 

Ye.s,  sir. 

(i.  Do  you  find  in  this  specification,  or  in  tin 
icatioii  of  the  patent  as  issued,  to  which  I  als. 
•our  attention,  any  statement  its  to  the  selectioi 
larticular  wood  or  charcoal  having  suitable  charac 
ics,  or  any  de.scription  of  necessary  niothods  .. 
ig  and  preparing  the  fibrous  material  for  carlamiz 

The  patent  as  issued  seems  to  be  very  much  e.v 
:d.  111  fact  it  is  a  somewhat  fuller  description  o 
was  hinted  at  in  the  patent  as  first  tiled.  I  tin. 

10  patent  of  188/3  mentions  carlionized  paper,  am 
tlie  use  of  powdered  phimbago,  covering  it,  am 
sii  t  give  11113  instructions  of  what  wood  to  use  t. 


f  preparing  the  wood  for  carbonizati 
■153  Q.  Does  the  original  specifica 
i  issued,  in  your  opinion,  contain  a 
on  of  the  fibrous  or  textile  carlioii  o 
.1111  which  it  is  made,  the  method! 
irbonizatioii,  ainl  the  inethod  of  cm 
i.Ie  any  person  skilled  in  the  art  i 
ling  of  the  application  to  make  pract 
irbon  for  electric  lam])s  ? 

.•\.  The  original  spocilication  ind 
irce  dificreiit  iiicande.scei.t  condne 
ate  which  is  the  best.  It  gives  no  . 
ctiiro,  nor  does  it  indicate  the  kind 
iiper  or  of  the  wood.  It  describes 
ng  them  in  shape  for  carls.iiizatioii, 
dting  the  ordinarv*  gas  carbon  in 
dent  itself  gives  very  little  more 
lives  everything  for  experiment  to.d 
rials  and  openition  best  suited  to  p 

mil. 

•151  Q.  Please  state  spccificallv 
union  the  original  spociticatioii  ortl 
intaiiiH  a  sunicieiit  de.suription  of  th 
irbon,  its  method  of  prepaiatioii, 

'  material  to  enable  a  ihtsoii  ski 
like  a  practical.  Iibroiis  or  textile  cm 
•nt  lamps? 

.■V.  Do  you  iiieaii  now  in  the  prescii 
•  at  the  time  the  patent  application  . 
•155  Q.  I  mean  at  the  time  the  ap|i 
111  from  the  standpoint  of  iiiformatiu 
ly  skilled  in  the  art  at  that  time. 

A.  Of  course  not.  The  patent  wo 
lything  which  has  not  boon  already ; 
dents  years  before. 

15(j  Q.  Xhat  is,  as  I  uiidei-stand  y 
it  does  not  describe  any  advance  in 


IS  Isiforo  generally  known  ? 


Objected  to  by  Mr.  Kerr  ns  ii 


J  smooth  it  down  hv  liitrd  fitloiiduriiig.  I’apcr  is  n  vet 
nt-ertiiiii  tidng,  mid  the  smiio  mmmfnctiirer  will  viu 
'oin  tinie  to  time  in  the  smnu  limnd. 

•lliO  Q.  Do  voii  know  of  any  impor  that  would  h 
iitnoly  useless  for  the  piirposo  ? 

A.  Ulotting  jiaiior,  moling  paper,  and  glazed  paper- 
lat  IS  to  say,  ciiniuoled  pajicr. 

•ICl  Q.  Do  you  lind  any  statoinent  in  the  origin: 
loeihcation  of  the  patent  in  suit,  or  thu  patent  a 
suei ,  w  iich  shows  how  to  select  the  jiaper  for  carbon 
ation  for  the  purpose  ? 

A  Xo,  It  ji:st  says  “paper;"  that  could  bo  deter 
iJied  expeiinientally. 


102  Q.  As  the  art  stood  at  the  date  of  the  npplic. 
11  in  the  iiiiud  of  those  generally  aeipiainted  with  th 
at  that  tune,  would  that  have  been  »  ,1, 


plication,  as  filed.  In  the  paten 
a  description  soniowbat  general, 
ti'rial  is  eonforined  to  the  de.sire 
then  carbonized  when  conliued  i 
ciobon.  It  doesn’t  give  any  des 

•If)'}  Q.  Is  there  any  descriptii 
licalion,  or  the  patent  ns  issnci 
wood  carbon,  to  show  whether  it 
wise  of  or  across  the  libers  ? 

A.  Xo  ;  it  gives  no  desiaiptioi 

•IGI  Q.  \\  onld  yon  consider 
iind  rice  iiaiMu-  as  a  suitable  inati 
li-scent  conductor  from '! 

A.  Xo. 

•Ili'4  Q.  Would  it  bo  entirely 

A.  Pseless. 

■Kio  Q.  The  coniplainant's  ex| 
die  position  that  thu  mention  of 
n  the  original  specilication  is  a 
-■liable  those  skilled  in  the  art  ti 
inaterinl  is  to  bo  cut  to  size  and 
oition.  Do  you  agree  with  him 

A.  Thu  original  specitieatioi 
lajicr  covered  with  plumbago. 
I'hether  the  plumbago  is  to  be  p 
'iiper  or  on  the  paper  before  cm 
■c"  as  Jlr.  Pope’s  answer  is  relei 
'riginal  application  as  filed,  whil 
■atent  as  issued  ;  but  I  differ  wil 
ilicatioii  that  it  had  to  Isi  cut  to 
ion.  I  do  not  know  that  an  exp 
lo  that,  becauso  thick  carbonizei 


m  using  11  carbon  from  (ibrons  or  toxtilo  iimtcr 
sncli  a  lamp  ? 

A.  The  lamp  sfiowii  is  one  only  suitable  for  woi 
in  a  series  ami  not  in  multiple  are.  It  is  constmeti 
work  in  a  series  where  largo  currents  are  neco.ssari 
lamps  of  this  kind  of  a  system  the  endeavor  is  t 
minUh  the  resistance  of  the  ineandeseing  eondnet 
far  as  |)ossible  m  contradiction  to  nnilti|ilo  arc  svh 
where  the  object  is  to  increase  the  resi.stanco  of  th 
eandeseing  eondnetor  as  far  as  possible.  The  ordi 
gas  carbon  is  suited  to  the  lamp  of  the  jiatent  of 
on  account  of  its  low  resislanee.  The  use  of  a 
candescent  eondnetor  of  carbonized  j.aper  is  taki 
contra  direetion  to  wbat  is  necessary.  This  only  do 
the  great  object  to  be  attained-that  is  to  say,  lo 
sistanee,  as  the  carbon  re.sidinm  from  the  enrbo 
hon  of  paper  being  porous,  has  ,,er  square  niillin 
a  \ei\  miieh  gieater  specifle  resistance  than  gas  n 
carbons ;  but,  of  eonrae.  if  the  carbonized  paper 
not  used,  but  the  carbonized  paper  coated  with  I. 
J.igo  or  impregnated  with  plumbago  by  some  m 
and  carbonized,  as  is  indicated  in  the  a  i  di  ■  itu 
originally  filed,  the  resistance  of  the  inisindescing 

-  >  i' 


KJS  Q.  Would  there  bo  any  diflicnlty  in  makin 
arbon  of  the  size  and  shape  shown  in  the  jmt 
n  suit  from  a  hard  carbon  mixture  such  as  Ca 
ised  in  making  his  pencils  V 
A.  No  diflicnlty ;  that  wonhl  be  an  easy  matter, 
heir  maniifactnrc  was  well  known. 

•Ki'.l  Q.  Would  such  a  carbon  made  from  a  hard  c; 
on  mixture  such  ns  Cairc  used  be  suitable  for  a  lai 
f  the  construction  shown  in  the  patent  in  suit ;  a 
hat  would  be  its  value  in  sneb  a  lamp  compared  wi 
le  fibrous  carbon  ? 

A.  It  would  be  better  than  pa|H-r,  but  not  .so  good 
aiaboo. 

•170  Q.  A\  oiild  it  1)0  better  than  ordinary  charco 
ich  ns  would  be  known  by  the  exiire.ssion  “  wood  ci 
on  or  charcoal,”  at  the  date  of  the  filing  of  the  app 
ition  for  the  patent  in  suit  7 
.\.  .My  impression  is  that  it  would  lie  better  tin 
■dinnry  wood  charcoal  from  domestic  woods. 

■171  Q.  How  much  of  a  test  as  to  the  capacity  of  iin  i 
iiidcscont  electric  lam|i  would  it  he  necessary  to  mnl 
order  to  arrive  at  any  certain  concinsion  as  to  i 
aelical  or  coinmureial  character  V 

For  two  or  three  years,  in  onr  te.st-room  at  the  Ian, 
L’tory,  wo  were  in  the  habit  of  cheeking  onr  exjier 
•ntal  results  us  to  the  olliciency  of  any  ehangc  in  tl 
•Ihods  of  carbonization,  or  materials,  or  ortherwis 
'  setting  up  ten  lainiis  at  five  times  the  normal  candl 
over  which  they  would  burn  in  practice  to  determiii 
e  results  of  such  experiments  in  terms  of  lan)|)  life 


iirrive  <iuifkly  at  tlia  uvorago  lifo  of  tlio  wliol. 
cause  tl.o  la.aps  at  tin’s  l.igl.  te.upernture  (li,l  not  ho 
ry  long;  and  we  would  from  the  average  life  of  thes 
laps  determine  their  relative  value  as  compared  t 
other  and  similar  set  of  lamps  .mule  from  anotla 
Itenal ;  and  also  determine  what  their  life  would  h 
run  at  sixteen  candles  in  place  of  eighty,  from  a 
■pineal  lau  which  we  had  estal.lished  from  our  ei 
■>|>neiits.  -Ihe  lamps  which  ]  have  referred  to  as  s. 

*  111  my  laboratory,  and  which  have  been  runnin 
mr^  a  vear.  aio  to  determine  the  correctness  of  tli 
■  111  Haas  to  the  lasting  powers  of  a  lamp  at  siitec 

i’hh-'candles  ' 

•172  Q.  tVonld  the  fact  that  a  single  lamp  ran  f, 
imy  hours  be  even  a  reasonable  indication,  in  yo, 
union,  that  the  carbon  in  the  lamp  was  made  of  proi 

urarm«i‘‘f'  /"‘‘’‘'V''"  “'“’‘‘‘““s  fot'  til 

uerid  manufacture  of  a  commercial  lamp'/ 
the  avm'''"*\-r"' f “’'‘"'"“I  from  one  him] 

^  f  ‘1  0  1  I  I  IS  t 

es.  three  or  four  will  bo  destroyed  in  the  fi«t  tw 


art.  of  a  "  lamp  chamber  made  wholly  or  ent 
iS  and  hermetically  scaled  ?  " 
i.  In  incaiidescent  lighting  it  means  wholly  < 
all  joints  in  the  act  of  mannfactnrb  lieing  sei 
eg  tlie  glaas.  Hermoticnlly  sealed,  ns  applie.1 
lorn  art  of  incamlescent  lighting,  has  prob 
erent  meaning  than  when  applied  to  canniii] 
such  things.  Hermetienlly  sealed  nmans  .se' 
li  a  way  that  it  ninintains  its  vacuum  contiiiiiou 
length  of  time.  I  know  of  no  means  wherel 
metical  scaling  for  preserving  a  continncais  v 
be  done  except  by  a  fusion  of  the  glass,  the  i-li 
ig  made  wholly  of  glass,  through  which  tlie  phi 
trodes,  having  the  same  oenicieiit  of  expi 
s.  A  clmmlmr  made  wholly  of  glass  might  be 
wo  parts  and  ground  togetlr.-r;  but  this  wou 
ntain  a  vnennin,  if  some  wax  or  similar  mi 
put  into  the  joint,  in  a  fruit-jar  sense,  it  wo 
nctically  sealed,  but  not  in  the  sense  as  app 
lern  incandoscoiit  lighting,  where,  owing  I 
eme  iniiiiitenc.ss  of  the  ineaiide.sci'iit  eondiieti 
(piantity  of  carbon,  an  extremely  stable  vi 
it  be  cniitiiiiionsly  maintained.  It  was  tlie  vei 
I  could  not  nmintain  my  vacnnin  which  pre\ 
from  continuing  the  experiments  right  along, 
I'livor  to  ninko  a  multiple  arc  lamp  with  a  til 
iirboii  of  high  resistance. 

1  endeavoring  to  get  a  high-resistance  lamp  I 
of  ]>Intinum,  coiled,  I  arrived  at  conditions  ; 
wherein  I  was  cnaliled  to  got  an  inclosing 
rely  of  glass,  all  fused  together,  through  whii 
ilium  wires  piiased.  Arriving  at  these  conditi 
med  c.xpcrimcnts  on  the  use  of  carbon,  kii 
I  had  a  chamlier  which  would  preserve  a  vii 
iiiuoiisiv.  The  old  style  of  obtaining  a  vacuni 


piireil  with  tlie  iiioilurn '! 

A.  I  iMomi  tlio  iiieclmi.ical  iiir  |nim|.  and  lajll  jar.  am 
Gassoit  casca<lo  and  other  devices. 

475  Q.  As  I  nndorstand  von,  then,  yon  did  not  con 
sider  it  neccs.snry,  for  flic  jnirpose  of  increasing  youi 
infornmtion,  to  make  fnrtlier  o.xperinient8  with  cnrboi 
until  yon  Imd  i)ro<Inced  sncli  a  vacmnn  ehainber? 

A.  No.  It  was  the  conditions  tliat  I  desired  and  once 
I  .saw  that  I  had  reached  the  conditions  experimentallv 
ami  had  jeroved  that  a  chaiuleer  made  entirely  of  ghus’s 
l)y  fusion,  through  which  the  platinum  wires  pn.s.se, 
maintaineel  a  stable  vacuum,  I  saw  at  once  that  i 
would  be  possible  to  make  a  lam])  of  high  resistance 
from  carbon.  In  my  til  x,  ,  ,  ts  ith  philinnn 
lnmi)8,  the  thing  I  dejsirecl  is  therein  elebiileel,  to  wit  i 
lamj)  whioh.as  a  whole  would  give  high  resistance  whei 
giving  the  ordiimry  unit  of  light,  that  is,  sixteen  can 
dies,  so  as  to  jieriiiit  its  being  nseel  in  the  multinle  are 
sjstomofilistribution.  I  had  known  feir  a  longtime 
and  knew  in  1877,  that  carbon  luul  the  requisite  re 
sistance  to  affeird  a  very  simple  conductor  to  accomplisl 
he  object;  but  I  also  knew  in  1877  that  it  would  have 
to  be  iiiaelo  hair-like ;  aud  as  my  results  showed  tha 
carbons  which  wore  far  from  hair-like,  but  many  time 
larpr  in  bulk  approximately,  wore  soon  elostroyod  Ir 
my  no  leiiig  able  to  get  sullicieiit  vacuum  to  iiiaiiitaii 
the  same,  I  knew  that  it  woulel  be  useless  to  try  a  tihi 
iiiont  which  would  have  the  qualities  I  desired  unde 
such  adverse  eonditioiis.  Mut  the  moniont  that  I  Inn 
got  apparatus  and  means  and  methods  whereby  I  ma.h 
a  chamber  who  ly  of  glass,  and  with  the  McLeod  guag 
"“tic  S,iuJ  ,  u  ,  ,1,1  tl  .tit  held 

'"Cl.  CO  till  .si.  Ikic  tl  t  I  could  mnketh 

i  seU  ^“t  tho  filameii 

®  ‘ '“'ide  siitliciently  homogeneous. 

‘1‘cre  anyiucandei- 
ups  now  sold  in  which  tho  atmosphere  is  oithc 

of  nitrogen  or  of  hvdrogen  ? 

A.  None  sold.  The  art  has  so  advanced  that  tho  ex 


the  globe  at  tho  ntmosjiheric  jircssiire  ;  and  wf.uhl  gi 
no  light  at  ail  if  hydrogen  was  in  the  globe  at  the"! 
inospheric  pre.ssure.  In  other  words,  if  eight  lain) 
each  giving  sixteen  candles,  run  by  one  hor.se  i>ower 
electricity,  the  chambers  of  which  lamps  were  hi'di 
exhausted  (that  is  to  say,  a  vacuum  |  and  so  arrnngi 
that  hydrogen  could  bo  let  into  each  of  the  chambei 
so  that  tho  same  should  be  at  atmospheric  pressui 
iiiid  then  sealeil,  tho  tihiment  would  go  ilown  to  a  dt 
red,  and  pnictically  give  no  light  at  all,  tho  whole  of  tl 
heat  being  carried  to  tho  chamber,  and  radiated  I 
loiiduction  and  convection,  and  not  by  radiation  ns  : 
1  vacuum.  It  is  a  most  absurd  thing  to  use  nitrogi 
ir  hydrogen. 

Tho  further  examinatioii  of  the  witiie.ss  is  adjoimic 
o  March  7th,  1880,  at  11  A.  JI.,  at  the  same  place. 


(.'OXSOLIDATKII  El.KtTIlIC  LlOIlT  CO.  j 
.\G.\INST  J- 

McKeesi-oiit  Light  Co.  | 

- - - J 

Oicx.\'OE,  N.  J.,  March  7,  ISSO. 
Mot  pursuant  to  adj’ournment. 

Present — Messics.  W.^ltek  K.  Guifki.s-  and  ItiCH.vw 
b  Dveii,  for  defendant ;  and  Mil.  Thom.is  B.  Keiui,  fo 
omiilaiuant. 

Tho  witness,  Tuo.\ias  A.  Eoisox,  being  further  exam¬ 
ined  by  Mr.  Dyer,  testifies  as  follows  : 


licit  tiliiik  tboro  is  iiiiy  sueli  liiiiip  now  li..in- 
or  used,  witli  clmiiiliors  of  tliis  clmiiictor, 
iximustod  tlicrcfroiu.  Tiiis  iiiiswct  will  c 
till!  cliitiiibors  ordevicus  sliown  in  tbu  piitfii 
cV  .Man,  and  317,G7(j. 

180  Q.  I’liiasii  state  approxiniatuir,  if 
wben  till.'  complainant,  tin-  Consolidated  K1 
('oiiipanv,  bcjjaii  tin;  bnsiiniss  of  incandi’S 
li^btino '! 

I  am  not  vorv  familiar  with  tbc  vario 
tioiis  tbrongb  wbiob  tbo  Consolidated  Co 
forined;  but  if  I  remember  rixlitlv  they  boi 
lolidated  rvitb  a  company  called  tin;  Aiiieri 
l.i}tlit  Company,  wboso  teebnical  departmeii 
eiy,  tbe  mali'inK  “f  laiiipsl  was  conducted 
lalien  from  my  factory  and  laboratory  ; 
iieniory  serves  me  riKbtly  it  was  tbe.se  i 
vliicb  started  tbe  lamp  factory  of  tbe  C 
'oinpany,  and  I  tbink  they  went  into  tbe  I 
be  sale  of  lamps  about  a  year  and  a  balf  o 
ifter  wo  bud  started  in  business. 

Mr.  Kerr  objects  to  tbe  last  sent 

answer  as  incompetent. 

•181  Q.  Wbat  company  do  you  refer  to  as 
lie  lamp  business  a  year  and  a  balf  or  two 
our  company  bad  started  to  make  and  sell  1 
-V.  I  refer  to  tbe  Consolidated  Comimnv. 


iniule  Ij3-  tlio  ConsolulaitHl  Coiiipiiiiy?  If  g 
stato  when,  and  also  state  tlie  rcsiilt  of  voiir 
tioii  with  regard  to  the  eonstriietion  of  the  lat 

Objected  to  by  Jfr.  Kerr  as  iiieoiiiin 
immaterial. 


A.  I  have  examined  the  lamps  sold  hv  the 
dated  Company,  which  lamps  wen;  known  as 
Man  lan.i..s.  They  were  almost  precisely  the 
onr  own  hiinii.s.  Thi!  carbon  filament  was 
bamboo,  which  fact  I  luscertained  from  a  mit 
examination.  The  only  diirerence  in  the  car 
that  it  was  “  flashed  "  'by  the  deposition  of  ci 
the  surface  of  the  original  filament.  I  think  tii 
nmtioii  took  place  about  two  yean,  or  two  yea 
half  ago.  •' 

tiiim  ?  ''''' 

A.  About  three. 

eo;!ii!eteI?r''  -f  t'- 

A  The  chamber  win.  made  entirely  of  gln.ss 

o...  slicing  fused,  ami  the  small  pi  ti  ^•re 

. 

. . 

mt-exehiding  any  consi.lorations  as  t..  the  -■•i-.l 

,  “><-  Court  can  iindorstand  the  ..dini-ts  -e, 

\'steni  of  oleetrie  lighting  '> 

1; rr'’- 

IS  I  know  tlvo’  ’"«!  '-««•*  devised, 

ions  whic’l,  t'.i  .  '“—"'■0  fulfill  the 

o  ■llamiaation  of  intorio, 


*5-"- . ulo  inuiiiianons  n 

pnratus,  methods  ami  <levice.s,  oacli  adapted  for  i 
with  evorv  other,  au.I  all  forming  a  eoinprelieiisive  s, 
torn  wlicrel.y  olectrieity  proporly  eontrolle.l  ai 
(hrecled  couhl  be  distrihiited  over  largo  areas  throa, 
the  streets  of  a  eity.  and  supplied  to  houses  in  which 
won  d  feed  ii.eaadesceiit  electric  lamps  of  modern 
candle  power,  wJiich  would  be  ontirulv  under  the  oo 
tro  of  the  honsehohler,  the  whole  to  he  o.i  the  san 
scale  as  the  present  system  of  gas  distrihntion  an 
oliameter  of  eonvcnienoe  to  tl 

The  first  thing  necessary  to  he  done  was  to  a.lopt 
fmulamontally  correct  system  of  distrihnting  the  ehn 
current,  ami  then  to  .levise  which  could  he  worke 
praeticidly  on  such  a  system  that  wouhl  ho  practie, 

si 

sense.  Ihe  essentials  of  a  eomiireheiisive  system  , 
eleetrie  illuiniiiation,  similar  to  the  general  plan  of  illn 
r  cc  1.  »  '0^'“!'’  "“T  '*  all  con 

eliiiih  itiit  f"'"'  s«'ural  dimitions,  thn 

V  '  I>''^'i‘=»l'>rsoetio.i. 

ahout  ""  '""‘I’"'!'!-.-!,  would  giv, 

«l*out  the. same  amount  of  light  as  the  gas  jet  wldcl 

invcs  utrt !  “‘“‘l"“'i“»»««e«Mtatod  hysniali 


that  this  should  bo  done  cheaiily  and  reliably 
I’ouiiTli.  I  had  also  to  devise  a  system  of  < 
capable  of  being  placed  underground  or  ovet 
which  would  allow  of  being  tappe.I  at  iiiterv 
iiig  generally,  about  the  width  of  ea 
facing  the  street— so  that  service  wires  coi: 
from  the  main  conductor  into  each  house,  as 
run  from  gas  mains,  and  generally  whatever 
cs.sary  to  such  a  comprehensive  svstein  of  di 
as  the  .system  I  had  in  view  reiiuired.  When 
dnetors  were  to  lie  placed  uiidcrgronnd,  whi 
tcmplated  doing  in  large  citie.s,  it  was  nei 
devise  a  system  of  protective  piiies  for  the  ci 
diictors,  which  would  allow  of  their  beii 
wherever  reipiired  ;  also  manholes,  jiinclii 
connections,  and  the  various  paraphernalia  of  i 
system  for  iindorgronnd  genend  distribution. 

Fimi.  I  had  also  to  devise  means  of  pro 
nil  points,  and  on  an  o.'stended  area  of  distr 
pnictically  oven  prc.ssuro  analogiis  to  gas,  so 
the  lights  should  give  an  eiimil  light  at  all  tini 
dependent  of  the  number  that  might  be  in  us 
also  to  devise  moans  for  regulating,  at  tlie  poi 
Ihe  current  was  generated,  the  cpiality  of  the 
of  the  current  throughout  the  whole  lighting 
II  means  of  indicating  what  the  jiressure  wii 
vnrioiis  points  of  the  area. 

Sixth.  I  had  also  to  devise  ccunomieai  dvn 
chines  for  the  convci-sioii  of  steam  power  into  e 
moans  for  connecting,  disconnocting,  working  1 
l..tiiig  the  same  :  means  for  cipialising  tliei 
menus  for  regulating  the  number  of  mnehini 
used  to  the  demands  on  the  station  for  oleetri 
the  users  of  the  light.  The  ari-aiigiug  of 
stations,  with  steam  jiower  and  electric  nppar 
levices  of  all  kinds  to  suit  the  varying  com 
iiiiildiugs  available  for  such  stations  in  cities. 
Seventh.  I  had  also  to  devise  devices  wide 


introuiivtioii  ol  iiiv  iipimratiis  proeeoded  slowly 
'J’ho  company  did  more  or  less  business  in  the 
selling  isolating"  jdants  for  lighting  single  Ini 
but  it  was  not  nnlil  the  fall  of  1882  that  a  comph 
trnl  station  was  in  o|a‘nition.  This  plant  was 
undertaking  for  an  initial  |)lant.  Its  eondnctoi 
designed  to  supply  eiirrent  to  1(1, OOb  lamps, 
were  laid  underground  in  the  streets  in  the  low 
of  Xew  \ork  City,  ami  extemleil  tlirongb  all  the 
of  a  district  about  one  scpiare  mile,  bounded  on  I 
by  the  lOast  Kiver,  ipii  the  south  by  Wall  street, 
west  by  Xassan  street,  and  the  north  by  Spniei 
I'erry  street  ami  Peek  .Sli]i.  The  engines  and  d; 
for  gencniting  tlup  current  were  locateil  in  a  bnill 
I’earl  street.  Tlie  fust  cost  of  this  plant  wa.- 
neighborhood  of  8(100,00(1.  Since  the  er.'ction 
lirst  central  station  plant  a  large  number  have  li 
stalled  by  the  ICdison  Light  Company  anil  its 

•187  (}.  What,  if  anything,  did  yon  do  in  the 
establishing  factories  for  the  nmnnfiietnre  o 
eleetric  lighting  apparatus? 

A.  There  was  no  established  factoiies  at  tl 
which  eoidd  undertake  the  mannfactme  of  .the 
atns.  The  necessity  of  establishing  factories,  ti 
with  the  inventing  and  devising  of  the  nnmeroi 
and  niethods  of  niannfaetnre,  and  the  education 
in  tho  inanufaetnre  of  new  character  of  apparati 
a  cause  of  great  delay  in  tho  introduction  of  m 
tein.  Tho  OMperinieiital  work  had  been  carriei 
my  laboratory  and  machino  sho])  at  Menlo  Par 
1880,  when  I  established  works  for  making  Ian 
had  to  ostidilisb  these  works,  as  it  would  have  be 
I'ossiblo  for  mo  to  have  had  the  lamps  made 
established  factory,  nor  wins  there  any  skilled  cl 
labor  which  could  have  made  such  lamps  withe 
personal  instruction  or  tho  instruction  of  mv  assi 


kots  and  otliei-s  forms  of  fixtures  for  supporting 
tlie  lamps.  These  could  not  have  been  made  in  tl- 
general  market  for  the  reasons  previously  slattsl. 
Shortly  afttmvards  the  Edison  Machine  Works  was  cs- 
talilislied  for  mannfactnnng  dvnaino  machines.  This 
factory  I  had  to  establish  for  the  same  reasons  ns  above 
stated.  I  also  formed  thi^  Electric  Tube  Works,  which 
has  since  bet  Ig  t  1  ith  the  Edison  Machine 

AVorks  for  mannfaetnring  nndergionnd  condnctora. 
The.se  factories  I  put  np  laiTjely  at  my  own  expense,  in¬ 
vesting  all  the  moneys  I  had  made  from  mv  jirevions 
inventions,  and  to-day  I  own  a  controlling  interest  in 
them.  I  e.stablished  them  beeanse  the  business  could 
not  have  been  devcloiicd  without  them,  and  placed  over 
each,  as  general  superintendent,  gentlemen  who  had 
been  connected  with  me  in  my  laboratorv,  and  who  weri' 
familiar  with  the  patented  devises  of  my  system. 

•1S8Q.  Did  yon  or  the  Edison  Electric’ Light  Com¬ 
pany  have  any  trouble  in  linding  skilled  men  to  install 
these  centml  station  plants  '! 

A.  As  I  have  said  the  art  was  an  entirely  new  one. 
This  made  It  neces.sary  that  men  should  be  sis-ciallv 
educated  in  i  .  There  were  no  body  of  skilled  artisan; 
from  which  the  company  could  draw.  All  the  work  had 
to  be  done  at  first  nnder  the  direct  siiiicrvision  of  inv- 
self  and  my  laboratory  assistant.s.  who  had  acquired’a 
knowledge  of  the  inventions  and  nppanitiis  used  in  mv 
system  dining  the  course  of  my  experimentnl  work.  lli 
the  iiistiillation  of  the  first  central  station  plant  in  Xew 
lork  City  I  was  almost  constantly  present,  giving  mv 
entire  time  to  the  work  day  and  night.  I  Imd  to  give 
10  careful  and  constant  supervision.  In  illiistmtion  of 
'hat  I  say,  I  will  state  that  I  actually  worked  in 
renc  ies  in  the  streets  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city,  in 
,..r  Miakiug  many  of 


Thomas  k.  Edison. 


3135 


the  actual  constniction  of  a  centml  station.  The  art 
w'lis  new  and  men  had  to  bo  educated  and  I  had  to  edu¬ 
cate  them.  I  was  compelled  to  form  a  constrnetion 
departinent  and  personally  undertake  the  construction 
and  installation  of  ceiitnd  station  plants  in  cases  where 
111)'  company  had  made  contracts  for  the  erection  of 
]ilant.s.  I  gave  this  construction  de]iartniont  my  per- 
.sonal  attention  giving  up  my  experimental  work  to  a 
gii-at  degree.  I  gathered  around  me  a  body  of  men  w  hom 
1  instructed  in  the  details  of  my  system.  In  the  .shops  I 
established  training  departments,  so  that  the  men  I  em¬ 
ployed  could  iM-eoine  familiar  with  the  aiiparatns  that  was 
to  be  used  and  generally  familiar  w  ith  all  aiTangcnieiits 
of  the  biisine.ss,  to  the  end  that  they  might  become  able 
to  snperintund  the  installation  of  plants.  I  expended 
.some  $51,000  of  my  own  iiionoy  in  educating  men  in  my 
construetion  department  and  in  my  .shops,  so  ns  to 
develop  the  company’s  busiiio.ss,  for  which  I  have  never 
received  the  slightest  return.  Many  of  the  persons 
whom  I  instructed,  after  they  had  acipiired  knowledge 
of  my  system  left  my  employ  and  used  the  knowdedge 
they  had  acipiired  against  my  interest  and  the  interests 
of  my  company. 


Counsel  for  complainiint  objects  to  so  much  of 
the  deposition  of  this  w-itness  as  relates  to  the 
nianiifactiire  and  sale  of  liinilis  subsequent  to  the 
date  of  the  application  for  the  patents  in  suit, 
or  suiiscqiicnt  to  the  date  when  the  witness  or 
the  Edison  Electric  Light  Comiiaiiy  had  notice 
of  the  rights  of  .Sn'vyer-Man,  as  incoinpetent 
and  immaterial.  Connsol  also  makes  the  same 
objection  to  the  answers  to  <]iicstions  485, 180, 
487  and  188.  These  objections  are  entered  at 
this  point  in  the  examination  by  agreeiueiit  of 
counsel,  and  are  here  made  for  the  puriiose  of 
cnvitirr  and  loss  of  time  diiriug  the 


“  'I  I  •  >  t  I  t,  1 1 1  l„„l 
luaclit'il  a  surcfssfiil  Iniiip, 

■l!l()  x-Q.  Wh„t  fi.cilili«.s,  to  moil,  mon«v  »n.| 

3kT,UI„lt  ti  ‘“'"P 

A.  Wliat  time  ? 

■li'l  x-Q  Tl,o  ti„,e  rcforr.al  to  ii,  tlio  last  aaswer  ? 

A  I  sa„l  tliat  I  I, a, I  axporimoiit.al  to  .leviHo  a  syat-ai 
K.liso„  IClaatria  LiKht 

C, ..  paay  was  for-acl,  la.t  .li.I  „ot  stato  aay  tina... 

r.'  '■‘o'  ‘•'••forro.l  |)articiilarly  to  voiii- 

«<a  k  after  tl.e  for.aation  of  the  eom,.anv.  I  repeat'  tl... 
■I nestioa  «,tl.  tl.at  aiulerstantli.,H.  Wkat  facilities,  as 

aoJ  onw!H'''''  <=■'- 

.  I*  '“"'P  'vork  at  tl.at  time  ? 

A  I  ..Ml  a  lal.o„.to.-y  at  Me..!.,  Park  ;  I  l.a.l  s„niei....t 
were  io-1  1,?  I tlm  fufiliti.  s 

/ 

•i.M  x.(J  Jfy  .p.estio.i  also  i..volve,l 

■t-H  V  n  o  I 

•  ■  ■*  l«ase  .......e  so..io  of  fl.o  ...e-.  voii  l.ml  as 

S’>sti..gyo.,  these  expe.'i...e..tsy 

A.  U.arles  lii.tel.i'lor  i»  tr  . 

K,„„.  M.S,' 


Oi  x-Q.  I  wish  you  would  just  (ilvo  his  mime? 

..  Egisto  P.  Fnhri.  I  don’t  tliink  tliey  were 

05  x-Q.  Wlmt  variety  of  hniiihoo  is  it  that  voii 
use  ill  the  iiiaiiiifactiire  of  hiiiip  carlioiis? 

.  A  variety  whieh  urows  and  is  extcnsivclv  c 
si  in  Japan  for  artistic  purposes. 

)G  x-Q.  I  wish  that  yon  would  give  tlio  imnie  of 
ety,  and  from  what  part  of  .faiuiii  it  comes,  so 
ay  he  identilied  ? 

.  I  think  the  name  of  tlie  ipiality  which  is  the 
illed  Jfatake.  It  is,  however,  the  same  qiialit 
icd  in  Japanese  art  work,  having  a  very  |K)lis 
iw  surface,  J’lexihle  screens,  lattice  like,  put 
er  with  thread,  and  sold  in  Japanese  art  sti 
ow  y  ork,  are  made  of  the  character  of  haiiihoo  ( 

7  x-Q,  deferring  now  to  tho  jiateiit  in  suit,  l; 
rstand  you  that  it  would  he  impo.ssililo  to  mid 
I,  such  as  is  shown  and  descrilied  there,  and  ti; 
iiitrogoii  gas,  that  would  he  a  practical  lamp  ? 
Yes,  for  coiiimercial  purposes, 

S  x-Q.  What  is  iiecc.ssary  to  lit  a  lamp  forcomn 
uirposes-1  mean  what  ipialities? 

J  hat  it  should  he  siinicieiitly  econoinicnl,  in 
iictioii  of  light,  to  permit  of  competition  with  g 
«■>  eipiivalent  aniought  of  light  from  an  elect 
can  he  sold  for  50  per  cent,  more  than  tho  sa 
at  of  light  by  gas  ;  it  also  must  bo  clieii]) ;  tl 
say,  the  lamp  must  bo  cheap  to  liiaiiufacture,  si 
lot  liable  to  get  out  of  order:  tho  lilainnul  sl.oi 


eonsiderahle  length  of  time,  and  generally  ha 
characteristics  as  would  permit  the  use  of  n  mo 
investment  in  the  distributing  system  in  stre. 
oases  upon  which  it  is  to  be  worked.  The  use 


ai  niiiiospliorie  prc.ssiire,  would  permit  t 
carbon  conductor  in  a  lamp  longer  than  ii 
IS  the  tendency  to  leakage  through  tho  joii 


the  L' lilted  States  Patent  Oflico.  Edis 
iiii  vs.  Sunil.  Iiiterforeiico  Electric  lamps. 

>•  ill  liohalf  of  Edi.soii."  Please  state  u  liotli 
tied  ill  that  interference  case,  and  ndiotlie 
sitioii  appears  on  pages  1  to  13  and  pages 


7  x-Q.  Do  you  know  that  this  is  the  papu 
lining  the  printed  tcstiniony  on  yoiir  Ijohnif  i 

It  appears  to  he.  I  have  no  donlit  lint  wlin 

The  Examiner  is  recpiested  to  mark  the 
hook  for  ideiitilieatioii  as  "  C'oniphiinant' 
hihit  Edison,  JIaxim  and  .Swan.  Interfi 
Itecord.”  The  Examiner  does  so." 

I  he  Exhihit  is  uhjeuted  to  hy  cuiinsel  f 
defendant  its  hoing  iiicompoteiit  and  irrel 
and  as  heing  only  a  jmrt  of  a  record. 

men-  Ex.\.Mi.\,vrios  iiv  .Mii.  Dvkii  : 

lie-d.  l^.  Ill  wliat  sense,  if  at  all,  in  your  op 
the  laiiij)  descrihed  and  ilhistrated  in  the  | 
I  lie  practical  when  constructed  with  the  g( 
edge  of  the  art  as  it  existed  at  the  date  o 
ation,  namely,  Jamiary  !),  ISSO  ? 

It  would  not  ho  a  ])raetical  Iani]i  at  the  til 
IhUb  of  the  application.  Neither  would  it 
fill  lamp  if  made  aceordiiig  to  the  nme 
eation  and  the  drawings;  and  I  have  tos 
made  according  to  the  specifi.aitions  and  i 
t  IS  not  a  praeticid  lamp  now. 
lh.-d.  Q.  'To  what  extent  would  such  a  lam 
U  of  use  if  constructed  with  the  eoiiend  ki 


"lOl  Ilo-x-Q.  State  whether  an  i 
for  an  incandescent  electric  laiiip 
ized  lihrmisor  textile  material,  an 
.shoe  shape,  is  a  jiractical  tiling? 

It  depends  on  the  nature 
which  the  incandu.sceiit  condiic 
conditions  under  which  the  same 
o'22  Ke>x>Q.  Suppose  that  iiiati 
.\.  It  depends  on  the  kind  of 
carhonir.ing.  and  the  conditions  iii 
.')•23  lle-x-(J.  Those  things  all  g 
kind  of  iniper,  proper  carhoiiizat 
tions  under  which  it  is  worked,  si 
he  a  praeticid  and  operative  tiling 
.\.  It  would  ho  a  relatively  pra 
]iared  with  bainhoo;  hut  in  one  i 
for  eom))uting  piiriKises,  it  eon 
hamhoo  for  the  selling  of  light  fi 
as  stated.  'The  Iani])S,  in  their  ii 
under  the  disadvantage  that  not 
fidiii  a  given  lot  can  ho  obtained 


as  from  the  use  of  a  more  perfect 
boo,  and  the  life  of  the  lani)is  wo 
those  eontainiiig  hamhoo? 


■>*24  lle-x-Q.  You  did  not  knov 
I,  1880,  did  you  ? 

A.  No.  I  did  not.  The  oaoer  1 


'■n.f  .Ct„rc  so  as  to  ansnre  against  tla-  pnaluction  of 

vllT""’  rv°  absent. 

•  -S  l{e-.\-Q.  ion  are  al.so  improving  tlioir  ollieiene 
are  yon  not '! 

. . . . 

nrSaa?'/^’  ■’*  "  art  of  nmnnfav 

■rin^  I icnmWnt  lamps  is  constantly  improving  y 

. - . . 

o30  Ke-x-Q.  And  also  that  tliero  will  bu  a  greate 

nnmburofgoodlami.sy  ’’ 

aiufLf';i'‘f‘^’/!*  «f  mi  electric  cireni 

material  “f  varboiiizeil  fibroin 

a  l  t:  1  r  of  -i<l  circuit 

tlie  eo  Sr  '‘""‘““callv  sealed  cbamber  in  wliicl: 

antill  ir„"'"‘'f'“'-''‘‘  ‘^o'-iuctorof  te.vtile  or  fibi-ons 
and  pronerlv”  f’’”'"  I’^oi’cr  material 

tlioclmi  ibor  i'''"tr“'  Propm-ly  exliaiistod,  and 

‘'‘cUnuiibeiis  abs  1  itdv  luiicticill  sc  ikd  bv  tl  c 


piind  tliat  tbe  conductor  was  ib'stroycil  1 
L'fcctive  sealing  of  tbe  cbambcr,  wliat  wni 

I  would  have  ilonc  just  as  1  diil  in 
it,.S!)S,  iimko  the  ebnmbcr  entirely  of  gla: 
-licrmetically  seal  it  in  reality  anil  not  in 

S3.3  Ke-x-Q.  In  short,  yon  would  have  m 
ig  perfect,  would  yon  not  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

.’iSI  Re-x-t^.  That  ivoiild  be  the  obvious 
onld  it  not  ? 

A.  Xot  obvious,  no.  It  took  me  a  lo 
lacli,  bv  exjieriliientation,  the  condition  w 
10  to  a]iprecinte  that  fact. 

ii35  Ite-x-Q.  My  question  supposed  that 
iated  the  fact  that  the  sealing  of  the  tanq 
vu.  Having  appreciated  that  fact,  was 
bvions  thing  to  do  to  make  that  sealing  p 

.\.  I  aiqircciatod  the  fact  that  the  nietln 
le  patent  of  the  coiiiplaiiiant  was  defectn 
lit  appreciate  the  fact  until  I  had  experi 
irmined  that  the  only  po.ssiblo  means  wh 
nnonsly  stable  vaciium  could  be  obtained 
se  of  a  chamber  made  entirely  of  glass,  ai 
ecamc  certain  to  my  knowledge  1  ajip 
ateiit  Xo.  223,808. 

nilll  Ro-x-Q.  I  didn’t  say  anything  aboi 
laimint's  patent.  My  qucstiuii  suppo.sed  i 
Ig  an  electric  circuit,  an  ineando.sceiit  c 
•ibonized  fUirons  niaterinl  included  in  i 


art  of  the  circuit,  and  a  transparent  hernicl 
liamber  in  which  the  conductor  was  encle 
iqireciation  of  the  fact  on  your  part  that 
f  such  a  laniii  was  defective,  and  I  asked 


great  resulls-wcre  not  ol.vim.s  ti.  nicii  «x>lV  skille.l  in 
tile  art,  wlio  kneiv  all  tlio  eoiulitions  neeessary  to  pro- 
(luee  .siieli  iustninieiit-s.  In  Heienee  those  tliin<>s  wliieh 
are  the  most  simjile  anil  most  eonspicnoiis  seem  to  he 
hiihlen  the  longest.  Their  very  conspieiionsness  seems 
to  hiilo  them. 

y.I(  Jie-x-Q.  IVe  will  omit  the  word  “  hermeticallv," 
and  1  eall  yonr  attention  to  the  fact  that  1  said  nothin- 
about  •‘fn.sion"  and  I  ask  you  whether,  given  such  a 
lamp,  the  sealing  of  which  wim  defective,  was  it  not  the 
Olivioiis  thing  to  do  to  make  that  sealing  jierfect  ? 

A.  I  don’t  know  what  would  he  olivious  to  other 
people.  It  was  not  obvious  to  me  until  I  had  reached 
that  point,  and  when  I  did  reach  the  point  and  got  re- 
Milts  I  applied  for  a  patent  in  wliich  1  claimed  the  con- 

ditionso  an  incandoscing  conductor  in  a  chiiinher  made 

oils  lie-x-t,).  Please  slate  whether  an  incandescing 
'1^  irc  I  I  I ,  consisting  of  an'  illuminating  chamber 
nm  k  wholly  of  ghms,  Imrmetically  sealed,  and  out  of 
hi^  all  carbon-consuniing  g.«  has  been  oximiisted 
r  dr  veil,  an  electric  circuit  conductor  pieesing  through 

lierein,  an  illuiiiinatiiig  conductor  in  sul  circuit  an  1 
orminga  part  thereof,  within  snch  chamber,  consist- 
„  of  carbon  make  from  a  librons  or  textile  material 
operadv;';!;-;™ 

A.  If  the  carbon  is  a  unnil  ni.<.  „„,i  (i,„ 


Charles  liatchelor. 


3II 


inado  entirely  of  glass,  through  which  platinum  wiret 
or  wires  having  the  .same  co-elKcient  of  exiinicsion  ics  th 
glass,  are  sealed,  and  from  which  the  air  is  exhausted 
and  if  placed  in  an  electric  circuit,  such  lamp  would  b 
a  jiractical  lamp. 

.oilO  Ile-x-Q.  Your  bainbo  carbon  is  a  fibrous  carbon 
is  it  not  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

■>■10  Ile-x-Q.  It  has  an  arch  or  loop  .shape,  hies  it  not' 
A.  Y’es,  sir. 

(.Signed)  Tiio.vi.vs  A.  Kiii.son. 

Sworn  to  before  me, 

AVii.li.v.vi  F.\nNH.v.M, 

[U  s.]  Special  IDxaminer  and  Notary  Public. 

End  of  Edison's  McKoosport  Deposition. 


BATCHEEOR'S  MoKEESPORT  DEPOSI 
TION. 


Jf.via  li  7th,  ISSil. 

CllAliLKS  13atciiki.oii,  being  duly  sworn,  testilles  as 
follows : 


The  same  stipulation  is  entered  into  in  regard 
to  the  testimony  of  the  witne.ss  Charles  liatchelor 
in  the  interfuienco  proceeding  in  the  U.  S.  Pat¬ 
ent  Oflice,  between  Sawyer  it  llaii  anil  Thomas 


Batchelor's  Intorferenoe  Deposition. 


rursiiaiit  to  iidjouniiiioiit,  this  tostimoii^-  was  oon- 
tinned  Tlinrsdiiv,  Jidv  7th,  1881,  at  (!d  Fifth  avenue 
Xew  York,  the  same  eonnsel  heiii};  |)re8ent. 

CiiAKUts  ItArcnKLOii,  a  witness  inodnced  in  Ijehalf  of 
Mr.  hdison,  testified  on  oatli  ns  follows,  in  answer  to 
f|nestions  proposed  to  him  by  George  \V.  ])v«r,  conn- 
•sel  for  Fdison  : 


1  (J.  Flea.se  state  yonr  name,  age,  residence  and  oc¬ 
cupation. 

•V.  Xaine,  Chftrles  Fatchelor ;  age,  H.o  ;  residence, 
Jfenlo  Park,  New  .Tersey  ;  occupation,  a.ssistant  to  .Mr. 
Kdison. 

2  Q.  Flense  state  how  long  yon  have  I'een  an  assist¬ 
ant  to  .tfr.  Kdison,  ami  what  yonr  particular  labors  and 
tluties  Imvi*  lit'oii  in  that  capacitv? 


A.  1  liavt;  lH.).n  assistant  to  Mr.  l-:ilison  for  iiearlv 
Jfy  occupation  has  been  entirely  dining 


the  last  eight  or  nine  years  the  receiving  of  ideas 
sketches,  and  afterwards  carrying  them  ont  ;  making 
Ihe  necessary  instruments  myself,  or  with  any  help  that 
I  required.  1  have  had  general  charge  of  all  Sir.  IMi- 
5011  s  esiieriments  during  that  time  under  himself, 
la-e^:  ^  f'""  •-■Jil'eriments  of  .Mr.  IJdison's  in 

>  <  I,  111  ihe  carlionization  of  paper,  please  state  nhoiit 
lie  .same,  somewhat  in  detail? 

A.  I  remeniher  some  experiments  in  carhonization  of 
'Iiper  111  the  summer  or  fall  of  1870,  in  which  paper  car- 
ion  was  made  by  him  and  myself  for  lesistances, 
•littery  carhoiis,  and  other  things  that  were  to  he  .sold 
1.5  a  conipaiiA  called  the  Novelty  Companv.  Iromcni- 
•or  carbonizing  strips  of  paper  in  pieces  ^f  gas  tube; 
Iso  sheets  of  paper  in  an  old  cast  iron  box  which  we 
aid  laying  around  liis  laboratorv 
dial  kinds  of  naner  wnen  ... 


I  do  not  reniemhor 


lilt  wore  lying  around  the  laboratory  at  the  tini 
l.so  remember  that  wo  carbonized  there  paper  c 
ristol  laiard,  besides  a  niiniber  of  dilTerent  kin 

■1  (}.  How  exton.sive  and  long  continneil  were 
speriments  in  the  carbonization  of  |)aper? 

.\.  They  were  not  very  long-continncd.  1  lailiev 
speriments  lasted  not  longer  than  a  fortnight,  i 
5  the  Novelty  Company  was  concerned.  Mv  ini 
on  is  that  I  carbonized  luqier  later  than  tlio.se  cs 
leiits  for  onr  own  ii.se  in  the  laboratory. 

.')  (^.  Had  5011  proceeded  licfore  the  end  of  18 
le  carlionization  of  paper  so  far  that  nothing  mori 
■eded  in  the  way  of  information  with  regard  ti 
roper  ciirbonizjition.  ;«»■  .le,  of  paper? 

.■\.  The  experiments  of  ]87(i,  of  which  1  speak, 
I'cred  their  pnrpo.se  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  tlie  pi 
•iiig  properl.v  carbonized.  I  believe  we  reqniri 
aril  no  more  on  carbo'iization  for  that  pnrpo.se. 

I!  (j.  During  the  time  mentioned  bail  yon  put 
rbonized  piqier  in  electrical  circuits  ? 

Y’es,  sir;  as  some  strips  were  intoinled  fo 
stances,  wo  had  meiumred  their  resistance  to 
iiat  variation  there  was  in  the  carbonizing.  1  du 
member  what  resistance  the  carbon  strips  were,  i 
id  no  particular  size  fur  them. 

7  Q.  State,  if  yon  please,  the  next  e.-:periments 
iiiemlxir  of  ils  made  under  Mr.  Kdison’s  direi 
ith  carbonized  paper  ? 

A.  The  next  experiment  that  I  romeniber  wa.s 
le  of  carbonized  paper  in  telephones.  I  have  foil 
ipor  which  refreshes  my  memory  on  that  point,  w 
dated  July  20th,  1877,  and  about  that  time  wo 
rbonized  paper  in  telephones  for  contact  points 
aphriigni.s.  The  next  experiment  with  caibonizoi 
ir  that  I  can  remember,  is  the  cutting  of  strips  of 
inized  paper  and  putting  them  into  the  lamp  on 
hie  hero,  marked  Edison's  Exhibit  First  Iucaude.s 
imp.  I  believe  the  strijis  were  cut  from  carbon 


3148 


Clinrles  Bntcliolor. 


believe  I  jiiit  them  in  the  Inm|>  nboiit  Aumiat  or  Sep 
teinber,  1877. 

Qne.stioii  ami  answer  objecteil  to  in  so  far  as 
it  relates  to  the  lnni|>  marked  Kdison’s  Exhibit 
Fii-stlncamlo.scent  Lamp,  or  in  so  far  as  it  has 
any  reference  to  clectrie  lighting  by  incamles- 
ccnce  with  paper  carboms,  as  going  to  prove 
that  the  invention  was  made  and  ii.sod  previous 
to  the  time  alleged  in  .Mr.  lidison’s  preliininarv 
statement. 

Paper  referred  to  in  tlu!  previous  answer  is 
put  in  evidence,  and  marked  Ellison’s  Exhibit 
No.  14. 

Exhibit  ohjected  to  as  immaterial. 

8  Q.  When  did  Mr.  Edison  first  begin  to  experiment 
in  lighting  by  electricity,  to  the  U-st  of  vonr  knowl- 
odgo,  rocollcotion  or  licdiof '! 


Objected  to  ILS  calling  for  the  more  belief  of 
the  witness,  which  is  not  evidence. 


A.  I  know  .Mr.  Edi.son  had  freqneiitlv  made  ex- 
periineiits  in  electric  lighting  previous  to  the  time  1  imt 
Uie  paper  carbon  in  the  lamp  marked  Edison’s  Exhibit 
I'lrst  Iiicande.scent  Lamp,  but  I  cannot  tell  just  e.xac(lv 
«hat  tho.so  experiments  were.  He  bad  been  oxpei’- 
imeiiting  for  about  a  day  on  clectrie  lighting  previous 
to  his  telling  nie  to  put  this  paper  carbon  in  the  globe 
of  this  exhibit  at  that  time.  I  find  by  a  record  book  of 
ill.  IvniesKs,  which  is  now  in  evidence,  and  marked 
Edison  s  Exhibit  No.  12,  which  I  believe  to  be  tree, 
,^r.  "'"rk  on  an  electric  lamp  in  Jannarv, 

IbM.  ibis,  no  doubt,  wiLs  under  my  direction,  but  I 
1  ‘  recall  to  my  mind  what  the  ex¬ 
periment  was. 

!)  Q.  What  IS  the  earliest  oxiierinient,  to  vour  knowl¬ 
edge,  which  Mr.  Edison  made  with  paper  Jarbon  con- 


Charles  Batchelor. 


one  in  which  I  put  the  paper  carbons  in 
marked  Edison’s  Exbibit  First  Incandescent  I 

Answer  objected  to  as  intended  to  pi 
the  invention  was  made  before  the  date 
the  preliininarv  statement. 

10  Q.  Please  give  in  detail  tbe  Iiistorv  of 
struction  or  fitting  up  of  Edison's  Exhibit  Fii 
de.scent  Ijiiiip,  so  far  ns  you  know  about  it  ? 

Objected  to  on  the  ground  that  it  is 
to  prove  that  the  invention  was  made  pi 
the  date  stated  in  the  preliininarv  state 


The  instrument  marked  Edison's  Exhi 
Incandescent  Lamp  was  originally  a  philo.soi 
nient,  bought  by  Jlr.  Edison  for  his  laboriitor 
called,  1  lielieve,  a  Ciassiot  tube  or  cascade,  an 
tended  to  show  the  discharge  of  electricity 
It  had  been  in  the  laboratory,  I  believe,  since 
was  made  into  an  iiieandcsccnt  lamp  by  niyse 
request  of  Jlr.  Edison,  in  the  siininier  or  fall 
he  at  that  time  wishing  to  try  .some  experiniei 
cando.sceiit  carbon  for  lighting  purposes.  I  put 
instrnmoiit  two  binding  posts,  and  al.so  had  ii 
clamps,  which  I  put  on  to  the  ends  of  the  ro 
the  globe.  At  lirst  Mr.  Edison  wanted  a  ban 
piece  put  into  the  globe,  but  as  I  had  great  dil 
making  it  small  eiiongh  and  getting  it  in,  he  s 
tlmt  I  should  cut  the  carbon  from  carbonized  ] 
''liieli  wo  had  a  quantity  in  the  laboratory  at  t 
I  did  so,  and  sneeceded  in  giving  him  a  few  of 
boas  in  the  lamp.  I  do  not  believe  the  lamp  I 
used  for  any  other  experiments  since  that  time 
11  Q.  Please  exiilaiii  how  you  got  the  paper 
into  the  laiiip  and  held  them  in  iiositioii  there. 


Clmrles  Untclielor. 


the  eiirboii  in  tliero,  hut  I  ilid  it  In-  iiiisorowiiig  the  hull 
from  the  top  of  the  rod  and  also  tiiiserewing  the  gloho 
from  the  holder  above  the  eoek ;  also  unscrowing 
the  cock  from  the  base ;  also  uiiserewiiig  the  paekiug 
cap.  When  these  are  all  apart  tlu?  top  roil  will  drop 
out  and  the  bottom  rod  eaii  bo  left  in  the 
jiart  having  the  cock.  The  carbon  was  now 
screwed  to  the  clamp  of  the  bottom  rod 
whilst  lying  on  the  table.  The  other  clamp 
was  then  screwed  to  the  other  end  of  the  carbon,  and 
all  three  together  lifted  and  turned,  .so  that  the  jiart 
having  the  cock  would  be  topmost.  The  lamp  was  also 
turned  nii.side  down,  and  the  rods  ami  carbon  carefully 
droppnl  through  it  '1  he  top  rod  was  then  held  until 
the  packing  and  jiacking  cap  were  put  on,  when  the 
whole  was  screwed  together  again,  and  the  ball  re¬ 
placed.  The  binding  posts  were  put  on  the  lamp  to 
hold  the  connection  wires  from  the  battery. 

Q.  Please  to  state  whether  or  not,  after  the  carbon 
c  I  1  tetor  t  IS  thus  phiced  in  i.osition,  the  air  was  e.v- 
hausted  from  the  globe  of  the  lamp,  and  if  so,  bv  what 
means? 


.Same  objection  as  before. 

A.  After  putting  a  carbon  into  the  lamp  the  lam,, 
as  placed  on  the  plate  of  an  orditniry  air-pump  and 
be  bulb  exhaasted  as  well  .ns  we  could  do  it  with  that 
■ntl).  Ihe  current  of  electricity  was  then  applied  to 
the  ct^bon,  and  he.tted  the  same  f„r  some  short  time. 

id  Q.  i\as  the  carbon  brought  tip  to  a  point  of  in- 
c  lose  cot  the  lamp?  point  oi  in 

Same  objection  as  before. 


Charles  Untclielor. 


.•\.  I  cannot  remember  just  the  exact  number  I  y 
I,  but  believe  there  were  at  least  four. 

15  (J.  Do  you  roinetnber  from  what  kind  of  pa]- 
lose  ])ni>er  carbons  were  made  ? 

Same  objection. 

I  cannot  lie  sure  what  they  were  made  from, 
did  not  make  them  at  the  time  for  the  experiment, 
‘member  I  took  a  carbon  sheet  that  was  thin  co 
iired  with  otheis  wo  had,  bat  what  kind  of  jiajier  it  n 
do  not  know. 

1(1  Q.  Do  you  renieniber  what  was  the  size  of  t 
rips  of  carbon  luipcr  with  which  yon  oxiieriineated 
lat  lamp? 

.Same  objection. 

A.  I  had  no  imrticninr  size  given  me  by  Mr.  Kdisi 
id  I  do  not  think  I  measured  them,  but  should  jud 
made  ihom  thrue-(|uarters  of  an  inch  lung,  and  abi 
sixteenth  wide.  Thu  thickness  of  the  |iaper,  1  I 
eve,  was  about  seven  or  eight  thousandths. 

17  Q.  Did  yon  give  this  lamp  to  Mr.  Kdison  to 
led  by  him  as  an  exhibit  with  his  testimony  in  tl 


Santo  objection. 

A.  Xo,  sir  ;  I  may  have  been  the  means  of  callii 
is  ntteutiun  to  the  him]),  because  I  told  him  I  w 
ire  that  he  had  tried  incandescent  carbon  iiaper  jii 
ions  to  the  boron  and  silicon  e-xiieriments. 

IS  Q.  Who  found  the  him])  iirovioits  to  its  lieiag  p 
1  as  an  exhibit  in  this  case  ? 

Same  objection. 

-\.  I  do  not  know  who  brought  the  lamp  in  hei 
ho  lami)  has  never  been  lost,  for  it  has  been  lyi 
■omul  the  laboratorv.  t'enorallv  in  full  view,  ever  sin 


,  witiiosse.]  I.y  „r  „|k,„(  ,|,„t  a 

li  silicon  IS  used  liolMVoii  two  clcclrodos  for 
lilt  liylitiiig,  and  I  know  that  tlioexporiinont 
[.•scent  ])iiiior  carhoii,  in  tliu  lani|i  marked  Eil 
at  I'lrst  Ineandescent  Laiiiii,  was  at  least  fro 
roe  niontiis  before  that. 

Q.  Is  that  roeollection  further  strengtlione 
ction  of  hdisoii’s  Kxhihits  Xos.  I  and  5  ? 


It  IS,  for  I  ronioinher  from  them  that  wo  li 
I  tiiiio  to  got  hotter  and  more  stable  results 
■1  lirovionsly  got  from  pajier. 

Q.  lleforring  to  these  Exhibits  -1  and  3, 
lei  or  not  your  signature  upon  tho  same 

3'vn  liaiKlwritiiiLr  niwl  if  u..  ,..i . 


ilnctors  with  hdisoii  s  Exhihit 
r^anip,  whnt  was  tlic  roason  of  inaki 
lioron  and  silicon,  and  the  other  iin 
Kxhihits  *1,  5  ami  V 


A.  Mr.  Ktlison  liopcd  to  j'ot  from 
al)Ie  ami  unoxidi/.abln  suhstanco  thai 
lighting. 

•dt  Q.  deferring  again  to  Edisoi 
phaiso  to  explain  what  is  shown  and 
exhibit? 


.A.  Eig.  I,  on  Edison's  Exhibit  No. 
eandi'scent  electric  lamps,  in  wide 
snbstanee  is  silicon,  each  ]daced  an 
the  line,  so  that  only  a  ])ortion  of 
through  the  silicon,  and  the  whole  I 
from  a  magneto  iiiachine. 

The  figiiro  directly  under  this  Ni 
eandescont  electric  lamps,  similar  ti 
but  jilaced  in  iniiltplo  are,  each  one 

'I'liu  bottom  tignro  on  this  exhib: 
thri'c  lamps,  I  presume,  although  th 
not  there,  and  these  three  lamps  are 
In  all  tiiree  cases  tho  electricity  is  fi 
aeto  maeliine. 


A.  In  Edi.soii's  Exhibit  No.  -1,  ligi 
such  lamps  in  multiple  arc,  and  ligu 
•eieli  hoiips  III  series,  and  an  explaiia 
to  show  that  other-  substances  coal 
dlicoii,  ns  Mr.  Edison  has  remarkei 
ried  a  niiinbcr  of  other  things,  and  f 
aethod  of  working  either  Ixrron  or 


Clmrlos  Untoliolor. 


gyosts  on  tliis,  luixtures  of  iion-comluctors  nni] 
iidiictors,  ill  onler  to  gut  n  gr, .liter  resintiinci 
iiig  low  resistance  innturial. 

2(i  Q.  After  the  experiments  deseriljoil  bv  yo 
lisim's  Kxhibit  First  Incandescent  lainip.'whal 
r.  Fdison’s  next  exiierimeiils  with  carbonized 
■  electric  lamiis  ? 

A.  Tlie  next  experiments  that  I  remember  ii 
aizing  jiaper  for  electric  lamps  were  a  series  < 


at  August  and  fjeplemher,  1878,  a  great  mr 
-■h  were  made  from  iiaper.  Some  of  these  eai 
leially  the  smaller  ones,  were  raised  to  incandes 
II  exhansteil  bell  jar  of  an  air  pump  about  that 
lieve  I  worked  altogether, about  that  time,  eip; 
it  two  months  ordinary  daily  working. 

Answer  objected  to  upon  the  ground  that 
laled  to  experiinents  made  and  carbonized  | 
Imriit  for  electric  lighting  previous  to  the 
alleged  by  Jlr.  Kdi.son  in  his  preliminary  i 


r  Q.  AVI, at  were  the  size  and  the  form  of 
menh  l"»t-naniei 

.  ihe  thill  ones  were  generally  short— from  tv 
e  inches  ;  the  thick  ones  were  sometimes  ils  loi 
nehus :  I  be), eve  1  mmlu  ,.f, 

II  y-tiYu  of  the  pajier  carbons,  which  ranged  i: 
Icr  from  thrco-sixteeiitlia  of  an  inch  down  to 
riii-ly  below  a  thiity-second  of  an  inch.  It  was 
t  o  get  the  small  ones  very  long.  The  best  mel 
iind  of  making  these  carbons  was  to  coat  ti 
■r,  or  very  thin  paper,  with  a  mixture  of 
lanipblaek,  and  then  roll  themyip  on  a  Hat  plate  ■ 

Q.  Have  yon  any  recollection  of  applying  tl 
r  carbons  to  a  lamp  such  as  shown  in  Mr.  Edis 


iioclioii  witli  iiicaiulesceiit  electric  lights? 

A.  Yes,  sir ;  iit  that  time  Jlr.  Edison  was  almost  ei 
tircly  occiii)ie(l  with  iiicaiidcsceiit  electric  lights.  II 
Edison  about  this  time  cominenoed  tho  iini)rovemcnt , 
apparatus  for  getting  a  good  vacimni.  llo  wius  al.so  c 
Iierimenting  at  the  time  for  the  best  .Ivnamo-elcctr 
machiiK!  that  conid  po.ssihiv  tie  got.  He  was  also  ci 
denoring  to  get  a  lamp  of  high  resistance  from  metal 
snch  .us  ,,l.,t.nnm.  nickle,  iron  and  alloys  of  platimn. 
indnnn.  Tlie.se  exi.eriments  on  the  perfection  . 
\:icin]in  a|>|>aratiis  far  into 

■)2  Q.  During  tlnit  time,  idso,  namelv,  the  latter  ikii 
tioii  of  IS78,  wei-e  not  experiments  going  on  on  incan 
descent  paper  carbon  conductors,  in  vaciii)'‘ 

A.  1  Imve  mentione.1  that  we  .....de  experiments  i 
AngnstorSeptomh,.r,  wherein  we  |.laced  paper  carbon, 
inade  by  m.yself,  a  vacinm,  and  mise.l  them  to  inc.n 
descenc!  by  the  electric  cnmmt  in  the  hell  receiyer  c 
llie-  pump.  To  the  best  of  my  recollection,  after  tin  s, 
expernuents  were  tried,  Mr.  Edison’s  attention  wa: 
■c-I  more  p..rtienhirly  to  the  getting  of  this  lamp  o 
g  i  ‘■^ixtance  which  he  re.piired,  from  metals  instea. 

f  Infection  hut  in  doing  so  he  had  been  able  to  gel 
.««  uppamtus  for  making  a  yacuuin  which  wius  far  «... 

lo  him 'll  "r 

should  I  iV  *'  ‘■•“•■•'"II.  liowoyer  small 

. -'.s "  > 

H.  JlK.ii)owciion', 

Notary  Public, 

New  York  County. 


Charles  Batchelor. 


Pursuant  to  ndjournment  the  taking  of  testimo 
iLs  ro.snnied  July  8th,  1881,  at  10  A.  51.,  at  the  sai 
ace,  same  counsel  being  ])resent. 


.‘13  Q.  Please  examine  Exhibit  Edison’s  Coniiiierc 
icande.scent  Electric  Lamp,  and  state  when  lam 
that  description  were  tirst  made  by  Mr.  Edison  ? 
A.  The  lamj.  marked  Edison’s  Commercial  Incand. 
at  Electric  Ijimp  is  one  of  a  nmiiher  of  lani]i.s  m.i 
October  or  Xoyember,  1870,  and  l.imps  of  this  u 
ription  were  tirst  made  about  the  middle  of  Octob. 
170. 

31  Q.  IVhat  kind  of  a  lamp  is  this  exhibit  you  lia 
st  testified  alKUit  ? 

A.  It  is  composed  of  a  hernieticiilly  .sealed  glol 
lolly  of  gla.ss,  through  which  two  platinum  wires  pi 
lit  on  the  inside,  ami  to  which  is  clampeil  a  carbi 
ndiictor  made  of  paper  carbonized.  Tiiis  globe  is  e 
listed  of  air. 

3.)  Q.  When  did  .Mr.  Edison  tirst  produce  an  inca 
.scent  electric  lamp  with  a  carbonized  paj.er  co 
ictor,  in  all  respects  complete  and  idile  to  conipe 
ccesst.dly  with  ilhiminating  gas  for  light-giying  pi: 
i.ses  ? 

A.  I  bclieye  about  tho  middle  of  Cctoher,  1870,  win 
:  produced  lamps  similar  to  this  lamii  marked  Edisoi 
uiimereial  Ineandcsceiit  Electric  Eanip, 

30  Q,  At  the  date  named,  what  progress  had  be. 
•de  in  generators,  apiiaiiitus  for  producing  yaciiiii 
;ulatiug  aiiparatus,  a  system  for  lighting  districts  ai 
lior  matters  and  things  e.ssential  for  a  comnierei 
;ht  for  general  use  in  cities  and  towns  ? 

A,  At  this  time  everything  was  ready,  to  the  best 
I’  belief,  and  was  only  waiting  for  the  ])orfeetion  of  tl 
up  to  make  the  whole  .system  a  success,  lus  direct 
'  got  tho  lamp  we,  in  the  shortest  jio.ssible  time,  e 
Wted  just  such  a  system  to  the  imblic.tlmt  being  pr 


an.  . . .  K,lis.„.-s  I  |  sc  t  I  , 

I  shoalil  have  sai.l  that  I  ren.e.alH..-  with!, 

.lav  or  t«o  prevaais  t..  this  lamp  l.l.•iIlK  imul,.,  „sii,K  cv 
honizcMl  paja.i-  as  an  incan.leseei.t  comlnetor  l...twe 
t«(.  eleetr<..l«sof  a  hatt.TV.  lait  in  tin.  op,...  air.  '1 
n..xU..\pe.-.n.u.it  ..r  se.ies  of  exp,.rini,..its,  that  I  eall 
miiKt,  nrc*  tho  ones  winch  I  Imvu  hcfon*  Hpokeii  of 
hei.io  .ua.le  ...  Ai.-nst  or  Septemher.  187K.  .At  this  ti 
my  whole  t...... an, 1  attentio..  hef-an  tohe,levole,l  to.Iei 

opment  of  l,.s  svst,....  „f  i.,ea.„Iesce.,t  ol,.etrie  liel.ti 

hose  paper  .■arho..s  we.e  ...a,!,,  hy  eoati..„  thi..  pap 
I  h  lamphlaeka.,,1  ta.',ai.,l  rolling  ,.p  tif-htlv  into  a  i 
earhon.z,..-  the  sa.ne  in  a  snitahle  farm 
,  r'-’"*’’'’''  1"“  ">  '>“‘''een 

eanil  ””  '•* ‘n>cnit,  at.,1  raised  to 
c....de.see.,ee  ...a  vaeunm.  At  this  ti.,.e.  carbons  .....d, 

.lo.scent  e,md..etors  ...  a  vaenn..,.  We  ...ade  many  exp 

inca..dJscV,i  V  ‘  ‘'l‘ material  for 
■  tilt  lamp  should  have  a  i^rcat  resistnuco  cc 
’>-edw.ththe  least  ..o.sil.le  serL-e  rTne 


.'esista..ce.  ll.e  resnlt  of  this  latter  series  of  e.xpeii 
nieiiLs  in  vacuo  had  shown  ns  that  in  onler  to  yet  a  hi”l 
ii.sistaiieo  lamp  fio.n  carbon  in  any  form,  it  wonhl  hav, 
to  be  cat  in  an  exc,!e,lingly  tin,,  tilament.  The  pap,.; 
caibons  which  we  tried  were  lai-Ker  than  w,,  shoal, 
have  to  use  if  we  wanted  a  higher  .esistance.  Witl 
the  vacniini  we  then  got,  an,l  whi,.h  wo  consiih.n.il  a 
that  time  to  be  g,)o,l,  the  carbons  la.sti.,l  at  the  nnis 
from  ten  to  liftee.i  ininntes  in  a  state  ,if  incanih  scen,.,. 
The  ,,.x])eii.n,.nts  on  ]ih,tin,nn  h  il  ns  to  In.j.e  that  il 
might  be  easier  to  get  a  higlicr  resistani.e  fi-om  tha 
metal  than  fi-om  ,.arbon.  From  the  ,h,te  of  the  linishin. 
.if  the.se  oxiieiiments,  whi.di  I  beli,,.ve,  was  t.iwa.ds  th. 
latter  en.l  .if  October,  78,  Mi'.  Falis.in  tniii,.,!  his  att.... 
tion  to  lamps  in  which  tlm  ine..in.les..ing  oon.h.ctois  we.-, 
f.ii-med  .)f  niot.ils  ami  alh.ys  .)f  metals.  Dti.-ing  th,.  lasi 
Jiart  of  the  year  IH  an,I  nii  to  October,  1,S7!),  f  mail,.,  al 
M...  Fdison's  rerpiest,..  very  huge  m.mber  of  lamps  hav¬ 
ing  platin.ini  a..,l  plat.iinm-ii'nlmm  composing  th,.  .n- 
..aiid,,.,sc,!nt  condncto...  .A  gr,,.at  many  ,,f  tlies,;  lamp.. 
ha,l  their  c,)n,lnet,irs  oat,;,!  with  insulating  matei-ial.  ii; 
Older  t,)  be  able  to  wind  tbeni  np  chise  anil  get  them  inti 
as  small  a  space  as  po.ssible  in  o.-iler  to  otler  tl...  l.  asl 
radiating  surface.  .AIi-.  Filison  v,.ry  fieipiently  sal 
.low.,  at  my  table  anil  worked  for  liotii-s  helping  nn.  mi 
these  exiHiiimeiits.  Oiir  conveisatioii  fi-eipientiy  was 
directed  to  getting  the  highest  I'csistani.e  in  thi.  li.asl 
possible  space.  1  remember  once  or  twice  ilnring  these 
L.onve|..S!itioiis,  en|.ly  in  18711,  hi.  remarkeil  how  ea.sy  it 
would  be  to  get  this  .esistance  if  cai-bon  was  only 
stable.  During  the  time  that  1  was  i.xpe|.|menting  on 
Ibese  lamps  ho  had  been  busy  experinienliiig  to  peifoct 
the  diiro|.ont  aiiparatns  composing  his  eli.ctric  lighting 
system  as  a  whole.  I  had  also  worked  on  these  mat- 
lers,  but  as  our  lamp  was  an  exceedingly  diflicult  job, 
tbe  majority  of  my  time,  both  night  and  day,  with  the 
3Xce])tion  of  a  week  or  two  in  which  I  devoteil  some 
imo  to  teleidiones.  was  soent  on  the  lamii.  He  had 


,  .  . .  "1’  iMiKiNi,  niKl  al 

l.reails  wlnc'!,  ha,l  I,,,,...  troukal  ,vitl,  Iam,.l,l„i.k  a 
tai  pieMoiis  to  carl)oni/.atioii.  All  tlioso  tliiii.-s  w, 
use.  a  .out  th...  sain.,  tin.o  <ls  ii.ea.i.l..se....t  eonduet. 
in  .■le.'lric  lamps,  tl,,.  m„st  satisfaetorv  at  tlio  tii 
lminotl„!,.ail,„„me,l  i„„|,  ,v|,i,.|, 'f  1„„I  e„t 

. . .  nflor  this  ma.h,  a  stool  m. 

n  wh.oh  the.so  loops  . . .  he  „„t  .p.iokiv,  a.,,1  after 

OH  c.sperimoiit.s  la  the  oarhonization  of  thoiii,  in  or.l 
O  Ket  their  resistance  as  near  as  ,s,ssihle  alike  aft 
.  1  boniz,  ,„n,  we  .mule  a  nnmher  of  these  lilamei, 
nl  nsoil  them  at  an  e.-chihition  in  Mr.  Kdison’s  hon 
l-cnit  the  ..1  or  .hi  of  Decen.hor,  ]87!l.  When  the  lir 
imp  was  mm  e  which  ha.l  a  tine  lila.nentary  earho, 

^.I  piiperoomlnetor  from  whioh  the  li„ht  was  oivo 
•h.eh  w, us  ahont  October  •«, I,  187!),  then.  I  heliev 
0  ha.1  a  system  of  oloctrio  lighting  that  was  eomplei 

rn  coni, loom,, etc  with  g,m.,u.a  wo  procee.lo.l  J  o- 

enl^'n  /  “f  Hk.  life  of  the  carl 

I  nps  pn  ,n  position  at  Monh.  Park,  ami  if  so.  i 


tion  through  liook  7-1.  The  Kxhihit  Xo.  I  I,  as  far  as  f 
can  .SCO,  is  a  coircct  copy  of  the  pages  nientionecl  in  the 
exhibit. 

Q.  I’loaso  state  whether  or  not  snoh  records  stati 
acts  eorroetly. 

'J'hey  do.  I  was  always  very  particular  to  havi: 
attended  to  in  a  proper  nianiu.r.  It  was  the  duty 
r.  Herrick  to  enter  in  the.se  Isioks  their  time,  a." 
hiiriit,  daily,  and  I  believe  that  he  did  so.  I  wa.s 
very  particular  to  have  him  mark  down  in  the  hook 
anso  of  their  ceasing  to  burn  ;  and  if  at  any  time 
as  not  present  when  a  lamp  ceased  to  burn,  it  was 
rally  made  a  note  of  by  any  one  in  the  laboratory 
mt  and  put  on  Mr.  Herrick’s  desk,  so  that  he 
I  go,  take  out  the  lamp  and  examine  it,  noting  its 


Q.  Have  you  road  the  testimony  of  .Sawyer  ,t 
in  this  iutcrfcrcncc,  and  if  so,  have  you  carboiiizod 
'  in  the  various  modes  described  by  them  ? 

I  have  read  the  testimony  and  have  made  some 
les  of  carbonized  blotting  paper  in  the  same  man- 
mt  is  described  in  their  testimony. 

Q.  Please  produce  .such  specimens,  describing  what 

I  hero  produce  specimens  of  ordinary  blotting  pa- 
irbonizcd.  which  were  carbonized  in  a  snuare  iron 


Charles  Batchelor. 


ox  filled  with  powdered  clmrcoal.  This  enrbonizatio 
as  (lone  in  an  onliiiar}*  fire. 

.Specimens  referred  to  put  in  evidence  an 
marked  Edison’s  Exhiiiit  No.  l(i. 

I  also  produce  a  piece  of  carhonized  blotting  paiiei 
le  iiaiier  having  been  prc.ssod  b.-fore  cnrlionizntion  a 
;ated  in  answer  to  question  22  in  Albon  Man’s  te’sli 


Said  specimen  is  put  in 
Edi.son’s  Exhibit  No.  17. 


evidence  and  nmrkei 


I  also  ],rodnco  a  specimen-two  sheets  of  ordinar’ 
ott.ng  paper  cemented  and  pro.s.sed  together,  ms  nl.si 
ated  in  answer  to  question  22  of  Albon  Man’s  exam 
ation-in-chief. 


Specimen  put  in  evidoneo 
son’s  Exhibit  No.  18. 


I  marked  Edi. 


1  also  produce  a  siioeiineu  of  several  sheets  of  blot- 
if?  paper  ceiuoiited  together  without  pressure  and  car- 
aiizod,  which  may  bo  iiieant  in  answer  22  in  Albon 
Ill  toi  1  cl  ef.  All  these  spoeiinoiis  were 
rbonized  in  an  iron  box.  packed  in  powdered  char- 
al  and  heated  in  an  ordiimrj’  tiro. 


Speeimen  referred  to  pui  in 
marked  Edison’s  Exhibit  No.  It). 


ovideiico  a 


I  also  produce  a  number  of  sheets  of  blotting  pa 

m!-/'V(i"^  together  and  I 

iiized,  the  cement  being  different  in  this  case  fr 
3  former  ones. 


Specimen 
Edison’s  ExI 


|mt  in  evidence 
ibit  No.  20. 


and  marked 


13  Q.  Have  you  also  carbonized 
•  descrilied  in  your  test  ^ 


pajier  in  the  man- 
having  been  done 


Charles  Batchelor.  31t 

by  Mr.  Eilison  and  under  his  direction-  in  the  earlii 
ex])eriinonts? 

.-V.  I  have  carbonized  also  some  samples  of  tissii 
paper  similar  to  tbe  eximriments  on  carbonization  ( 
paper  that  I  have  testified  to  as  being  in  1870,  an 
here  ])rodiice  the  same. 

Carbons  put  in  evidence  and  mar!;cd  Edison 
Exhibit  No.  21. 

I  have  al.so  carlmnized  some  .sanqiles  of  strips  i 
Bristol  board,  which  I  also  remember  are  like  the  oiie 
carbonized  in  gas  pipe  tubes  in  the  experiments  i 
1870. 


Samples  put  in  evidence  and  marked  Edison' 
Exhibit  No.  22. 

-1-1  Q.  Whi’ro  a  pajicr  carbon  conductor  has  been  rc 
carbonized  and  treated  with  the  electrical  enrrent  in 
hydro-carbon  bath,  as  tcstifieil  to  by  Albon  Man  i 
answer  to  (i7th  cross-question,  if  sueli  a  eondindor  i 
heated  to  incandescence  in  an  electric  laini),  what  pai 
of  the  conductor  produces  light’;' 

A.  As  the  light  from  an  incandescent  conductor  is  a 
given  off  at  its  surface,  and  as  the  experiments  wide 
my  experience  has  tried  have  shown  that  the  treatmei] 
of  an  iiicandcscent  condiietor  in  a  hydro-carbon  bat 
deposits  carbon  from  the  hydro-carbon  on  its  surfac 
ami  in  the  interstices,  I  believe  that  all  the  ligli 
would  be  radiated  from  the  deiiosited  carbon. 


Counsel  for  Edison  rests  his  examination  <: 


ciirboiiizocl  tlio  pupor 


A.  A  piece  of  tiilju  was  taken,  sneli  as  is  in 
lipes.  To  tlie  best  of  iiiv  recollection,  from 
nches  long  ami  having  about  tbree-ipiartenj 


•as  completolv  eloscil  by  the  cap 
1.  The  other  screwed  on  anil  olT 
f  paper  that  were  carbonized  in 


mt  three-ipiarters  to  an 
ait  on  each  end  of  this, 
-■nd.  One  einl  of  this  I 
the  cap  being  fitted  tigh 


f  paper  that  were  carbonized  in  this  tube  were 
do  lengths  and  put  lengthwise  in  the  tube,  in  wl 
line  powdered  eharcoal  had  been  placed,  and  the  t 
as  then  packed  full  of  powdered  ehareoal.  In  set 
ig  the  cap  on  to  this  we  generally  put  a  little  in 
lay  on  the  thread  to  make  it  air-tight.  There 
lore  than  one  tube  made  for  this  purpose.  I  reiin 
ur  one  smaller  than  thi.s.  I  cannot  give  the  exact  i 
r  the  smaller  one,  but  believe  it  was  a  piece  of  tin 
ghths  pipe. 

•lb  x-Q.  flow  many  jiicces  of  your  pi]iing  did 
ive  fitted  in  that  way  for  carbonizing  paper? 

A.  I  can  only  call  to  mind  at  present  the  I 
entioned. 

•17  x-Q.  What  kinihs  of  paper  did  rl 

lese  tubes? 

A.  I’rineiiially  stitV  papei-s,  such  as  bristol-boa 
e  also  carbonized  other  kinds  of  papers,  but  1  do  i 
low  that  they  were  carbonized  in  these  tubes. 
h\ *  "'*'*  '  wirbonize  in  tin 

.•V.  1  cannot  say  how  miieli  paper  was  carbonized 
eso  tubes,  as  all  the  work  that  1  did  on  this  earbi 
ng  MILS  generally  done  at  night.  Jlr.  JJdison  and  ) 
lams,  being  there  in  the  daytime,  also  carbonized 
esiime,  witli  the  same  tnbe.s. 

JU  -x-Q.  How  did  yon  heat  the  tubes? 

A.  Wc  ]mt  them  inio  a  uummon  Hro  and  heated  th) 
I  Iiot,  and  allowed  them  to  cool  ugaiu  before  tuki 
a  carbons  out, 

1)0  X-Q.  How  long  did  yon  keep  them  red  hot  befo 


A.  I  cannot  say  just  how  long 
reo  hours.  In  some  of  my  exp 
it  of  the  fire  red  hot,  and  eovcrei 
that  they  would  take  a  long  tin 
51  x-Q.  These  jiaiier  carbons  I 
s  tiibc.s,  how  long  were  thev,  bov 


out  tbree  and  a  balf  to  four  inci 
diths  of  an  inch  wide,  and  th 
ry  bristol-board.  1  do  not  beli 
ed  this  bristol-board  for  tbiekne 
out  tbe  thickne.ss  of  an  ordiiian 


I  put  no  specified  number  eai 
loiuctimc.s  had  ils  many  as  six  in 
511  x-Q.  What  wore  these  paper 
A.  As  far  as  I  was  concerned,  t 

carbonizing.  .M r.  and 

3111  for  resistance  and  used  them 
iiember  making  anv  instrument  i 
re  used  as  resistauces. 

3-1  x-Q.  Did  you  see  3Ir.  Kdi.soii 
CCS  in  any  instrument,  and  if  so, 
A.  I  had  seen  Mr.  Kdison  test 
th  a  Bradley  galvanometer.  Pn 
ide  for  Mr.  Edison  resistances  e 
o  resistances  of  plumbago  on  wi 
ISO  carbonizing  experiments  the 
s  taken  up  in  New  York,  and  th 
lid  on  this  was  at  night. 

35  x-Q.  1  asked  you  it  you  had  i 
V  of  the  carlions  carbonized  in  t 
les  in  any  instinment,  and  if  so, 
A.  I  simply  saw  him  measure  o: 


C'lmrics  BntcIiL*lor. 


at*  x-Q.  AVell,  wlmt  iiistrninoiit  wore  llioy  useil  in 
A.  The  liraillev  (,'nlvaiioiiieter. 
a7  x-Q  Did  y.Hi  see  tlieiii  used  in  other  m 
clniH? ;  if  so,  wlmt  ? 

A.  I  ,lo  not  remeiuhcr  .seeing  liiin  use  them  ns  sneei 
re.sistniices  for  other  ex|.eriment,s.  hnt  knou-  timt  th. 
were  enrlH,ni.e.l  will,  a  view  f.wanls  getting  earho. 
for  res.stanee.s,  as  I  helieve  that  was  one  of  the  thiin 
we  proposed  to  give  to  the  Novelty  Company. 

aS  x-Q.  A\  as  any  practical  use  made  of  these  earhoie 
and  If  so  what ;  1  an,  referring  to  the  earl.ons  n.a.Ie  i 
the  gas  tubes  all  the  time  ? 

A.  I  do  not  remember  that  there  was  anv  praetiei, 
..so  made  of  these  special  carbons,  as  the  experiment 
uero  never  earned  far  enough  to  make  an  instnm.ea 
fron.  then,  smtable  for  the  Novelty  Company  to  sell. 

'  y  nmiortako  tlit'so  oxpuriincnts  ii 

. .  «-‘»'.es..ponthere„„este 

tb^'  ^ '".t  ''•'.••kii.K  at  them  all  mi 
int.  I  believe  Mr.  Adams  carbonized  and  carried  ol 
the  t;xiK*riinonts  nioro  tlian  I  did. 

.leSmSym"!  »M'oriments.  as  1 

A.  No,  sir  Mr.  JCdison  commenced  the  experimenl.s 
..111  «e  simply  helped  to  carry  then.  out.  If  I  remem. 
vaL"?’  ."'*!'’'’'’"^*''  Co...pa..v  for 

Gl  In  W,  for  the.,:. 

ic*ii  \ou  undertook  tlicso  exporirnents  oi 

'.e'rxS  I”'-  "■  ‘'“•■'".‘li-' 

A  I  bnr°l*"T  oafl.oniziiig  paper? 

iivselfanlTr  oonversntio.i  with 

‘  ^  "I'o..  1.0  ...entioncdtheiliirer- 


Chnrlcs  Batcholo 


cable  experiments,  if  it  could 
is,  I  believe,  was  Mr.  Edison’s ii 
have  the  Novelty  Company  i 
•c  made  of  carbonized  pa|)er. 

2  x-(}.  'I'liese  paper  carbons 
lie  with  a  gas  tube,  were  anv 
iniercially  salable  for  tbe  piir|). 
led  ? 

t.  As  the  ex|>eriments  were  nev 
uiit  that  we  had  a  standard  inst 
lionized  pa|)er  sti  ips,  I  do  not 
.e  a  cominercially  siilable  article. 
Ihl  x-Q.  Can  yon  jirodnce  any  of 
ale  by  yon  in  the  gas  tubes  in  tl 
lid.  yon  have  te.stilie.l  ? 

I  caiifot ;  to  my  knowledge, 
-•se  cai'bonizing  cxperinients, 
me  of  these  strips  carbonized 
land  the  laboratoi'v,  but  I  caiin 

ill  x-Q.  Have  yon,  upon  your 
Jilnceil  any  specimens  of  carbo 
;as  tube  similar  to  tlio.se  about 
I  ? 

A.  I  have  pro.lnced  and  put  i: 
•bon  paper  which  have  been  eai 
lly  the  same  inanner  as  those 
•bonized  in  a  gas  tube.  These 
■bonizeil  in  a  small  iron  box  wit 
il  not  screwed  on  as  in  the  tnbi 
IS  heated  in  a  boiler  lii'c.  Tliis 
illy  the  same  as  the  gins  tube  ox| 
<15  x-Q.  Which  one  of  the  exhil 
.IS  referred  to  in  your  last  aiiswi 
A.  That  .narked  Edison’s  Exhil 
Oil  x-Q.  Wliat  kind  of  papei-s  in 
—Exhibit  22  ? 

A.  These  paper  carbons  are 
lown  as  bristol-board. 

<17  x-Q.  And  they  were  made  in 


CiiJirlfs  Bntcliolor. 


Yes,  ns  I  line!  not  n  section  of  tlio  gns  tnl)e. 
Ml  oftlio  gns  tube  would  jirobnbly  linvo  ninde  nn 
perfect  cnrbnn,  ns  tbo  screwing  of  tbo  cover 
i  likely  to  nllow  nir  into  the  clmmbertlnin  tlie  m.i 

x-Q.  How  big  wns  tbe  lx.x  in  wbicb  yon  „in 
carbons,  Kxhibit  22? 

The  1h)x  wns  soniewbere  nbont  live  inebes  loi 
two  inebes  wide,  but  nlxiiit  four  inebes  .Ic 
ox  wns  filled  to  witbin  nn  inch  of  tbe  top  wi 
■re.1  cbnreonl  i.revions  to  my  putting  tbeso  enr 
strips  in.  I  used  this  box  simply  beennse  I  h, 
I  bnd  bnd  to  mnko  n  box,  J  sbonid  Iinve  pr 
tl><iga.stnbe,in  order  to  mnko  tbe  oxperime, 
me  ns  in  ]87(i.  ‘ 

>(J.  How  ninny  pnper  strips  did  yon  put  into  tl 
lion  you  inndo  tin’s  Kxliibil  22 
,|]i|lm.teo„„t  the  number  of  pnper  enrbons  i 
l»lMt,  blit  ]  think  they  nro  nil  there  Hint  I  put  i 
form  of  ])nper.  * 

■Q-  Then,  these  were  nil  iiinde  nt  once,  ns  I  ni 


■Q.  After  you  hnd  the  strijis  of  pnper  put  in 
be  pnlverixed  enrbon,  did  yon  cover  the  str 
iilverized  enrbon  niso  ? 

es.sir;  pre.ssing  down  the  enrbon,  so  ns  to  i 
in^Ldi  ns  passible  nnd  ns  tight  ns  possible. 

•Q.  Hid  the  hd  of  the  box  screw  down  on  it 
IS  it  fnstened  on  ?  ' 

lie  box  lid  bnd  n  projection  on  its  under  snrfii 
midcd  into  the  box  nbont  nn  eighth  of  nn  iiu 
k  moistened  elny  nnd  plnstered  nil  nroiind  t 
nil,  nnd  hen  pro.ssed  it  to  its  phico  careful 
I  8  ened  elny  Idled  the  crevice  alliironnd  the  be 
lot  screwed  or  otherwise  fnstcnerl  down. 
i-  ns  the  hd  of  the  box  held  simply  by  t 


Chnrlcs  Bntchelor. 


71  x-Q.  Then,  as  I  nnderstnnd  yon,  th 
ere  wns  upon  the  powdered  clmrconl 
imper  in  the  box  was  thnt  due  to  tht 

I  of  tbe  box  ? 

A.  Yes. 

7')  x-Q.  In  ninking  these  enrbuiis,  Kxl 
nr  intention  to  show  just  the  ipmlitv  c 

II  iiinde  in  the  gns  tubes  in  the  sniiime 
.\.  Aly  iiitention  was  to  show  pnper  ci 
iiniilnr  ninnner  nnd  w  ith  the  .smiio  inn 
!  mnde  in  the  slimmer  of  lS7li  in  the  gi 
70  x-Q.  Why  didn't  yon  iiinke  them 
me  way  thnt  yon  did  in  187ii  7 


A.  I  .should  hnve  done  so  if  1  hnd  had 

77  x-Q.  When  did  yon  iiinke  these,  Ks 
A,  ICnrly  this  morning  ;  between  hnlf-| 
rco  o’clock. 

78  x-Q.  Kor  the  pnrpo.se  of  this  exnmi 
.■\.  Yes,  sir. 

71)  x-tj.  How  do  these  enrbons,  Kxhil 
ipinlity  with  those  yon  mnde  in  the  g 
mmer  of  1870  ? 

A.  I  enn  only  tell  from  their  npponrii 
I  enn  recollect,  they  nre  very  .siniilni 
SO  x-Q.  Were  those  yon  mnde  in  the  j 
ely  unbroken  ns  these  nre '! 

A.  As  fnr  I  can  remember,  they  were  i 

81  x-Q.  Now,  thnt  we  have  not  thri 


82  x-Q.  How  largo  wore  fho  slii'ols  o 
carbonized  in  tliat  box,  and  wind  kind  ( 

A.  I  ronicmbor  only  two  kinds  of  pi 
carbonized  in  that  box  myself,  and 
pajier  and  cardboard.  I  believe  nianv  i 
carbonized,  but  do  not  remember  doing 
size  of  tbe  sheets,  I  slionld  judge,  was 
ibont  tlireo  indies  by  two,  or  tbercaboii 

83  x-Q.  What  yon  believe  is  not  ev 
;o  coniine  your  answer  to  wind  von  kno 
•einenilier,  and  state,  if  yon  p’lease,  in 
be  box,  and  how  much  paper  von  | 

•haige,  ami  how  often  yon  charged  it? 

A.  It  is  impossible  for  mo  to  rememb 
late,  without  anything  to  refresh  mv  ii 
low  many  times  1  charged  tin-  box, 
lapers  I  pnt  in  each  box,  or  in  what  wav 

J  ‘•■an  only  .say  that  the  experimenis  i  tried  bi 
Mr.hdisonwdh  tins  particniar  box  were  tho.se  in  wide 
he  rcipiircd  me  to  get  a  thd  paper  earbon  after  carlioii 
iza  ton.  Ihe  box  soniotiines  had  the  bottom  cover..-, 
with  powdere.1  charcoal,  ami  then  a  paper  sheet ;  aft.-i 
ward  another  layer  of  powdere.1  .d.arcoal,  and  then  an 

other  pap, -I- sheet.  This  wins  contin.ie.I  for  a  . . I 

of  sheets  in  .some  experimenis.  1.,  other  experiment 
fewer  sheets  were  pnt  in,  ami  a  weight  of  iron  iilace. 
on  the  toji  to  keep  them  straight. 

I  tried  a  nnniber  of  .levices,  ami  Hnallv  snccecle,!  ii 

lainging  ont  flat  carbons  by  putting  a  he .  '  •  ■ 

ip  of  the  successive  layers  of  canlboard 
larcoal. 

8-1  .yQ.  Having  the  box  thus  charg, 

»vn  by  a  weigbt,  in  what  kind  of  a  fur 

lat  It  ? 

A.  .Sometimes  d  was  heated  in  a  st 
lies  in  a  small  boiler  furnace. 

8o  x-Q.  Were  the  carbons  tbns  lua.lo 
eets  or  were  they  more  or  le.ss  crooked 
A.  llie  carbons  in  some  of  the  ox  leriii 
cdingly  crooked.  The  problem  w,m.  wi 


37  x-Q.  What  proportion  of  all  the  carbons  u 
n  made  in  this  box  were  straight  ami  perfect  ? 

A.  Only  a  small  iiroportion  of  the  carbons  th 
i.le  myself  in  this  box  wen.  straight  au.l  nnbr.i 
t  when  I  left  oil  expurimenting  with  that  box  I  c 
ng  ont  almost  all  Ihe  papers  1  pnt  in  as  straight 
rfect  carbons. 

38  x-Q.  And  was  this  perfection  of  the  carbons 
rial  to  by  you  in  your  last  answer,  ilue,  in  yimr  c 
1,  to  a  sutliciciit  weight  upon  them  anil  to  uni 
ding  and  eooling  of  them  ? 

\.  When  I  spoke  of  the  perfection  of  the  carboi 
it  last  answer  I  meant  its  perfection  of  form 
ipe,  nnbroken.  Thero  wius  no  ellbrt  at  nniformit 
part  at  that  time  to  get  uniform  heating  other  i 
in  an  onlinary  fire,  but  I  freipi.-idly  enileavorei 
unifurnidy  of  cooling  by  covering  it  over  with 
ICS  of  the  grate. 

13  x-Q.  These  sheets  of  iiaiier  carbon  that  you  at 
'ceeiled  in  getting  straight  anil  whole,  of  what  1 
liaper  were  they  iiia.le  ? 

I.  I  believe,  principally,  of  onlinary  canlboar.l. 

10  x-Q.  Cardboard  is  of  various  thickness.  .S 
nit  how  thick  the  canlboard  was  that  you  iiseil 
ke  these  carbons,  as  near  as  you  can  recollect  ? 
t.  About  tbe  thickness  of  an  ordinary  visiting  ca 

11  x-Q.  What  use  did  Mr.  Edison  make  of  tl 


CImrIos  Hntolielor. 


xiierimeiits,  T  romeiuliur,  resulted  merely  in  geltii 
lieets  of  carbon  from  paper. 
x-Q.  Can  yon  jmKlnce  any  specimens  of  the  ca 
made  in  this  box  in  ISTCi? 

Icannot;  I  have  looked  in  Edison’s  labomtoi 
some  sjiecimens  of  these  paper  carbons,  bii 
ngh  1  cai.  find  pl.  nty  of  carbonized  paper  I  con 

x-Q.  Have  yon  produced  hero  to-day  any  spec 
of  carbonized  paper  intended  to  show  the  ipialit 
!  carbonized  jmperyon  made  in  that  box  in  1H7 
than  these  contained  in  Exhibit  2'd  '! 

Yes,  sir;  I  have  put  in  evidence  here  some  cai 
lid  tissue  sheets  which  are  marke.l  Edison's  Ej 
i21,  which  are  siibstantially  similar  to  some  tissn 
!  that  I  carbonized  in  the  iron  box  in  1870. 

consent  the  takiiio  of  further  tcstimonv  was  post 
to  Saturday,  .Inly  !)th,  1881,  at  10  o’clock  A.  .M. 
'V.M.  H.  >Ii;.M)owciton', 

Notary  Public, 

New  York  Comity. 


Biiant  t  Ij  <-  t  tl  s  \  II  ti  9  con 
on  .Satiirilay,  .Inly  Dth,  1881,  at  10  o’clock  A.  M 
no  counsel  being  present. 

-Q.  Are  these  carbons  of  Exhibit  21  carbonized 
same  liox  that  the  carbons  of  Exhibit  22  won 
ized  in,  and  in  the  same  way  and  at  the  same 

.’lio^  ueie  carbonized  in  the  same  box  but  not  at 
110  tune  ;  they  were  carbonized  in  tlie  same  man- 
tween  eleven  o’clock  the  night  of  .Inlv  7tli  and 
'Clock  the  morning  of  .Inly  Stli,  1881.' 

•Q.  Are  the.se  cnrl,o,.„  „f  t...!.:!,:.  o,  .... 


317-1 


Clmrles  Biitclielor. 


of  tl.o  experiment  at  tlie  ti.no-.Ii.l  l.o  say  nothin., 
aljout  the  oI>ject  of  tho  exporiniout  ? 

A.  At  that  particular  tinio  that  was  all  that  I  renieia- 
her;  but  when  I  had  linishe<l  the  instrnment  and  w-,.; 

making  a  thin  carbon  to  put  in,  and  he  saw  the  difli- 
cult>  1  had  to  get  it  thin  enongh,  he  suggested  to  me 
to  eat  the  carbon  from  some  of  the  ea.bon./ed  paper 
that  was  lying  around.  I  do  not  reniemlier  that  he  said 
anything  to  me  at  that  time  about  the  object  of  the  ex- 
periment.  It  was  ipiite  aiiparent  to  me  what  ho  wanted 

101  x-Q.  When  did  he  lii-st  .say  anything  to  vmi 
about  the  object  of  the  experiment  V  ' 

A.  I  cannot  call  to  mind  the  first  time  he  spoke  of 
the  object  of  this  exiierimeiit. 

lUo  .x-(i.  State  the  first  time  yon  recollect  of  his 
siieaking  to  yon  about  it,  and  state  what  ho  said  ■> 

A  I  cannot  give  any  particular  time  when  ho ’spoke 
of  the  object  of  this  experiment.  At  the  time  this  ex- 
I)eriim.ut  was  made  my  time  was  not  wli.dlv  devoted  to 
experimenting  on  electric  lighting,  and  the’  experiment 

onlyoecnpiedmymiiidfora  shot  t,  mil  l, 

mnke  i  for  him.  It  was  a  fro, p, out  occnrrenco  for  me 
to  break  off  experimenting  on  one  thing  to  make  an  in- 
struiuent  to  ,1  nstrato  some  idea  of  Air.  Kilisoii's. 

in  th  s  h  .  '.  ,  ’r'’?  batting  the  carbon 

this  lamp,  t,j  what  dogroo  of  Inminonsitv  did  von 
succeed  in  raising  it y  '  o«i  .'on 

A.  I  cannot  toll  the  exact  degree.  I  remember  Mr. 

— "■  ■ 
oxidising  or  bnratiiig.  "“-andesconce  before 

107  x-Q.  How  long  were  they  maintained  in  a  state 
of  incandescence  before  they  were  destroyed? 

lOS  x^  '•‘-•■•I- 

lUb  x-Q.  Mell,  about  how  long? 

. . 

lOJ  .\.Q.  Did  yon  see  these  exporiiiioiits  youreolf  ? 
the  cxpeiiiiients,  Mr.  Edison  doing  that  himself,  as  luy 


Clmrles  Ilatchelc 


ml  was  not  on  that.  I  was  .sini| 
mit  and  did  .see  it. 

110  x-Q.  Then  yon  <-an  tell  me 
IS  raised  to  a  red  heat,  to  a  yelh 
lite  heat.  Give  me  ns  near  as  y 
iiiinosity  or  color  of  the  carbon  I 
)se  experiments. 

.\.  In  those  experiments  the 
rough  the  reil  and  yelhiw  to  a  wl 
y  before  bursting  gave  a  very  br 
-•0  of  Inmiiiosity  I  cannot  say. 

111  x-Q.  How  many  carbons  wi. 
mtal  lamp? 

A.  I  cannot  say  the  exact  nnnib 
re  more  than  two.  1  conhl  not 

ll'd  x-Q.  All  that  was  put  in,  a 

A.  Yes,  sir;  as  far  as  I  know. 

113  x-Q.  How  large  weiv  thi.  i 
■end  dimensions,  as  near  lus  yon 
A.  I  cannot  give  their  dimeii 
eiiietiiber  the  first  on,"  was  the  v 
near  as  I  can  remember,  w'ere  a 
icknD.ss,  I  do  not  believe  that  ii 
re  more  than  an  inch  long  or  Ic 
■s  of  an  inch.  Their  width  was  i 
irtor  of  an  inch  nor  loss  than  om 
di,  and  their  thickness,  as  near  a 
t  anything  to  refresh  my  inenior 
ighborhood  of  from  seven  to  ten 
di.  As  I  did  not  carboiiir.u  thei 
rposo,  but  cut  them  fioiii  already 
s  mciLsnremeiit  is  as  near  its  I  cii 

114  x-Q.  AVhat  degree  of  vaenn 
!  glims  chamber  or  globe  of  this 
■minated  a  carbon  ? 

A.  That  I  cannot  tell  ;  but  I  km 
mp,  on  the  Dlateii  of  which  this 


Cliiirles  Bntcliuld 


bolievo  ilicv  immpoil  until  tliov  ci 
ion  ill  llie  coliniiii  of  moronn-,  and 
115  x-Q.  lidii  Jlr,  IJilisoii  saw 
lilted  ill  tliisexiH-rinieiital  lamji,  am 
r  destroyed  li_v  tlie  current,  ns  vm 
id  lie  s.nv  ? 

A.  I  cannot  reiiienilicr  wlmt  lie  SI 
on  that  lie  wanted  another  one  in  i 
leiliatelv  to  put  one  in.  My  atlenti, 
lis,  and  1  ennnot  renieinber  what  I 
;  whether  ho  said  anything  fnrthcT 
ish  to  have  another  one  put  in 

1  Hi  x-Q.  After  he  .saw  the  last  om 

liat  did  he  .say  ? 

A.  1  eaiiiiot  roniomber  at  this  timi 
ing  111  partienlar. 

Ill  x-Q.  Didn't  make  any  remark 


US  x-Q.  Why  did  he  nndortako  tl 
A.  llecmise  his  min, 1  was  r, inning 
t'“->l«etrm  light  as  one  of  the  aft 
ephone,  for  many  months  during  c 
b  that  telephone,  and  before  my  t 
brely  to  the  light.  ^ 

11!>  x-Q.  What  .lid  he  nmlortake  t 

•Henlar  experiments 

V.  He  did  not  nmlertake  to  proyo 
‘bese  Jxiieri 
Jjb.itb.s..bj.ietwastodo;th 

20  x-Q.  How  did  you  l...„ . .  . 


121  x-ti.  I  hen,  ns  I  niiderstan 
hat  Mr.  Edi.son’s  object  was  in  n 
itli  this  exhibit,  Edison's  First 
r  wbat  yon  saw  him  do,  anil  m: 

A.  Ves,  sir  ;  by  what  I  .saw  hiii 
e  do. 

122  x-Q.  Now  what  did  yen  se 
d  ho  liaye  yon  do,  that  showed 
iperiineiits';’ 

•V.  .-Xs  1  sniil  before,  1  saw  him 
ie  lighting.  Ho  had  me  put  ] 
nip  niarke.l  Edison’s  First  Inea 
w  from  that,  that  in  this  ease,  1 
eandeseent  electric  lamp,  in  wl 
aterial  was  carbonii'.ed  pn]iur  in 
1211  x-Q.  And  that,  as  I  nnders 
111  saw  him  do  and  all  that  yon 
111  to  that  coneliision  y 
A.  Yes,  sir;  that  isall  that  win 
at  eonelnsion.  I  afterwards  sa 
ms  to  incnndeseenee  in  a  yaeiiii 
eh  was  the  ease. 

121  x-Q.  M’hen  did  yon  see  hin 
L’ande.seonee  in  the  Tacnnm  afte: 
lie  of  these  experiments  or  aftei 
A.  Immediately  on  my  giving  h 
per  earlion  Itxed  in  place. 

125  x-Q.  Then,  from  the  fact 
lieh  you  hayo  related,  you  infer 
11,  that  Mr.  Edison's  objeet  was 
at  lamp,  in  wliieh  tlio  illiiniinati 
of  carbonized  paper? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

l'2(i  x-Q.  How  .yell  did  31 r.  Ed 


Clmrles  Batcliclor. 


127  x-Q.  If  that  was  Mr.  Edison's  object  in  niakinp 
those  experiments,  wliy  did  ho  tell  yon  first  to  put  haril 
carbon  in  the  lamp,  and  then  wljon  ho  saw  how  mneh 
tronble  it  was  to  od  in  the  hard  carlmn,  direct  yon  to 
put  in  strijis  of  jiajicr  carbon  ? 

A.  I  do  not  know  why  ho  told  me  to  put  in  the  papei 
carbon,  except  that  I  know  he  did  so. 

128  x-Q.  Xow,  in  putting  this  earbon  in  this  lamp,  1 
understand  you  to  say  that  you  screwed  the  glmss  globe 
oir  of  the  p(!de.stnl,  in  which  the  cock  is  placed  below 
the  globe  ? 

A.  Yi's,  sir. 

129  x-Q.  That  you  serewml  the  ball  off  the  top  of 
the  stem  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

130  x-Q.  And  the  gland  olT  the  stutling-lxrx  ? 


132  x-Q.  And  made  the  claini)s  on  the  end  of  the  rod 
that  forms  the  conductor  in  the  chamber  of  tho  lam]i 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

13.1  x-Q.  That  you  took  tho  piece  of  carbon  and  fast¬ 
ened  it  in  tho  clamps? 

A.  Yes. 

131  x-Q.  That  yo'n  then  serewed  tho  lower  end  of  the 
conductor  in  the  top  of  the  pedestal  in  which  tho  cock 
is  placed  under  tho  globe  of  tho  lamp  ? 

A.  I  either  screwed  it  in  there  or  fastened  it  in 
tightlj-. 

135  x-Q.  Ion  then  passed  tho  whole  conductor  up 
through  tho  bottom  of  the  globe,  tho  upimr  end  of  the 
conductor  jiassing  up  through  the  stufling  box,  tho  glob.' 
being  turned  right  upside  down  ? 

A.  Yea. 

130  x-Q.  You  then,  while  tho  Ldobe  of  the  Inmn  was 


base  of  this  lamp,  being  true,  was  placed  right  ovei 
exhausting  hole  of  the  idaten,  and  thi>  air  drawn  oi 
tho  lamp.  This,  I  believe  was  .lone  bv  .Vdams. 

13!)  x-Q.  How  could  the  air  be  dniwn  out  of 
globe  of  the  lamp  unless  there  was  an  np.'ii  p.is,agi 
tween  tho  air  pump  and  the  globe  of  the  lamp'? 

A.  You  will  find  that  there  is  such  a  pius.sage  in 
inside  of  the  lamp,  I  Ixiliove,  where  the  screw  is  dr 

110  x-Q.  On  an  examination  of  the  lam])  I  do 
find  any  such  i)assnge.  I’lease  to  i)oint  it  out? 

A.  Ion  will  find  there  are  two  small  grooves,  ou 
each  side  of  tho  rod  of  braH.s,  through  which,  if 
grease  was  cleaned  out  of  the  lamp,  yon  would  be 
to  suck  air. 

111  .x-Q.  Whon  were  tlio.so  exiieriinents  with 
I'.xhibit  Edison's  Fiiwt  Incandescent  Lamp  concliid 

A.  They  only  husted  a  few  days  altogether  with 
particular  lamp,  in  tho  end  of  the  sumnier  or  begini 
of  tho  fall  of  1877. 

112  x-Q.  Did  you  ox|iurinient  with  any  other  la 
at  that  time  ? 

1  do  not  recall  to  mind  making  any  more  lai 
for  3Ir.  Edison  about  that  time. 

113  x-Q.  I  rend  to  you  your  answer  in  examinat 


wliieli  tlio  air  was  oxliaiistcd,  and  iiitc 
tliesu  carl)oiis  to  illainiaatu  tliam  '! 

A.  As  far  as  I  ronieinlier  tlic}-  wore  all  illiiiniiii 
OIK!  of  the  boll  jai-s  beloii^iii};  to  tho  piiinp. 

I  I I  x-Q.  AVIiat  wiLs  tlio  slia])o  of  those  carbons 
A.  They  wore  as  near  ns  we  could  not  them  to 
straipht  sticks. 

lie  x-Q.  Did  you  experiment  with  other  ci 
besides  i)aper  carbons  at  the  same  time  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir  ;  diiriiin  tho  same  series  of  oxperim 
l  it)  x-Q.  How  lonn  dill  that  series  of  ex|)ori 
last,  and  when  was  it  conelnded,  as  near  as  yi 
recollect '! 

A.  I  cannot  say  jest  what  time  I  nave  over  o 
mentinn  myself  on  these  ;  probably  about  the  t 
.September,  1.S7.S. 

1-17  x-Q.  After  yon  eonclndcd  your  experimei 
the  fall  of  1878  with  the  carbonized  pajiur  in  tli 
jar  of  the  air  pump,  when  did  you  next  use  carbi 
jKipcr  for  illnminatinn  in  an  electric  lumpy 
A.  Shortly  after  the  experiments  referred  to. 
Kdison  used  some  of  the.se  curlions  in  the  electric 
Exhibit  Xo.  1.7. 

1-18  x-Q.  Was  that  a  sealed  lamp  in  which  tin 
lions  burnt  in  vw;iw  or  in  an  innert  nan  7 
A.  No,  sir  ;  the  carbons  burnt  in  the  atmosplnV 
l  l!l  x-t^.  When  did  you  next  use  carbonized 
for  illnminatiuH  >•>  »  «'-aled  electric  lamp,  out  of 
the  air  had  been  exhausted,  after  you  had  com| 
your  experiments  in  the  fall  of  1878—1  moan  tl 
periments  in  the  bell  jar  of  the  air  pump  ? 

A.  About  the  middle  of  Octolior,  187.',  within 
or  HO  of  the  time  that  tho  first  of  the  stylo  of  la 
which  h,disun’s  Kxhibit  Commercial  Incandescent 
is  one,  was  made. 

150  x-Q.  In  that  case,  as  1  uudei-staml  you,  th 
bon  wms  substantially  of  tho  form  of  that  shown  i 


Gharlos  llatchelor. 


A.  It  was  sidistantially  the  same  with  this  c 
at  1  romember,  tho  liret  loop  that  was  cut 
might  and  bent  round  when  put  into  the  ca 
lamber.  The  lamp  was  made  for  the  pnr| 
lap  ;  with  the  exception  that  I  have  mentr 
lap  was  similar  to  this  exhibit. 

151  x-Q.  When  did  you  first  cut  the  ])ap 
1111  substantially  .sbown  in  tbe  Kxliibit  Kdi.so 
ercial  Incandescent  laimp  before  carbonizing 
.\.  I  believe  I  cut  them  during  flctober,  D 
ipre.ssion  is,  between  tlie  -yoth  and  -irith. 


iiild  rind  the  record  .somewhere  amon.'st  our 
at  elTeet. 

1.52  x-Q.  Then,  as  I  understand  you,  the  fin 
candescent  electric  lamp  or  lamps  that  M 
ade,  or  caused  to  be  made,  as  a  lamp,  in  v 
ed  carbonized  paper  for  the  illnminating  c 
IS  made  in  October,  18711  V 

A.  With  tl . xception  of  the  lixhibit  Kdisi 

candescent  Lamp,  and  the  experiments  I  h; 
Hied  in  the  bell  jar  of  an  air  pump,  the  lamp 
itober,  1871),  wius  the  first  lamp  which  ans 
nditions  of  your  ipiestion. 

1.5:i  x-Q.  Itoferring  now  to  Exhibit  No.  Hi, 
scribe  exactly  hoiv  you  carbonized  tliaf  pii 
lat  kind  of  blotting  paper  you  used  V 
A.  Tho  Lxliibit  Hi  is  ordinary  blotting  papei 
that  whicli  I  now  put  in  the  box  with  Kxl 
d  mark  in  ink  with  my  initials.  These  she. 
rbonized  in  the  same  box  that  1  have  siiok 
ing  one  in  whieli  ICxhibits  *21  and  ‘2'2  were  mi 
pur  was  ])nt  in  the  box,  tightly  packed  with  p 
arcoal  between  each  sheet.  They  were  niadi 
lat  kind  of  carbon  ordinary  blotting  iiape 
len  carbonized  substantially  the  same  as  is  s 
Mr.  Jlaii’s  testimony. 

151  x-Q.  How  did  you  fasten  the  lid  down 
X  in  this  case  ;  the  same  ns  in  the  other  case 
A.  I  did  not  fasten  the  lid  down  by  wire,  as 
in  one  of  Mr.  Man’s  statements,  as  the  lid  of 
■>  a  firojectiou  iroini'  inside  the  box. 


3182 


Charles  Batchelor. 


15.1  x-Q.  Was  there  any  pressure  upon  the  p 
(luring  th((  operation  ol  cnrboni/ation  '! 

A.  Xone  except  the  weight  of  tliu  lid. 

luG  x-Q.  Was  the  fidl  weight  of  the  lid  upon 

-V.  Xo,  sir ;  the  lid  rested  on  the  tightly  ]m( 
powdered  carbon.  The  papers  were  some  disti 
from  the  surface. 

157  x-Q.  Did  yon  saturate  the  paper  with  nnv 
boimceoiis  iniitcriid,  put  it  in  a  hydraulic  press 
press  it  hard  before  carbonizing  '! 

A.  I  did  not  saturate  this  exhibit  with  anything, 
did  I  press  it.  I,  liowcver,  press(.'d  a  piece  of  the  1 
ting  iniper  under  a  powerfid  sen'w  press  and  carbon 
that.  I  did  not,  however,  saturate  this  with  iinvtL 
I  have  produced  this  and  it  is  here  marked  Kdis 
Kxhibit  Xo.  17.  I  made  these  to  show  tho  kind  of 
bon  that  blotting  paper  made,  whether  pressed  oi 
its  ordinary  state. 

138  x-Q.  IVlmt  experience,  if  any,  have  you  hm 
treating  paper  carbons  electrically" in  tho  prcsenc 
hydro-carbon  gas  ? 

Question  objected  to  lus  being  new  matter 
brought  out  upon  cxaminntion-in-chicf. 


A.  I  have  had  considerable  experiunco  in  troi 
i;nrbonixed  paper  u.sed  lus  an  incandescent  conductc 
hydro-carbon  vapor  in  connection  with  tho  paper 
l>on  loops  of  Edison's  electric  htiiip '! 

159  x-Q.  What  elTect  does  such  trcatnieiit  have  ii 
tho  pajjor  carbon  burner  v 

A.  It  deposits  carbon  from  tho  hydro-carbon  on 
surface  of  the  incandescent  conductor. 

IGO  x-Q.  Doesn't  it  till  up  tho  interstices  and 
iolidate  tho  carbon— making  it  liner  and  more  t 
pact  ? 

A.  It  probably  does  fill  up  the  little  interstices 
:ho  surface,  but  I  do  not  think  if  makes  tho  paper 
Jon  any  more  compact.  It  adds  to  that  by  coatiu| 
he  surface.  I  have  freciiientlv  broken  those  condur 


that  have  boon  treated  in  the  vapor  of  the  hyd 
and,  under  a  powerful  microscope,  have  fonn 
fracture  of  tho  paper  carbon  showed  no  great 
:md  tho  deposited  carbon  .sticking  to  it  in  th 
umdl  needles  stuok  endwise  on  it. 

IGl  x-Q.  Ill  tho  ])rescnce  of  what  kind 
L'arbon  gas  did  you  treat  the  carbon  ;  how  hi- 
rai.se  Its  temperature  or  luminosity? 

A.  In  our  experiments  we  have  gcnendly 
vapor  gasoline,  benzine  and  such  vapors.  'PI 
were  raised  to  dilTeront  temperatures,  but  W( 
raised  to  brilliant  incande.scence  when  wo  wei 
ing  this  carbon. 

1G2  x-Q.  Under  wlmt  pre.ssure  of  the  gas 
treat  tho  carbon  ? 

I  do  not  know  wlmt  jircssure  we  had.  ' 
hers  that  1  had  made  for  our  experiments  in  t 
nieiits  I  speak  of  always  had  a  small  outlet,  .(■ 
vapor  could  escape,  and  wo  made  it  while  t 
iiioiit  was  going  on.  Wo  did  not  create  ai 
pressure  for  the  purpose  of  treating  carbon  ill 
lire.  If  there  wius  any  picssiire  at  all  it  w; 
dental  pre.ssure,  while  we  were  ninking  tho  gii 

103  x-Q.  How  large  were  the  carbons  you  I 

A.  .Some  of  the  carixms  were  the  same  as 
Exhibit  Edison's  Coiniiierciiil  Iiieaiidescun 
hinip.  The  other  carbons  were  about  the 
but  made  from  dilloront  fibres. 

llK-niimcr  Ex.vjiixatio.x  iiy  CIkoikik  W.  Dvk 
Foil  Edison  : 

101  Q.  Do  you  wish  to  explain  your  testini 
r,-id  to  brat  ))utting  carlious  into  tho  htnij 
Edison's  First  Incandescent  Lamp— if  so,  pi 
your  explanation  ? 

-V.  Yes  ;  in  my  direct  testimony  I  testilied 
•son  wanted  a  hard  carbon  put  in  that  lamp 
leads  as  if  he  requested  that  it  should  bo  spe 
carbon.  I  eould  not  swear  that  ho  espocinib 
hard  carbon,  but  that  he  told  mo,  as  I  have 


Clinrles  Bntcliclor. 

stilted,  to  ])Ut  a  carbon  in  the  lamp,  and  I  proceeded  al 
that  time  to  put  a  hard  carbon  in,  supposing  that  wie 
what  he  wanteil. 

1()5  Q.  Referring  to  your  answer  in  cross-examiim 
tion  about  the  Exhibit  First  incandeseent  Lain]),  state 
if  yon  remember,  how  long  before  the  experiments  will 
the  lam])  was  the  lain])  made,  as  a  lain])  ? 

Question  objected  to,  and  all  testimony  ap 
])0rtaiiiing  to  the  alleged  lamp — Edison’s  Fii>l 
Iiieaiidescent  Lam])— as  tending  to  prove  tha 
the  invention  was  made  liefore  the  date  allegia 
in  the  ])reliiniiiary  statement ;  because  the  (|iies 
tion  assniiies  that  the  so-called  lamp  was  eve 
made  for  a  lain]). 

A.  Thu  him])  was  used  as  a  hiin]i  within  a  day  of  iti 
being  made  as  a  lam]). 

Kit)  Q.  At  the  time  of  these  ex]ierinients  with  this  ex 
hibit,do  you  wish  to  be  iindei-stood  that  the  only  eon 
vei-satioii  Mr.  Edison  had  with  yon  in  regard  to  eleetrii 
lighting  by  iiicandesceiiee  wins  the  direction  to  ]mt  i 
carbon  in  that  hinip? 

A.  Previous  to  that  time  and  after  that  time,  Jlr 
Edison  had  fre(]ncntly  s])oken  of  electric  lighting  fo 
domestic  ])nri)oses  as  a  big  field  for  ex])oriinent  wln  i 
we  had  the  telephone  and  some  other  things  off  on 
hands.  He  fre(]nently  tried  cx])oriments  himself  whils 
we  were  working  on  these  other  things.  Ho  knew  tha 
I  was  eonvei-sant  with  the  ex])eriment.s  and  the  ein 
they  tended  towards,  and  therefore  his  order  to  mo,  ti 
put  the  carbon  in,  that  needed  no  further  oxplaualioi 
from  him  as  to  xvhat  he  ])ro])oscd  to  do. 

CllAS.  Batcheiioii. 


£nd  of  Batchelor's  Interference  Depo 


Charles  Batchch 


.3185 


Continnation  of  Batchelor's  McKeesport 
Deposition. 


11)7  Q.  \\  hat  is  yoiir  name,  age,  residence  and  ocen- 
]>atioii  '! 

A.  Charles  Batchelor  ;  13  years  of  age;  I  reside  in 
New  lorkthtv  ;  f  am  n.ssistant  to  Thoiiias  .\.  Edison  ; 
as  siieh  my  ilntics  have  been  for  the  last  nineteen  years 
file  carrying  out  in  a  ])raetical  manner  the  iileas  of’  Air. 
Edison  generally  in  his  laboratory  with  a  large  force  of 
men,  at  other  times  building  and  designing  especial 
niachiiiery  for  the  various  businesses  that  his  ilis- 
I'overies  and  inventions  have  created.  .\t  ]iresent  I  am 
I'oiiimeiicing  the  maiinfactiiro  of  his  ]ihoiiograiihs  ]inrt 
Ilf  my  time,  the  rest  of  my  time  siiiieriiitendiiig  a  large 
number  of  his  experiments  in  the  lalsiratory. 

11)8  Q.  I  hand  yon  a  book  and  ask  yon  to  state  what 
die  same  is  '!  (Book  handed  witness). 

A.  The  book  referred  to  is  Vol.  iti  of  a  .sinies  of 
liooks  ill  which  records  of  ex]ieriiiients  were  ke])t  at 
die  time  we  were  in  the  Alcnlo  Park  laboratory,  and 
refei-s  ]irinci]iallv  to  ox])ennients  iliat  I  carrieil  on  for 
Mr.  Edison  in  the  latter  ])art  of  187i).  It  is  .es]iecially 
I  book  that  was  alway  ko])!  on  my  ]iersonal  work  table. 
Whilst  1  had  general  charge  of  the  jilace  I  still  did  a 
very  large  amount  of  ]iorsonal  ex])erinientiiig.  I  wrote 
in  almost  all  the  books  that  were  around  the  sho]),  bat 
ibis  one  in  ])articnlar  is  almost  entirely  in  my  own 
inind-writing. 

lli!)  Q.  Did  yon  have  the  book  in  your  jiossessioii  or 
know  o'f  its  whereabonts  at  the  time  of  voiir  de]iosition 
in  the  interference  'i 

A.  I  believe  not.  The  book  was  mislaid  at  the  time 


Cliiirles  Bntcliolor. 


iiu<!  of  onr  books  wiis  the  fnct  tin 
orils  of  our  experiments  very  Inr^e! 
1  imiiiy  of  sneli  books  were  ]iiit  ( 
e  eases.  I  do  not  tbiiik  that  tliei 
le  experinients  in  tlmt  book,  but  v 
t  the  time. 


e  aid  of  the  book  plen.so  state  voi 
he  experiments  in  electric  lij^htii 
ion  or  by  yourself  ninler  his  directii 
!  are  referred  to  in  the  book,  havii 
o  such  expi’rimiiiits  as  involveil  tl 
the  pnrposi'S  of  illnmination  ’! 
t  of  the  book  relates  iiarticularly  I 
I  of  experinnmts  wlioro  Mr.  ICdisi 
lull  resistanee  condnetor  to  be  used 
lamp  and  in  which  the  ineandesi'ei 
y  a  small  space.  It  was  particniar! 
se  ux]iurimunts  thid  the  ineandi'sei'i 
have  a  hioh  resistance,  and  those  e 
o  metal  condnetors.  The  rest  or  twi 
>k  about  consists  in  l.•xpurimmlts  h 
luctoi-s  to  be  u.sed  in  laniiisinade  fro 
d  from  very  many  diir<‘runt  substanci 
nany  dilTiirent  shapes.  They  refer 
carbons  carbonized  from  tarry  ma 
ditTeront  kinds,  papms  of  many  kim 
laturials.  .Afy  recollection  of  those 
any  of  them  that  were  very  oxcidlei 
some  of  them  of  which  there  we 
sed  at  the  same  time.  Those  lain] 
e  use  of  carbon  were  generally  ve 
part  of  the  work  there  was  (>0110011 
iiidesccnt  conductor,  [dace  it  in  i 
directions  to  the  glass  blower  to  (i 
er  wliicli  it  was  generally  put  on  tl 
aiir  lussistaiits,  after  which  I  got 
.■able  as  a  lamp.  The  latter  part 
mainly  of  lamps  with  iiicandc.sce 
rbonized  (laper  and  of  these  lam| 
there  were  a  great  many  made,  as  many  as  seven  or 
eight  hundred  of  them  being  used  in  JIoiilo  Park  at 


1188 


CImrIcs  Batcliulur. 


;  the  point  of  contact,  llicn  follow  cxin.-rimonts  it, 
ctliocls  of  carbonizing  canlboaril  for  comlnctors.  On 
i"o  lAi)  I  timl  a  .skctcli  wliicli  is  alsnit  the  actual  sizt 
[  carbon  condiictoi-s.  of  which  thcro  were  a  lar'n 
iiinber  made,  which  shows  the  size  of  the  paper  cut 
om  cardboard  and  its  .size  after  carbonization.  I  lind 
so  designs  for  tools  for  catting  such  paper  carbons, 
hen  follow  a  senes  of  nninbers  of  lamps  that  wen 
nde  from  this  model,  with  occasional  remarks  of  tlieii 
-■ing  made  from  different  material.s.  Lamps  nnnh: 
om  the.se  are  .shown  in  design  attached  to  the  lixtnn  s 
liieh  were  designed  at  that  time  for  receiving  them, 
iges  171  to  17i(  inclusive  contain  records  of  lamp 
rbons  made  from  different  kinds  of  ]iaper,  most  ol 
liich  had  impurities  in  the  jiaper.  Thc.se  are  immedi- 
ely  followed  by  designs  of  tools  that  were  made  (n 
it  such  papers.  I’ages  18.o  to  211  contain  records  ol 
mps  made  from  carbonized  cardboards  with  records 
some  of  the  facts  connected  with  them,  and  in  some 
sea  deductions  drawn  from  the  e.xperimont.s.  I'ages 
'.)  to  22:i  are  a  record  of  alamt  lifty  lamjis  showing 
eir  condition  before  patting  in  the  lamp  as  regards 
eir  resistance  and  the  same  condition  after  they  were 
it  in  the  lamp.  I’ages  225  and  227  relate  to  methods 
caibonization  of  the  paper  for  lamps,  with  remarks 
at  were  made  at  the  time.  Page  22il  relates  to  lamps 
ade  ahont  this  time  of  earhons  made  from  paper  cat  in 
rcalar  form.  I’ages  233  to  237  relate  to  methods  of 
rbonizjition  and  some  dedaetions  therefrom.  The 
st  of  the  book  contains  methoils  of  carbonization  ami 
cords  of  some  of  the  lamjis  that  had  been  made  from 
ijier  carhoms.  The  resalts  of  the  experiments  in  this 
)ok  are  to  the  effect  that  Mr.  Edison  produced  lamps 
iviag  the  reipiisite  conditions  that  he  had  been  long 
oking  and  working  for,  viz:  A  high  resistance  incan- 
iscent  coadactor  entirely  enclosed  in  a  single  piece  of 
ass,  from  which  the  air  had  been  exhaasted  to  a  very 
gh  degree.  It  does  not  by  miy  means  give  a  list  of 
1  the  experiments,  bat  only  a  very  few. 


The  book  ahovi 


Charles  Batchelor. 


evidence  to  be  marked  “  iJefenda 
Batchelor  Note  Book  Xo.  52,  Marcl 

71  Q.  Yon  stated  .something  in  yoar  la; 
ibtaining  a  high  vacaam  in  the  lamp 
ins  did  Jfr.  Edison  progress  toivards  ol 

..  At  the  time  that  these  experiment! 
had  already  got  what  we  conceived 
aam.  .Some  of  the  previous  expel 
n  made  in  a  vaciinm,  such  as  conid  I 
oiiimon  air  pump.  These  had  extend 
onsiderable  time,  and  all  incandesis 
ch  we  had  raised  to  give  light  in  .such  a 
er  been  satisfactory  to  Mr.  Edison,  as  I 
diich  the  barnor  was  made  were  liable 
I  more  or  less  degree-  as  the  vacaam  i 
.  At  the  time  of  these  experiments  Mr 
lo  lamps  which  were  entirely  made  of 
is,  and  by  a  long  .seiies  of  experiments 
!  to  make  mercury  piamps  which  would 
very  thoroughly  ;  in  fact,  ccpial  to  any 
ilarly  found  in  the  pumps  that  an-  i 
lafactaring  lamps. 

72  Q.  How  does  carbon  com]iare  with 
ilatinam  or  iridium  so  far  as  this  liabil 

is  concerned  ? 

.  Carbon  compares  very  poorly  in  thisrej 
I'  metals  where  the  carbon  is  in  the  opci 
poor  vacaam.  This  was  oar  expericn 
iriments  where  we  had  bat  a  poor  vaciii 
le  from  iilatinam.  some  of  which  are  s 


3190 


Cliiirlcs  Unichulor. 


He  Iiiul  experimeiitoil  with  siiiiill  pieces  of  earlion  in  the 
same  mamier,  hut  they  liail  liusted  swell  a  short  time 
that  lie  askoil  me  to  put  liim  a  ))ieee  of  earboii  in  the 
lam])  and  exhaust  the  air  from  the  lamp,  so  that  he 
could  ndse  it  to  incandescenco  in  a  raeniini.  This  I  did, 
hut  owiiif;  to  the  vaeiiiini  being  imperfect,  they  did  not 
last  long  at  the  brilliant  ineaiidescenee  that  he  wished 
to  run  them.  In  the  open  air  this  same  carbon  would 
not  have  lasted  at  all. 

173  Q.  So  long  as  the  vaeniim  is  poor  is  there  aiiv 
substantial  diflereiiee  in  the  life  of  the  earlains  due  to  n 
dilTerent  mitiirc  of  the  carbon ;  that  is  to  say,  would  a 
lilameiit  of  gas  carbon  or  of  paper  earbon  or  of  bamboo 
carbon  have  any  nmteriid  dillerenee  of  life  in  a  pisir 
vacmiin '! 

A.  I  think  a  poor  vacuum  would  lie  fatal  to  all  lus  a 
long-life  lamp. 

174  Q.  How  long  did  Mr.  Kdison  euntinue  in  the 
conimcrcial  sale  or  inaiiiifaetiiru  of  paper  carbon  lamps, 
to  the  best  of  your  ]iresent  recollection? 

A.  I  think,  to  the  bust  of  my  ])rc.sent  rt‘colluutiun,  the 
piilier  carbons  were  discontinued  in  the  early  iiiirt  of 
1880. 

175  Q.  After  that  time,  what  proportion  of  the  lamps 
manufactured  wore  made  of  ]mper  ? 

A.  1  cauiiot  say  at  pre.sent,  but  I  know  a  yury  small 
proportion. 

170  Q.  At  the  time  of  the  decision  in  interference, 
•Tanuary  10,  1882,  by  the  ICxamiiicr  of  Inturforoiices,  ,1. 
13.  Church,  were  any  piijier  lamps  being  manufactured 
and  sold  by  Mr.  Edison  or  the  Edison  Comimiiy  com¬ 
mercially  V 

A.  There  may  liaye  lioen  a  few  pa|ier  lamps  made  for 
exiierimont,  but  the  lamps  sold  to  the  public  were  en¬ 
tirely  made  from  other  material,  bamboo  fibre.  I  may 
say  here  that  at  all  times,  then  and  since  thou,  Jlr. 
Edison  has  been  continually  making  lamps  of  difTerent 
materials,  but  the  standard  iiianiifacture  of  lamps  at 
that  time,  as  now,  hies  been  and  is  bamboo  fibre. 

177  Q.  AVhat  were  the  DmcfiiMil  rnnuMnu  tf  nni' 


Charles  Batchelor. 


which  resulted  in  the  comniereial  abandonment 
paper  carlxm  ? 

A.  Mr.  Edison  found  tbat  he  could  get  better  earbo 
for  his  purpo.se  from  a  particular  part  of  the  band) 
plant  than  ho  could  get  from  ))nper. 

178  (.j.  What  was  the  trouble,  if  any,  with  the  ])ai 
earbon  in  its  eommurcial  use  in  lamps? 

.•V.  The  trouble  with  the  papm-  carbon,  from  a  coi 
mercial  point  of  view,  was  its  average  life.  'I'liis 
some  of  the  paper  carbons  was  great :  in  others  it  w 
i|uito  sniall,  owing  to  defects  in  the  pa|ier,  eaiisi 
sinall  ares  at  those  ])oint.s  ami  sliorteiiiiig  their  li 
Their  average  length  of  life  would  not  conipare  at  a 
howevor  careful  we  were  to  cut  ami  carbonize  the: 
with  the  average  life  of  bamboo  fibre  wlmii  propel 
seh'cted. 

1711  (J.  What  wius  the  nature  of  the  trouble  cans* 
by  the  formatioii  of  internal  ares  in  the  paper  carbon: 

■A.  Ill  the  hinips  made  from  carbonized  ])a])i‘r,  win 
ever  there  was  a  .slight  defect  in  the  jiaper.  at  tl 
point  the  eontiniiitv  of  the  lamp  carbon  would  be  le.> 
eiied  as  far  as  the  carbon  is  concerned,  owing  to  t 
imperfection  in  the  paper  being  due  to  some  other  sii 
stance.  This  would  inurea.se  the  resistance  of  the  e: 
boil  at  that  point  to  smdi  an  extent  that  it  won 
amount  almost  to  an  arc,  and  we  generally  saw  it  wiiil 
the  lamp  was  burning,  especially  if  wo  only  lightisl  it 
a  dark  red,  in  the  form  of  a  brighter  siiotat  that  poi 
than  on  any  other  part  of  the  rdanient.  I'apcr  earlio 
are  also  defective  for  lamps  by  reason  of  their  blacke 
ing  the  globes,  owing  to  the  carbon  iieing  dejiositi 
from  the  rdanient  on  the  glass.  In  Exhibit  llatehel 
Hook  52,  my  records  frcipiently  state  that  the  lam 
broke  at  a  certain  idiice  or  were  “busted”  on  tl 
pumps.  lhe.se  we  freipientlv  examined  under  tl 
uocroscoiie.  and  many  of  them  we  thought  were  due 
imperfections  in  the  pajier.  In  cutting  the  paper  v 
always  took  groat  care  to  select  tho.so  imrtions  of  tl 
paper  that  did  not  show  any  defect  to  the  naked  eyi 
but  it  was  very  frequeiitlv  the  eiuse  that  the  defe 


Clinrlcs  Uatcliclor. 


fH)2 

niglit  l>e  iiisiile  the  paper,  causing  the  point  of  li 
■cwistaneo  and  destriietion  of  tlie  lamp  all  tlio  same. 

ISO  Q.  ])o  von  know  of  any  lamps  on  the  inar 
laving  earlions  of  ]ui])er  ? 

A.  Xo,  sir. 

181  Q.  So  far  lus  yonr  knowledge  extends,  is  the 
)f  paper  ns  a  earhon  for  an  incande.scent  electric  la 
if  any  recognized  value  at  the  present  day? 

A.  The  use  of  paper  earhon  in  a  tamp  for  an  ine: 
lesceut  conductor  is  so  much  poorer  than  bamboo  t 
r  believe  that  there  are  no  mnmifaetiirers  or  sellei> 
t  in  the  world  to-day. 

182  Q.  IVas  there  anything  in  the  use  of  paper  e 
ion  as  such  that  suggested  to  Jfr.  Kdison  or  yonn 
ho  use  of  bamboo  libre,  or  the  ]mrticnlar  cpinhtv 
lamboo  libre  that  yon  linally  ado]ited  '! 

A.  There  was  nothing  in  pnjier  carbon  that  was 
lontially  hotter  than  anything  else  carbonized  to  mi 
i  carbon  from,  except  that  it  was  an  easy  and  cln 
nethiid  of  being  able  to  mannfactnre.  It  was  by 
neans  such  a  carbon  as  we  have  now,  which  by  nati 
s  almost  jiorfeetly  solid,  much  smaller  and  porfec 
iniform,  which  the  imperfections  of  paper  never  wo 
illow  ns  to  gut. 

188  Q.  What  experiments  has  Sir.  Kdi.son  mndofr 
imo  to  time  as  to  the  suitable  material  for  use  in 
lando.scunt  lanijis  '! 

A.  Sir.  Kdi.son's  experiments  have  been  very  oxt^ 
live.  I  have  made  lamps  for  him  from  almost  ovi 
loncoivable  libre  ;  from  iilnio.st  all  the  woods,  for  so 
if  which  1  have  designed  expensive  machinery  hef 
miking  them.  Sir.  Jidison’s  experiments  on  the  gras 
iiid  bamboos  have  lioen  very  extensive.  Ho  hiLS  s 
i  number  of  men  to  different  parts  of  the  world, 
'rent  expense,  who  would  continually  send  him  la 
latches  of  different  fibres  and  different  woods,  wh 


men  have  all  sent  back  large  lob 
wishIs,  which  have  been  jiut  thre 
liiid  their  availability  for  incainh 
mention,  also,  a  man  that  ho  sen 
the  Malay  Island. 

181  Q.  Have  you  cxpurimci 
ivoods,  and,  if  so,  what  have  y 
value  in  actual  use  in  an  iiicai 
you  manufiiuture  or  have  mam 
ginning  of  your  business  '! 

The  use  of  such  woods  is  v 
ile.seont  lamp.  To  got  a  iierfect  eai 
almost  im])Ossililu,  owing  to  tli 
cross  fibres  running  around  the 
"liliged  to  cut  in  cutting  lengl 
Wherever  such  a  fibre  is  cut  it  le 
carbon,  owing  to  the  fact  that  tin 
low  and  lessons  the  cross-section 
point ;  and  in  such  wooils  you  lia 


diaries  Batchelor. 


18'’  Q.  How  many  exogenous  woods  Inus  3Ir.  Ed 
)  your  knowledge.  ex|ieriniented  ii])on  ? 

A.  I  coidd  not  say  exactly,  hut  a  great  ninny ;  I  si 
idge  forty  or  fifty.  I  iiiado  at  one  tiinu  a  spoeial 
liine  for  him  to  eiit  these  woods  out,  aiul  I  kno' 
-icd  a  great  many  of  them  before  giving  the  thing 
s  it  was  rather  an  cxjieiisive  experiment. 

188  Q.  Were  these  experiments  with  exogenous  w 
II  one  or  two  lamps,  or  on  how  many  '! 

A.  I  should  judge  as  many  as  forty  or  fifty  of  t 
sing  dilVerent  kind  of  wood. 

18'.l  {}.  ICxehisive  of  hanihoo,  are  you  aware  of 
(loil  of  any  description  now  being  used  eoniineri 
I  the  inaiiiifaeture  of  incunde.scent  lamps  V 

A.  No,  sir. 

100  Q.  Out  of  the  stem  of  a  bamboo  how  much 
ou  found  pinetieally  and  eoiiiniercially  avnilabh 
lie  manufacture  of  earboii  filameiils  '! 

A.  There  is  a  verv  small  portion  of  the  bamboo 
i  practieally  availalile  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
lercial  ineaiideseeiit  lamp.  1  Ins  is  the  must  solid 
f  the  wood,  right  next  to  the  silieious  cuticle, 
Ithough  the  thiekne.ss  of  the  shell  in  some  eases 
lueli  as  an  inch,  we  can  only  use  a  few  thousamltl 

next  to  the  scale.  I  would  also  say  that  of  nil 
lany  kinds  of  bamboo  that  there  are  in  existeneo  I 
re  only  a  very  few  that  we  can  niako  such  carbons  I 
ml  these  could  bo  very  soon  siioiloil  for  our  imi 
revious  to  their  getting  to  us  if  they  were  not  of  ii 
liii  growth  and  seasoned  in  a  proper  iiianuer. 

191  Q.  Have  you  found  by  cxporinieiit  that  Iiai 
as  to  he  cut  in  anv  special  inanuer  in  order  to 
uitablo  lilnments  V 

A.  We  had  to  desioii.  for  inakinff  the  filires  from 


319G 


CImi'Ics  Biitclielor. 


tiiciii  tliat  wlicii  ciirliuiiii’.cd  that  thcv  will  apart. 

Others  are  so  eoarse  grained,  or  the  coll  wall  so  small 
in  proimrtiou  to  the  size  of  the  fibre,  that  it  is  practic¬ 
ally  ini])ossible  to  make  laniirs  from  them.  Wo  had  tii 
find  out  all  these  things  by  experiment.  The  wood 
wonld  look  all  right  to  the  eye  to  ent  filaments  from 
but  something  wonld  bo  there,  so  that  when  carbonized 
we  got  an  entirely  difierent  result  from  what  we  expected 
the  cause  of  this  being,  in  many  ca.ses,  niidiscoverabh; 
blit  arising,  probably,  from  some  peculiar  chemical  con 
stituent  in  tlio  wood. 

Itl.o  (J.  Wius  any  snbstaiico  known  or  described  gen¬ 
erally  in  the  art,  on  .Tannary  !(,  1830,  iLs  “  earbonizei 
]iapcr  covered  with  powdered  plumbago?” 

A.  Xo,  sir;  I  know  of  none;  I  never  heard  of  it, 

lilt!  Q.  Is  it  practically  ]iossibIe,  in  any  ordiiiar; 
sense,  to  cut  out  a  filament  of  carbon,  such  as  is  usei 
in  the  Edison  lamps,  from  carbonized  |mpur  ? 

A.  It  is  ])ractically  impossible.  The  carbon  cut  frou 
carbonized  paper  from  such  extreme  thinness  im  woiili 
be  reipiired  for  a  filament  similar  to  the  Edison  incaii 
descent  lamp  filament  to-day,  or  at  any  time,  would  In 
ail  excecdinglv  dithcult  mcohanical  operation.  It: 
liability  to  fracture  during  the  operation  of  eiittin; 
would  be  so  great  that  I  doubt  very  niiicli  whether  1 
myself,  who  am  very  expert  at  anything  of  that  kind 
would  be  able  to  out  more  than  one  in  a  liundred.  am 
I  should  not  consider  it  could  jiossibly  be  anythiiig  lik. 
as  regular  and  uiiifuriii  mechanically,  not  to  say  elec 
trically,  as  our  present  fibre. 

11)7  Q.  Are  you,  and  were  you,  on  January  !),  ISHt) 
acquainted  with  the  general  state  of  the  art  in  relatioi 
to  olcctne  lighting,  and  in  particular,  to  incnndesceni 
olectrie  lighting  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

198  Q.  In  view  of  the  general  state  of  the  art  at  tha 
date  (January  9,  1880),  would  a  direction  to  use  worn 
carbon  or  charcoal  as  an  incandescent  arc  or  burner  ii 
a  lamp  be  of  any  value  us  a  euide  or  index  to  the  selec 


Cimrlcs  Batchch 


to  the  nmniilactiirc  of  a 

fo,  sir  :  not  at  all. 

Q.  Is  there  any  ipmlity  km 
,  ns  such,  which  in  auv  wa 
with  other  carbons,  for  nso 

>o,  air.  Out  of  all  the  wood 
1  to  find  out  a  peculiar  pro; 
e  to  a  very  few  of  the  very 
If  wood  carbon  had  been 
have  given  ns  no  cine  at  all 
hat  time,  to  the  existence  ol 
lison  had  to  find  out  with  i 

tj.  Similarly  I  ask  you  win 
1  state  of  the  art  at  that  dati 
III  to  use  an  arc  or  burner 
if  wood  charcoal,  would  hav 
sbinco  as  a  guide  or  aid  in 
111  of  a  proper  arc  or  liurnc! 

uch  a  suggestion  wonld  hav 
natural  lueaning  of  such  a 
rnild  have  been  the  use  of 
i  willow  charcoal,  or  charcoii 
er  such  woods.  Mr.  Edii 
of  our  ]irivatc  experiments, 
urthcr  than  the  general  sta 
lid  even  witii  our  knowlede 
nicli  a  direction  would  hav 
already  testified  to  by  me, 
in  making  an  incandescent 
8  wood  ns  the  arc  or  burner 
of  laiiiriiaiio  bo  called  a  coin 


CImrIcs  Biitcholor. 


A.  No, sir;  for  tlio  roiisoii,  ns  I  said  boforo,  that 
iis  only  by  tedious  exporiiiiciit  wo  found  tlioso  juirtic 
ir  (inalitios  in  ecrtain  materials  that  proved  to  Is;  ( 
due.  The  term  “  fibrous  "  would  ajiply  not  only  to  vee 
ible  matter,  but  to  animal  matter,  and  if  used  in  tl 
roadost  sense,  would  eover  almost  the  entire  kingdo 

latorial  it  would  lie  impossible  to  select  a  suitable  ii 
indescing  arc  or  burner,  except  by  such  oxperimen 
>  Mr.  Edison  actually  conducted,  in  which  the  jicci 
iir  ipialities  adapting  a  substance  1 

I’hting  might  bo  determined.  Tlio  fibrous  quality  ( 
lany  materials  is  the  very  quality  which  actually  d 
roys  their  value  for  iiicandescent  lighting,  owing 
leii-  simuiusity  and  the  fact  that  the  fibrous  initiii 
ifTerentiates  one  jiortion  of  the  material  from  the  otlie 
iiising  a  dinereiice  of  electrical  resistance  between  oi 
Iirtion  of  the  materinl  and  the  other,  and  so  a  tcndcni 
1  disruption.  This  is  the  case  with  nearly  all  gnussi 
id  with  nearly  every  wood  or  woody  iimterial  that  v 
live  exporiiiiented  upon.  I  do  not  mean  to  say  tin 
I  these  materials  would  he  absidutely  useless — that 
)  say  that  they  could  not  he  rendered  iiicaiidosecnt- 
iit  that  in  any  ordinary  sense,  considering  the  fai 
lat  they  are  to  Ixi  used  in  a  lamp  for  practical  use  ( 
ve  light,  they  are  of  no  eommercial  value. 

202  Q.  How  did  you  ascertain  the  fact  that  in  cortai 
oods  the  fibres  were  so  arranged  or  of  such  a  elmracti 
•  nature  lus  to  bo  injurious  electrically  to  tho  life  > 
i  incandescent  burner? 

A.  ]iy  tho  use  of  tho  microscope,  either  before  tl 
111])  was  made  or  after  tho  lain])  had  jiroved  bad.  W 
ere  led  to  the  use  of  the  niicrusco|)u  after  our  cxiier 
cuts  had  continued  some  time. 

203  Q.  Ill  view  of  the  general  state  of  tho  art  at  tl 
,me  date  (January  9,  1880),  what  value,  if  any,  woiil 
lere  have  been  to  you  in  tho  mention,  in  a  specilici 
311,  that  tho  inventors  had  tried  carbonized  jiapi 
ivered  with  powdered  )ihimbago  for  use  as  an  iiicai 


Nkw  Yoiik 

t  pursuant  to  adjoiirnmeiit. 

isent — Amos  Uiio.m>n.vx,  Esi^. 
Kli  K.  CililKKi.N,  Esg.,  for  Bel 

xiiLtM  JlATciiKizni,  heiiig  fiirtlr 
II,  testified  as  follows  : 

.  Q.  11  IS  ox  11 1  tl  imti 
ication  and  drawings,  and  sti 
ledge,  lani])s  of  the  constrfi 

used  iiracticully  and  (-011111101 
11  the  market  ? 

Objected  to  as  inconi|ictei 

I  know  of  no  lam|i,  such  lus  ii 
living  been  otfered  for  sale  in 
owicdgo  of  any  such  Iannis  ha 


3200 


CImrIes  Bntcliclor. 


A.  I  liiivo  not. 

200  Q.  Exniiiiniiig  tlio  siiiil  speciliciition  and  draw¬ 
ings,  and  further  cxaiiiiniiig  the  speeiticntion  and  draw¬ 
ings  of  Letters  Patent  No.  205,144,  to  Sawyer  .t  5Ian 
referred  to  in  the  jiatent  in  issue,  please  state  whether 
yon  find  there  shown  a  lamp  ehamher  wholly  of  glass 

Ohjeeted  to  ns  incompetent  and  immaterial. 

A.  I  do  not. 

207  Q.  Why  do  yon  consider  that  the  lamp  clmndii'r 
shown  in  the  patent  in  suit  (and.  in  patent  No.  20.5,141, 
to  which  I  referred  yon)  is  not  wholly  of  glass  ? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  immaterial. 

A.  Because  the  lamp  chamber  A  is  placed  on  the 
ghuss  disc  B  havinga  slight  coating  of  tir  balsam  or  some 
cement  between  tlumi ;  also  at  another  place  L,  on  thi' 
gla.ss  ])lato  B,  the  patent  says  that  he  uses  some  cement 
and  tin  foil  between  the  glass  stopper  and  the  plate  B. 
If  tbo  chamber  was  entirely  of  glass  tbero  would  bo  no 
other  materials  forming  any  jiart  of  the  walls  of  that 
chamber. 

208  Q.  Fir  balsam  is  Canada  Balsam,  is  it  not? 

Objected  to  ns  incompetent  and  immaterial. 

A.  TImt  is  what  is  generally  supposed. 

20.)  Q.  Assuming  tlie  lamp  shown  in  the  patent  in 
suit,  and  Letters  Patent  205,144,  to  bo  lit,  and  in  actual 
operation,  what  would  bo  tbo  ollect  of  tho  beating  of  the 
lamj)  ujion  tho  fir  balsam  or  other  ceinont  used  to  con¬ 
nect  tho  baso  with  the  globe  of  tho  lamp  ? 

Olijectcd  to  as  incom|)utcntnnd  imnintorial. 

A.  It  would  tend  to  softon  tho  sanio. 

210  Q.  How  is  Canada  fir  or  Canada  balsam  affected 
by  heat  ? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  immaterial. 


Charles  Batchelor. 


A.  Canada  fir  or  Canada  balsam  is  made  more 

211  Q.  Assuming  tho  lamp  shown  in  or  refeiTei 
in  tho  iiatont  in  suit  to  bo  filled  with  a  gas,  as  for 
ample  nitrogen,  what  would  bo  the  effect  of  remh 
the  lamp  incande.scent,  upon  the  cement  joint  beti 
the  ba,s<!  and  the  globe  of  the  lamp  ? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  iminatern 

A.  Tho  heat  produced  by  tho  incandescence  of 
lamp  would,  in  my  opinion,expnnd  the  gas,  thus  ]mt 
a  greater  proiLsiiro  on  tho  inside  of  the  lamp  than  oi 
outside.  This  boat  continued  would  soften  the  Cm 
balsam,  and  there  would  bo  a  tendency  of  the  rar: 
gas  to  got  out  at  tho  most  iniiierfect  ])art  of  tho  ji 
Tho  reverse  would  bo  tho  case  after  the  lamp  was  oj 
guised,  except  that  in  that  ca.sn  tho  atmosphere  W( 
tend  to  gut  in. 

212  Q.  In  your  opinion  would  the  expansion 
contraction  of  tho  glass  base  and  the  bell  of  the  li 
lie  uniform,  or  vary  ;  anil  what  effect,  if  any,  would  i 
contractions  niid  expansions  have  upon  the  cement  i 
to  coiiiioct  tho  base  and  the  bell,  and  upon  the  cla 
l.sstonini'  tho  base  ? 

Objected  to  as  inconi])ctcnt  and  iinmatcria 

A.  I  do  not  think  that  tho  difference  of  expansio: 
tho  glasses  would  iiiako  very  much  difference  in 
lamp ;  but  tho  continiinl  heating  and  cooling  of  the 
terior  of  the  lamp  would  tend  to  make  a  bad  joint 
their  point  of  contact. 

'-13  Q.  Havo  you  bad  any  practical  cxpericiice  i 
knowledge  of  tho  art  of  fusing  glass  for  the  piiriiose 
incandescent  lamps? 


some  throe  j-onrs,  a  largo  Inm]i  factory  in  France  ;  an 
1113'  knowledge  on  this  subject,  althongh  not  an  cxpci 
glass-blower,  is  considerable. 

214  Q.  In  yonr  opinion  is  it  practicnll3-  possibly  I 
fuse  together  a  gla-ss  disc  or  ])lato,  and  the  ilangi 
of  a  glass  gloho,  such  as  is  shown  in  Figure  5  of  tl 
patent  in  suit  ? 

Objected  to  as  inconi|>otent  and  immaterial. 

A.  It  is  practically  impossible  to  fuse  the  two  pieei 
of  gln.ss  shown  in  No.  :tl7,(i7tj,  without  damage  to  th 
globe. 

215  Q.  What  is  the  reiuson  of  this  ? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  immatenal. 

A.  The  reason  of  this  is  that  the  thin  gliLss  fusing 
the  globe  will  cool  oil  so  much  tpiickcr  than  the  hu|j 
portion,  that  when  the  whole  is  cold  some  parts  of  tli 
glass  will  ho  under  tension.  In  nine  (mses  out  of  ten 
would  crack  idmust  immediately  after  it  was  cooha 
and  it  not  then,  a  very  short  time  afterwards. 

211)  Q.  llcferring  you  again  to  ligiire  5  of  the  patei 
in  suit,  and  to  Letters  Fatont  205,144,  nientioncd  i 
said  patent,  and  to  the  explanation  in  the  speciticatioi 
of  these  two  patents  of  how  the  metal  tubes  are  clo.si 
by  metal  caps,  state  whether  or  not,  in  your  opinio 
it  is  ])rnctical  to  close  such  a  lamp  ehainbor  so  as  1 
iiiaintaiii  such  a  racmiiii  as  is  suitable  for  a  practie 
incandescent  lain])  ? 

Objected  to  as  incomputeut  and  inimatcrial. 

A.  I  do  not  think  that  the  method  shown  in  either 
these  patents  is  suitable  for  closing  a  lamp  chambi 
for  a  iiractical  commercial  iiicandescent  lamp-  1 1 
not  see  that  in  either  case  tho3’  could  get  anything  mo: 
than  a  vaeuiim  similar  to  what  could  bo  got  in  an  0 
dinary  common  air  pump.  They  certainly  could  n 
exhaust  it  to  such  an  extent  as  in  nu3’  commercial  i: 
candescent  lamp  that  is  at  present  on  the  market. 


Charles  Batchelor. 


217  Q.  In  your  opinion,  and  from  yonr  c 
loiild  it  bo  po.ssiblo  to  nmintain  any  elliciea 
a  a  lamp  such  as  is  shown  in  the  ])alent  in  is 
'lass  disk  were  ground  so  ns  to  tit  smoothly  a; 
langes  of  tho  glass  boll,  and  clamped,  howevi 
nthoiit  anv- connecting  cement? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  imn 

A.  In  my  opinion  it  wmihl  be  iinpo.ssible 
iich  a  vacunni  under  the  conditions  under  wh 
andesceut  lamp  has  to  work. 

21!l  l^.  Keferring  von  again  to  the  lamp  sli 
lescribcd  in  the  patent  in  suit,  would  there  b 
antage  in  the  use  of  a  fibrous  or  textile  ca 
arbon  made  from  Hbroiis  or  textile  materia 
areil  with  the  use  of  hard  carbons? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  imni 

A.  I  do  not  see  any  advantage  to  he  gaine 
:mt  it  might  bo  easier  mechanically  to  work  it 

220  Q.  Is  there,  or  was  there,  in  view  of  th 
lie  art  on  .Tnnuary  Dtli,  1S80,  any  diflicnlty  ii 
rtilicial  carbon  pencils,  such,  for  e.xamph 
arre  jieiieils  of  the  (liinensions  similar  to  or 
ith  tho  dimensions  of  tho  carbon  burner  slioi 
atent  in  suit  ? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  inini 

.4.  I  Ixiliove  there  was  no  dilliciilty  in  iiiaki 
at  the  ])nrtiuular  carbons  here  do  not  seem  I 
e  round. 

221  O.  Is.  or  wins  there  any  material  dillicult 


3204 


CImrIcs  Bntcliolor. 


the  plastic  material  when  in  such  a  state  couUl  very 
easily  bo  squirted  tlirougli  a  die  haring  a  rectangular 
section,  and  previous  to  their  being  baked,  small  ])or- 
tioiis  of  these  could  bo  taken  and  bout  into  the  form  of 
an  arch,  and  placed  into  a  lamp  similar  to  that  in  the 

222  Q.  Can  you  tell  from  the  drawings  of  the  patent 
in  suit  the  nature  of  the  electrical  system  (exclusive  of 
the  lamp)  in  wbieli  the  lamp  shown  is  intended  to  be 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  immaterial. 

A.  If  the  patentee  bad  over  intended  to  work  more 
than  one  of  these  lamps  from  a  machine  commercially 
ho  certainly  must  have  intended  to  work  them  in  series. 
Ho  ccrtaiidy  could  not  expect  to  distribute  light  over  a 
section  of  a  city,  with  such  a  lamp  as  that  in  multiple  arc, 
which  is  the  generally  recognized  midhod  of  doing  .so. 

223  Q.  Where  lamps  in  scries  are  used,  is  it  an  ad¬ 
vantage  or  disadvantage  to  have  the  resistance  of  the 
incandescing  conductor  high  V 

Objected  to  ns  incompetent  and  immaterial. 

A.  It  should  be  as  low  as  iiossiblc. 

224  Q.  How  does  the  resistance  of  incandescent  con¬ 
ductors,  say  of  paper  carbon,  compare  with  similar  con- 
duetoi-s  of  gas  retort  carbon  ? 

Olijected  to  as  incomixitent  and  immaterial. 

A.  To  the  best  of  my  knowledge  carbons  made  from 
paper  carbonized  would  have  considerable  more  resist¬ 
ance  than  would  what  wo  cull  hard  carbon,  when  both 
have  the  same  cross-section  and  length,  oven  when  the 
carbonization  is  the  most  perfect 

225  Q.  Returning  to  the  subject  of  the  carbonization 
of  materials  for  incandescent  conductors,  state  what 
precautions  or  conditions  you  found  uecossar)'  in  prac- 


imformity  should  be  .so  great  that  their  electrical  ; 
i.stanccs  are  aliout  alike.  It  is  very  necessary  tl 
on  should  take  a  certain  amount  of  time  in  niaki 
nch  carbonization,  as,  if  it  is  done  too  ipiickly, 
liose  hydro-carbons  which  become  gaseous  below  abc 
M  or  800,  will  bo  driven  otl,  and  tends  to  rnptii 
■hatever  is  loft  in  getting  out ;  whereas,  they  ought 
e  left  in  to  produce  better  carbon  by  their  own  int« 
icking  of  the  remaining  particles.  .V  carbon  made  1 
irbonizing  paper  in  a  furnace  that  is  already  very  In 
ml  in  which  the  carbon  is  brought  in  a  few  minutes 
white  heat,  would  bo  practically  useless,  and  its  i 
istance  would  bo  very  much  greater  than  if  it  w 
ronght  up  to  a  certain  heat  very  slow,  and  only  to 
hite  heat  after  it  had  been  hot  for  some  time. 

220  Q.  AVero  all  forms  of  pti])or  snitablc  for  t 
lanufncture  of  incandescent  conductors? 


Olijected  to  ns  incompetent  and  immaterial. 
A.  No,  sir ;  there  are  very  many  forms  of  paper  tin 


Clmrles  Bntclielor. 


127  Q.  Is  blotting  pn])cr  suital)Ic  for  use  ns  nn 
icent  comliictor  wlien  cnrboiiizcil  ? 

Objecte-.l  to  as  incompetent  and  iinmntci 

V.  I  sliould  not  consider  it  at  all  suitable. 

!28  Q.  In  the  carbonizing  of  ]iaper  carbon, 
i  tlio  effect,  if  tlicro  wn-s  any,  of  nncqnall3-  1*< 
I  different  parts  of  the  filament  during  carbi 


Objected  to  lus  incompetent  and  immatei 

t.  Tlie  effect  would  be  that  some  iiarts  of  the  c 
meat  would  have  more  resistance  tban  others, 
idd  be  detrimental  to  the  lamji.  as  it  would 
pots”  in  the  fdnment  that  would  be  brighter 
lers,  and  conseipicntiv  .shorten  its  life. 

1211  Q.  In  the  carbonizing  of  pnjier,  did  yon  fi 
:e.ssaiy  to  use  any  moans  to  jirescrvo  the  tensii 
lin  of  the  fibnis  composing  the  pajicr? 

Objected  to  as  incomiiotent  and  immatei 

I.  Yes.  As  I  have  already  stated,  it  was  neci 
bring  them  out  straight  and  nniform.  In  on 
this,  wo  had  determined,  by  experiment,  that  il 
lossary  to  put  a  weight  on  each  carbon,  or  a 
ight  for  a  total  number  of  carbons,  whilst  they 
the  mold,  and  heating  np  in  the  fiirnace. 
thodof  carbonization  to  accomplish  this  result  t 
•  was  to  place  some  sheets  of  thin  paper  that  w 
want  to  use  as  carbon,  on  top  of  which  wo  ] 
)or  intended  for  a  tilamont ;  after  whiuh,  a  few 
ets  of  paper,  and  then  another  filaineut ;  and 
to  a  number  of  carbons  intended  for  tilanients 
er  times,  wo  had  a  single  weight  for  a  single 
lit.  These  were  onr  iiractieal  and  cheapest  me 
'ettiug  the  desired  result. 

!30  Q.  Do  j-on  find  any  statement  in  the  pate 
t,  or  ill  the  original  siieciticatiou  Clod  Jaiiut 


3208 


Churlcs  Batchelor. 


tion  of  how  the  paper  iiiteudud  to  be  used  is  to  be  car 
bouized  ? 


Objected  to  as  iiicoinpetoiit  and  immaterial. 

A.  I  do  not. 

234  Q.  Is  there  aiiytliing  in  the  original  sj)ccilieu 
tion  which  indicates  to  yonr  mind  that  the  paper  win 
intended  to  be  sliaped  or  ent  into  form  before  carbon 


Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  immaterial 
and  also  that  the  original  specification  is  itsel 
the  best  evidence. 

A.  There  is  not.  There  is  nothing  in  this  origina 
specification  that  I  can  sec  that  would  tend  to  show  an 
that  any  of  these  substances  that  were  used  were  slmpci 
in  the  form  before  carbonization. 

23(1  Q.  'What,  at  the  date  of  the  apiilication  of  Jami 
ary  9th,  1880,  was  understood  in  tlie  art  by  the  torn 
“  carbonized  paper"? 


Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  immatcriid. 

A.  The  term  “  carboniiod  paper  "  previous  to  tin 
date  of  the  application  ot  January  9th,  1880,  by  us  a 
any  rate,  was  a])plicd  to  paper  that  had  boon  put  inti 
a  closed  chamber  with  powered  carbon  and  raised  to  i 
red  heat  in  the  furnace  or  tire. 

230  Q.  Did  the  term  “  carbonized  paiior  ”  at  that  dati 
mean,  in  view  of  the  general  state  of  the  art,  papei 
already  carbonized,  or  paper  to  lie  carlionizod  ? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  immaterial. 

A.  Paper  already  carbonized. 

23 (  Q.  Toil  have  mentioned  various  conditions  o 
carbonized  paper  essential  to  the  manufacture  of  a  pape 
incandescent  conductor.  How.  as  matter  of  fact,  dii 


Charles  Batchelor. 


Mr.  Edison  and  yourself  ascertain 
■onditions  of  carbonization  ? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent 

A.  By  a  large  number  ofexperimen 
inie.  I  know  of  no  literature  on  tii 
liven  out  at  that  time  from  which  a 
iifonnntion  more  than  what  was  i 

238  Q.  In  the  original  s|)ecificatioii 
ipniion,  in  vieiv  of  the  general  slate 
late,  any  sufilciont  de.scription  to  c 
:ciiemlly  in  the  art  to  properly  carboi 
actor  for  an  incandescent  lamp  ? 

Objected  to  ns  incompetunt  i 

A.  The  original  specification  give 
liat  would  indicate  to  a  man  skilled 
liould  carbonize  a  piece  of  paper  in 
roper  carbon  for  an  incandescent  Ian 

239  Q.  In  using  woods  for  incandc 
If  electric  lamps,  what  would  be  the 
lie  conductor,  and  especially  of  cnlti 
ondiictor  across  the  grain  of  the  woo 

Objected  to  ns  incoinpetcnt  a 

.4.  I  think  it  would  be  entirely  ini 
icli  a  thing. 

240  Q.  'What  would  bo  the  olTect  of 
conductor  at  an  angle  to  the  grain  ? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  a 

■1.  .A  similar  efibot  would  be  caused 
ot  to  so  groat  an  extent. 

241  Q.  TVhat  practical  effect  would  i 


’  has  has  been  and  is  used  in  the  Edi 


A.  Tlio  ]irncticnl  olTeot  of  cutting  across  tlio  grain  of 
till!  Hlanient  used  in  tlio  Edison  lamps  would  ho  to  verv 
materially  lessen  their  life. 

212  Q.  In  carhoniziiig  hamhoo  for  tlio  filnmoiits  in 
the  Edison  lamiis,  has  it  heeii  found  necessary  to  use 
special  means  of  carhonization,  or  has  it  hcen  ])Ossihlo 
to  use  tlio  gciieral  means  known  in  tlio  art  on  Jamiarv 
mil,  1880? 

Ohjected  to  as  incompetent  and  immaterial. 

A.  'I'liore  is  nothing  that  is  geiiornlly  known  in  the  art 
of  carhoiiizing^on  daiiuary  iltli,  1880,  that  is  hoing  used 
to-day  in  a  commereial  Edison  lain]). 

218  Q.  Had  31r.  Edison  or  yourself,  prior  to  .Tannary 
mil,  1880,  mado  any  special  experiments  as  to  the  car¬ 
bonization  of  paper  hy  methods  not  gencnilly  known  in 
the  art  ? 

Ohjouted  to  as  inciim]ietciit  and  iinmatcriah 

A.  Yes.  I  holieve  that  onr  motliods  of  carljoniza- 
tion  for  the  jiiirposo  of  incaiiiiescunt  conductors  for 
electric  lights  were  known  only  to  ourselves. 

CllOSS-KXAMIS.VTIO.N  IIX  Mil.  lIliO.AD.X.VX  : 

211  x-Q.  Hcferriiig  now  to  “  Defendant’s  Exhibit 
Batchelors  Note  Book, No.  02;"  was  this  hook  referred 
to  in  your  examiniition  in  the  interferonco  case — 1  mean 
in  the  interference  case  between  Sawyer  and  Sinn  on  the 
one  side  and  Thomas  A.  Edison  on  the  other  ? 

A.  I  do  not  think  it  was  rofeiTod  to  during  my  testi¬ 
mony  in  that  ease. 

215  x-Q.  How  recently  have  yon  rend  your  deposi¬ 
tion  in  that  case  ? 

A.  Within  the  last  few  days. 

210  x-Q.  And  yon  do  not  lind  in  that  exauiinatioi 
any  reference  to  this  book,  us  I  niiderstaud  von  ? 


217  x-Q.  In  whose  handwriting  is  this  hook 
A.  Almost  entirely  in  my  own. 

218  x-Q.  Y'on  stated,  in  answer  to  ipiestioi 
as  do])osition,  that  the  hook  “  refers  ])iiai 
ipurimeiits  that  I  carried  on  for  Mr.  Hi 
a- latter  linrt  of  187!l.”  Erom  what  jieriod 
)es  the  hook  refer  to  experiments  earned  o 
r  Mr.  Edison  ? 

A.  Erom  July  8Ist,  1870,  to  the  end  of  the 
id  the  date  hero,  daiinary  2d.  1880. 

210  x-Q.  If  there  is  any  part  of  it  which  i 
air  handwriting,  |deaso  designate  such  ]iaits 
A.  The  following  jiarts  are  not  in  my  ham 
ige  1,  the  intials  T.  A.  E.  are  in  the  iiamlw 
lioaias  A.  Edison.  The  next  jiage  is  all  in  i 
■iling  except  the  initials  T.  A.  E.  in  Edi.son’i 
ige  5,  the  first  18  lines  are  in  Edison’s  wril 
nmining  four  are  in  mv  handwriting.  The  i 
y  imine  are  in  my  handwriting  at  the  top 
itials  T.  A.  E.  are  in  Edison's  writing.  I’l 
tirely  in  my  own  handwriting  except  the  in 
E.  I'age  !l  is  entirely  in  mv  handwriting  e.\ 
itials  T.  A.  E.  in  Edison's.  I’age  1 1,  all  tli 
1  this  page  is  in  the  handwriting  of  Ihonae 
a.  The  drawings  on  this  page  1  believe  were 
vself;  18  is  entirely  in  my  handwriting  exee]) 
ils  T.  A.  E.  in  3Ir.  Ellison’s  handwriting  :  lo.  ( 
d  writing  entirely  mine,  except  the  initials  1, 
lison’s  handwriting;  17,  sketch  and  writing 
my  handwriting ;  the  initials  1.  A.  J'..  in  J 
igo  10,  the  handwriting  is  entirelv  mine  ex 
itials  '1',  A.  E.  in  Edison’s  handwriting.  1 
ndwriting  entirely  mine  except  the  initials 
Edison’s.  Pago  23,  handwriting  entirely 
I't  T.  A.  E.  in  Edison's.  Page  25,  han 
tirely  mine  except  initials  'T.  A.  E.  in  1 
ge  27,  handwriting  and  sketch  entirely  iiiiia 
,  handwriting  entirely  mine  except  the  initi; 
in  Edison’s.  Pago  31,  handwriting  entirely 
cept  my  name  in  my  own  handwriting ;  8,’ 
d  handwriting  entirely  mine  after  initials 


Iiaiidwritiii"  mid  sketch  ciitirciv  iiiino  excc| 
initials  T.  A.  E.  in  Edison's;  in,  entirely  in 
own  Iiandwritiii"  except  initials  T.  A.  E.  in  Edison'.- 
•17,  entirely  mine  except  initials  T.  A.  E.  in  Edison'.- 
•1!),  entirely  in  niv  Iiandwritiiif'  except  initials  T.  A.  ] 
in  Edi.son's  ;  51,  entirely  in  my  handwriting  except  ii 
itials  T.  A.  E.  in  Edison.s;5:t,  entirely  in  iny  ham 
writing  except  initials  T.  A.  E.  in  Edison's;  5' 
sketclies  and  writing  entirely  in  niy  liamlwritiiig  oxce| 
initials  T.  A.  E.  in  Edison’s ;  58,  writing  entirely  iniii 
excejit  initials  T.  A.  E.  in  Edison’s;  01,  writing  an 
sketches  entirely  mine  except  the  inititials  T.  A.  E.  i 
Edison’s  ;  (>!),  writing  entirely  mine  excejit  initials  '1 
A.  E.  in  Edi.son's ;  (in,  writing  entirely  mine  oxcej 
initials  T.  .\.  E.  in  Edison's  ;  07,  writing  entii-ely  min 
e.xcept  initials  T.  .\.  E.  in  Edison's  ;  (it),  writing  ontirel 
mine  except  initials  T.  A.  E.  in  Edison's  ;  70,  the  li^ 
ures  entirely  in  my  handwriting;  71,  entirely  in  m 
handwriting  excejit  initials  T.  A.  E.  in  Ellison’s;  71 
writing  and  sketch  entirely  in  my  liandwriting  excel 
initials  T.  A.  E.  in  Edison’s.  There  is  a  faint  initii 
.1.  A.  11. ;  this,  however,  1  do  not  know  the  meaning  ol 
7-1,  the  writing,  what  tliere  is  of  it,  is  Edison's ;  7i 
sketches  and  ligiires  in  Edison’s  handwriting;  7( 
sketclies— 1  do  not  know  tlie  writing ;  77,  writiii 
entirely  iiiiiie  ;  70,  writing  entirely  mine  ;  81,  writin 
entirely  mine  ;  88,  writing  entirely  mine ;  81,  the  lit 
iires  almost  all  my  own,  hut  of  no  eonseiiuenco ;  8i 
writing  entirely  mine.  One  or  two  of  the  sketcln 
mine.  The  rest  of  the  sketches,  the  ones  relating  t 
carbon  spirals,  are  Edison's  ;  87,  the  writing  entirel 
mine ;  SO,  the  writing  entirely  mine ;  01,  writing  an 
sketch  entirely  iiiiiio  ;  02,  writinc  and  sketch  entirel 


Charles  Batchelor. 


entirely  mine ;  101,  writing  and  sketcl 
ine  ;  103,  writing  entirely  mine ;  105, 
tches  entirely  mine;  107,  writing  entirel 
iting  entirely  mine;  113,  sketches  entiri 
15,  writing  entirely  mine;  117,  writing 
ceiit  the  lettei-s  “  1).  N.  C.,  Jtarcli  23, 
irely  my  liamlwritiiig  ;  121,  eiitirelv  mv 
;  122,  entirely  in  my  handwriting;  1-25, 
I'll  handwriting;  127,  sketches  and  writin;; 
;  120,  sketches  and  writing  entirelv  min 
5  and  writing  entirely  mine  except  “J) 
13.  1883  ”  ;  132,  ligiires  in  my  own  handv 
tches  and  writing  entirely  mine  except  ' 
L-h  23,  1883”;  135,  sket'ches  and  writi 
ine  except  the  writing  “  D.  X.  C.,  Mai 
137,  writing  entirely  mine;  130,  writi 
ine  except  the  signature  of  A.  1’.  I’uiniei 
•Q.  Who  is  he '2 

!  was  a  young  man  who  was  experimenti 
lit  time.  He  was  one  of  my  assistant  < 


214 


Clmrlcs  Batchelor. 


Jlarcli  23,  1883  171,  eiitireh-  in  my  liniulwriti 

af'cs  173,  17"),  177,  178  and  179  arc  entirely  in 
andwriting ;  181,  entirely  in  Poinier’s  writing; 
ketches  and  writing  entirely  ni3-  own,  except  Poin 
igiiatnro  in  his  handwriting,  T.  A.  li.  in  Kdison’s  i 
iig,  and  J.  Seyinonr  in  Seymour’s  handwriting ;  ! 
lour  was  also  an  assistant;  185,  entirely-  in  my  hi 
liting;  187,  entiiely  in  my  handwriting  ;  188,  nui 
us  sketches  made  by  Mr.  Bdison  ;  189,  entirely  in 
andwriting;  191,  sketches  and  writing  entirely  m 
92,  figures  ;  I  am  not  quite  sure  of  them  ;  they  do 
ouever,  denote  anything  that  1  know  of ;  1!I3,  sket 
lith  no  signature ;  I  am  not  sure  whether  they 
Idison's  or  m\'  own  ;  195,  entireh'  in  nij'  own  hi 
•riting ;  l‘.)7,  unfinished  sketch,  f  am  not  sure  who 
:i  my  hand  or  not ;  198,  .sketches  and  writing  in  ' 
on’s  handwriting  ;  199,  the  sketch  1  do  not  know  ; 
ml  291,  immaterial  sketches,  no  signature,  and  I 
ot  know  who  they  wi-re  made  by  ;  203  1  bcliuvo  i 
leymour’s  writing;  the  first  part  ot  it  has  been  wri 
lackward,  so  I  am  not  ipiite  sure  ;  I  recognize  the 
er  part ;  205,  entirely  in  my  own  handwriting ; 
ketches  and  writing  eutirclj'  mine,  except  Poin 
igiiaturo  in  hi>,  own :  209,  entirely  mine,  ex 
’oinier’s  .signature  in  his  own  handwriting ;  211, 
iiely  in  my  own  handwriting;  pages  212,  213, 
ml  215,  sketches  with  a  few  figuies  all  in  likli.s 
landwritiug;  219,  entirely  in  my  own  handwriti 
20,  sketch  made  by  mu;  221,  entirely  in  my 
andwriting ;  223,  entirely  in  my  own"  handwrit 
25,  entirely  in  my  own  handwriting  ;  220,  lignrci 
ly  own  handwriting ;  227,  entirely  in  my  own  hi 
■riting ;  229,  entirely  in  my  own  handwriting ; 
ketches  ;  1  do  not  know  whose  they  are  ;  231,  enti 
1  my  own  handwutmg,  232,  hgiiits  in  Ldison’s  In 
•riting  ;  233,  entirely  in  my  own  handwriting ; 
ough  sketches ;  I  am  not  sure  who  made  them  : 


that  great  deal  of  the  writing  is  in  lead  poneil, 
and  being  so  is  easily  effaced  or  changed  ;  and  he 
wishes  it  therefore  to  appear  on  the  record  sn 
that  in  ease  of  the  book  being  lost  or  mislaid,  oi 
any  question  arising  as  to  its  contents,  it  may  be 
determined  bv  the  facta  on  the  record. 

A.  All  the  jiagcs  are  numbered  in  ink.  The  Jiagc^ 
in  which  the  subject  matter  appears  partly  or  wholly  in 
ink  are  as  follows:  7!),  lO'j,  107,  117,  110,  121, 123, 125, 
127,  120,  137, 130, 1-11, 143,115, 11(1,  117,  110,  151,  153 
1C5, 171, 173,  175,  177,  178, 170, 181. 183,  185,  187,  ISO, 
101, 105,  203,  205,  207,  200,  211,  210,  221, 223, 225, 227, 
231,  230,  245,  247,  253,  255,  and  203.  And  tliat  is  all. 

253  x-Q.  Why  are  tlic  pages  of  this  book  that  are  in 
yonr  handwriting  signed  by  Jlr.  li/lison  with  his 
initials '! 

A.  Because  Mr.  Edison  had  given  me  the  original 
inatrnctions  to  make  the.se  experiments,  and  was  keep¬ 
ing  watch  over  tlicni  all  the  time.  Ho  would  frequently 
sit  down  with  mo  and  help  mo  for  hours.  Whenever 
ho  saw  me  entering  anything  in  the  book  ho  would  gen¬ 
erally  jiut  his  signature  to  it- 

254  x-Q.  llo  yon  wish  to  bo  understood  ns  saying 
that  the  facts  noted  in  this  book,  whether  they  are  in 
your  handwriting,  or  in  Mr.  Edison's  handwriting,  or 
in  tho  handwriting  of  any  of  your  lussistnuts,  Wert 
noted  lui  of  the  acts  and  doings  of  Jlr.  Edison  himself 
tho  sanio  as  if  Mr.  Edison  had  made  them  himself':’ 

A.  Yes,  sir  ;  tho  geiiend  instructions  for  all  experi¬ 
ments  came  from  him. 

255  x-Q.  And,  as  1  understand  you,  tho  facts  in  this 
book  are  a  record  of  the  cxperiiucnts  either  made  by 
Mr.  Edison  himself,  in  his  own  proper  person,  or  by 
you  and  your  a-ssistants,  for  Mr.  Edison,  of  inventions 


liU  x-Q.  .-Ire  the  dates  of  the  several  en 
in  the  book  ‘i 

.\.  I  do  not  nnclerstand  that. 

258  x-Q.  Is  the  dates  uiiiler  which  the 


A.  Oenerally  through  tho  book. 

•-’:)!)  x-Q.  And  are  the  facts  noted  in  the  li 
.1.  .-Is  far  as  I  know  they  an-.  When.-  I 
deductions  from  experiments  they  are  nnide 
best  knowledge  that  I  had  at  the  lime. 

2lil)  x-(J.  What  1  want  to  know  is  whether 
is  a  true  record  of  the  facts  noted,  as  you 
Ihem,  at  the  timo  that  the  notes  were  made'’ 
A.  They  arc  a  true  record  of  f.-icts  at  the 
they  wore  made.  They  are  not  by  any  mem 
reeord,  as  that  book  is  only  one  of  :i  huge  i 
I’oeks  that  were  used  on  tho  .same  j'c'lUfral  1 
I'erimenting,  but  in  different  parts  of  thee.sta 
I  will  illustrate  that  by  saying  that  you  limi 
'■t'''oid.s  in  that  book  of' the  diflieulties  e 
‘ttending  the  mounting  of  tho.se  ]iartieulare; 
Iheir  glass  globes.  Tbis  part  of  the  work  wi 
L'orded  in  a  Imok  that  was  keiit  in  the  gh 
isbdilishment.  Similarly,  not  all  details  of 
dion  can  be  found  hero  :  onlv  siieh  as  wen 


Cliailos  Bfttclielsr. 


counsel  for  coinpliiiimiit  ns  voluntary  and  irrc- 
sjKuisivo. 

201  x-Q.  How  loiiK  was  it  after  your  examination  in 
e  interforonce  cilso  licfore  von  foniul  tins  book  ? 

A.  I  never  found  it.  The  first  time  I  saw  it  since  1 
Qiit  to  Europe  in  1881  is  last  Sunday,  when  it  was 
ought  to  the  labomtory  for  me  toseewhetber  I  recog- 
zed  it. 

2(i2  x-Q.  At  wbat  time  in  1881  did  you  go  to  Europe  V 
A.  I  wont  soinewboro  about  February,  1681,  the  first 

208  x-Q.  How  long  before  that  did  you  see  this 

A.  I  do  not  remember  particularly  seeing  Hint  book 
ly  more  than  any  other  of  our  lai-ge  number  of  ex- 
irimont  books  after  the  date  of  tbu  la.st  record  in  it. 
is  very  probable  that  1  used  it  freciueiitly  for  rofer- 
ice,  at  tbe  time  wo  were  working,  on  tlie  subject. 

201  x-Q.  In  your  answer  to  ipiestioti  170  you  stale 
lat  “  the  latter  part  of  tbe  book  consists  mainly  of 
mils  witb  incandescent  condnetors  of  carbonized 
iper,  and  of  these  lamps  there  were  a  great  many 
ade,  as  many  as  seven  or  eight  bundred  of  tlieni  being 
led  in  Menlo  Park  at  one  time.  Were  those  lamps, 
ado  of  jiapor  carbon  as  stated  by  yon,  good  pmcticid 
nips  ? 

A.  Tliny  were  very  good,  practical  lamps  in  tbe  then 
ate  of  the  art. 

205  x-Q.  But  not  so  good  as  the  lamp  of  to-day,  as 
understand  you  ? 

A.  They  were  not  so  good  as  the  lamp  of  to-day. 

200  x-Q.  You  also  state  in  the  same  answer,  refer- 
ig  to  carbons,  “  Those  were  also  made  of  iiowdcred 


Charles 


107  x-Q.  That  does  not  a 
inswcr  it  cntegorieally,  w 
cred  good,  |)nictical  lam 

l.  They  were  better  lain| 
They  were  not  siillii 
i  l•onlnlercial  lamp. 

06  x-Q.  Yon  also  state 
s,  in  regard  to  carbon  ex 
le  these  incande.sceiit  co 
lion  spiral.s.  These  wen 
bed  with  tar  and  lamp 
|ie  of  a  thread.  They  wi 
n  on  a  special  device  foi 
afterwards  put  into  lam 
1  these  kinds  of  carbons  | 
he  lamps  made  of  jilain  | 
.  They  were  about  the  s 
n  paper  previous  to  this 
in  x-Q.  lleforring  now  t< 
n  paper,  of  tarred  paper 
rred  to  by  you,  how  did 
ile.scent  electrie  lamps  of 
.  They  cannot  uoni])are  ; 
ro  x-Q.  They  were  very 


.  They  wore  very  imicli 
•h  more  ditliciilt  to  make. 
H  x-Q.  In  the  .same  ansi 
s  wo  made  lamps  havi 
1  vulcanized  fibre."  Wli 
zed  ”  fibre  ? 

•  Vulcanized  fibre  is  a  ni 
ket,  and  used  by  elect; 
re  they  do  not  require  si 
It  is  practically  made 
s  in  AVilmiiigtoii.  Delawii 
lias  been  partly  parch 


3220 


Clmrles  Bntcbolor. 


iiiiule  curbonizod  conductors  for  your  liiuips  fr 
“  tlironds  ”  rubbed  with  tarred  bnipblack,  soft  pa) 
fish  lino,  tiiio  tlircads  ])Initud  toguthor  in  strands,  s 
papers  saturated  with  tar,  tar  and  lampblack  mi^ 
with  a  ])roporti(>ii  of  lime,  ditlcroiit  kinds  of  throii 
cardlioards.  cotton  soaked  in  boiling  tar.”  How  i 
these  lamps  piwform ;  were  they  then  considered 
yon  as  good,  pnictical  lamps  ? 

A.  They  were  not  considered  by  ns  ns  common 
lamps  in  any  sense.  They  were  simply  lamps  made 
a  long  line  of  cxporimonts  that  we  had  to  do  for  1 
Edison. 

273  x-Q.  I  do  not  ask  yon  about  commercial  lam] 
I  lusk  yon  about  practical  lamps  ? 

A.  My  only  idea  at  this  date  of  the  practical  va 
of  a  lamp  is  its  commercial  value.  A  lamp,  howe 
good,  is  not  commercml  unless  it  can  bo  n.sod  genera 
by  the  public,  as  we  use  our  lamps  to-day. 

27-1  x-Q.  That  is  what  yon  mean,  then,  if  I  nnd 
stand  yon,  when  yon  say  a  “  pnictical  lamp,"  or  wl 
yon  speak  of  a  lamp  as  being  a  "  practical  lamp," 
connection  with  yonr  last  answer? 

A.  Some  of  the  above  lamps  may  hava  been  jirai 
cal  lam])s  if  they  had  been  followed,  but  in  the  light 
to-day  1  should  not  consider  them,  as  they  bnri] 
then,  practical  lamps. 

275  x-Q.  Hid  yon  ever  follow  up  the  making  of  a 
of  the.so  lamps  by  actual  experiments  to  a.scerti 
wbether  they  could  bo  made  good  pnictical  lamps,  ns 
the  word  “practical  ”  as  yon  have  defined  it  ? 

A.  Jlr.  Edison,  I  believe,  lias  made  many  expe 
ments  on  just  such  materials  as  the.se,  and  some 
these  are  dated  far  into  the  time  when  he  had  a  mn 
bettor,  and  a  commercml  lamp.  My  experiments  i 
not  carry  mo  further  on  some  of  tbJso  than  just  sn 
cient  to  show  what  is  now  shown  in  this  book.  Y 


Cliarles  Batchelor. 


Iiat  wo  had  proved  by  experiments  wen 
s  we  had  got  at  a  later  date. 

270  x-Q.  I'on  also  state  in  the  .same 
.Shortly  after  this  I  carbonized  a  great  n 
leh  as  vulcanized  fibre,  celluloid,  boxin 
iiir  and  shell,  drawing  papers  of  dillV 
low  did  the  lamps  made  with  paper  carl 
I  ere  they  considered  good  practical  lam 
A.  Many  of  tim  paper  carbons  that  are 
lis  book  maile  good  lamps  at  the  time, 
e  had  nothing  better  we  eonsidered  th; 
ere  good.  That  wo  had  not  got  what 
deratnm  for  olcetrie  lighting  is  shown  In 
e  discontinued  such  pai>er  lamps  very  ’ 
links  in  favor  of  other  material. 

277  x-(J.  What  material  did  you  adopt 
te  for  the  carbons  made  of  paper? 

A.  The  niiiterial  that  we  adopted  as 
■s  bamboo  fibre. 

27s  x-Q.  How  did  the  carbons  made  fr 
iper  eonipnre  with  carbons  made  from 
A.  It  depended  entirely  on  the  kind  of  | 
ed.  ion  will  find  in  the  book  that  I 
in  a  record  of  anything  that  occurred  ti 
ae;  and  very  many  of  the  cardboards  ti 
nized  proved  to  be  heavily  loaded.  Th 
iboii  looj)  that  we  could  make  would  b 
lely  imro  paper  and  cut  perfectly  even. 
2711  x-Q.  As  I  iiiiderstand  from  yonr  am 
Jiere  for  making  carlxms  for  ineandes 
lips  would  bo  ])npcr  of  pure  cellulose  as 
aid  get  it.  Is  that  correct? 

A.  I*a])cr  with  the  givatest  amoiiiit  of 
dter  in  it. 

?S0  x-Q.  That  would  be  pure  cellulose,  v 
A.  Of  course  there  is  no  pajier  to  be  fo 
le  cellulose,  but  the  paper  which  has 
rceatago  of  cellulose  in  it. 

-81  x-Q.  As  matter  of  fact,  what  kind  i 


3222  Cliiirles  Biitcliolor. 

iiig  nil  tho  different  varieties  of  dmwiiig  (inper  i 
you ;  did  it  nmko  ii  good  pmctical  lamp  ? 

A.  I  cniiiiot  give  you  the  results  of  that  exp 
at  present ;  I  do  not  find  it  in  the  book. 

282  x-Q.  ■tVliich  of  tlie  papei-s  use.l  by  you  ui 

A.  Tlie  best  pa|)er  carbon,  as  I  now  retiiei 
was  got  from  tliiii  bristol  board  of  a  very  pure 
The  tests  shown  on  ])ages  171  to  170  are  t< 
papers  and  cardboards  for  ash,  and  some  of  tl 
so  badly  loaded  that  we  could  not  use  them  at  i 
ones  that  were  not  h.aded  at  all  wen:  genet 
better  carbons  in’  the  lamp. 

283  x-Q.  At  that  time  did  you  succeed  in 
carbons  from  tho  jmimr  mentioned  by  yon,  t 
then  considered  good  practicid  carbons  ? 

A.  At  this  time  wo  had  made  lamps  with  pa| 
bons  for  their  incnndoscont  conductors,  which  ' 
sidered  at  that  time  as  the  bust  lamjts  that  we 
far  got.  Time  idone  proved  that  there  were  in 
siiiierior,  which  we  got  shortly  afterwards. 

281  x-Q.  y  on  do  not  answer  my  (piustion,  ' 
now  repeat:  Please  state  whether  at  that  ti 
made  carbons  from  the  imper  mentioned  by  y( 
yon  thou  considered  good  practical  carbons ;  I 
ferring  of  coni'se  to  that  time  '! 

A.  Wo  considered  them  more  pmctical  th 
carbons  that  wo  had  then  made,  but  that  did  m 
us  from  continuing  to  look  for  something  far  su 


Adjourned  to  Jlarcli  !)th,  18811,  at  10  A.  JI. 


Charles  Batchelor.  .3223 

New  Yokk,  March  llth,  1881). 


Met  pnrsniuit  to  adjournment. 

Present— A.MOS  Biio.vdnax,  Esy 
AV.Ki.TKn  K.  CniFKi.v,  ICsy.,  for  defei 

Cn.vni.iii  Batcukuhi,  being  furtls 
.Air.  Broadnax,  tustilies  as  follows: 

28.i  x-(J.  Do  you  mean  that  you 
of  paper  that  was  a  fairly  good  <•: 
ipiite  satisfy  yon,  and  yon  tiierefon 
for  something  better  and  pei-severei 

2S(i  x-(J.  Of  what  material,  m  vo 
iiiaki:  tho  best  llllllllllmtlng  coin! 
descent  electric  lain]) ;  I  do  not, 
about  anything  that  yon  or  .Air.  Kd 
that  is  not  known  to  the  public? 

A.  The  best  conductor  for  a  eo 
cent  lamp  that  has  been  tried  coi 
opinion,  tho  bamboo  libre. 

287  x-Q.  And  that  is  a  libnms  ci 


•A.  That  is  a  carbon  made  from  I 
288  x-Q.  .And  in  the  course  of  p 
ineiiLs  growing  out  of  tho  invention 
lion,  as  1  gather  from  your  testinioi 
.A.  Xo,  sir.  Paper  carbon  was 
substances  in  that  long  chain  of  cx] 
desired  result. 

28!)  x-Q.  AVhich  was  the  first  fibi 
which  you  made  an  illuminating  coi 
de.sccnt  electric  lamp  ? 

A.  I  cannot  say  wliich  was  tho  tii 
that  I  took  to  niakiia  etirlinii  for  loi 


3224 


Charles  Batchelor. 


Charles  Batchelor. 


290  x-Q.  AVhatever  the  fibrous  material  was  of  which 
you  made  the  fii-st  iiicandeseeiit  conductor  for  au  elec¬ 
tric  lam]>,ns  I  understand  you,  you  continued  from  that 
time  on  to  cxpcriniciit  with  diilerent  kinds  of  fibrous 
material  for  making  illuminating  conductors  until  you 
settled  down  on  the  bamboo  carbon  ? 

A.  Wo  continued  to  experiment  on  fibrous  material, 
but  we  did  not  cease  to  experiment  on  the  other  mate¬ 
rial,  as  the  book  will  show. 

291  x-Q.  But  you  ndojitcd  the  bamboo  us  yielding 
the  best  results,  ns  I  understand  you  ‘i 

-V.  We  finally  adopted  the  bamboo  as  being  the  b(^st 
adapted,  as  known  nt  the  time,  to  the  recpiiremcnts  of 
Mr.  Edison. 

292  x-Q.  AViUS  it  the  discovery  that  au  illumniatmg 
conductor  for  nn  incandescing  electric  lamp  could  he 
made  of  fibrous  material  that  led  you  to  the  long  series 
of  experiments  of  which  yon  have  testified  to  ascertain 
which  of  the  fibrous  materials  would  make  the  be.st 
conductor? 

A.  1  do  not  so  take  it.  The  bamboo  fibre  wo  found 
after  long  search  had  those  (pmlities  which  wore  wanted 
in  greater  perfection  than  any  other  kind  of  carbon  that 
we  had  tried  before. 

293  x-Q.  If  the  discovery  that  a  good  illuminating 
conductor  could  he  made  of  some  fibrous  material  had 
not  been  made,  wius  there  anything  else  that  could  have 
led  you  to  make  the  long  scries  of  experiments  toa.scer- 
tain  out  of  which  of  the  fibrous  materials  the  best  car¬ 
bon  could  be  made? 

A.  I  do  not  think  that  fibrous  material,  as  fibrous 
material,  gave  Mr.  Edison  much  clue  to  what  he  was 
working  for.  I  remember  lnm])s  made  of  lampblack 
and  tar  (that  was  rolled  out  very  thin)  that  have  worked 
infinitoly  siijierior  to  hundreds  of  fibrous  lamps  that 
wore  made. 

294  x-Q.  You  have  testiefied  that  Mr.  Edison,  and 
you  ns  his  assistant,  have  made  n  long  series  of  experi- 
meiiLs  to  get  a  better  illuminating  conductor  of  fibrous 
material.  Now,  if  the  discovery  that  an  illuminatiug 
conductor  could  bo  made  of  paper,  or  similar  fibrous 


material,  had  not  been  made,  what  could  have  li;d 
to  make  this  long  series  of  experiments''’ 

A.  AVhother  wo  had  ever  used  a  . . .  f 

paper  or  not,  I  think  we  should  naturally  have  go 
to  the  vegidnble  growths,  because  there  are  so  ni 
thousnmlsof  difTeront  forms,  all  of  which  earbous  ei 
bo  made  from,  and  each  one  of  which  had  its  own 
culiarity  ;  and  from  so  many  thousands  of  them  it 
almost  a  .sure  thing  that  we  could  find  some  that  v 
good.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  the  most  likelv  phie 
find  good  carbons  in  great  diversity.  The  othersoui 
of  carbons  are  rather  limited. 

The  answer  is  objected  to  by  Mr.  liroiidi 
ns  irresponsive. 

29.0  x-Q.  Is  it  not  time  lus  matter  of  fact  that  your 
vestigntion  in  the.se  difVerent  kinds  of  vegetable  fil 
was  entered  upon  after  you  had  diseov.ucd  that  ; 
could  make  a  good  illuminating  conductor  for  an 
eamlescent  electric  lamp  from  paper,  or  .“ome  sim 
iihre  ? 

.•V.  It  is  true  that  we  got  good  results  from  bainl 
fibre,  after  having  the  knowledge  that  incande.se. 
lam]is  could  be  made  with  paper  carbon  ;  but  it  d. 
not  follow  that  the  ]inper  carbon  was  a  means  of  i 
e'Unmeneing  tlieso  experiments.  1  put  carbons  im 
from  paper  into  a  lamp  for  Mr.  Edison  almost  I 
.years  before,  and  ho  did  not  immediately  tell  me 
make  him  some  bunibon  lamps  from  that.  It  was  oi 
to  my  mind  after  n  long  series  of  experiments  tl 
ho  found  that  bamboo  had  that  particular  ipmlity  tl 
ho  wanted. 

The  answer  is  objected  to  b.v  Mr.  Broadii 
as  irresponsive. 

29(!  x-Q.  .-Vt  the  time  that  you  discovered  that 
good  illuminating  conductor  could  be  made  of  pap. 
'lid  you  not  think  that  you  had  made  a  discovery 
great  vahio? 

A.  AVo  thought  that  wo  had  made  a  discovery 


322G 


Clmrles  Bntcliolor. 


vnliio  ;  tho  fact  that  \rc  nbaiiiloiicd  it  later  abowa  tb: 
wo  bad  found  aomotbiiig  iiiiicb  bettor. 

2!)7  x-Q.  At  tbo  timo  you  discovoro<i  tbnt  you  coul 
iiuiko  a  gootl  illumiiiutiiig  conductor  of  tibrous  mnterii 
did  you  not  tbiuk  (you  and  Mr.  Ediaon)  tbnt  you  bu 
lundo  n  diacover^'  of  great  value  ? 

A.  At  tbo  timo  wo  wore  making  iucnudescoiit  coi 
ductors  from  paper  wo  Ijelieved  tbnt  we  bad  somotbiii 
mucb  more  valiinblo  tbnii  it  proved. 

298  x-Q.  (Liuit  question  repented.) 

A.  Wo  thought  we  Imd  made  n  discovery  of  value. 

299  x-Q.  But  not  of  great  value,  as  I  undorstnn 

A.  I  do  not  know  what  Jfr.  Edison  thought  nboul  i 
I  thought  it  of  value  ;  bow  valimblo  I  did  not  know '! 

300  x-Q.  Did  you  think  it  was  Avortb  following  u 
until  you  bad  jirovod  its  value  ? 

A.  Wo  thought  it  worth  while  to,  and  did  follow 
up,  and  proved  it  of  no  commercial  value. 

301  x-Q.  Do  you  moan  that  you  proved  that  an  ii 
candescent  conductor  made  of  fibrous  material  posse- 
sod  no  value  ? 

A.  JJo ;  1  moan  that  we  i-roved  to  our  own  sati 
faction  tbnt  paper  wius  not  anything  like  so  good  a  mi 
torial  to  mnko  carbon  for  incandescent  conductors,  i 
other  things. 

302  x-Q.  You  will  jilenso  to  observe  that  my  quiv 
tion  does  not  refer  to  paper  at  nil,  ns  a  specitic  form  i 
librous  or  textile  material.  Tho  cpiestion  refers  only  I 
fibrous  material.  With  this  explanation,  my  questit 
is  re]ieated  (297  x-Q.  rend) :  “  At  tho  timo  you  disco 
ored  that  you  could  mnko  n  good  illuminating  coi 
dnetor  of  fibrous  material,  did  you'  not  think  (you  ni 
Mr.  Edison)  that  j'ou  had  made  a  discovery  of  grci 
value  ?" 

A.  At  the  first  time  that  wo  had  made  nu  iucnnde 
cent  conductor  of  fibrous  material,  wo  thought  th; 
that  discovery  had  considerable  value.  I  do  not  kne 
that  we  attached  anv  of  that  value  to  tho  fact  of  i 


fc ;  nml  timt  we  were  expected  to  get 
r  ail  incaiideseent  conductor  that  would 
•e  hundred  ohms  resistance.  I  also  test 
me  answer  that  our  ci>nversations  abou 
•re  frequently  directe.l  to  getting  the  hi 
cc  in  the  loiust  possible  space  ;  and,  as  I 
iw,  I  do  not  believe  that  the  fibrous  n 
rbon  entered  into  the  cpiestion  at  all. 
perinients  show  that  we  had  eqmdlv  as  g( 
tho  time  of  their  being  nnele,  from  non 
rial,  as  from  any  other. 

Mr.  Broadnax  objects  to,  and  gii 
motion  to  strike  out  us  irresponsiv 
answer  commencing  with  the  wonls, 
h-stified  Imforo  in  answer  to  ipiestion 

303  x-Q.  Do  you  moan  to  swear  that  tl 
it  illuminating  conductors  for  anineandes 
lit  could  bo  made  of  fibrous  nmtetial,  wi 
Very  of  great  value? 

A.  .-Vs  far  us  my  knowleilgc  is  in  regard  ti 
■  ineande-seent  lamps,  I  nm  sure  that  theii 
re  as  such  was  not  tho  great  discovery 
ups.  I  would  illustrate  this  by  the  fae 
my,  m  fact  tho  greatest  iirojiortion  of  ear 
iidescont  lamps  I  have  made  fiiim  wood 
rolls  material  was  absolutely  worthless. 

Mr.  Broadnax  objects  to  the  iinswc 
iiig  with  tho  words,  “  I  would  ilhist 
tho  fact,”  and  gave  notice  of  iiioti 


101  x-Q.  Y'ou  have  testified  that  at  the  ti 
per  carbons  were  first  made  by  you,  you 
.■ndesceiit  conductors  of  other  materia 


A.  I  said,  at  tliat  time,  yes,  sir. 

305  x-Q.  Whieh  of  tl.em  ? 

A.  I  do  not  remember  at  this  time  that  a  ]mi)or 
on  was  thought  any  better  tlinn  some  of  the  ones 
have  mentioned,  ns  follows :  Vulcanized  lilire,  tin 
ibbed  with  tarred  lam])blnek,  soft  paper,  fish  line 
irend  jilaited  together  in  strands,  soft  pni)or  satni 
itli  tar,  tar  anil  lampblack  mixed  with  a  portion  of 
ificrent  kinds  of  thread,  cardboards,  cotton  soake 
oiling  tar. 

30(i  x-Q.  All  those  yon  have  ennmenited  uro  111 
irbuns  excepting  the  tar  and  the  lampblack  cm 
fid  you  find  the  carbon  as  good  as  those  mad 
brous  material  in  whole  or  in  part? 

A.  To  the  best  of  my  recollection  tho.se  carbons 
i  good  Its  the  others  made  at  that  time. 

307  x-Q.  How  many  of  them  did  you  make? 

A.  There  were  only  a  few  of  them  made  at  that  I 

308  x-Q.  Did  you  ever  ])ut  out  any  lamps  with 
irbons  ? 

A.  I  do  not  think  so.  I  presume  you  mom 
putting  out  "  giving  them  to  the  public  to  use  or 
ig  them  to  the  iniblic  to  use. 

300  x-Q.  'Why  did  you  discontinue  the  makin 
ich  carbons? 

A.  I  do  net  think  that  I  can  say  that  wi;  have 
iscontinued  the  making  of  carbons  of  lampblack 

310  x-Q.  How  many  such  carlrous  have  you  mad 
10  iiast  two  years  ? 

A.  I  have  made  none  myself  during  the  last  two  y 

311  x-Q.  How  many  have  you  made  the  last 

A.  I  made  some  carbons,  I  think,  in  1883,  at 
ctory  in  Paris  of  such  materials  to  bo  used  to  i 
ate  lamps  made  on  that  principle  in  a  lawsuit  ot 
irforonco  suit  iii  London. 

312  x-Q.  You  made  them  bv  wav  of  oxiierinients 


not  vegetable,  I  sljoiild  say  that  a  very  large  amount  of 
time  him  been  spent  in  trying  to  procure  n  enrbon  from 
uon-vegetiiblo  substances.  As  wo  can  nmke  carbon 
from  almost  all  vegetable  snbstanees,  and  n.s  oiir  other 
sources  of  enrbon  in  |)roportiou  are  very  mueh  limited, 
it  follows  tbat  a  great  deal  more  lime  has  been  spent  in 
total  on  those  carbons  than  on  those  from  non-vegetable 
substances. 

320  x-Q.  What  succe.ss  did  yon  meet  with  in  your 
efforts  to  make  .satisfactory  cnrlxms  from  non-vogctabli- 
substances  ? 

A.  As  experiments  they  were  successful. 

321  x-Q.  Were  they  so  successful  ns  to  warrant  you 
in  imttmg  any  lamps  on  the  market  provided  with  s’ln  h 
carbons '! 

A.  I  do  not  remember  that  we  have  over  put  such 
Inmiis  on  the  market. 

322  x-Q.  If  you  have  made  any  lamps  with  such  car¬ 
bons  since  your  fh-st  use  of  paper  carbons,  state  if  yon 
recollect  how  many  you  have  made  ? 

A.  I  have  answered  this  before,  in  the  lamps  that  I 
mentioned  that  I  made  in  Paris. 

323  x-Q.  Did  you  ever  make  any  in  this  country  ? 

A.  None  except  the  ones  that  were  made  and  spoken 

of  in  my  Exliibit  Hook  Xo.  52. 

^  321^ x-Q.  What  do  you  mean  by  the  "  boll  ”  of  the 

.K.  If  it  is  in  an  answer  relating  to  the  sketch  of  the 
Sawyer-3Inn  lamp,  I  mean  the  bell  jar  or  enclosing 
globe  of  the  lamp. 

323  x-Q.  Is  it  your  opinion  that  it  is  impracticable 
to  fuse  a  glass  disc  and  the  bottom  of  the  enclosing 
globe  or  lighting  chamber  of  the  Sayer-Maii  lamii  ? 

A.  It  is  inipracticablo  to  fuse  the  glass  disc  on  to  the 
bottom  of  the  enclosing  globe  of  such  a  lamp  as  is 
shown  in  the  Sawyer-Man  patent.  I  do  not  say  that 
It  IS  impossible  to  do  so,  but,  as  I  testified  before,  the 
unequal  contraction  in  tbo  cooling  of  such  a  globe  after 
fusion  would  bo  very  detrimental  and  a  very  large 
percentage  of  them  would  crack  at  the  point  where  the 
glass  IS  smaller  in  section  than  the  largo  plate. 


Charles  Batchelor. 


32G  x-Q.  I  do  not  say  niiything  in  my  ipiestii 
the  thickness  of  the  glass  disc  to  lie  fused  on 
tom  of  lamp  ? 

A.  I  iiresiime  that  you  refened  to  the  Ian 
have  testified  about,  and  of  which  there  was  a 
here  at  the  time,  in  the  .specification. 

327  x-Q.  ..\.s.suming  the  glass  ilisc  to  be 
thickness  with  the  glolio  of  the  lam|)? 

.\.  I  think  that  it  is  then  a  difilcnlt  operati 
pared  with  the  ordinary,  method  of  sealing  tl 
if  the  lamp  together. 

•128  x-Q.  Is  it  your  ojiinion  that  it  would 
licallv  impossible? 

A.  I  do  not  say  that  it  is  practically  iniposs 
i  good  commercial  lamii  would  never  be  mi 
iviiy,  ns  the  state  of  the  art  at  present  gives 
liettcr  means. 

321)  x-Q.  At  the  time  that  the  npplicatioi 
latent  in  suit  was  made,  was  therc‘  any  novelty 
ng  the  enclosing  chamber  of  the  lamp  of  gl 
hen  fusing  the  two  parts  together? 

A.  .-U  the  time  of  this  apiilication  (which  is 
)th,  1880),  the  proce.ss  for  use  in  an  ineaiidcsci 
ivas  novel,  and  only  used  to  my  knowledge 
iCilison. 

330  x-Q.  Was  there  any  novelty  in  making 
amp  in  tho  summer  or  fall  of  1878  ? 

A.  I  do  not  know  ;  I  do  not  remember  any  sm 
icing  made  in  1878  by  anybody. 

331  x-Q.  Do  you  not  know  that  the  chambe 
■losing  globe  of  any  incandescent  electric  la 
li  en  iiiiido  wholly  of  one  piece  of  glass,  havi 
lectrodos  passing  through  holes  in  tho  bottom 
amps? 


3232 


diaries  Batchelor. 


333  x-Q.  Did  you  read  the  deposition  of  Mr.  Sharp 
for  the  defendant  in  this  case  ? 

Same  objeution  as  x-Q.  331. 

A.  I  did  not. 

334  x-Q.  Is  it  your  understanding  that  tlio  incan¬ 
descing  conductors  claimed  by  the  patent  in  suit  arc 
limited  to  their  use  in  the  particular  lamp,  or  form  of 
lamp,  described  in  or  referred  to  by  the  patent  in  suit. 

Same  objection  lus  to  the  hust  question  and 
also  as  immaterial. 

A..  I  have  no  particular  niiderstanding  or  opinion  in 
the  matter  as  regards  its  being  conlined  to  anything. 
I  lind  that,  although  expresscil  dilTerently,  it  is  prac¬ 
tically  the  same  thing  as  the  Iam|)  made  by  mo  for  Mr. 
Edison  in  ISTT. 

The  last  sentence  of  the  answer  is  objected  to 
as  irrcs])onsivo. 

335  x-Q.  Was  it  not  old  in  1878  to  make  gla.ss  bulbs 
of  the  same  form  substantndly  of  the  bulbs  or  enclo.sing 
ehamber  of  the  Edison  lamp '! 

Objected  to  as  improper  on  cross-examina¬ 
tion.  Xot  being  based  on  any  fact  or  circum¬ 
stance  brought  out  on  the  direct. 

A.  I  do  not  remember  to  have  seen  any  globe  of  that 
particular  shaiie.  I  think  that  those  globes  were  cs- 
spccially  made  for  us,  and  they  have  been  known  as  the 
Edison  patent  almost  always. 

33G  x-Q.  Was  it  not  old  in  1878  to  seal  tho  leading- 
in  \vircs  lor  an  electric  circuit  in  tho  walls  of  a  glass  en- 
closing  bulb  or  cliainbcr? 

Objected  to  for  reasons  last  stated,  and  also 
that  it  does  not  appear  that  tho  witness  is  quali¬ 
fied  to  speak  of  tho  state  of  tho  art  in  the  par- 


A.  I  think  it  was  old.  I  have  seen 
^  3.3!)  x-Q.  Have  you  ever  ritad  the  s 
IMison  making  jiart  of  the  applicat 
volved  in  the  interferenco  with  .Sawn 
to  which  you  gave  your  lestiimmy  V 

A.  I  have  given  testimony  on  it,  I 
read  it,  but  I  do  not  recall  it  to  mn 
inobably  know  it  if  I  saw  it. 

310  x-Q.  Do  you  mean  by  your  la.< 
do  not  recollect  of  having  rend  that  s 

A.  I  do  not  recollect  to  have  reii 
xpecilication  at  present.  If  I  have  to 
lieve  I  have  read  it,  but  I  do  not  now 
(■Said  s]>ocificati(ni  is  Imiided  to  the 
How  read  tho  sjiccification  referred  to 

311  x-Q.  Is  this  the  first  you  have 

A  I  do  not  think  so.  I  believe  I  1 

fore. 

^  'i’bi  x-Q.  In  answer  to  Quc.stion  237 


3234 


Clmrlcs  Bntclielor. 


subject  that  u'lis  given  out  nt  that  time  from  wliieli 
could  gain  any  iufonuatiou  more  tliiin  wlmt  was  alien 
more  generally  known ; "  do  you  menu,  or  did  y 
mean  nt  the  time  that  the  notes  were  made  in  t 

A.  Yes  ;  nt  the  time  that  the  notes  were  made  in  t 


Kk-dimxt  Examixatiox  iiy  Jin.  Gnimx : 

343  Q.  Is  it  within  your  general  knowledge  whctl 
or  not  uommereial  himiis  are  commonly  on  sale, 
which  the  incandescent  conductors  are  made  of  no 
librouB  material ;  if  so,  iilense  state  what  materials  yi 
know  are  commonly  understood  to  he  used  by  mnii 
Incturers  or  venders  of  incandescent  hinips  in  tl 

Objected  to  as  incom])etent  and  iniinnteri 

A.  It  is  commonly  understood  that  the  U.  S.  Elect] 
Lighting  C'oni|miiy  make  a  lamp  of  tannidine.  This 
believe  to  be  a  iioii-tibrons  material.  I  believe  also 
England  I  have  rend  of  their  using  lamps  from  a  sii 
stance  which  is  non-libroiis.  and  which  is  sipiirt 
through  a  die  into  a  liipiid  which  prcviiiitntcs  it.  J 
impression  is  that  these  lamps  were  on  the  mnrk< 
Outside  of  these  I  do  not  reiiiomber  any  others. 

344  Q.  Jlr.  lirondiinx  in  his  cross-OMiminntioii  spo 
of  Jlr.  Edison's  discoveiy  that  conductors  of  fibrous  ci 
bon  could  bo  used  in  incniidescont  lamps  :  nt  the  til 
that  Jlr.  Edison  was  llsillLf  mioer  enrbnn  <1id  bn  iittn, 


Charles  Batchelor. 


tniico  from  which  wo  could  get  a  carbon  th 
e  practical,  of  extreme  smallness  of  cro.ss  seel 
■iigth  which  would  naturally  give  high  resistn 
understood,  whether  we  got  it  from  one  tin 
iher  wins  immaterial  so  long  as  tho.se  conditii 


.■!4.I  Q.  M  hat  is  the  common  anil  ordimirv  < 
irboii  ?  Is  it  from  vegetable  or  inorganic  ina 
is  more  genenilly  obtained  ? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  im 

A.  The  great  source  of  eiirlion,  in  the  onlii 
ession  of  the  term,  is  vegetable  or  has  veget: 

31(1  Q.  .So  far  as  yonr  experience  has  gone, 
irons  (piality,  so  far  ns  the  same  may  exist 
hie  structures,  been  of  any  value  as  such  in 
■netioii  of  electrical  condnctoi-s  for  inea 
nps '! 


Objected  to  lus  incompetent  and  iinnia 

•V.  The  value  that  we  have  fonnd,  after  long 
•nts  in  carbons  made  from  vegetalde  snlisti 
lieve  is  nion;  in  the  fact  of  their  having  sn: 
■ntary  colls  packed  very  closely  together, 
'thing  else.  It  took  ns  a  very  long  time  to 
ise  iiociilinr  vegetable  fibres  that  "onhl  give 
t  continuity,  and  the  iiio.st  even  and  dense  st 
•4"  Q.  Have  you  found,  in  your  experinien 
'  liresenco  of  the  fibrous  quality  in  the  wi 
tetiible  substance  used  by  yon,  "ils  any  indie 
the  electrical  value  of  the  resultant  carboi 
■d  ns  a  conductor  in  an  incandescent  lamp ') 

Objected  to  ns  incompetent  and  iniinal 

L  Xo,  sir.  If  we  could  iiiiidiice  a  method  of 
irboii,  "hereby  the  solid  part  "oiild  be  p 
ise,  and  still  loneitudinallv  it  would  be  celluli 


323G 


Clinrlcs  Batchelor. 


would  be  iiincli  better  tbmi  the  carbon  we  now  pr 
dtice  from  bamboo  fibre. 

SIS  Q.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  in  all  exogenous  woo 
that  you  have  experimented  <i])oii,  as  testified  to  1 
yon  upon  direct  examination,  has  tlio  fibrous  quality 
the  woods,  so  far  as  it  may  have  existed,  been  of  ai 
value  ill  the  formation  of  a  carbon  conductor? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  immaterial. 

A.  In  the  formation  of  a  carbon  conductor  fro 
such  woods,  the  fibrous  nature  of  it  is  absolutely  dcti 
mental.  In  fact  it  makes  tbein  wortble.ss. 

341)  Q.  IVbatcver  the  real  reiuson  may  bo  as  to  tl 
peculiar  merits  possessed  by  bamboo,  as  a  material  f 
incandescent  electrical  conductors,  as  matter  of  fact  < 
the  same  merits  exist  in  all  vegetable  fibrous  material 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  immateriul. 

A.  Xo,  sir ;  and  in  all  materials  that  are  mannfa 
tured,  such  as  ]mper,  thread,  ropes  and  such,  they  ii 
nut  exist  at  all. 

350  Q.  Yon  spoke  of  Sir.  Edison's  search  for  a  mi 
tonal  having  a  high  resistance  and  small  surface.  l)i 
this  search  begin  before  or  after  the  use  of  paper  ca 
bon  in  ineandesceut  lamps  ? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  immaterial. 

A.  It  began,  as  far  as  I  know,  long  before — when  li 
first  discovered  that  it  was  possible  to  siibilivido  tli 
light  by  that  method. 

351  Q.  In  such  vacuums  ns  you  had  the  means  i 
creating,  in  the  earlier  stages  of  Sir.  Edison’s  oxper: 
lucnts,  was  it  possible  to  prevent  any  form  of  carbo 
from  oxidization  ? 

Objected  to  as  incomi>etont  and  immaterial. 

A.  Previous  to  the  time  when  ,AIr.  Edison  mad 
lamps  having  glass  globes,  hermeticnllv  sealed  (in  lli 


trPTON’s  McKeesport  deposition. 

Composed  wholly  of  his  two  depositions 
in  the  Zntorforonco  Case. 

Upton's  Eirst  Interference  Deposition. 

I’ursuaiit  to  adjonriiment  this  testimony  was  contin¬ 
ued  .lune ‘28fh,  1881,  at  10  A.  M.,  at  .saine  iilacc,  the 
same  counsel  being  pre.scnt. 

Eii.yNcis  R.  UITO.V,  a  witness  produced  in  behalf  of 
Mr.  Edison,  heing  duly  sworn,  testifies  as  follows  in 
answer  to  ipiestioiis  jiroposed  to  him  hy  fieorge  \V. 
Dyer,  counsel  for  Edison  : 

1  Q.  Please  state  your  age,  resiihmce  and  oeetipa- 
lion  ? 

A.  Age,  twenty-eight ;  residence,  .Ifenlo  Park,  X.  .1. ; 
inanufiicturei'  of  eloctrii*  lamps. 

2  Q.  State  whether  at  aiiv  time  von  went  into  the 
-‘Hiployment  of  Mr.  Edisoii,  and  what  your  duties 
ivere  ? 

A.  I  entered  the  employment  of  Mr.  Edison  about 


November,  1878.  I  can  fix  the  dale  exaetly  by  refi 
!nee  to  iiiy  aceoiiiits,  and  will  do  so.  5Iy  Ih-st  occn|i 
ion  was  inaking  a  search  tlirongli  the  records  of  olccti 
igbting  in  the  A.stor  Library.  Wliou  this  was  coi 
)letcd  to  Jfr.  Edison’s  satisfaction  I  entered  1 
employ  at  Jfenlo  Park,  to  assist  biin  in  nmki: 
•alcidations. 

3  Q.  AVliat  special  training  or  accpiircmcnts  hail  yi 
or  making  such  calculations  ? 

llefore  entering  college,  and  while  in  college 
!ave  special  attention  to  the  matheniatical  brancla 
tftor  leaving  college  I  studied  two  yeai-s  under  Profi 
or  lirackott,  of  Princeton,  learning  bow  to  u 
iliysical  np])an  t  i  1  1  c  i  g  i  I  I  i  Ig  1 

ind  calculus.  After  that  1  spent  oiie  year  in  Ucrlin, 
bo  laboratory  of  Professor  Helndioltz. 

•I  (i.  Ploiuse  state  now  the  particular  branelies  co 
meted  with  the  electric  light  which  came  under  yo 
mniediate  sujiervision  after  entering  the  omployine 
if  Mr.  Edison? 

A.  In  the  lii-sl  place  I  made  such  calculations 
rere  in  ni\  jiowei  regarding  the  electrical  conditio 
leccssary  in  a  system  of  electric  lighting  in  answer 
piestions  asked  by  Mr.  Edison,  as  for  instance,  I  ha 
he  memoranduiu  December  15,  1878,  this  iiroble 
liven  to  me  when  I  finst  came  into  the  laborator 
‘E.vamplo  No.  1,  100  lamps,  10,000  obins  "  (diagrii 
hows  lamps  in  multiple  arc)  ;  “100  lamps,  1  ohm 
ibagrani  shows  lamps  in  series).  “  How  much  heat 
achlamp?  Heat  =C-’ 11.  .Vuswer,  the  same."  T1 
iroblem  is  an  example  of  the  work  I  had  to  d 
lesides  calculations  I  assisted  Mr.  Edison  in  expel 
neuting,  translating  and  keeping  records. 

5  Q.  At  the  time  of  entering  into  the  direct  ompio 
iient  of  Mr.  Edison  in  the  latter  part  of  1878,  what, 
iiij  thing,  was  he  doing  in  experimenting  and  perfec 
iig  electric  lighting  ? 

A.  He  was  exiierimenting  with  the  platinum  spii 
imp  with  a  thermal  regulator.  I  reuiciuber  helping 
ue.asuro  the  expansion  of  the  heated  spiral  of  platinm 
lesides  this  Mr.  Edison  was  nmkine  an  nxlondi 


])ontc(l  sovornl  times,  Imrning  nml  testing,  until  tins 
lain))  gave  ont.  I  remember  that  wis  all  felt  vor^-  mneh 
elated  at  the  fact  of  tlio  carlran  not  changing  its  resist¬ 
ance,  for  it  showed  that  there  was  no  wasting  away  of 
the  carbon.  Wo  then  felt  that  it  wius  possible  to  make 
a  .sj-stem  of  electric  lighting,  sin)i>ly  by  adding  to  the 
life  of  the  lamp,  which  wc  have  since  done. 

7  (J.  Of  what  material  were  the  threads  or  lilaments 
of  carbon  made,  referred  to  in  your  prisvioiis  answer  V 

A.  Jfy  imprc.ssion  is,  from  ordinary  .sewing  cotton. 
I  recollect  that  Jlr.  Uatchelor  procured  from  the  Clark 
Thread  Works,  .special  samples  of  cotton  thread,  after¬ 
ward. 

8  Q.  When  did  you  know  of  Jlr.  Kdisou’s  experiments 
on  conductors  made  of  carboni/ed  jinper? 

A.  I  can  only  recollect  now  the  finished  loop,  as 
mentioned  in  a  previous  answer. 

^ !)  Q.  When,  to  the  best  of  your  recollection,  did  Mr. 
Kdison  determine  the  prercriuisite  of  high  resistance 
for  a  successiul  incandescent  electric  lightV 

A.  Early  in  1879. 

10  Q.  How  early  was  his  attention  turned  to  the  pro¬ 
duction  of  more  perfect  dynamo  machines? 

A.  Ho  was  experimenting  on  them  before  I  entered 
his  em]iloy. 

11  Q.  Wien,  so  far  as  you  know,  did  Jfr.  Edison 
turn  his  attention  to  improved  means  for  proilucing  a 
vaciiiiin  in  electric  lamps  ? 

A.  The  first  recollection  that  I  have  is  when  ho  sent 
me  to  Princeton  to  borrow  a  Goisslor  pump.  I  can’t 
fix  the  date  now,  but  may  be  able  to  do  so. 

12  Q.  Did  yon  at  any  time,  under  Mr.  Edison’s  di¬ 
rection,  exporinient  on  iniiiroved  means  for  producing  a 
vacuum  injincandescent  lamps,  and  if  so,  at  what  time  ? 

^  A.  B3'  his  wish  I  commenced  to  learn  to  blow  glass. 
Not  succeeding  at  this,  ho  advertised  for  a  competent 
glass  blower,  and  the  first  glass  blower  was  a  Gorman 
from  New  York,  and  tben  a  young  man  by  the  name  of 
Boehm.  I  worked  with  these,  helping  to  the  best  of 
my  ability  in  making  pumps  for  jiroducing  a  vacuum  in 


had  1)0011  determined  had  resistance  o 
been  detcrinincd  ? 

I  cannot  recollect. 

14  Q.  At  this  same  time  had  the  d 
licen  .satisfactorilj-  perfected  ? 

A.  They  were  perfect  enough  to  ni 
if  a  laini)  of  suflicientlj-  high  resistam 
it  could  bo  used  succe.ssfnlly  in  a  s' 
lighting. 

15  Q.  At  what  date  did  Jfr.  Rlis. 
candescent  electric  lamp  lit  to  comi 
with  gas  ? 

Counsel  for  Sawyer  *  Jfa 
(lucstiou  as  immaterial. 

A.  To  the  test  of  my  recollection  il 
her,  1879,  when  the  stidile  resistance  i 
loop  was  iletermined. 

Hi  Q.  At  that  time  was  the  systen 
the  various  forms  of  aiijinnitus  e.s.senti 
sticce.ssful  use  ? 

Objected  to  as  immatorial. 

A.  Yes. 

^  17  Q.  From  the  date  of  your  eii 
Ellison  have  you  labored  coiistantl 
under  his  direction  in  the  perfection  ; 
incandescent  lights  and  the  aiiparai 
make  them  available  ? 

A.  With  the  exception  of  about  twi 

18  Q.  When  did  Mr.  Edison  first  ) 
exhibition  his  incandescent  electric  1 
carbon  conductors  ? 

-■1.  The  next  day  after  the  publicati 
in  the  New  York  “  Hendd,”  which  I 
Edison  Exhibit  No.  2.  dated  Decembe 


3242 


Francis  B.  Upfon. 


19  Q.  Please  look  nt  the  lump  now  shown  you,  whie 
is  marked  “  Exhibit  Edison’s  Commercial  lucandescci 
Electric  Lamp."  State  whether  that  represents  tli 
ehanicter  of  lamp  referred  to  in  vonr  previous  answer 

A.  Yes. 

20  Q.  Stale,  if  you  please,  about  the  extent  an 
kind  of  ii.se  made  then  and  afterwarils  with  that  kin 
of  lamp  ? 

A.  Wires  had  been  run  in  the  laboratory  buihlin| 
In  connection  with  these  chandeliers  had  been  placi' 
so  that  the  light  from  the  lamps  could  be  used  whil 
ex))(!rimenting.  Lamp-posts  went  l>laccil  on  the  roai 
to  the  depot.  Jly  impre.ssioii  is  that  this  was  all  don 
before  December  21st.  The  dynamo  machines  wcri!  i 
|)lace.  Mr.  Edison  was  waiting  for  his  foreign  patent 
to  bo  issued,  I  understood,  at  the  time.  AVires  wei 
also  run  to  my  house  and  to  Mr.  Edison's  house  ;  in  on 
aise  using  a  special  lino  of  poles,  in  the  other  the  We. 
tern  Union  polos.  The  light  was  used  in  the  hall  an 
two  rooms  of  my  house,  for  all  ordinary  purposes,  an 
while  tests  wore  being  made  burned  continmdly  an 
without  interruption  for  several  weeks,  from  daik  unt 
ten  or  eleven  o'clock.  There  were,  I  think,  trom  six! 
to  over  one  hundred  lamps  in  the  circuit.  AA’hilo  th 
public  e.xhibitions  worb  given,  my  duty  was  to  watch  th 
dynamo  machines  to  see  that  no  harm  was  done  then 
and  to  explain  to  visitors  their  working  and  the  worli 
ing  of  the  light.  I  had  a  lamp  hung  over  my  dinin 
room  table,  which  wo  used  regularly  to  eat  by  at  nigh 
I  remember  having  a  dinner  party,  with  one  iani])  Inin 
over  the  table  giving  sulliciont  light.  This  was  all  don 
within  three  weeks  after  that  publication. 

21  Q.  State,  if  you  please,  whether  the  data  relatin 
to  these  lamps  were  put  in  your  charge.  If  so,  aboii 
wimt  time  was  it  ? 

A.  Mr.  Batclielor  started  tlie  book  giving  tlio  horn 
burned  of  the  lamps.  The  record  of  the  lumps,  I  im 
tice,  is  in  Jlr.  Batchelor’s  handwriting  until  Jaiiuar 
5th,  1880.  After  that  time  a  young  man  named  Herric 
kei)t  the  record.  I  helped  him  at  various  interval 


.A.  I  think  that  so  much  of  the  rcco 
is  a  fair  statement,  though  it  does  ni 
liniips  that  burnt  an  exceptionally  long 
■nnple,  one  on  the  lamp-post  at  the 
IhornaH’s  barn,  which  burnt  from  1,400 
I  lecollect  this  lamp  distinctlv  lus  giving 
I  recollect  examining  it  to  see  if  the  nun 
I  have  a  tabular  statement  of  the  life  o 
"hich  I  will  endeavor  to  lind  and  put  in 
-1  Q.  Did  all  the.se  lanms  about  wliicl 


A.  Tlio  stcaiiisliip  “  Coluinbiii  ”  was  fitted  out  in 
May  of  1880,  I  think,  with  about  150  of  these  Iniuiis. 
All  exliibitioii  was  given  while  tlie  stcaiuor  wiui  at  thc^ 
dock  ill  Now  York,  lighting  the  saloon  and  a  iiiiiiiberof 
staterooms. 

27  Q.  IVas  any  publicatioii  made  by  j-oii  about  the 
last  of  Deceiiilier,  1879,  or  early  part  of  January,  1880, 
about  the  state  of  perfection  at  that  time  of  Mr.  Edi¬ 
son’s  invoiitious  in  incandescent  electric  lamps  V 

A.  I  wrote  an  article  about  that  time  which  was  pub¬ 
lished  ill  “Scribner’s  Monthly”  for  Februnrv,  188b. 
This  article  is  a  full  description  of  Jfr.  Edison’s  labors 
to  that  date. 

Article  ]iroducod,  put  in  ovidenco,  and  marked 
Edison’s  Exhibit  No.  10. 

The  exhibit  is  objected  to  on  behalf  of  Sawyer 
A  Man  as  incompetent,  irrelevant  and  immate¬ 
rial,  and  not  legal  evidence  in  11113'  sense. 

28  Q.  Mr.  Man,  in  his  testimony  in  this  interference, 
speaks  of  using  "  principally  ordinary  blotting  paper  " 
for  incandescent  conductors  for  electric  lamps.  Have 
you  had  any  exiicrience  in  the  carbonization  of  ordi¬ 
nary  blotting  jiapor  ;  if  so,  with  what  results '! 

A.  I  have  had  sonic  experience.  Carbons  made  from 
blotting  paiier  are  easily  broken  and  not  ns  durable 
as  carbons  made  from  compressed  paiier. 

29  Q.  Mr.  JIan  further  testifies  in  the  same  interfer¬ 
ence  of  “  rubbing  down  and  working  out  by  hand  the 
carbons.”  Have  you  had  any  experience  in  this  kind 
of  manipulation  of  paper  carbons  ? 

A.  I  have  never  tried  the  jirocess  mentioned.  1 
should  judge  it  to  bo  extremely  difficult. 

30  Q.  Eefen-ing  to  the  answer  to  eross-quostion  on 
page  18  of  the  printed  tostiinoio'  of  Alboii  Man,  wliat 
office  would  be  filled  bv  the  interior  conductor  coated 


itnnees  with  which  the  loo])  is  treated 
;rentcr  portion  of  the  light  would  be  g 
riio  looser  and  more  porous  the  paper  t 
:nrry  the  current  and  give  the  light  from 

By  consent  this  testimony  was  po; 
iVeduesdnv,  June  29tli,  1881,  at  10  ^ 
dace. 

AVji.  H.  Jfi'.viKiwi'Uo 
Notarv  1’ 
Neiv  V 


I’ursuant  to  adjoiirnment  this  testimoi 
led  June  29th,  1881,  at  same  place,  flu 
icing  present. 

31  Q.  I  call  your  attention  to  your  an 
ioii  23,  and  ask  if  Edison’s  Exhibit  No. 
cct  stateincut  of  the  life  of  the  lamps  tin 
s  not  destroyed,  and  icsk  you  to  sup])lei 
ory  of  the  lamps  which  were  not  destro, 
how  their  full  duration  ‘f 
A.  So  far  as  it  goes  it  is  correct,  but 
lie  records  I  find  that  the  lamiis  arc  eon 
ther  book,  for  example,  lamp  No.  159  is 
ook  No.  74,  copying  the  original  recoi-d 
he  record  to  Jnnunr3'  3()th,  1880.  'I’he  1 
>  have  a  life  of  G83  lioiii-s  and  45  miniitci 
Lamp  223.  which  is  copied  on  page  3 


324G 


Francis  H.  Upton. 


pages  r>J  ami  8,  9  ami  10,  11  ami  12,  pages  13  ami  M. 
respectiveh-. 

Counsel  for  Edison  toiulcrs  the  above  roconl 
book  for  examination  to  connsei  for  Sawyer  ,t 
3Ian,  ami  puts  in  ovidenee  copies  of  tlio  pages 
above-named,  tlio  same  being  marked  Edison’s 
Exhibit  No.  11. 

Counsel  for  Sawyer'ifc  Man  objects  to  the  ex¬ 
hibit  ns  an  incunii)Icte  copy  of  the  record  referred 
to,  and  as  impertinent,  the  copy  being  no  evi¬ 
dence  unic.ss  the  record  itself  is  ]>ut  in. 

.12  Q.  Have  yon  rend  the  printed  record  of  the  testi¬ 
mony  of  Jlessrs.  Sawyer  .t  3Inn  in  this  interference 'f 

A.  The  lai-ger  portion  of  it. 

33  Q.  AVliere  a  paper  carbon  conductor  built  up  in 
the  manner  described  by  Sawyer  A-  Man  in  their  testi¬ 
mony  is  used  in  an  electric  lamp,  what  special  function 
as  regards  incandescence  is  exerted  by  the  paper  car¬ 
bon  i)ortion  of  such  conductor ‘f 

A.  As  a  mechanical  support  for  holding  the  solutions 
with  which  the  carbon  is  built  up. 

3.1  Q.  M  ouhl  not  materials  other  tlian  paper  carbon 
servo  for  such  a  sui)port  ? 

A.  Yes ;  asbestos,  for  instance,  in  the  cases  where 
they  dip  the  loop  into  solutions,  or  liber  of  any  de¬ 
scription. 

^  35  Q.  I  wish  you  would  examine  the  answer  of  Wil¬ 
liam  E.  Sawyer  to  the  18th  question,  and  the  statement 
about  candle  power,  duration  of  burners,  fracture,  Ac., 
and  state  wliat  results  would  follow  from  the  various 
conditions  named  in  his  answer? 

^  A.  I  should  judge  from  the  surface  of  the  lamp  in 
Sawyer’s  Exhibit  No.  4,  and  from  the  thickness  of  the 
carbon,  that  it  might  bo  possible  for  a  lamp  to  last,  giving 
twenty-five  caudles,  for  the  time  mentioned.  The  sur¬ 
face,  I  should  think,  is  twice  ns  great  as  that  in  Exhibit 
Edison’s  Commercial  IncnndesceutElectric  Lamp.  Since 
the  economy  of  a  lamp  is  inversely  as  the  surface,  it 
would  take  more  power  to  obtain  the  same  light  from 


,'hborhood  of  1  ohm  at  the  most.  This,  in  my  ojii 
,  renders  the  lamp  totally  uncommercial  owing 
enoniiousloss  there  must  ho  from  (conduction  thron. 
clamps.  For  example,  the  Edison  carbon  havii 
ohms  and  the  clamp  I  ohm,  only  ,1,  of  all  tl 
rgy  u.sod  by  the  lamp  will  he  lost  in  the  clam 
le  in  the  lamp,  .Sawyer’s  Exhibit  No.  4,  if  the  clan 
a  resistance  of  1  ohm,  the  same  as  in  the  Ediso 
-half  of  the  total  energy  used  in  tine  lamp  will  I 
in  the  clamps.  Ilcsidrcs  this,  the  increase  of  tl 
of  the  carbon  allows  more  heat  to  he  conduct, 
n  it  to  the  clamps.  .\s  a  r(;sult,  1  should  judge 
lid  ho  iiiipossible  to  seal  the  lamp  unless  some  devi 
e  used  to  dissipate  this  heat,  making  the  lamp  v.' 
e  and  clumsy. 

(IQ.  Ileferring  now  to  the  descriplimi  and  sketch 
-•n  in  the  printed  record  ofSawayer  Man’s  tesi 
ly,  of  the  perfected  lamp  made  by  them,  sta 
ithor  in  your  opinion  such  a  lamp  would  he  a  pra 
il  lamp,  and  give  your  reasons? 

.  1  do  nut  think  that  it  is  a  ]iractical  lamp.  ’I’l 
:  objection  is  on  account  of  its  low  resistauee. 
ed  in  the  previous  answer,  liesides  the  heat  at  tl 
iqis,  owing  to  the  large  currents  that  (vould  have 
imployed  to  give  out  suniei(,‘nt  energy  for  light  fro 
nail  resistance,  there  would  be  a  great  deal  of  trouh 
unking  the  clamp  last,  as  the  tendency  for  arcs 
ng  between  the  clamp  and  the  carbon  would,  he  i 
itly  increased. 

do  not  consider  it  possible  to  make  such  a  lain 
hermetically  seal  it  in  a  glass  ciuse,  preventing  an 
from  reaching  it.  Unic.ss  this  is  done,  a  carbon  lam 
ikeus  the  elobc  that,  suiTounds  it  very  iiuickl 


Friiiicis  E.  Upton. 


timu  to  make  a  carbon,  composed  of  paper  only,  barn 
in  an  ntmos])bcro  of  nitrogen,  without  success. 

I  took  every  precaution  that  Mr.  Edison  and  his 
chemist.  Dr.  Moses,  suggested  to  make  the  nitrogen 
pure.  The  experiment  was  carried  on  in  the  bell-jar  of 
an  air  pump.  The  air  was  exhausted  from  the  boll-jar, 
and  nitrogen  drawn  in.  Thou  again  exhausted,  and 
nitrogen  again  drawn  in.  I  made  tlie  nitrogen,  holding 
it  in  large  bags,  then,  before  drawing  it  in,  the  boll-jar 
was  dried  and  jiassed  over  hot  copper  filings.  'With 
loops  made  of  paper  only  no  light  could  bo  made.  1 
should  also  say  that  the  lamp.  Sawyer’s  Exhibit  Xo.  I, 
filled  with  nitrogen  would  soon  lose  it,  if  lighted  many 
times.  AV hen  lighted,  the  giLs  inside  the  globe  will  l,u! 
expanded,  thrusting  out  the  nitrogen.  When  cold,  the 
outside  air  will  be  drawn  in  to  replace  the  nitrogen. 
Judging  from  the  stylo  of  the  lamp,  I  should  say  that 
the  gas  would  be  very  much  compressed  when  the  lamp 
was  lighted,  owing  to  the  great  amount  of  heat  evolved 
in  a  small  chamber. 


37  x-Q.  What  is  your  name 

A.  Francis  E.  Upton. 

38  x-Q.  Have  you  fixed  the  exact  date,  by  reference 
to  your  accounts,  when  you  went  into  the  employ  of 
Mr.  Edison  ? 

A.  Xovomber  15, 1878. 

39  x-Q.  Have  jou  been  continually  in  bis  employ 
from  that  time  to  this’^ 

A.  Yes ;  to  the  first  of  January,  1881,  when  I  be¬ 
came  superintendent  at  the  lamp  factory  of  which  ho  is 
chief  owner. 

40  x-Q.  M  hero  is  the  lamp  factory  of  which  he  is 


etory  substantially  like  the  lamp  Exhibit 
iiiumereial  Incandesceiit  Electric  l^aiiip':' 

.\.  Yea,  with  the  exception  that  bamboo  is 
rge  number  on  aceoiiiit  of  the  ease  of  umiiipi 
stead  of  Jiaper,  for  the  illiiiuiiiatiiig  eoaduet. 
•19  x-Q.  Which  makes  the  best  earboii  foi 
[hliiig  by  incandescence,  paper  or  baiiihoo'/ 
A.  liamboo, 

■13  x-Q.  How  is  baniljoo  superior  to  papm 
irpose '! 

A.  On  aeeoiiiit  of  the  dilliciilly  of  procuring 
en  thinkness,  and  Imeause  the  fibres  of  bai 
ntiiiuoiis  ill  the  direction  in  which  the  ctirr. 
■M  x-(J.  How  does  the  resistance  of  an  ilia 
nductor  made  of  bamboo  compare  with  the  r 
a  similar  eoinluctor  made  of  paper? 

A.  The  resistance  of  the  banilmo  is  slightly  1 


la  x-Q.  Ill  the  difTereiice  in  the  resistance  o 
iboiis  siilliciuiit  to  alTecl  the  practical  workii) 
nj.  ? 

A.  No. 

I(i  X-Q.  Thun,  for  all  practical  purposes,  in 
i'ct  they  are  tlio  same? 

A.  Y’es,  ill  so  far  ils  their  illuminating  pi 
eoncurned. 

17  x-Q.  AVhat  proportion  of  the  lamps  nniiiii 
you  are  fitted  with  illuminating  conductora 
boiiizod  paiMjr? 

A.  One  to  two  per  cent.,  I  should  jiiilgc. 
x-Q.  In  preparing  your  carbons  for  electri 


tncnl  uppiimtiis  iii  tlio  plirsicitl  liiborntory  at  Prince- 
and  one  year’s  work  at  electrical  moasiiromeiits  of 
oii.s  kimls  at  Berlin  Iwfore  entering  Jlr.  Edison's 
)loy  ;  since  I  have  been  with  Mr.  Edison  I  have 
le  calcidations  concerning  electrical  matters,  and  as- 
ed  in  a  large  nnndjer  of  electrical  oxperiinents. 

U  x-Q.  Do  yon  consider  yourself  an  export  in  tln^ 
ctical  aiiplication  of  electricity  in  electric  lighting. 

.  So  far  as  relates  to  the  incande.scent  electric  light, 

1  x-Q.  lieforo  yon  wont  in  the  employ  of  Mr.  Edi- 
,  were  yon  lu-qiiainted  with  him. 

.  1  had  met  him  once  in  a  visit  to  his  laboratory. 

2  x-Q.  In  answer  to  ipiestion  ’>  yon  say  when  yon 
it  into  the  em])loy  of  Mr.  Edison  ho  was  experi- 
ding  with  the  platinum  spiral  tamp  with  a  thernial 
dalor,  and  was  making  an  extended  series  of  expen¬ 
ds  to  tind  the  laws  of  magnetism,  and  was  also 
lying  publications  relating  to  constructions  of  dyna- 

machines.  How  long  did  Jlr.  Edison  continue 
hose  experiments,  and  in  studying  pnblieidions  ic¬ 
ing  to  constructions  of  dynamo  machines  ? 

.  Up  to  the  present  time,  1  should  say  ;  of  course 
1  intermis-sions,  giving  time  for  his  experiments  to  he 
'ied  out. 

i)  x-Q.  Does  Mr.  Edison  still  continue  in  his  oxperi- 
ds  npoii  the  platinum  spiral  lamps  with  thermal 

..  Yes  ;  through  his  a.ssistants. 

1  x-Q.  I  read  your  answer  to  question  C  of  your 
mination-in-chief  (Coiins'el  reads)  :  Please  to  stale 
in  it  was  that  ho  tested  the  thread  of  carbon  made 
lis  telephone  experiments  for  the  piirimse  of  ascer- 
liug  its  resistance  referred  to  in  the  answer  I  reail  ? 
..  My  ini])res.siou  is  that  it  was  in  August  or  Septem¬ 
ber,  ISitl,  that  is  the  best  of  my  recollection. 

5  x-Q.  In  answer  to  that  ipiestion,  you  say  :  “  I 


lotho  Is'st  of  niy  recollection,  in  Novcinh 

i-Q.  Yon  say,  in  answer  to  the  same  qneslii 
our  attention  was  more  particularly  drawn  to  t 
m  pumps,  and  to  the  construction  of  dviiai 
lies.  State,  if  yon  please,  when  it  was  that  y 
idcd  in  getting  a  imiiqi  by  which  yon  could  « 
satisfactory  vacuum  in  the  illiiiiiiiiating  chanil 

I’o  the  best  of  my  recollection,  in  .Inly,  18711. 
;-Q.  In  answer  to  that  same  question,  yon  al 
I  remember  that  wo  all  felt  very  iiiiieh  elated 
Ld  of  the  carbon  not  changing  its  resistance,  for 
d  that  there  was  no  wiLsting  awav  of  the  carho 
111  felt  that  it  was  ])ossible  to  make  a  system 
c  lighting  simply  by  inhliiig  to  the  life  of  the  laii 
we  have  since  done."  State,  if  yon  ]ih'ase, 
vay  yon  have  .since  added  to  the  life  of  the  lam{ 
I'irst,  by  making  better  clumps  for  the  carbon, 
lold  the  carbon  firmly,  and  ])ievent  arciii 
illy,  by  making  better  carbons.  Third,  by  ii 
1  methods  of  getting  the  vncuitm,  so  as  to  he  sn 
1  the  hiliips  are  well  exhausted,  even  when  tl 

-Q.  in  answer  to  question  11  you  say  the  til 
ction  you  have  of  Jlr.  Edison  turning  his  atte 
ap])rovod  iiieans  for  producing  a  vaciium 
:  lamps  was  when  he  sent  you  to  Princeton  i 
'  a  fieisslor  lamp.  Have  you  been  able  to  t 
le  exactly  when  that  was  ? 
have  not.  I  looked  last  night  but  could  lind  i 
b^'  which  I  could  tlx  the  date  exactly. 

■Q.  AVas  it  after  yon  went  to  Princeton  to  bp 
e  pump,  that  you  came  to  New  York  to  advertii 
lass-blower  for  Mr.  Edison,  as  stated  in  auswi 


A.  I  (lid  not  ndvortiso  ;  but  it  was  after  tliat  that  51 
Edison  advertised  for  a  competent  gliuss-blower. 

(iO  x-Q.  State,  if  you  recollect  in  what  paper  it  wa 
that  that  advertisement  was  inserted  ? 

A.  My  impression  is,  the  “  Herald.” 

01  x-Q.  Give  the  date  as  near  as  you  can  recollect 

A.  It  was  in  the  Suniiiicr  of  187!l.  I  can’t  tix  tli 
date. 

02  x-(J.  How  often  did  5Ir.  Edi.son  advertise  h 
glass-blowers,  and  state  whether  idl  the  advertiseineal 
were  subsecpiont  to  the  time  that  you  borrowed  tli 
pump  at  Princeton '! 

A.  5Iy  impression  is  twice.  All  tlie  advertisemeiil 
were  subseipient. 

03  x-Q.  This  lamp  referred  to  by  you  as  being  at  tli 
corner  of  5Ir.  ThornaU's  barn,  us  burning  from  fourtee 
to  one  thousand  live  hundred  hours — what  was  tli 
himinositv  of  timt  lamp  in  candle  power '! 

A.  I  should  judge  from  twelve  to  sixteen  candles. 

01  x-Q.  How  long  would  such  a  lamp  last,  in  yoi 
judgment,  yielding  a  luminosity  of  twenty-five  ca’ndl 
power 

A.  From  four  hiiiidred  to  six  hundred  hours. 

05  x-Q.  What,  in  your  judgment,  would  be  the  avei 
age  life  of  the  lamps  referred  to  in  the  record,  aboi 
which  you  have  been  testifying,  yielding  a  luminosit 
of  twenty-live  candle  power  '! 

A.  As  the  lamjis  were  then  made,  when  not  very  gooi 
they  would  are  at  high  candle  power ;  excepting  tho.s( 
I  should  say  from  100  to  200  hours. 

00  x-Q.  Do  you  moan  to  bo  understood  as  saying, 
the  plan  of  the  lamp  was  skillfully  carried  out  in  il 
construction  and  oi-ganization.  it  would  endure  from  on 
to  two  hundred  hours  at  a  luminosity  of  twenty-liv 
candle  power — referring,  of  coui-se,  to  the  lamps  note 
in  the  record  ? 

A.  I  do. 

00  x-Q.  Have  you  over  tried  any  of  j-our  laiiii: 
like  Exhibit  Edison's  Commercial  Incandcscuut  Electri 


A.  i>otm  iiinorubnef  hummary  of  tliu  liixtory  of 
electric  lighting,  ns  is  jairported  to  ho  given  in  the 
article. 

77  x-Q.  Do  yon  swear  that  the  statement  in  the 
magazine  article  of  the  Sawyer  A-  Man  patent  is  an 
aeenrato  statement  of  the  facts  as  they  appear  in  the 
patent  ? 

A.  The  patent  itself  is  the  host  eviilonec  of  what  it 
contains.  If  what  I  stated  is  right  it  can  bo  verified 
from  the  patent. 

riiAXi'ls  R.  UlTOS. 

End  of  Upton's  First  Intorferenoe  Depo¬ 
sition. 


Upton’s  Second  Interference  Deposition. 

Pursuant  to  adjournment  the  taking  of  testimony 
was  continued  the  18th  day  of  April,  1883. 

Present— .\3ios  Biio.vdxax,  counsel  for  Sawyer  A 
JIan,  and  Geo.  M'.  Dveii,  counsel  for  Edison. 

^  Fhancis  E.  UlTOX,  a  witness  produced  on  behalf  of 
Edison,  being  dtdy  sworn,  testifies  as  follows  in  answer 


lison  lamp  factory  at  .Menlo  Park 
■>  Q.  How  long  did  Welsh  work 
Menlo  Park  ? 

.1.  Until  about  Eebniary.  ISSil. 

(1  Q.  What  was  his  employment  v 
the  lamp  factory? 

A.  Jly  impression  is  he  was  enipl 

7  Q.  Do  you  know  how  long  it 
gan  to  work  at  carbonizing? 

.'V.  Hu  commenced  earbonizing  al: 

8  Q.  Dill  he  communce  then  t 
•ss  of  carbonizing? 

A.  Ho  had  some  slight  aeipniinta 
ed  from  seeing  the  proce.ss  carr 
mmcnccd  at  this  time  he  was  im 
is  bmnch  and  gave  his  whole  tim 
!l  Q.  Were  bis  instructions  eoulin 
ithods  of  carbonizing? 

.■V.  As  far  as  I  know,  they  wore. 
10  Q.  AVas  there  anv  time  he  wat 


12  Q.  AVliy  was  Alcxmidiw  Welsh  disclmigod? 

A.  Because  we  had  lost  coiilidcnce  in  liiiii. 

13  Q.  For  what  reason  ? 

A.  When  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  carbonizii 
;  was  expressly  mentioned  that  he  should  report  e 
eriinents  trnthfnlly.  We  were  satisfied  ho  was  n 
oing  so ;  this  lack  of  trnthfnhiess  had  become  a  b 
ord  in  onr  factory. 

1-1  Q.  Since  he  was  discharged  what  has  been  1 
ttitmle  towards  the  Edison  Electric  Light  Compai 
lid  the  interests  of  Mr.  Edison? 

A.  Most  of  the  time  active  opposition, 
lo  Q.  What  instances,  if  any,  can  yon  give  of  acti 
pposition  ? 

A.  It  has  come  to  my  knowledge  several  times  th 
e  was  employed  in  trying  to  get  workmen  in  the  Ed 
m  interests,  away  to  other  companies. 

10  Q.  Mr.  Welsh,  in  his  testimony,  says  that  yi 
indo  promises  which  yon  failed  to  fulfill,  which  led 
^sequence  to  a  very  bad  feeling  between  ns ;  th 
ns  an  answer  to  x-Q.  10.').  Have  you  anything  to  si 
1  regard  to  this  statement  of  Mr.  Welsh  ? 

A.  I  have  absolutely  no  recollection  of  any  nntilli 
I'omises  to  Jlr.  Welsh.  1  had  no  bad  feeling  towari 
im.  except  that  I  had  been  provoked  by  finding  oi 
m-  grossly  he  had  abased  the  opportnni'tius  that  woi 
von  him. 

1(  Q.  Mr.  M  elsh  says  in  Ins  ro-direct  testimony, 
iswer  to  questions  111!  and  117,  that  he  has  since  bee 
ilicitod  to  return  to  the  employ  of  Mr.  Edison  1 
3ni-self.  Have  yon  anything  to  say  lus  to  that  ? 

A.  After  his  discharge  from  the  lamp  factory  I  wi 
isirous  of  preventing  him  from  carrying  inforniatii 
lined  by  him  at  the  employ  of  the  lamp  factory  I 
iposition  companies.  I  recommended  him  to  tl 
ipcrintendent  of  the  Isolated  Company,  ns  a  brigl 


12  Q.  Mr.  W  elsh  testifies  that  he  made  cerlaii 
lits  of  paper  carbon  on  a  morning  in  .Inly,  IS, SI 
LM'ii  about  7:1.5  and  a  quarter  to  eight,  and  th 
s  neces.sary  lo  comidete  them  at  that  hour  bet 
I  train  left  at  eight  {fij  for  .\ew  York,  and  Iti 
lite  testifies  that  yon  were  present  dnriiiga  portic 
'  lime  when  such  exhibits  were  being  made.  V 
ollcction  have  yon  as  to  the  facts  thus  test 

L  1  have  no  distinct  rccollcctioii  of  In'ing  pre.sei 
time  mentioned.  I  am  very  positive  that  there 
train  at  eight  for  Now  York. 
i  l  ij-  Wlmt  hour  noare.st  that  time  did  the  train  i 
b  .\t  7:30,  within  a  verv  few  minutes;  the  next  t 
■r  was  11:20. 

■I  Q.  Kobert  White  testifies  that  in  that  carboi 
1  yon  throw  water  upon  the  carbonizing  box 
ten  the  cooling  of  it.  What  do  von  sav  to  that  st 
It  ?  '  ■ 

,.  I  do  not  recollect  doing  anything  of  the  kind. 
•7  Q.  He  te.stified  further  that  yon  then  carried  a' 
specimens  of  carbonized  paper  for  the  piirpo 
Welsh  informed  him,  of  giving  them  to  Mr.  Cl 
chelor  at  the  denot.  What  have  von  to  sav  to  I 


Hr.  Bntcliflor  testified  in  tliis  ease,  in  July,  1831, 
prodneed  si)ecimons  of  enrl>onizod  i)ni>er  pnqiortiiiK 
liave  been  made  in  tlio  manner  deseribed  bj-  Mr.  51 
and  5Ir.  Sawyer  in  tbeir  previous  teslimonj"  in  t 

A.  I  liave  been  infonned  that  bo  did  so. 

27  Q.  Have  yon  any  knowledge  or  information  « 
made  those  exhibits  produced  bv"  5Ir.  Batchelor,  a 
where  they  were  made,  and  during  what  time  of  I 

A.  I  have  always  understood  that  he  (5Ir.  Batehel 
made  them  himself,  assisted  by  5[r.'  .Atchcson,  I 
night  before  he  tc.stified  regarding  tbeni,  and  that  tl 
were  made  in  the  laboratory  at  5fenlo  Bark. 

28  Q.  5Vas  the  laboratory  a  dislinet  building  fr 
the  lamp  factory,  and,  if  so.  about  what  distanee  fri 
it  ? 

It  was  entirely  distinct  and  separated  from  I 
laiin)  factory  by  a  distance  of  about  l,r)00  feet.  'J 
lamp  factory  wius  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  the  laboratc 
on  top.  5Ion  om])loycd  in  one  were  not  allowed  in 
other,  except  on  business. 

2!)  Q.  Were  yon  present  during  the  time  when  1 
Alexander  Welsh  gave  his  evidence  in  this  case  V 

A.  I  was  most  of  the  time. 

30  Q.  Were  you  jirescnt  when  Alexander  IVelsh  p 
dueed  and  put  in  evidence  samples  of  carbonized  pa] 
purjiorting  to  have  been  made  in  accordance  with 
seri])tiuns  in  the  former  testimony  of  Mr.  5Inn  and 
Sawyer  ? 

A.  I  was. 

31  Q.  Did  yon  examine  such  spceimcns  at  the  ti 
sullicicntlv  to  form  an  oiiinion  noon  them  ? 


Hugh  B.  Garden. 


preclude  their  use  in  competition  with  materials  now 
ordinarily  n.sed.  .Secondly,  owing  to  the  irrc'iilaritv 
of  the  carbon  they,  if  it  wore  possible  to  bring  them 
to  incandescence,  would  be  so  irregular  lus  to  sdiorten 
their  life  very  materiallj-.  Third,  owing  to  their  ex¬ 
treme  lack  of  elasticity  it  would  be  alnio.st  impossible 
to  transport  lamps  if  sneh  could  bo  made. 

33  Q.  In  the  lirat  reason  given  in  the  previous 
answer  what  would  cause  the  lir.  akage  in  claiupiug  re¬ 
ferred  to  in  that  answer  V 

A.  In  clainiiing  carbons  it  is  ncces.sary  to  handle 
them  and  to  hold  them  firmly.  I'roin  my  experienee  I 
-should  judge  there  would  be  great  liability  of  breakage 
in  either  of  these  operations.  The  cause  of  it  would 
he  the  friable  nature  of  the  carbon.  1  scarcely  dared 
touch  the  exhibits  for  fear  of  breaking  them. 

Bii.ixns  It.  Ui'iox. 

End  of  TTpton's  Second  Interference 
Deposition. 


GARDEN'S  McKeesport  deposition. 

Xr.w  YoiiK,  .March  12,  ISS'J. 
Met  pursuant  to  ndjonrmcut. 

Hiriiii  K.  G.vudks,  lieing  duly  sworn,  says  ; 

1  Q.  What  is  your  name,  age,  residence  and  occu))a- 
tion  ? 

-•V.  Hugh  B.  Garden  ;  age,  -18 ;  occupation,  lawyer  ; 
residouco.'Now  York  Citv. 


A.  I  WHS  olcotod  tlio  prosKlent  of  said  oorporntio 
during  .Iiimmry,  1880,  I  think. 

•1  Q.  Has  tlio  EIcutro-Dvimmic  Tjight  Co.  a  secretan 
and  if  so,  ]>Ica.su  give  his  iiainuand  ro.sidoiico  ? 

A.  It  lias  a  secrutarj-  ;  his  inline  is  C.  W.  Stocker 
his  oflice  address  is  room  (i07-G08,  at  No.  32  Nas.sa 
street,  N.  Y. 

5  Q.  Have  yon  now  in  vonr  possession  the  l.ook  i 
ininntes  containing  tlie  record  of  tlio  proceedings  of  th 
Hoard  of  Trustees  of  the  EIoctro-Dynainic  laght  Co. 

A.  I  have  in  ni}- po.ssession  a  Isiok  purporting  to  con 

G  Q.  During  what  years  does  said  ininnto  book  con 
tain  a  record  of  the  in  oceedings  of  tin;  Hoard  of  Trustee 
of  the  Eleotro-Dyiiainie  I.ight  Co.  ? 

Counsel  for  the  complainant  stated  of  recon 
that  in  accordance  with  the  reipiest  of  Mi 
Eowrey,  of  counsel  for  defondant,  he  has  n 
ipiestcd  the  witness  to  produce  tho  said  minnt 
book  of  tho  Elcctro-Dynaniic  Light  Compaiii 
before  the  Examiner  this  morning,  and  that  th 
witness  has  done  so  in  accordance  with  said  re 
cpiest,  and  tho  book  is  now  produced  for  use  e 
tho  defendant’s  counsel,  and  the  cpiestioii  is  oh 
jected  to  for  the  reason  that  the  boeik  itself  is  th 
best  evidence  and  of  tho  periods  covered  by  sail 
book. 

A.  I  am  not  familiar  with  the  dates  or  tho  content 
of  tho  miiiiito  book,  having  had  no  coniioction  officialli 
with  tho  Eloctrij-Dyiiamio  Light  Co.  prior  to  tho  winte 
of  1888-1889,  but  at  tho  request  of  counsel  I  hav 
brought  tho  niinuto  book,  and  I  offer  tho  same  in  evi 


id  allow  the  defendant's  counsel  to  inspeid  the  s.amc 
A.  Defendant’s  counsel  hius  now  the  minute  book  i 
is  possession,  and  the  witness  will  he  pleased  to  hai 
him  examine  it  thoroughly. 

It  is  conceded  bv  complainants  coiinsi'l  th: 
tile  book  ))roduced  is  the  iiiiiiiite  hook  of  tl 
Electro-Dynamic  Light  Company,  and  the  onl 
one  they  ever  had.  .Vs  to  the  period  covcrei 
counsel  states  that  the  book  it.self  is  the  be: 
ovidencu  of  that.  As  to  the  record  of  proeeec 
ings,  counsel  also  concedes  that  it  contains 
correct  statement  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Kiel 
tro-Dynamic  Light  Company  during  the  jicrio 
ombraced  in  the  book. 

S  Q.  Plciuio  oxaniiiio  said  minute  book  at  ]iages  1 
u3  inchisiTC,niid  state  whether  you  lind  therein  arei 
d  of  tho  proeeodiiigs  of  a  meeting  of  the  Hoaid  < 
•iistoos  of  tho  Electro-Dynamic  Light  Company  ]mi 
irting  to  havo  been  held  on  the  2Uth  day  of  Marcl; 


Objected  to  as  the  witness  has  no  person! 
knowledge  of  said  meeting,  and  tho  book  itself  i 


12G2 


Hugh  15.  Gnrileii. 


ufe  tlint  within  tlio  pages  leferrcil  to  there  is  wlmi 
irports  to  bo  a  record  of  the  proceedings  of  Board  ol 
nisteos  of  tlio  Electro-Dynamic  Light  Companv,  lieh 
1  the  20th  day  of  March,  1870. 

Dofondants’  counsel  offers  in  evidence  fron 
the  book  of  minutes  of  the  Electro-Dynamii 
Light  Comininy  a  record  of  the  proceedings  o 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  said  company,  purport 
ing  to  have  been  held  on  the  20th  day  of  March 
1870,  at  3:30  P.  M.,  No.  3  Na.s.san  street.  New 
lork  City.  Said  record  being  on  pages  10,  17 
18, 10,  aO,  51,  52  and  53,  inclnsive,  of  .said  min- 
nte  book,  and  purporting  to  have  been  signed 
by  AV.  E.  Sawyer,  secretary.  Said  record  ol 
March  20th,  1870,  is  lilod  in  evidence  and 
marked  Defendants'  Exhibit  "  Electro-Dynamic 
Light  llccord,  March  20th,  1870." 

'i'ho  offer  is  objected  to  as  incom]ietent,  unless 
the  whole  book  is  offered  in  lividencc,  that  being 
a  ])nrt  of  their  record  and  showing  only  a  portion 
of  the  iiroeeedings  of  the  said  company  apper¬ 
taining  to  the  subject  inclnded  in  the  offer,  and 
ns  an  attoinjit  on  the  part  of  the  defendant  to 
cut  off  the  complainant  from  pro]icr  cross- 
examination,  and  also  to  conceal  from  the  Court 
matter  material  to  the  controversy.  Notice  is 
hereby  given  that  a  motion  will  bo  made  at  or 
before  the  hearing  of  this  canso  upon  proper 
notice  as  to  time  and  place  to  strike  out  the  mu¬ 
tilated  record  thus  attempted  to  bo  offered  by 
the  defendant. 

9  Q.  Please  examine  said  record  Defendants'  Exhibit 
Jlectro-pynamic  Light  Record,  March  20th,  1879," 
d  state  if  you  know  in  whose  handwriting  it  is? 

.4.  I  have  examined  the  record  referred  to  and  I  do 
t  know  in  whose  handwriting  it  is. 

10  Q.  Please  state  from  whom  voii  received  said 


riio  brought  it  there  I  do  not  know.  I  think  this  was 
n  .Jainiary,  1889.  I  see  bv  r.-ference  to  the  minute 
look  itself  that  I  was  elected  jire.sident  on  the  19th  of 
December,  1888,  to  till  the  iinexpired  term  of  Mr. 
riiomas  Wallnce,  the  former  president,  and  that  at  the 
iiiniml  election  which  took  place  in  .fannarv,  1889,  1 
las  re-eleeted  president,  ami  the  book  was  probablv 
irought  to  my  otliee  at  the  time  I  was  elected  in  Dc- 
emlier,  1888,  and  has  since  been  . . .  custody. 

11  Q.  .4t  the  time  .>.iid  minute  book  was  ilcliveied  to 
oil,  was  it  put  into  your  custody  as  tl  i  t  I  k 
f  the  Electro-Dynaiuic  Light  Company  in  which  the 
iroceedings  of  its  Board  of  Trustees  were  recorded  y 

.4.  I  so  iinderstood  it. 

Adjourned  to  2  P.  51. 


March  12.  1889. 

5Iot  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Coiiusel  jiresent  as  before. 

It  is  hereby  .stipnlateil  that  a  eojiy  of  the 
minutes  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Klectro- 
Dynamic  Light  Company  of  the  meeting  held 
March  20th,  1879,  offeied  in  evidence  by  the 
couinsel  for  the  defendant,  may  be  cuiiied  in  the 
record  by  the  Examiner  and  have  the  same  force 
and  effect  as  the  original  in  the  minute  book  of 
the  said  company,  subject,  however,  to  the  ob¬ 
jection  made  by  counsel  for  the  eonii>Iuinant. 

It  is  also  agi-eed  that  the  complainant  will 
produce  the  said  minute  liook  at  the  hearing  of 
this  cause,  or  at  any  time  during  the  taking  of 
the  defendant’s  evidence  on  |)roper  notice  from 


At  ail  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Uoaril  of  Truateos  of 
the  Electro-Dynamic  Light  Co.,  held  at  No.  3  Niusaan 
street,  on  Thursday,  March  20th,  1879,  at  3.30  P.  JI. 
Present— Messrs.  Albon  .Man,  Hugh  JlcCulloch,  IViin 
H.  Hays,  Jacob  Hays,  Lawrence  M vers,  Jim.  P.  Ker- 
nochnn  and  AV.  E.  .Sawyer;  the  president  in  the  chair. 

The  minutes  of  the  i>revious  meeting  and  of  the  two 
adjournments  which  followed  were  rend  and  approved. 

The  treasurers  reiiort  to  date  wius  presented  and 
read,  showing  a  balance  of  cash  in  hank  of  S2.C1.  Total 
liahilitie.s,  $3,530.72 ;  of  which  amount  there  is  due  to 

Albon  Man . . 

Jacob  Hays . .  ' 

Hugh  McCullough . 150 

Lawrence  Myers _  _  J50 

Wm.  H.  Hays . ;  uq 

J.  P.  Kornochan. . .  250 

Man  it  Pai'sons,  lawyers . :J20  .50 


Itoiu  whieh  the  president  promised  to  gcciire  a  re¬ 
duction. 

On  motion  the  report  of  the  treasurer  was  referred 
to  the  -Auditing  Committee,  consisting  of  the  jiresi- 
deut,  vico-iiresidentand  Secretary,  for  examination  and 
approval. 

The  president  tlien  made  the  following  report  wliich 
the  secretary  took  down  verhaliui : 

“  The  president  reports  that  on  Tuesday  last  lio  dis¬ 
charged  the  workmen  employed  by  tlie  company  at  No. 
94  AValker  street,  and  gave  them  notice  that  nothing 
further  would  bo  reijuirod  of  them  by  the  coiupauv, 
that  he  consented  to  .Mr.  W.  E.  Sawyer  doing  any  work 
ho  desired  to  do  there;  and  that  since  that  time  Mr. 
Sawyer  has  been  at  work  theio.  There  is  nobody  left 
m  the  employ  of  the  company  except  Mr.  Edwin  L. 
*  }ors.  llie  men  are  paid  up  to  the  expiration  of  the 
time  when  they  were  discharged.  Edwin  L.  Mvers 
was  put  in  charge  of  the  shop  by  tlie  president  to  look 
after  the  property  of  the  company-,  and  remains  in  that 
capacity  there,  receiving  a  salary  of  $12  jier  week.  -Mr. 


Hugh  It.  Garden. 


.Sawyer  has  expre.s.sed  to  the  president  of  the  compii 
the  greatest  possible  confidence  that  the  principle  u| 
which  ho  had  been  at  work  to  build  lamps  was  corre 
and  that  those  laniiis  that  had  been  put  up,  e.vcejit 
some  unknown  reiuson  (jirobably  soinethiiig  aljoiit  t 
tilling),  would  be  iiermanent  and  last  forever.  Soi 
half  a  dozen  or  more  lamps  that  arc  there  ari'  perfi 
and  he  (.Sawyer)  believeil  would  never  burn  imt,  hut 
main  as  they  are.  but,  in  his  (Sawyer's)  jinlgiaeiit 
laanufactiiro  of  lani]).s  of  that  character  was 
uncertain  that  ho  declined  to  put  them  on  e.xhihiti 
anywhere.  Since  the  last  meeting  of  the  coinjianv  A 
Sawyer  has  been  at  work  principallly  upon  a  feed 
lamp.  On  Tuesday  evening  of  this  week  the  feed 
lain])  was  eomiileted  and  was  Idled  with  illnminati: 
gas  and  lighted  II]) ;  fed  11])  from  the  outside  withe 
any  coniiection  with  the  air  at  all,  but  fed  u]i  from  t 
outside.  The  lain])  wius  tilled  with  illuminating  gas  h 
cau.se  the  conveniences  of  obtaining  nitrogen  were  n 
at  hand,  and  then  a  vacinim  made  in  tln^  lain]),  takii 
out  most  of  the  gas  and  leaving  only  a  very  small  ]a 
lion  in.  Thu  lamp  hiirned  well  for  ahoiit  half  an  ho 
in  illuminating  gas  and  was  then  shut  otV.  Mr.  Sawy 
had  it  taken  down  on  the  next  day  which  was  Wedni: 
lap,  and  tilled  by  Mr.  .Stillman,  and  this 
l-dwin  L.  Jlyei-s  run  it  and  fed  up  the  earlion  ]iem 
tweiity-one  times,  and  his  ro]iort  is  that  there  wius  i 
Lonsiimption  of  it,  and  that  tile  lain])  .seemed  to  be 
good  and  ]ierfoct  lain])  ;  that  the  carbon  was  entire 
defective  and  good  for  nothing,  because  it  had  not  Isa 
treated.  It  should  have  been  treated  before  it  was  ]n 
di  the  lump.  3Ir.  Sawyer  exiuesses  confidence  th: 
amps  i)ut  up  with  a  feeder  of  that  kind  will  last  foreve 
Old  he  will  bo  ready  to  put  it  on  e.xhihitiou,  hut  tl 
'fesideut  himself  exi)re.sses  his  own  views  in  regard  1 
d  that,  while  Sawyer’s  views  are  probably  correct,  pe 
ionally,  for  other  reasons,  he  is  unwilling  to  go  c 
•xpending  money  of  himself  and  others  in  buildii 
iaiiips.” 

On  motion,  it  was  ordered  that  the  report  of  tl 


3206 


Hugh  R.  Gnnloii. 


])rcsideut  be  entered  oii  the  inimitcs  nnd  his  iiction 
ni)pioved. 

The  secretary,  Hr.  Sawj-or,  thou  proiiosed,  tlmt  tlie 
gentlemen  present,  being  nnwilling  to  go  on  witli  the 
business  of  the  eompnny,  that  lie  should  bo  allowed 
the  free  use  of  the  shop  and  tools  of  the  company 
until  the  20th  of  April,  in  nnd  with  which  to  conduct 
his  own  experiments  at  his  own  expense;  that  he 
should  bo  allowed  three  mouths’  time  in  which  to  pay 
the  debts  of  the  company,  nnd  that  upon  his  p.aying 
the  debts  of  the  company,  not  to  exceed  four  thousand 
dollars  in  amount,  all  of  the  members  of  the  board  now 
l)rcsent,  excepting  hiin.self,  shall  tnm  into  the  treasury 
of  the  company  two-thirds  of  the  stock  nnd  scrip  origi¬ 
nally  held  by  them,  which  shall  la?  used  as  a  working 
capital  to  secure  funds  for  earn  ing  on  the  business  of 
tho  company,  tho  same  to  bo  sold  at  no  less  tlmie  fifty 
cents  on  tho  dollar  of  par  value.  Tho  proposition  of 
tho  secretary  was  considered  nnd  accepted  by  tinniii- 
mous  informal  agreement,  with  the  understanding  that 
the  remaining  one-third  of  stock  and  scrip  retained  by 
tho  present  members  of  the  board,  excepting  himserf, 
shall  bo  inotectod  from  assessment  or  debt  either  by 
two  of  the  present  lioard  members,  excepting  the  sec¬ 
retary,  retaining  their  board  mcmbc?rship  in  any  now 
organizations  to  be  effected,  or  by  some  other  means  to 
be  devised  hereafter. 

On  motion  of  Hr.  HcCnlloch,  it  was 

Resolved,  That  all  authority  heretofore  given,  ex¬ 
pressly  or  by  implication,  to  any  officer  of  this  corpora¬ 
tion  to  contract  debts  for  tho  com]inny,  lie  and  horobv 
is  rescinded. 

Resolved,  That  all  expenses  of  tho  company,  except¬ 
ing  tho  salary  of  Hr.  Edwin  L.  Hyers,  bo  revoked,  and 
that  ho  shall  bo  continued  in  charge  of  tho  property  of 
tho  company,  at  Xo.  94  Walker  street,  until  otherwise 
oi-dered. 

Resolved,  That  W.  E.  Sawyer  bo  authorized  to  use, 
for  experimental  purposes,  at  his  own  expense,  the 
office  and  premises,  machiuer)-  and  tools  of  tho  com¬ 


pany,  at  Ao.  94  Walker  street,  free  of  rent  until  the 
20tli  of  April  next. 

Tho  secretarj-  was  rc<ine.sted  to  state  in  the  minutes 
that  the  feeder  lamp  invention  made  by  him  at  the 
expense  of  tho  company  is  the  properly  of  the  com¬ 
pany  for  tho  United  States,  to  which  he  herebv  agrees 
and  assents,  and  will  make  all  necessary  assignments, 
provided  the  company  procures  the  patent  upon  it 
within  a  reasonable  time. 


Adjon 


W.  E.  S.vwvr.ii,  Seen 


CllOS.S-KX.\.MIS.VTIOS  : 


12  Q.  I’leaso  examine  the  ininnto  book  nnd  .st.ate 
whether  there  are  any  minutes  of  any  other  meeting  of 
the  trustees  of  tho  Electro-Dynamic  Light  Company, 
signed  by  “  W’.  E.  Sawyer,  Secretary,"  and  in  the  same 
handwriting  as  tho  niinnte  of  Jlarcli  20th,  1379,  and  if 
so.  jileaso  give  the  ilntes  of  said  meetings '! 


Defendants'  counsel  objects  to  the  (piestion  as 
inconipotent,  on  the  ground  tlmt  the  question 
calls  for  cvidcnco  not  respoiisivi?  to  the  examina- 
tion-in-chief,  and  because  it  calls  for  tho  opinion 
of  the  witness  as  to  the  handwriting  of  W.  E. 
Sawyer,  and  tho  witness  is  not  shown  to  bo  com¬ 
petent  to  express  an  oiiinion  upon  the  subject 
iiujuircd  about  or  to  make  a  comparison  as  to 
tho  similarity  or  dissimilarity  of  tho  handwriting 
of  the  person  who  reconlod  the  proceeilings  in 
.said  book  of  minutes. 


-A.  Beginning  at  page  1  of  said  book  I  find  what  pur¬ 
ports  to  be  a  meeting  of  tho  trustees  of  the  Electro- 
Dyiianiic  Company,  held  at  No.  3  Xa.ssau  street  on  tho 
1-oth  day  of  July,  1878,  the  said  record  ending  on  the 


320S 


Hugh  R.  Giirdon. 


or  alleged  proceedings  is  in  tlio  same  handwriting  a 
that  of  the  ])roeocdings  of  Harch  20th,  187!),  and  i 
closes  on  i)ngo  la  with  the  words  “  W.  E.  Sawyer,  Sec 
rctary." 

The  same  remarks  apply  to  a  record  of  a  meetini 
imrporting  to  have  been  held  Soiitemher  10th,  1878,  a 
the  same  idace,  beginning  on  page  10  and  ending  o 
page  18. 

The  same  remarks  apply  to  a  mceing  of  the  Board  n 
Trustees  ])nriiorting  to  have  been  held  October  8tl: 
1878,  l)Oginning  on  page  10  and  ending  on  ])age  20,  e.v 
cept  that  the  word  “  Secretary  ”  is  not  written  out  ii 
fnll,  but  is  written  “  Secy.” 

Tlie  same  remarks  as  the  last  apply  to  a  meeting  o 
said  Board  purporting  to  have  been  held  October  luth 
1878,  beginning  and  ending  on  page  21. 

Tho  same  remarks  apply  to  a  record  of  wliat  pnr 
ports  to  be  a  meeting  of  said  Board  lield  October  31st 
1878,  beginning  on  page  22  and  ending  on  jmgo  2(i. 

Tho  same  remarks  apply  to  a  record  of  what  pnr 
ports  to  be  a  meeting  of  said  Board  lield  on  the  12tl 
of  November,  1878,  iieginniiig  at  page  27  and  ending  a 
page  30. 

The  same  remarks  apply  to  a  record  of  what  pin- 
ports  to  bo  a  meeting  of  said  Board  on  Hooomber  12 
1878,  beginning  on  jiago  37  and  onding  on  page  40. 

Tho  same  remarks  applv  to  what  imrports  to  bo  i 
record  of  a  mooting  of  said  Board  January  14,  187!) 
JOginning  and  onding  on  jiago  41. 

Tho  same  remarks  apply  to  a  record  of  what  pnrportt 
:o  bo  a  mooting  of  said  Board  Fobrnary  18, 1871),  bo- 
'inning  and  onding  on  page  42. 

Tho  same  remarks  applj-  to  what  purports  to  be  ii 
neeting  of  said  Board  hold  Fobrnary  25,  1870,  bogin- 
ling  on  page  43  and  ending  on  page  45. 

On  page  45  there  is  also  a  record  of  what  purport.s 
o  bo  a  meeting  held  March  11,  1879,  which  is  not  in 
ho  same  handwriting,  except  that  the  signature  “  IV. 
i.  Sawyer,  Sec}-.,”  is  in  tho  same  handwriting  ns  that 
eforred  to  in  tho  question  a.sked. 

There  is  also  on  page  45  a  record  of  what  purports 


Hugh  R.  Garden. 


>  ho  a  meeting  hold  March  18th,  1879,  which  is 
ether,  including  tho  signature,  in  the  handwr 
‘ferred  to  in  tho  question. 

Tho  same  remarks  np|)ly  to  what  purports  to 
■cord  of  a  meeting  of  said  Board' held  .-Ipril  Sth,  1 
L-ginning  on  page  54  and  ending  on  page  55. 

The  same  remarks  apply  to  what  imrports  to  : 
iccting  of  said  Board  held  .\pril  19th,  1879,  begin 
1(1  ending  on  page  5ft. 

The  same  remarks  apply  to  what  purports  to 
eeting  of  said  Board  held  April  -Kith,  1879,  bt 
ng  on  page  57  and  ending  on  page  (il. 

Tho  same  remarks  apply  to  what  purports  to  I 
cord  of  tho  proceedings  of  said  Board  In-ld  Ma} 
!79,  heginning  at  page  Ii5  and  ending  at  page  (if!. 
Tho  same  remarks  apply  to  what  purports  to  1 
cord  of  a  meeting  of  said  Board  held  May  14.  1 
'ginning  and  ending  on  page  fi7. 

Tho  same  remarks  apply  to  a  record  of  what  purp 
ho  a  mooting  of  said  Board  held  May  -211th,  1 
ginning  on  page  (18  and  ending  on  ]iage  7(1. 

The  same  remarks  apply  to  a  rc(-ord  of  w  hat 
uts  to  bo  a  mooting  of  .said  Board  held  June  1 
79,  buginning  on  page  77  and  ending  near  tho  toi 
ge  78. 

I  find  nothing  moro  in  said  hook  in  the  haudwri 
ferrod  to. 

Samo  objection  to  answer  as  to  the  i|uest 


13  Q.  State  whether  the  minutes  you  have  refei 
of  meetings  beginning  on  .Tuly  15th,  1878,  and  c 
4  on  June  10th,  1879,  constitute,  together  w-ith 
uiites  of  March  20th.  1871'.  all  the  minutes  contai 


3270 


Hugh  E.  Gnrdcii. 


A.  They  coiistituto  nil  of  tho  iiiiuutc.s  recorded  ii 
said  book  between  the  ilntes  iiiciitioiied. 

14  Q.  Please  read  to  tho  Exainiiier  tho  niimitcs  u 
each  iiiootiiig  you  have  referred  to  in  your  12th  aiiswct 
so  that  ho  may  take  them  down  in  the  record  ? 

Defendant’s  counsel  objects  to  tho  qucstioi 
and  to  the  evidence  called  for  thereby  ujwn  tin 
ground  that  the  same  is  immaterial  and  irrelovaii 
and  the  question  calls  for  now  matter  not  rcla 
ting  to  or  growing  out  of  tho  examination-in 
chief,  and  because  tho  original  record  itself,  i 
comimtcnt  at  all,  is  tho  only  conipotent  ovidenci 
of  tho  facts  therein  recited,  and  defendant'! 
counsel  further  objects  and  protests  that  it  is  no 
competent  or  proper  for  tho  complainants  ti 


and  irrelevant  matter  or  lo  take  tho  defendant' 
time,  which  is  limited,  in  spreading  their  ow: 
evidence  upon  dofeudant’s  record,  thereby  con 
suming  defendant’s  tfmo  and  greatly  adiling  t- 
tho  expense  of  this  litigation. 

Tho  defendant’s  counsel  also  objects  that  n 
jU'opor  or  sullicient  foundation  has  been  laid  h 
the  complainant’s  counsid  for  tho  intro<luctiou  o 
tho  minutes  of  said  alleged  meetings  in  evidcnci 

The  defendant  gives  notice  that  if  tho  com 
plainnnt’s  coun.sol  imrsues  tho  lino  of  LMinini 
tion  indicated  in  tho  question,  he  will  make  sail 
witness  his  own  aud  will  bo  bound  by  tho  ovi 
deuce  ciUled  out,  and  ho  further  gives  notice  tha 
ho  will  move  tho  Court  before  final  hearing  or  a 
tinai  hearing  to  strike  said  incompi  tent,  iiuma 
terial  and  irrelevant  matter  from  defendant’ 
record. 

Counsel  for  complainaut  states  that  ho  has  ni 
desire  to  take  dofeudant’s  time ;  that  ho  ha 
proposed  to  defendant’s  counsel  to  iinrmit  tin 


“At  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees  of  tho  Kl 
mic  Light  Co.  held  at  Xo.  3  Xassau  St.,  ii 
New  York,  on  tho  l.'ith  day  of  .Tidy,  187(i. 

Present — Messrs.  Hugh  JlcCtdloch,  TVn 
•Mhon  Man,  Jacob  Hays,  Lawrence  Myon 
Sawyer ;  Mr.  .Tas.  P.  Kornochan  being  re] 
Mr.  Albon  Man,  Trustees. 

On  motions  Sir.  Hugh  SlcCulloch  wai 
chairman,  and  SV.  E.  .Sawyer,  secretary,  pro 
Tho  counsel  of  tho  company  reported  tl 
tilicate  of  incorporation  had  been  filed  in 
tho  Secretary  of  State  and  in  the  oflice  of 
Xow  York  County,  on  the  11th  day  of  July 
pi  e  anted  a  certified  copy  of  the  cortilicata 
On  motion  of  Mr.  Aibou  Man  it  was  resc 
lot  for  ofiicers. 

The  ballot  rosulteii  m  the  imauimous  cle 


A'ice-Presilloiit,  Alboii  Man. 

Secretary,  \V.  E.  Sawyer. 

Treasurer,  Jacob  Hays. 

The  Vice-President  elect  took  tlio  chair  and  on  mo¬ 
tion  it  was 

Resolved,  That  the  ])atcnts  ami  patent  rights  and 
agrc.-eineiits  belonging  to  William  E.  Sawyer  and  Albon 
Man,  relating  to  the  subject  of  electric  lighting  and  the 
production  :ind  distribution  of  electric  currents  be  pnr- 
elnused  by  the  company  and  that  the  President  and  Sec¬ 
retary  bo  and  hei-eby  are  directed  to  issue  to  the  .s.n<l 
Sawyer  and  Man  the  whole  capital  stock  of  the  com¬ 
pany  and  two  hundred  and  ninety  thousand  dollai-s  in 
scrip  eertifieatcs  of  the  company,  jiayable  out  of  profits, 
in  the  form  now  presented  to  the  company  and  exhib¬ 
ited  here  on  the  mimitos  ;  the  price  at  which  said  ]ia- 
tents  and  patent  rights  and  agreements  are  pnrchase.l 
being  Sa00,000. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  patents,  viz. : 

“  Eleetrie  Eamps,"  Xo.  SO.";,!!-!. 

“  Electric  Lighting  System,"  No.  205,303. 

“  Regulators  for  Electric  Lights,"  Xo.205,305. 

And  two-tiftlis  of  the  following  patents,  viz. : 

“  Electric  Engineering  and  Lighting  Apparatus  and 
System,"  Xo.  104,111. 

Electric  Engineering  and  Lighting  System,"  Xo. 
100,834. 

“  Electric  Lighting  .Apparatus,"  Xo.  104,503. 

“  Electric  Candles,"  Xo.  104,500. 

The  agreements  between  AV.  E.  Sawyer  and  Albon 
Man  bear  date  ns  follows : 

February  15th,  1878. 

March  loth,  1878. 

March  25th,  1878,  and 

May  11th,  1878. 

On  motion  the  Secrotaty  rend  the  following  By-laws, 
which  were  adojjted,  viz. : 


Hugh  R.  Garden. 
BV-LAAVS 


327.': 


THE  ELECTRO-DVXAMIC  LIGHT  COMPAXY. 


I.  Bo.viii)  OF  Tiir.sTj:r.s. 

The  stock,  property  and  concerns  of  the  companv 
.shall  bo  managed,  oxcejit  as  hereinafter  i>i<ivi(led,  l)v  1, 
board  of  seven  Trustees,  who  shall  be  stnekholders,  ami 
shall  hold  their  olliccs  until  others  are  elected  in  theii 
stead,  and  who  shall  have  power  to  |'t||  va.'ioiei..s  to 
their  body,  but  only  by  the  coiicnning  vote  of  a  »'a- 
jority  of  the  Trustees  then  existing. 

II.  Offickiis. 

The  regular  uIHecrs  of  the  company  shall  bo  a  Pres¬ 
ident  and  A'ieo-Presidont,  Treasurer  and  Secretary. 

III.  As.si-.w.  Ei.i:(tion. 

The  annual  election  of  Trustees  shall  be  held  on 
second  Tuesday  of  January  in  each  year,  at  the  ofliee 
of  the  company  in  the  City  of  Xew  York,  at  such  hoar 
as  the  board  shall  direct,  or,  if  no  other  hour  be  de.sig- 
nated,thon  at  3  o'clock  P.  M.  At  the  same  time  and 
place  throe  inspectors  shall  be  chosen  to  hold  the  next 
annual  election.  Such  election  shall  be  by  ballot ; 
each  share  of  stock  entitling  the  holder  to  one  vote. 

1A\  Electio.v  of  Offickiis. 

The  President,  A'icu-Prosident,  Treasurer  and  Socre- 
tary  shall  be  elected  annually  within  forty  days  after 
the  election  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and  they  shall 
hold  their  offices  until  their  successors  are  chosen,  save 
in  cases  of  removal  b}’  the  board  or  other  disqualifica- 

A  acancies  in  office  maj'  be  filled  at  any  meeting  of 
the  board. 


3274 


Hugh  B.  Garden. 


Such  cicctious  shall  bo  b}’  ballot ;  and  a  luajoritv  of 
the  whole  board  for  the  time  being  shall  bo  necessary 
to  a  choice. 


V.  Meeti.nus  of  the  Boaiid. 

The  stated  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  shall 
bo  held  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  each  mouth,  at  the 
ollice  of  the  company  in  the  City  of  Now  York,  at  such 
hour  ns  the  boiurd  shall  direct ;  or,  if  no  other  hour  be 
designated,  then  at  3  o’clock  B.  M. 

A  luajority  of  the  whole  number  of  Trustees  for  the 
time  being  shall  constitute  a  (juorum  for  the  tmnsac- 
tion  of  business  at  any  meeting,  whether  stated  or 
special. 

The  President,  A’ice-Prusident  or  any  two  Trustees 
may  direct  the  call  of  a  special  meeting  of  the  board  at 
discretion. 

Aliy  meeting  may  adjourn  from  time  to  time  to  a  day 
and  hour  then  spceillcd. 

VI.  Call  of  Sfecial  JIectixos. 

SiJocial  meelings  may  bo  called  by  the  President, 
Vice  President  or  any  two  Trustees,  notice  to  atteuil 
which  shall  bo  given  to  nil  by  mail  or  otherwise. 

YII.  OllDEIl  OF  Bl'sine-ss. 

The  order  of  business  at  meetings  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  (unless  disiiensed  with  at  any  meeting  by 
unanimous  vote)  shall  bo : 

1.  Colling  the  roll. 

2.  Beading  the  minutes  of  the  preceding  meeting  or 
meetings. 

3.  Beading  the  minutes  and  reports,  consocutiTcly,  of 
the  Executive  Committee,  President,  Treasurer  stand¬ 
ing  committees  and  special  committees. 

4.  Miscellaneous  business. 

All  questions  shall  bo  decided  bv  the  vote  of  a 


Hugh  B.  Garden. 


iiajority  of  the  Trustees  present  at  any  meetii 
ept  ns  heroin  otherwise  proviiled  ;  ami  the  ve 
ays  shall  bo  recorded  on  the  demand  of  any  mei 

VIII.  Execltive  Cojimiitke. 

There  shall  bo  an  Executivo  Committee  to  con 
hreo  Trustees.  It  shall  be  chosen,  and  vac 
herein  filled,  by  tho  Board  of  Trustees.  The 
iiitteo  may  fix  tlio  time  for  its  stated  meetiii" 
nay  bo  called  together  also  for  special  business  I 
lember  thereof. 

All  ordinary  executivo  [lowera,  not  specially  di:li 
0  the  officers  of  tho  Company,  or  to  other  Comm 
hall  be  exorcised  by  the  Executive  Committee,  si 
lowever,  to  such  regulations  or  directions  as  the 
f  Trustees  may  adopt. 

Tho  Executive  Committee  shall  have  power,  s 
)  such  regulations  ns  tho  Board  of  Trustees  may 
u  su8i>cnd  any  snponntenduut.  clerk  or  agent 
umpany  from  duty  or  employment.  It  sludl  al 
rciso  a  general  supervision  over  the  pecuniary 
f  tho  eompany,  and  advise  with  the  officers  in  r 
)  any  measure  of  fiimnee,  and  examine  as  often  a 
lay  think  proper,  or  ns  the  Board  may  direct, : 
omits  and  voiicliars  of  the  Treasurer  and  other  c 
r  agents,  and  report  thereon. 


IX.  SuuonniXATE  Officeks. 

Tho  Board  of  Trustees  may  ap]ioint  such  su 
mdents  and  other  subordinate  otlicors,  clerks  or  i 
s  tho  husincss  of  the  Company  may  require,  am 
X  their  salaries  or  other  comiieiisntioii. 


X.  Duties  of  Puesiuext. 


327G  Hugh  E.  Garden. 

In  case  of  his  absence  or  disability,  ids  duties  shall 
bo  performed  by  the  Yico-Presidout ;  and  if  both  be 
absent  or  unable  to  attend  to  such  duties,  thou  a  jjrcs- 
ident  pro  tern.,  to  bo  named  viva  voce  or  othenviso  by 
the  board. 

XI.  Durits  OF  TnKAsunKii. 

It  shall  bo  the  duty  of  the  Treasurer  to  receive  and 
safely  kec])  all  moneys  Iwlonging  to  the  company, 
which  shall  from  time  to  time  bo  deposited  in  bank  to 
the  credit  of  the  company  by  its  corporate  name.  He 
shall  keel)  <-’orrect  books  of  aceounl,  which  shidi  bo  the 
property  of  the  company ;  and  slndl  preserve  correct 
vouchors  for  all  disbursements,  except  petty  cash  ;  and 
shall  exhibit  the  financial  condition  of  the  company  bv 
report  at  the  anmiid  meeting,  and  also,  whenever  re- 
(piirod,  to  the  Hoard  of  Trustees  or  Executive  Com¬ 
mittee.  Ho  shall  be  custodian  of  the  corporate  seal. 

XII.  Drrits  OF  SEcimAiiY. 

It  shall  bo  the  duty  of  the  .Secretary  to  attend 
the  meetings  of  the  boiu'd  and  keep  correet  and 
full  minutes  of  the  proceedings ;  to  keep  the 
records,  correspondence,  and  i)ai)er8  of  the  com¬ 
pany  ;  to  give  notice  of  all  special  meetings  of 
the  company  and  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and  also 
(when  requested)  of  tho  meeting  of  committees;  to 
furnish  to  each  committee  or  its  chairman  a  copy  of 
every  resolution  appointing  such  committee,  or  relating 
to  tho  commitcee  or  its  business ;  to  conduct  the  gen¬ 
eral  correspondence  of  tho  company  ;  and  to  discharge 
all  other  duties  usually  devolved  upon  a  Secretary. 

XUI.  TltA.NSFEILS  OF  STOCK. 

Tho  Secretary  shall  keep  a  suitable  (or  scrip)*  book 
in  which  all  transfers  of  tho  stock  shall  be  made. 


’IiUcrlinciilion  in  book. 


Xo  transfer  of  stock  or  scrij)  shall  be  made  until  I 
I)revious  certiticato  (if  any)  given  for  the  same  stock 
.scrip  shall  have  been  surrendered  and  canceled. 

Xo  transfer  .shall  entitle  tho  lioliler  to  a  divide) 
or  to  vote  upon  stock  or  scrip,  unless  icgiilarlv  e»ti'> 
upon  tho  tnuisfer  book. 

The  transfer  book  shall  be  i-loscd  for  ten  days  pri 
to  tho  annual  election  and  for  ten  days  jirioi*  to  t 
payment  of  any  dividend. 

On  the  day  of  tho  anual  election  the  .Secretary  sh 
furnish  for  use  of  the  ins|.ectois  an  alphabetical' list 
all  the  .stock  and  scripholilei-s  at  the  time  of  closi 
the  hooks  iireparatorv  thereto,  with  the  numher 
.shares  held  by  each. 

XIV.  Stock  ('eiitiitcatks. 

.\11  eertifieatus  of  stock  and  .scrip  shall  be  signed  1 
tho  Pi'esident  and  countersiginsl  by  the  Hecretai-y,  ai 
the  corjiorate  seal  aflixed,  ami,  unless  .so  anthenticat. 
they  shall  not  bo  valid. 

XV.  SAFEOfAIlI)  AOAI.X.ST  PeIISo.NAI.  LiaWI.I'IV. 

For  tho  protection  of  the  stock  ami  scriphohlers  ai 
ollicers  of  tho  coni])nny  against  peisonal  liability,  ai 
to  prosen-e  the  credit  of  the  company,  it  is  expre.ss 
provided  that  no  work  shall  he  oideied  or  authorize 
or  liidiility  of  any  kind  incurreil  by  or  on  behalf  of  tl 
cuinjiany  unless  ample  means  slnill  at  the  time  lie 
the  treasury  and  immcdiatelv  available  to  meet  sm 
liability.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Executive  Coi 
mitteo  to  see  that  this  by-law  is  strictly  complied  wit 
and  they  shall  have  full  power  to  prevent  any  violatic 
of  it  by  ollicers  or  agents  of  the  company. 

XVI.  Si'ECLAi.  Meetings  of  .Stock  and  .Schii’IIoldeii 

Sliecial  meetings  of  the  stock  and  scripholders  sha 
be  called  bv  the  Secretarv  when  reciuired  to  do  so  h 


the  President  or  Board  of  Trastecs,  or  by  stock  and 
seriplioldcrs  owning  at  least  one-lialf  in  amount  of  all 
the  capital  stock  and  scrip.  Snell  call  shall  bo  made 
by  circular  addressed  by  mail  to  all  the  stock  and  scrip- 
holders,  whoso  residence  shall  be  known,  to  their  rcsi- 
deneo  or  at  their  registered  address. 

XVII.  DisuunsiNo  Ofkickrs  may  iik  Bequiiiei)  to  oive 
Secuiiity'. 

The  Treasurer,  or  any  other  ollicer  or  agent  of  the 
company  who  shall  control  or  disburse  the  moiievs 
thereof,  shall  (if  the  Board  of  Trnstees  or  Executive 
Committee  require  the  same)  give  security  for  the  faith¬ 
ful  discharge  of  the  duties  of  such  ollico  or  ngeiicy,  and 
to  account  for  such  moneys,  which  security  shall  be  m 
such  form  and  amount  ns  sniil  board  or  commitieo  niav 
require. 

XVIII.  Coni'oiiATK  Seal. 

The  corporate  seal  of  the  eompany  shall  bo  a  circular 
one  with  the  name  of  the  eompany  thereon,  and  the 
word  “  seal,”  the  impression  of  which  is  allixod  to  the 
record  of  these  by-laws  in  the  minute  book  of  the  com¬ 
pany. 

nm'ui!<>Mu.v  uri 
:  Seal  I 


XIX.  Executios  ok  Documents. 

.411  deeds,  lenses  and  other  documents  nflccting  the 
property  of  the  company,  and  requiring  to  bo  executed 
under  its  seal,  shall  be  executed  b)’  the  President  or 
acting  President  and  attested  by  the  Secretary. 

XX.  Checks. 


No  moneys  can  be  drawn  from  bank  or  other  place 


These  by-laws  may  bo  altered  or 
of  not  less  than  two-thirds  of  tin 
trustees  for  the  time  being  at  any 
th(?  board,  provided  distinct  notice 
propose  such  nlteiation  or  ainendiii 
given  III  the  notice  calling  such  me 
|irevious  regular  meeting  when  a 

The  .Secretary  presented  a  seal, 
is  on  the  margin  of  the  miiiiites.  v 
adopted  as  the  seal  of  the  coinpani 

On  motion,  Messrs.  Eawrence  Jb 
were  iqipointed  a  eoinmittce  to  siq 
the  a.ssignnients  of  patents  and 
•supervise  the  issue  of  the  stock  am 
puny  in  accordance  with  the  resoln 

The  Committee  reported  that  th 
assignmonts  of  the  patents  and  agr< 
in  the  resolution  and  presented  tl 
tees. 

On  motion,  Messrs.  Clmsson  Hi 
■St.,  New  i’ork  City,  wore  iqiiiointci 
the  Company. 

Jlessrs.  IVm.  H.  Hays  and  .Vlboi 
lesignation  of  the  olliees  to  whi 
••lected,  and  the  resiguatioiis  wei 
upon. 

On  motion,  it  was  resolved  to  ji 
fill  the  vaenueies  thus  created. 

The  balloting  resulted  in  the  niii 
^Ir.  Albon  Man  for  President. 


Pnrsimiit  to  call  tlio  regular  monthh-  mooting  of  tlio 
Boartl  of  Tnisteos  of  tlio  Eloctro-Dynamio  Light  Co. 
was  licld  at  No.  3  Nassau  St.,  on  Tuesday,  Sojit.  lOlh, 
1878.  Pre.sent:  Messrs.  Hugh  JlcCnlloch,  AVin.  If. 
Hays,  Jacob  Hays,  Lawronco  Myers,  Albon  Man  and 
\V.  E.  Sawyer.  Tlio  miuiites  of  tho  [irovions  mooting 
were  rend  and  approved. 

Tho  President  reported  that  an  informal  proposition 
had  been  made  to  him  to  purchiuso  ten  thoiLsand  dollars 
($10,000)  of  the  scrip  of  tho  Company  which  has  been 
set  apart  as  a  working  eaiiitnl  and  stands  in  tho  name 
of  Jacob  Hays,  Treasurer,  in  trust,  at  tho  jinr  value 
thereof ;  wherou])on. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  McCulloch,  the  President  and 
Treasurer  were  nuthorir.od,  by  a  unanimous  vote,  to  sell 
and  transfer  ton  thousand  dollars  of  tho  scrip  held  bv 
the  Treasurer  in  trust. 

The  Pro.sident  further  reported  that  ho  hado.vpomh'd 
of  his  own  money  and  taken  vouchers  in  tho  name  of 
tho  Company  therefor  receiiited  ns  paid  by  him  to  the 
extent  of  $72i).7-l  in  tho  preparation  of  lamps  and  other 
electrical  apparatus  and  in  the  payment  of  $250  to  W. 
E.  iSawyor  for  >1,000  of  tho  scrip  of  tho  Companv, 
assigned  to  tho  Company  by  Jlr.  Sawyer;  and  thill 
there  is  a  small  bill  in  addition  due  to  Messrs.  Aruoux 
&  Hockhnuser,  Nos.  2  and  t  Howard  St.,  Now  York, 
for  work  and  materials. 

On  motion  it  was  resolved  that  tho  Vice-President 
and  Treasurer  bo  authorized  to  act  as  an  Auditing  Com¬ 
mittee  to  audit  tho  accounts  when  there  is  money  in  the 
treasury  to  pay  tho  same. 

The  President  further  roimrted  that  there  is  a  prop- 
osition  iionding  for  tho  privilege  of  jilncing  tho  lighting 
apparatus  of  the  Company  in  the  Davol  Mills  at  Fail 
River,  Mass. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  IVm.  H.  Hays  tho  President  w.ls 
authorized  in  his  discretion  to  make  arraugemente  with 
tho  proprietor  of  tho  Davol  Mills. 

Tho  President  further  reported  that  tho  Company  i.s 
in  need  of  a  dynamo-electric  machine  for  tho  proper 
exhibition  of  its  lighting  apparatus,  tho  price  of  which 


Rc.solved,  That  tho  President  be  authorized  to  o 
such  a  dynamo-electric  niachino  as  may  be  needed. 

On  motion  it  was  resolved  that  the  Presideiil 
authorized  to  employ  ns  chemist  of  the  company  1 
F.  N.  Holbrook,  of  Columbia  College. 

On  motion  it  was  resolved  that  the  clerk  of 
.lacob  Hays  be  onii>loyed  to  take  care  of  the  liook 
the  comjiniiy,  and  to  be  paid  a  fair  price  for  his  I 
anil  services. 


.\t  the  regular  iiionthly  nieetiiig  of  the  Roar 
Trustees  of  tho  Eloctro-Dynaniic  Light  Co.,  held  al 

Nassau  St.,  on  Tuesday,  Oct.  8th,  187.S.  Prese 
Mcssi-s,  Win.  H.  Havs,  Jacob  Havs,  Lawrence  M 
•Ml. on  Man  and  W.  E.  Sawyer. 

Tho  minutes  of  tho  previous  meeting  were  read 
ipjiroved. 

Tho  President  reported  : 

1st.  That  ho  had  made  nmiiigemcnts  with  Jlr. 
1'.  Davol,  Jr.,  Treasurer  of  tho  Davol  Mills  of 
liiver,  Mass,  (at  tho  expense  of  the  Jfill  Co.i,*  to  o 
ilie  said  mills,  at  the  expense  of  tho  -Mill  Co,,  with 
•lectric  lighting  apparatus  of  the  Electro-Dyni 
l-iglit  Co.,  tho  Mill  Co.  to  pay  a  royalty  of  one  1 
bed  dollars  per  annum  for  tho  use  of  tho  same  an 
111  ncknowledgnient  of  tho  patents  and  riKhts  of 
-onipiuy. 

M.  That  tho  apparatus  of  the  company  is  sill).* 
bally  complete  for  exhibition. 


Hugh  B.  Gnrdoii. 


3cl.  TImt  the  presort  workshop  of  the  compnm- 
nnsuitnhic  for  tlie  cxhihitioii  of  the  light  iiud  expcr 
mentfti  purjioses. 

Oil  motion  of  Mr.  Jacob  Hays,  it  was  resolved  : 

TImt  the  President  and  Treasurer  ho,  and  herebv  is 
authorized  to  procure  suitable  iiuarters  for  manufactur 
iug  and  exhibiting  the  apparatus  of  the  company. 

On  motion  it  was  resolved  : 

That  the  Prasidont  and  TreiLsnror  ho,  and  herelr 
are,  authorized  to  jiay  W.  E.  Sawyer  at  the  rate  of  lift' 
dollai-s  jicr  week  lus  eleetrician  of  the  eomiiain-. 

On  motion  of  Jlr.  ^\m.  H.  Hays,  the  President  wa 
authorized  to  ))rocuro  Letters  Patient  of  the  Unite, 
.States  upon  now  inventions  as  speedly  ns  ho  ninv  di'en 
it  necessary. 

On  iiiotiuu,  the  Prosidont  was  authorized  to  eiiiploi 
Mr.  E.  L.  Jlyoi-s  as  chemist  of  the  coinpany  in  place  o 
Prof.  Holbrook. 

Adjourned. 

W.  E.  Sawyeii, 

Sec’y. 


At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Tnistoos  of  tin 
Eloctro-Dynnmio  Light  Co.,  held  at  No.  3  Nassau  St. 
on  Tuesday,  Oet.  Lath,  1878,  iiotico  to  attend  whiel 
wiis  sent  to  all.  Prosont— Messra.  Hugh  McCulloch 
IVin.  H.  Hays,  Jacob  Hays  and  Lnwrcnco  Myers.  Tin 
President  being  absent,  Mr.  Myers,  Vice-President,  wai 
called  to  the  chair.  Mr.  Jacob  Hays  acted  as  Sceretari 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Wm.  H.  Hays,  the  President  wa.. 
authorized  to  exhibit  the  oleutric  light  wherever  In 
may  deem  proper  for  the  interests  of  the  comjmny. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  McCulloch,  the  President  wa.- 
authorized  to  procure  letters  patent  in  foreign  couutric.- 
iipoii  the  inventions  owned  by  the  company,  provide,! 
the  expense  of  procuring  such  letters  patent  can  be 
paid  by  sale  of  stock  of  the  companv'. 

Adjourned. 


IV.  E.  SAWYEn,  Soc’y. 


Hugh  K.  Ciardcn. 


At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Stockhohlers  of 
Electro-Dynamic  Light  Co.,  held  at  No.  3  Nassau 
on  Thursday,  Oct.  31st,  1878,  notice  to  attend  w 
was  sent  to  all.  Prc-sent— Messrs.  William  H.  I 
and  Jacob  Hays,  Hugh  McCulloch,  Lawrence  .M; 
lias.  P.  Keniochan,  Albon  JIan,  W.  E.  Sawyer,  Wni 
Cliurch  and  H.  L.  Judd,  the  President  in  the  chair, 
Secretary  read  the  following  coininunication  from 
ti.  P.  Lowrey : 

PoiiTKii,  Lowiii'v,  Sonr.x  .v  Sro.Ni;, 
Attorneys  and  Counsellors  at 'Law, 

No.  3  Broad  Street,  (Drexel  Building), 


Di:aii  Sin — Beferring  to  my  visit  to  11  1  Walker 
ibis  morning,  I  think  it  desirable  to  rv]ieat  t,>you  ii 
leliberately  than  may  be  done  in  a  hurried  eonve 
;ion,  that  the  field  of  electric  lighting  is  so  vu.st 
iromises  such  great  results,  that  g,io,l  business  i 
would  cominit  a  great  error  if  tiny  shouUl  allow  th 
selves  to  becoine,  in  the  outset,  involve,!  in  any 
'ailed  for  struggle  fur  the  possession  of  the  whole  ti 
ind  a  small  ]mrt  of  it  would  he  enough  fur  all. 

.'Vs  I  said  to  you  this  morning,  the  sngg,.'stions  wl 
lassed  between  us,  arising  apparently  in  laith 
ainds  out  of  the  same  practi,'al  consid,,'rati,,na,  w 
lot  intended  by  me  to  express  the  opinion  of  my  ass 
lies,  for  I  had  not  seen  any  of  them  since  rea,ling 
he  moniing  paper  the  announcement  of  the  Sawyc 
dan  Light ;  nor  do  I  underslaml  what  you  said  ai 
my  way  eominitting  you,  except  t,i  the  general  prop 
ion,  that  it  was  always  in  these  nilttui-s  wiser  to  ui 
trong  parties  than  to  divide  them  and  leave  then 
'Xiieud  their  strength  in  opposition. 

I  want  to  repeat,  therefore,  that  I  shall  be  at  all  til 
11  favor  of  considering  more  carefully  the  geaeial  ,d 
I'hich  wo  mutually  expressed,  and  that  without  i 


3284 


Hiif;b  R.  Garden. 


A»  I  understand  it,  yon  Imve  not  a  correct  idea 
Mr.  Edison’s  liglit  ;  in  fact,  lie  1ms  not  allowed  any  o 
to  know  wlint  liis  invention  consists  of,  but  I  undi 
stand  that  you  Imve  wlmt  is  apparently  to  me  a  ve 
good  light,  and  even  if  wo  wore  able  to  sustain  bo 
rival  patents,  wo  sbonld  be  corapetitoi-s,  wbicb  its( 
would  bo  coinniercially  a  groat  mistake. 

I  have  already  described  to  one  of  the  Directors 
our  Comimny  wlmt  I  saw  of  your  light,  and  I  slii 
mention  our  eonvei-sntion  to  others  us  I  shall  clmii 
to  meet  them. 

You  will  be  glad  to  hear  that  a  telegram  from  JIcii 
Park  this  moniing  informed  mo  that  Jlr.  Edison  sle 
twelve  houi-s  last  night  without  pain,  and  is  therefo 
out  of  the  difficulty  which  has  prevented  him  fro 
working  for  the  lost  few  days. 

I  presume  that  your  foreign  patents  are  taken  o 
and  I  think  there  is  a  much  greater  field  over  the 
than  hero,  and  also  if  there  should  be  a  iirnctical  nni< 
of  these  interests  in  any  way  it  would  bo  enormous 
to  the  advantage  of  both,  on  the  other  side,  to  he  repr 
sented  by  the  same  strong  banking  house  or  houses. 

Very  truly  yours, 

(Signed),  '  ‘  G.  P.  Lowiiev. 

Auio.v  M.VN,  Esq.,  !)4  Walker  Street,  City. 

On  motion,  Messrs.  Hugh  .McCulloch,  Win.  H.  Ha; 
and  the  President  of  the  Coinjiany  were  appointed 
committee  to  confer  with  Jlr.  Lowrey  in  relation  to  tl 
subject  matter  of  the  foregoing  communication. 

Adjourned. 

W.  E.  SAWYEn,  Sec’y. 


At  the  regular  monthly  meeting  of  the  Board 
Trustees  of  the  Electric-Dynamic  Light  Co.,  held  at  X 
94  Walker  street,  on  Tuesday,  November  12th,  187 
at  4  o’clock  P.  M. 

Present— ilessrs.  Albou  Man,  ,Incob  Hays,  Lawrem 
Myers  and  AV.  E.  Sawvor. 


as  dis{)ci)HC(l  witli. 

The  President  reported  that  he  had 
lore  letters  from  Afr.  G.  P.  D)wrey,  wliicl 
iry  read  os  follows  : 

New  Yoiik,  Nov 
DfUli  .Sill  :  I  have  this  moment  receivec 
hich,  however,  I  have  not  time  to  read  a 

I  was  .snrjirised  this  morning  to  hoar  tl 
I  you  was  being  spoken  of  as  an  advanc 
insolidntion  of  our  company  with  yours. 
Ml  cannot  have  made  such  a  mistake, 
such  an  iinpressiiui  was  derived  from  w 
lure  was  no  such  specific  ])ui-i)ose  in  my 
•sire  to  correct  it  now  ami  to  a<ld  that  I  1 
ightest  idea  that  the  Edison  Electric  Lig 
iMild  oiitertaiu  any  such  propositimi  fro 
rtninly  they  would  not  make  it. 

It  is  one  of  the  dangers  of  private  interc 
liable  to  these  misconstruetious. 

Very  tnilv, 

G.  ‘P.  Lo 

Aliio.n  Man,  Esq.. 

94  AVnlker  St. 

New  Yoiik,  Nov. 
DkaIiSiii:  I  received  votir  letter  of  Oct. 


I  do  not  think  tlio  nmtter  is  in  nny  sitnntion,  liowover, 
to  require  tho  present  eonsidcnition  of  wliother  or  not 
we  lire  likely  to  he  rivals,  and  ns  such  injurious  to  each 
other.  That  time  may  very  likely  eonie,  and  perhaps 
soon,  and  ns  one  of  those  interested  in  Mr.  Klison's 
patents  I  shall  bo  ready  and  disi)Osed  towards  whatever 
may  seem  to  be  required  by  good  biisine.ss  judmeut. 

I  should  not  allude  to  any  possible  contest  Ixitweeii 
our  ])ntonts  except  from  your  having  expressed  a  belief 
(very  jiroper  from  your  standpoint)  that  “  Mr.  Edison’s 
light,  if  put  in  operation,  must  in  tho  end  pay  tribute  ” 
to  you. 

I  am  entirely  sntislied  that  the  most  exhaustive 
search  of  what  has  been  done  by  othere  will  show  that 
Mr.  Edison  has  i)rodueed  a  perfectly  novel  invention. 

Very  truly  yours, 

tS.  P.  IjOwhf.y. 

Aliion  Ma.n,  Esq., 

3  Mercer  St., 

City. 

The  president  stated  that  he  had  made  no  reply  to 
either  of  those  letters  and  did  not  consider  any  neces¬ 
sary. 

The  letter  of  October  aist,  written  by  tho  president, 
referred  to  in  Mr.  Lowroy’s  communication  of  Novem¬ 
ber  0th,  was  lire.sentod  and  read  as  follows ; 

(Copy) 

New  Yoiik,  Oct.  31st,  1878. 

Deaii  Sin :  I  have  to  acknowledge  tho  receipt  this 
afternoon  of  your  letter  to  me  of  OcL  30th,  inst.  Wo 
feel  very  coutideiit  of  tho  success  of  our  inventions  amt 
the  stability  of  our  patents.  Some  of  your  people,  and 
if  w*e  are  not  mistaken  from  Mr.  Edison’s  own  labora- 
toiy,  have  scon  our  light  and  can  attest  its  excellence,  as 
can  also  a  vast  number  of  peoi)lo  who  have  thronged  to 
see  it.  Of  course  we  have  not  made  public  all  that  we 
have  done,  nor  do  we  sujrposo  that  Mr.  Edison  has  done 


Hugh  R.  Garden. 


hut  wo  do  distinctly  claim  that  we  are  tli 
if  all  that  wo  use,  and  that  wo  can  show  u 
over  Mr.  Edison  and  every  one  else 
itions,  and  we  cannot  but  feel  from  win 
ished  that  many  of  these  inventions  arc 
c  successful  working  of  .Mr.  Edison’s  light 
we  are  right,  Jlr.  Edison’s  light  if  put  i 
must  in  the  end  pay  trilmte  to  us.  .\t  t 
,  my  dear  sir,  wo  ilo  not  claim  to  bo  all  tl 
o  conbdn  all  tho  wisdom  of  it,  nor  to  kno 
u  all  that  has  liecn  and  will  bo  found  oi 
ing  by  electricity.  Pennit  me  just  here 
is  hut  just  tribute  to  the  ability,  skill  am 
ilcnt  of  Sir.  Edison,  and  to  admit  that  I 
•n  character  in  this  respect  is  a  great  advi 
I  attempting  to  bring  his  inventimis  befoi 
hose  confidence  in  him  as  an  inventor  is  j 
tat  the  same  time  the  high  character, 
ivealth  of  your  associates,  as  yon  must  that 
are  associated  with  us.  I  do  not  permi 
moment  to  think  that  either  you  or  tho 
.1  with  you  would  think  of  attempting  to 
■  litigation  or  otherwise  of  onr  just  ligl 
itanding  any  inference  to  the  contrary  th 
awn  from  your  letter.  Having  thus  ulcii 
ul  I  have  to  say  that  I  can  see  no  grouiii 
in  to  a  union  of  interests  that  should  do  a\ 
;ouism  if  n  fair  basis  for  such  a  uidou 
1.  Rut,  on  tho  contrary,  I  can  see  and  1 
t  the  eminent  1  si  len  who  are  as 
ns  in  interest  would  also  see  that  great 
might  be  derived  to  both  eoiupauies  froi 

foil  will  bring  about  the  appointment  of ; 
littee  from  your  company  for  the  (Uirpos 
I  it  that  representatives  from  our  compai 
them  ns  soon  ics  voii  advise  mu  for  the  di; 


Hugli  H.  Giinlen. 


In  the  innttor  of  foreign  ])iitcnts  I  believe  wo  are  nil 
right. 

Verj-  respectfully  yours, 

Auio.v  Max. 

G.  P.  Lowiiey,  DnEXKL  Buildixo,  con.  Wall  .fc  Biioau 

Si-s.,  N.  Y. 

The  Trensurer  reported  ns  follows  : 

Receipts  from  side  of  stock  nnd  scrip,  S2,G1G  ;  nioncv 
lonuo<l  by  Mr.  .Mbon  Mnn,  .*GOO ;  excess  of  snlnrv  pnid 
Edwin  L.  Myers,  $20. 

Totnl  receipts,  $3,23G. 

Total  expenditures  to  Nov.  12tb,  $2,224.21. 

Bnlnuco  in  bank,  $1,011.7!!. 

S2G,G00,  scrip  in  Trensury. 

The  Treasurer’s  report  wns  accepted  and  placed  on 
file. 

The  Treasurer  further  reported  that  for  the  $G0(l 
borrowed  for  the  company  from  Jlr.  Man,  the  Vice- 
President  and  Trensurer  have  signed  a  demand  note. 

On  motion  the  action  of  the  Vice-President  and 
Treasurer  wns  npiirovod. 

On  motion  the  President  wns  authorized  to  pay  the 
bill  of  Edward  P.  Hampson  for  a  steam  engine  .put  up 
at  the  Company's  worksho]),  amounting  to  $401,55, 
subject  to  the  acceptance  of  a  jiroposition  by  said 
Hampson  to  rcjilace  the  jircsent  engine  by  a  larger  one 
costing  $1,0G5. 

Adjourned. 

AV.  E.  Sawvwi, 

Secretary. 

At  the  regular  monthly  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trus¬ 
tees  of  the  Electro-Dynamic  Light  Co.,  held  at  No.  !)4 
Walker  street,  on  Thursday,  Dee.  12th.  1878,  adjourned 
from  the  10th  ;  present,  Messrs.  Hugh  McCulloch,  AVm. 

H.  Hays,  Jacob  Hays,  Lawrence  Myers,  Albon  Mnn 
nnd  W.  E.  Sawyer,  the  President  in  the  chair. 

The  minutes  of  preceding  meetings  were  read  and  ap¬ 
proved,  together  with  the  iuterliucatious  in  the  minutes 


3290 


Hugh  R.  Garden. 


Oil  motion  of  31 r.  3IcCullocli,  it  was  . 

Resolved,  that  Lawrence  3Iyers  lie  appointed  Super¬ 
intendent  of  the  company,  witli  full  power  to  siiporvise 
and  direct  the  business  with  a  view  to  pushing  forward 
the  construction  of  lamps  and  other  apparatus  neces¬ 
sary  for  imicticnl  work  under  the  patents  owned  by  the 
company  ;  to  soil  and  disiiose  of  the  stock  or  scrip  of 
the  compain- ;  to  coiiiiniinicate  and  correspond  with 
parties  that  maj'  desire  to  becoine  ])urchasers  of  the 
right  to  use  the  inventions  secured  by  the  patents;  and 
to  do  whatever,  in  his  jiidgnieiit,  may  bo  nece.ssary  to 
advance  tho  interests  of  the  company  in  conference  with 
the  President.  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

Adjourned. 


AV.  E.  S.\WYEii,  Secy. 


At  tho  regular  monthly  meeting  of  tlie  Roard  of 
Trustees  of  tho  EIuctro-Dyiiamie  Light  Co.,  held  at 
Xo.  94  AValkor  St.,  on  Tuesday,  Jan.  14th,  1879,  present 
3Icssrs.  Hugh  3IuCulluch,  Jacob  Hays,  Lawrence 
Slyors,  Jas.  P.  Eornochan,  Allxm  3Ian  and  AV.  E. 
Sawyor,  tho  President  in  tlio  eliair,  tho  minutes  of  the 
previous  meeting  wore  rend  and  approved. 

Adjourned. 


AA’.  E.  Sawyeii,  Secy. 


At  tho  regular  montlily  meeting  of  tho  Board  of 
Trustees  of  tho  Electro-Dynamic  Light  Co.,  hold  at  No. 
94  AA^alker  St.,  on  Tuo.sdny,  Feb.  18th,  1879  ;  adjourned 
from  Feb.  11th  ;  present,  3Icssi-s.  Hugh  3IcCullocli, 
Jacob  Hays,  Jas  P.  Keruocheu  and  AA’.  E.  Sawyer,  31 r. 
31cCullock  ill  the  chair,  tho  minutes  of  tho  previous 
meeting  were  read  and  approved. 

The  report  of  tho  Treasurer  was  presented  and  or¬ 
dered  to  be  read  at  tho  next  meeting. 

On  motion,  it  was 

Resolved,  That  tho  President  and  Secretary  be  and 


Hugh  R.  Gardei 


■reb}‘  are  authorized  to  fiiniish  I 
ion  such  terms  ns  may  be  agreed 
id  tho  applicants. 

.Adjoiinied  to  meet  at  No.  3  Nasi 
sb.  2.7th,  at  3  o’clock,  P.  31. 

AV. 


-At  an  adjourned  meeting  of  the  1 
0  Electro-Dynamic  Light  Co.,  he 
rect,  cm  Tuesday,  Fob.  2')th,  1.87 
ugh  AIcCiillocli,  AA’m.  H.  Hays, 
lice  Myers,  Jas.  P.  Kcrnocliaii,  A 
iwyer,  tlio  President,  in  the  Chiiii 
rile  minutes  of  the  previous  nice 
.proved. 

Tho  report  of  tlio  Treasurer  was 
.\t  meeting. 

The  President  presented  the  foil. 
IS  rend  by  the  Secretary  : 


“  New  y< 

"  It  has  been  agreed  bv  Air.  Sav 
dd  that  3Ir.  Judd  slmiild  go  . 
d  cost  to  mako  an  electiv 
tho  kind  invented  by  3fr.  Sa 
istanding  that  he,  Judd,  should 
the  invention  both  in  the  United 
untries  and  should  be  emph 
ichiiics  for  this  eoiiiitry  for  tl 
gilt  Co.  at  reasonable  prices  am 
the  U.  S.  But  3Ir.  Sawyer,  hav 
:ned  the  invention  to  said  coiiipa 
is  uudei-stood  that  he  wils  actiii 
liject  to  its  approval,  it  being  al 
aiior  provisions  would  be  insertc 
tween  3Ir.  Judd  and  tho  comi 
eiisiiig  by  his  4  interest,  without  i 


3292 


Hugh  R.  Garden. 


Hugh  R.  Garden. 


good  faith  seek  to  liave  it  approved  and  carried  out  Iiv 
the  Electro-Dynamic  Liglit  Co.,  and  have  convei-scd 
with  the  other  Directors,  or  most  of  them,  who  also 
promised  to  vote  to  carrj-  it  out. 

(Signed.)  Aliion  JIax, 

W.  E.  Sawvku." 

On  motion  the  action  of  tho  President  and  Secrctnrv 
in  the  foregoing  arrangement  was  iiiiniiimoaKlv  nj,. 

On' motion  tho  President  and  Treasurer  were  author¬ 
ized  to  borrow  of  all  tho  Trustees,  excepting  the  .Secre¬ 
tary,  tho  sum  of  SuOO,  in  proportion  to  their  respective 
intorest-s. 

Adjourned  to  meet  at  the  same  place  on  Tuesdav, 
March  llth,  at  3:30  P.  JI. 

W.  E.  Sawyeii,  Sec’y. 


Tuksiuv,  March  11,  1870. 

No  rpioriini  present.  Sleeting  adjourned  to  Tues¬ 
day,  March  18,  1879,  at  No.  94  Walker  St.,  at  SJ  P.  Jl. 

W.  E.  Sawyeii,  Sec'y. 


Tl-muay,  March  18,  1878. 

No  quorum  present.  Meeting  adjourued  to  Thurs¬ 
day,  March  20th,  1879,  at  No.  3  Nassau  St.,  at  3i  P.  M. 

W.  E.  Savage,  Soc'y. 

Note.  Minute  of  meeting  of  March  20, 1879,  coiiied 
in  evidence  above. 

At  the  regular  monthly  meeting  of  tho  Board  of 
Tnistees  of  tho  Elcctro-Dynamic  Light  Co.,  held  at  No. 
3  Na.ssau  St.,  on  Tuesdaj-,  Ajiril  8th,  1879,  at  3:30  P. 
M.  Present — Messrs.  Hugh  McCulloch,  Wm.  H.  Hays, 
Jacob  Hays,  Lawrence  Myers,  Jus.  P.  Kernoclmn, 
Albou  Man,  and  W.  E.  Sawyer ;  tho  President  in  the 

Tho  minutes  of  tho  previous  meeting  wore  rend  and 


approved,  a  part  of  the  minutes  on  page  .73,  having 
first  been  amended,  to  rend  ns  follows : 

“  Tho  Secretary  was  requested  to  state  in  the  min- 
iites  that  tho  femler  lamp  invention  made  by  him  at  the 
expense  of  tho  company  is  the  |iro|s,'rty  of  tho  conqiaiiy 
for  the  United  Sbites,  to  which  he  herchv  agrees  anil 
a.ssents,  and  will  make  all  necessary  assignments,  pro- 
vided  the  company  procures  the  patents  upon  it  witliin 
a  riaisonable  time." 

The  Tre.asurer  reported  as  follows: 

Balance  in  bank,  82.(11. 

Total  liabilities,  83,(!(!t!.C9,  of  which  amounts  there 


is  due : 

.411)011  Man . .81,Sll2  .all 

.lacob  Hays .  T.atl  nil 

Hugh  Mc'Ciillogh .  loll  Dll 

W.  H.  Hays .  InU  IIH 

Lawrence  Jfuyors .  ball  nil 

.1.  P.  Kernoclinn .  loii  iiH 

Cla.sson  A  Hays .  Ml  '.I7 


Adjourned. 


.4  special  niccting  of  tho  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Llectro-Dyiinniic  Light  Coniiiany  was  held  at  IH 
Walker  street,  on  Saturday,  Ajirii  llHli,  lS7!i,  at  3  1’. 
M.  Present — Mos.sr8.  Hiigii  McCulloch,  .Tas.  P.  Ker- 
michan,  Jiieob  Hays,  .-Vlhon  Man  ami  41'.  E.  .Sawyer  ; 
the  President  in  tho  chair. 

Tho  reading  of  tho  niiiiiites  of  the  inevious  iiicetiiig 
Was  disjiensod  with. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  McCulloch,  the  Pn  sideiit  was 
•aathorized  to  continne  tho  use  of  the  lueiiii.scs  at  114 
^4  alkcr  street,  for  a  period  of  one  month  or  longer,  not 
to  exceed  three  months  from  May  1st. 

Bills  of  Fnisso  «t  Co., 'and  Miilli'i- 4-  Newman  were 
presented  and  apjiroved. 

Adjourned  to  meet  at  the  call  of  the  President  or 

•Secrotarv. 

4V.  E.  Sawyeii, 

Secretary. 


A  special  iiicctiii}'  nf  tlio  Board  of  Trustees  of  tlie 
Electro-Dynamic  Light  Company  was  held  at  No.  !)  l 
Walker  street,  on  Saturday,  April  2fith,  1870,  at  3  P 
JI.  Present— JIassrs.  Lawrence  Jlyoi-s,  Jacob  Hays, 
Alhon  JIan  and  W.  E.  Sawyer;  the  President  in 
the  chair. 

The  minutes  of  the  two  previous  meetings,  held  April 
Sth  and  10th,  were  read  and  approved. 

The  President  reported  as  follows  : 

“That  the  interference  case  with  Keith  and  .vilh 
Maxim  arising  from  the  aiiplieation  of  Sawyer  .fc  Man 
fora  patent  for  mannfactnring  carbon  for  electric  lights, 
which  has  been  iussigiied  to  the  company,  has 
been  proceeded  with.  The  comiiany's  attorney, 
Sir.  Broadnax,  reports  that  there  is  no  interference 
with  the  claims  made  in  onr  aiiplieation  for  a  patent, 
and  that  ns  soon  ns  he  can  get  the  te.stiinony  of  Mr. 
Maxim  (that of  Mr.Keithlmvingalreadyboon taken,  and 
ho  disclaiming  any  claim  to  the  invention  for  which  wo 
have  applied  for  a  patent)  he  can  make  an  arrangement 
■  with  these  parties  to  have  onr  patent  issued,  they  with¬ 
drawing  any  opposition  to  it.  The  attorneys  for 
Maxim  and  Keith  have  hoth  expressed  themselves  as 
sntislied  that  there  is  no  interference,  and  the  only 
ohject  in  having  Sir.  Slaxim's  testimony  now  is  that 
he  may  not  in  the  fntnro  be  ]icrmitted  to  roissno  any 
patent  that  he  might  obtain  for  his  supposed  improve¬ 
ment  in  such  manner  as  to  interfere  with  onrs,  it  lieing 
understood  by  Sir.  Broadnax  that  Slaxim  will  dis¬ 
claim  under  oath,  as  Keith  has  done,  any  claim  to  the 
invention  in  that  form  in  which  wo  have  made  it.” 

The  president  further  reported  that  the  premises  at 
No.  !)1  SValkor  street  can  only  ho  hired  temporarily  for 
ofllco  purposes  only. 

The  president  further  reported  that  ho  has  received 
an  offer  of  $125  for  the  engine  and  boiler  belonging  to 
the  companv-,  but  that  W.  E.  Sawyer  has  informed  him 
that  a  Co.  is  about  being  formed  for  tho  manufacture 
of  telegraphic  apparatus  which  ho  thinks  would  bo  glad 
to  buy  the  engine,  machinery  and  tools  of  this  Co.  at 
a  fair  and  reasonablo  iirico  before  a  great  while,  and 


Hugh  B.  Garden. 


ho  advised  that  they  he  allowed  to  remain  whore  th 
aro  for  tho  present.  If  necessitv  arises  they  can 
removed  to  tho  store  of  Gillis  A  Geoghegan  in'lVoosI 
street,  from  which  they  can  be  advertised  and  sold 
the  Co.  desires. 

The  report  of  tho  president  was  accepted  and  c 
dered  to  bo  entered  upon  tlie  minutes. 

The  secretary  was  reipiested  to  enter  upon  the  mi 
utos  tho  fact  that  “  at  this  meeting  tho  room  is  illiimi 
ated  by  five  feeder  lamps  manufactured  bv  Mr.  Sawyc 
and  all  the  trustees  present  are  well  pleased  with'tl 
exhibit." 


Tho  .secretary  reported  that  he  has  applied  for  tl 
patent  upon  tho  feedei'  lamp  and  presented  bill  of  e 
ponses  amounting  to  $51.80. 

Tho  apiilication  for  patent  is  entitled  “  Electr 
Lamiis  and  Switches  Tliorefor,”  and  its  reoeipt 
acknowledged  by  a  letter  from  the  Commissioner  < 
Patents,  dated  Washington,  .Vpril  23d,  1870. 

On  motion  of  Jlr.  .Meyers  it  was  unanimously 

Resolved,  That  the  hill  of  W.  E.  Sawyer,  ainountin 
to  $51.80,  for  applying  for  lottem  patent  upon  tho  foedi 
lamp,  be  ajiproved  and  paid. 

Tho  secretary  further  i-eiiorted  that  the  Commis 
sionor  of  Patents  requires  a  model  of  the  inventio 
before  taking  official  action  upon  tho  feeder  lamp  ap 
plication,  and  on  motion  of  Mr.  Hayes  tho  secrotar 
was  directed  to  have  tho  model  constructed  at  the  ex 
penso  of  tho  comjiany  as  quickly  and  cheaply  as  possi 

Tho  secretary  further  reported  that  the  feeder  lain] 
is  now  complete,  that  nothing  romaiiis  to  be  done  ex 
5opt  to  nianufacturo  and  sell  Inimis  mid 


Hugh  R.  Garden. 


Tlio  Secretary  stated  timt  it  is  impossible  for  him  tc 
make  long  carbons  for  the  feeder  lamps  out  of  materiab 
at  hand  and  that  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  order  n 
supply  from  France  at  once. 

The  Secretary  recommended  that  the  immediate  con- 
structioii  of  twenty  feeder  lamps  and  switches  at  Mr. 
.Judd's  factory,  or  elsewhere. 

The  reports,  statements  and  recommendations  of  the 
Secretary  were  received  and  ordered  to  bo  entered  upon 
the  minutes. 

The  Secretary  indivirlunlly  maile  the  following  prop- 

That  if  the  members  of  the  Hoard  desire  to  resume 
the  position  occupied  by  them  previous  to  the  meeting 
of  iinrch  20th.  18711,  at  which  AV.  F.  Sawyer's  proposi¬ 
tion  to  pay  off  the  debts  of  the  Co.,  etc.,  was  made  and 
accepted,  ho  (Mr.  Sawyer)  will  co-operate  with  the  other 
members  of  the  Hoard  in  bringing  about  that  result 
upon  the  following  basis : 

Fiiust.  AV.  E.  Sawyer  to  bo  reimbursed  for  all  the 
moneys  expended  by  him  on  his  own  account  for  the  li 
weeks  ending  April  2tlth,  amounting  to  $800. 

Skcoxd.  The  Company  to  pay  him  $3,500,  and  ho  will 
assign  for  the  same  $3,500  of  his  stock  and  scrip  in  the 
Company,  and  this  sum  of  $3,500  shall  bo  for  his  salary 
as  electrician  of  the  Co.  for  one  year. 

Tiiiiid.  AA'.  E.  Sawyer  to  have  the  privilege  of  buying 
back  the  above  $3,500  of  stock  and  scrij)  within  one 
year  at  par,  and  ho  will  give  his  services  to  the  Co.  ns 
electrician  for  the  coming  year  without  further  consider¬ 
ation. 

FouitTii.  A  snlo  to  be  made  of  a  sufliciout  amount  of 
the  scrip  of  the  Company  now  in  the  trousuiy  to  pro¬ 
vide  the  sum  of  $2,500  to  bo  used  exclusively  for  the 
manufacture  of  lamps  and  to  pay  the  expenses  of  their 
exhibition,  over  and  above  the  existing  debt  of  the  Co. 
and  other  expenses,  according  to  the  intention  of  the 
Secretary  in  making  this  proposition. 

Fifth.  AA  .  E.  Sawyer,  ms  electrician  of  tho  Company, 
to  have  exclusive  chai^o  and  direction  for  one  year  of 
all  work  connected  with  the  manufacture,  charging  unci 


pu  .ng  up  of  lamps,  and  all  electrical  work,  subje. 
to  the  direccon  of  the  Hoard  of  Trustees. 

SiCTH.  That  an  understanding  bo  arrived  at  re 
mg  the  sale  of  rights,  increasing  the  capU-d  --t- 
the  Co  and  admission  to  the  Co.  of  certain'  capit 
u.  h  whom  AV.  E.  Sawyer  hms  bee.  ,  ti  t  , ,  t 
out  ins  proposition  of  March  20th. 

It  was  understood  by  the  Secretary  that  decisi' 
ion  IS  to  be  taken  upon  the  foregoing  proposition 
ions  to  the  Secretary  s  departnro  from  New  Yo 
liiesday  night  or  AYednesday  morniiic  next. 

On  motion  it  was  resolved  that  tlie“Secretarv's  i 

.“Swr""" . . . . 

Adjourned  to  meet  at  the  call  of  tho  President. 

AA'.  E.  Sawvek,  Secretary. 


The  regular  monthly  meeting  of  the  Board  of  '1 
toes  of  tho  Electro-Dynamic  Light  Co.  was  held  al 
ofllco  of  Clnsson  &  Hays,  Xo.  11  Xassiui  St  on  T 
day  May  13th,  1879,  at  3  o'clock  P  M  ’’pre.sei 
-Ares.se«.  Albon  Man,  Lawrence  Myem,  Jas.  P.  Ke 
e  mn,  Jacob  Hays,  and  AV.  H.  Hays;  the  President 
Clio  chnir. 

Mr.  Myers  was  elected  Secrotaiy  y«'o  (cm,  and  ho 
ported  that  Mr.  Hugh  McCulloch  dosirc.l  him  to 
for  linn  in  his  nbseucc. 

The  reading  of  tho  niinutos  of  the  previous  meet 
was  dispensed  with. 

Tho  President  reported  that  Mr.  AV.  E.  Sayer 
ioves  that  ho  can  make  an  armngoment  with  : 
rhomas  AA'nllaco,  of  Ausonio,  Conn.,  to  go  on  li 
mild  and  sell  the  lamps  of  this  Co.  in  lots  of  six  laii 
>r  less,  and  to  p.ay  the  Co.  a  royalty  of  three  doll 
ler  lamp. 

On  motion  it  was 

liesolved,  that  Mr.  Alboii  Man  be  roimlnnv.,.! 


3298 


Hugh  K.  Gnrdeu. 


Tlio  President  reported  tlmt  lie  Iind  sold  the 
Co.'s  stenni  engine  for  S1G5,  nnd  Oilds  iind  ends  of  no 
further  use  to  the  Co.  for  $30.09,  nnd  that  ho  hns  stored 
the  ronminder  of  tho  proi)orty  of  the  Co.  in  a  store¬ 
room  over  his  own  ollice ;  that  ho  has  paid  out  bills 
against  tho  Co.,  for  which  vouchors  aro  rendered, 
$80.98,  leaving  in  tho  hands  of  tho  Tren.surer  $108.71. 

Tho  President  further  reported  that  5Inn  &  Parsons, 
lawyers,  will  accept  $250  in  payment  of  tlioir  bill. 

On  motion,  it  wins 

Jlesolviil,  tlmt  >rr.  Joseph  Tait  bo  paid  $200  for  keep¬ 
ing  tho  books  of  tho  Co.  for  one  year  from  Julj’  15th. 
1878. 

.Vdjournod  to  meet  at  tho  same  place  on  'Wednes¬ 
day,  Jlay  1-lth,  1879,  at  2:15 1>.  SI. 

W.  li.  S.vwYKii,  Socretnry. 


At  an  adjourned  meoting  of  tho  Hoard  of  Trustees 
of  tho  liloctro-Dynnmic  Light  Co.,  held  at  No.  11 
Kn.ssau  St.,  on  Wednesday,  Slay  Mth,  1879.  Presont-- 
Slessrs.  Albon  Sinn,  W.  II.  Hays,  Jacob  Hays, 
Lawronce  Slyers,  J.  P.  Kcrnochnn  and  SV.  E.  Sawyer ; 
the  President  in  tho  chair.  Thu  minutes  of  the  meet¬ 
ing  held  April  20th,  1879,  and  of  tho  meeting  hold  Slay 
13th,  1879,  wore  rend  nnd  approved. 

Sir.  SV.  E.  Sawyer  gave  formal  notice  that  he  shall 
not  carry  out  tho  proposition  made  by  him  on  tho  2Uth 
of  Slnreli,  1878,  rolativo  to  a  reorganization  of  the  Coni- 
])any,  and  that  ho  withdraws  sncii  proposition. 

Adjourned  to  moot  at  tho  call  of  tho  President  and 
Socretnry. 

W.  E.  Sawveii,  Sec’y. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  tho  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Electro-Dynamic  Light  Company,  held  at  No.  11  Nassau 
street,  on  Tuesday  Slay  20th,  1879. 

Present — Slossrs.  W.  H.  Hays,  Jacob  Hays,  Law¬ 
rence  Slyers,  Albon  Sinn  nnd  W.  E.  Sawyer.  The 
President  in  the  chair. 


3209 


The  reading  of  the  minutes  of  the  nrevio.m  s- 
was  (lispenKcd  with.  meetiug 

The  President  stated  that  the  notice  fl 
had  been  sent  to  all  of  the  Trustees  a.  I  -  .  ,  '"'‘•'‘"'8 
“I  hoM  in  i„j  hands  and  present Vn'v 
tbo  resignation  of  Sir.  Jus  P  Keriio,  I, 
of  this  company.”  '  ’ 

The  letter  of  resignation  of  Sir.  Kernoclmu  w-is  re„  1 
by  the  Secretary,  ns  follows  : 

(Copy.) 

“  To  THE  PmisiDKXT  .vxii  Tin-si  Pi  s  or  Till-  r 
1)V.NAJIIC  Lloiir  Co.MIM.Sy  ;  ’  "  ' 

“Ge.ntu;.m&s-_I  beg  herebvf,.  olV,...  .. 

US  a  trustee  of  tho  Electro-Dvnamie  Lioh't'or'""  " 

s«eeirl.!7’"l?  "■"*  '"■■■'I* 

ictss  uniter  the  now  organization. 

“  I  am  truly  yoms, 

"  New  York,  19th  Slay,  1,S79."  '  ^ 

On  motion  of  Sir.  .Taeob  Hays  the  resignation  of 
S  .  Eernocimn  was  aecej.ted,  and  on  further  motion  of 
Hays,  Sir.  Thomas  Wallace  was  iinaniniou.sly  ap- 
l^ointcd  a  riistce  of  this  couiiiaiiy  in  place  of  Sir.  .lames 
1 .  Kernochan,  resigned. 

-Mr.  SVallaeo  being  present,  the  President  forniallv 
i.ot.lied  him  of  Ins  aiiimintnient,  and  .Sir.  Wallaee 
aeco])tcd  the  position. 

“I**”  presented  the  resignation  of  Sir. 

■  ,  "8  ouc  of  the  trustees  of  tho  eompany,  and 

Hio  letter  of  rosiguation  was  ie..d,  .is  follows  : 

(Copy.) 

“  To  THE  PIIESIDEXT  .VXU  TllWlEES  OP  THE  Er.ECriTIO- 
Dy.vAMic  Light  Co.mpa.w  : 

‘  Ge.\tle.me.s-— I  beg  hereby  to  oiler  my  resienatiou 
us  a  trustee  of  the  Electro-Dynamic  Light  Co.,  and 


3300 


Hugh  R.  GarOon. 


hoping  tliiit  our  Company  may  moot  witli  full  success 
uiuler  the  new  organization. 

“  I  am  truly  yours, 

“  W.  H.  H.vys. 

“  New  York,  Slay  10,  1870.” 


On  motion  of  Sir.  Jacoh  Hays  the  resignation  of 
Sir.  SVm.  11.  Hays  was  accepted. 

On  further  motion  of  Sir.  Jacoh  Hays,  Sir.  Uri  T. 
Hungerford  was  unanimously  appointed  a  trustee  of 
this  eompnny  in  place  of  Sir.  SVin.  Hays,  resigned ; 
and  the  Secretary  was  directed  to  notify  Sir.  Hnnger- 
ford  of  his  a])pointincnt. 

The  President  then  formally  tendered  his  resignation 
ns  president  of  the  company,  while  thanking  the  Board 
for  the  coiirtosy  and  appreciation  of  his  services 
uniformly  shown  him. 

On  motion  of  Sir.  Jacob  Hays,  the  resignation  of 
Sir.  Sian  os  President  was  iieecpted  ;  ami  Sir.  Sinn  hav¬ 
ing,  before  the  aeeeptiinee  of  his  resignation,  ap])uinted 
Slessrs.  Jacob  Hays  and  W.  E.  Sawyer  tellers  to  re- 
eeivo  and  count  the  ballots  fur  his  successor,  balloting 
for  a  now  , President  of  the  Company  was  on  motion 
jiroeoedod  with,  and  the  tellers  reported  ns  follows : 

Por  Sir.  Tliunins  Wallace  ns  President,  four  votes 
and  one  blank. 

Sir.  SValliice  being  then  declared  duly  elected  Presi¬ 
dent  of  the  Company  in  place  of  Sir.  Alboii  Sinn  re¬ 
signed,  briefly  thanked  thegentlenieu  present  and  tool: 
the  chair. 

Sir.  Sinn  then  said  : 

“  Sir.  President  and  Genttonicn  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees :  I  hold  n  promissorj"  note  of  Sir.  Thoiine. 
Wallace  for  S5,000,  given  to  the  Treasurer  of  the  Elee- 
tro-Dynnniic  Light  Company  in  payment  for  scrip  con¬ 
tributed  by  the  former  Trustees  of  the  Company  foi 
the  purpose  of  paying  off  the  debts  of  the  Company. 
Wo  have  received  this  note  with  the  understanding 
that  it  shall  not  bo  discounted  or  go  out  of  the  hands  of 
the  Treasurer  or  his  house,  in  some  way,  so  that  Sir. 
Wallace  can  at  any  time  take  it  up  ;  but  it  is  desired 


that  the  affairs  of  the  Coinpaiiv  be  closed  n 
that  end  I  move  that  the  Treasurer  be  auth 
apply  tins  note  to  the  extiiiguishinent  of  tin 
tile  Company.” 

The  Pre.sidont  declared  that  such  a  course  ^ 
satisfactory  to  him,  and  on  motion  it  was 

/^Ciin/veil,  That  the  note  of  Jfr,  Thomas  AVi 
.?5,000  be  used  for  paying  off  the  debts  of  t] 
pany. 

Sir.  Sian  then  said  : 

"  The  question  arises,  goiillemmi,  in  regard 
on  with  the  iiinnufacture  of  our  lamps,  fsiiiip 
III  accordance  with  Sir.  Sawyers  understand 
riionms  Wallace,  or  his  house,  propo.ses  to  gc 
build  a  lot  of  these  lamps  and  jiiit  them  oiil 
men  tally.” 

The  President  said  in  reply ; 

“  Sly  idea  of  this  matter  was  that  the  housi 
am  connected  with— AVidhice  A-  Sons,  wlio  ar 
np  for  this  electrical  work— shoiihl  add  this  Ian 
business  they  are  iilrenily  doing  in  this  ilircctiu 
they  should  ii.se  their  present  niachinerv  for  n 
tiiring,  and  facilities  for  introducing  this  lanipai 
and  geuendly  ns  it  is  jiossible  to  do,  and  tliat  I 
neclion  between  that  hoii.se  and  the  Company  « 
that  they  should  pay  for  every  lamp  made  ami 
royalty  to  this  Company.  That  will  simplify  th 
iie.ss  of  this  Company.  It  is  simply  to  receive  a  i 
linve  correct  books  of  nceoiinl  kept  and  swon 
'iieiits  made,  mid  the  royalties  paid  right  into  th 
>any,  mid  that  is  according  to  the  iimlcrstandine 
vith  Sir.  .Sawyer,  mid  1  ])resume  it  has  been  so 
itood.  Sir.  Sawyer  asked  me  to  look  the  matt 
md  I  thought,  myself,  after  looking  the  thin: 
airefull^',  that  three  dollars  jier  lainii  would  be 
he  proper  royalty  to  be  paid.  I  should  be  satis 
lay  that  royalty.  I  should  be  .satisfied  as  a  stock 
I  this  Company  and  lus  a  stockholder  of  AVall 

On  motion  of  Sir.  Sian  it  was  then  uiianiniousl 
litHolvetl,  That  SValhice  k  .Sons  be  authori} 


build  niul  put  U]>  tlio  lumps  and  other  npparatua  of  the 
Company,  paying  to  the  Comi)aiiy  a  royalty  of  three 
dollars  per  lamp  for  such  lamps  as  they  shall  put  up 
until  some  further  ami  more  positive  arraiigemeut  can 
be  made. 

A  bill  of  H.  L.  Judd  ifc  Co.  of  SCO  for  work  and  mate¬ 
rials  was  presented,  approved  and  ordered  to  be  paid 
a.s  soon  as  there  shall  lie  sulhcient  funds  in  the 
Treasury. 

Mr.  Jlan  then  presented  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Law¬ 
rence  Myei-s  ns  a  Trustee  of  this  Company,  carrying 
with  it  his  resignation  as  Vice-President  of  the  Com¬ 
pany,  and  the  letter  of  resignation  was  rend  as  follows: 

(Copy.) 

“  Xkw  YoitK,  May  10th,  1870. 

“  To  THE  PliralDEXT  AXI)  TllL'STEES  OK  THE  ElJ-CTIiO- 
Dv.n.vmic  LiciHT  Co.  : 

"  Gentlomon — I  bog  heniby  to  olTer  my  resignation 
as  a  Trustee  of  the  Electro-Dynamic  Light  Co.,  and 
hoping  that  our  Company  may  meet  with  full  success 
under  the  now  orgauization. 

”  I  am.  Truly  Yours, 

“  L.  Mvehs." 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Jacob  Hays,  the  rcsignntiou  of  Mr. 
Myers  was  accepted  and  on  motion  of  3Ir.  Man, 

Mr.  John  B.  Wallace  was  appointed  a  Trustee  of  this 
Company  in  place  of  Lawrence  Jlyers,  resigned. 

The  Secretary  was  directed  to  notify  3Ir.  Wallace  of 
his  appointment. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Man  the  Board  proceeded  to  the 
election  of  a  Vice-President  to  fill  the  vacancy  occa¬ 
sioned  by  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Sloyers,  and  the  tollers, 
Mo.ssr8.  Hays  and  Sawyer,  reported  as  follows  : 

That  three  votes  had  been  cast  for  Albon  Man  and 
one  bhmk,  and  Mr.  Man  was  declared  duly  elccteil 
ATce-President  of  the  Company. 

-Adjourned  to  meet  at  Xo.  11  Xassau  St.  on  the  sec¬ 
ond  Tuesday  of  June  next,  at  3  o’clock  P.  M. 

M'.  E.  Sawi-eii,  Secy. 


yer.  the  President  in  the  chair.  '  ' 

The  rending  of  the  minutes  of  the  two  inevioiis  meet 

mgs  was  dispen.sed  with.  <-  'onsmect- 

-Mr.  Dow,  attorney  for  .Afessrs  t-  c 

Ansonia,  Conn.,p.e.se„te.I  and  read  the  draft  of  Sem.^ 
between  this  Company  and  .AIcs.sra.  AVallaee  t-  S 
and  on  motion  Messrs.  Hugh  JfcCnlloeh,  Albon  Afan' 
Jacob  Hayes,  Ihomas  AVallaee  and  Cri  T.  ILn . rfor  1 

were  unamimously  appointed  a  C.m,n, it.ee 

MX-'h  a  Irnensc  as  this  Companv  is  willing  to  .d  ' 

midsdn'""'*'''  ‘  f  <-t  c 

ud  sell  lamps  under  the  Company’s  Patent :  and  tl- 

thSe'lT  •'-'"■■-.nslvau- 

thoy/ed  to  sign  such  license  on  behalf  of  the  Coni- 

-•Vdjoiirued. 

A'".  JC.  HawiI'I!,  Secy. 

Defendant’s  cotimsel  objects  to  the  answer  of 

the  witness  on  the  same  gronnds  as  .state,]  In  his 
objection  to  the  (piestion,  and  gives  notice  that 
before  or  at  final  hearing  ho  will  move  to  strike 
the  same  from  the  reconl. 

CllO.S.S.E.\-A.MI.\AT|O.V  CUlSIlO. 

,  Hfdl!  Pu  CiAliDEX. 

isworii  to  liefore  mo  this  12th  ) 
day  of  March,  ISS'J.  3 

John  H.  Kitchex, 

Examiner. 

End  of  Garden’s  McKeesport  Deposition. 


3304 


George  W.  Snwyer. 


G£OR6£  W.  SAWYER'S  MoKEESPORT 
DEPOSITION. 

UNITED  STATES  CTRCUIT  COURT, 

Wj^iTKIlN  DiSTllICT  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


The  Consolid.ytei)  Electhic  Linin’ 
Co.MI’ANY  I 

I 

VS.  y 

McKEiai’oiiT  ELEcimc  Light  Com-  j 

- _ i 


UNITED  STATES  CIRCUIT  COURT, 
SoirniEiiN  Distiiict  ok  New  Yoiik. 


The  Consolidated  Electhic  Light 

COMI'ANY 

vs.  . 

The  Edison  Electhic  Light  Com- 
1‘ANV  ami  T110.MAK  A.  Edison. 


Be  it  remembcrad,  tliat  on  this  20tli  day  of  Febru¬ 
ary,  in  the  year  of  oar  Lord  one  tliousand  eight  hun¬ 
dred  and  eightj’-niuo,  I,  William  T.  Fandiaiu,  a  notary 
public  in  and  for  tlio  City,  County  and  State  of  Now 
York,  under  and  by  virtue  of  tlio  statutes  of  the  United 
States  in  such  cases  made  and  provided,  did  call  and 
cause  to  be  and  personally  appear  before  mo,  George 
W.  Sawyer,  pursuant  to  the  annexed  notice,  at  the 
Mitchell  House,  on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Forty- 


GeorgeW.  Sawyer.  3305 

^eond  street,  in  the  said  City  of  New  York  in  .ail 
County  and  State,  to  testify  and  the  truth  tosa’v  on  the 
-art  and  m  behalf  of  the  defendant  in  eertain'snits  or 

i^n‘]L?rieff?l''^“''‘'‘"'•^'‘^ 

lie  tnc  I  git  Co  '  ‘  I 

Kcesport  Light  Comimnyis  (lefeinhuit  :iui\  hm."'-* 

matter  of  controversy  now  (leiKJiiflitur  n.’w'i ...  i 

iu  fi.rt  -in  A miilotermincMl 
m  the  C ireu  t  Court  of  the  Unite,!  States  for  the  South- 

rol2.ts.'^'^’'“ 

Prccsunt-Thomas  B.  Kerr  an.l  Amos  Broa.lnax, 
I’ounsol  for  eoniiihunant  The  Consolidated  Jileetric 
Lighting  Co.,  Walter  K.  Grillin,  Es,|.,anil  Riehanl  N. 
Dyer  Es(,.,  for  the  defendants  The  MeK.>es,,ort  Electi  ie 
Light  Company  and  tlie  defendants  Tlie  Edison  Electric 
Light  Co.  and  Thomas  A.  Edison. 

Also  present  Allion  .Alan. 

And  the  said  George  AV.  Sawyer,  being  about  the  age 
"f  twonty-soven  years,  and  having  been  bv  me  tirst 
••autioned  and  sworn  to  testify  the  trutig'the  whole 
truth  and  nothing  but  the  truth  in  the  matter  of  contro¬ 
versy  aforesaid,  I  carefully  examined  the  .said  Cieorge 
'A.  Sawyer,  aiuHie  did  thereiiiion  de[>ose,  testify  ami 
say  as  follows,  viz.  ; 

Counsel  for  coniiilainant  requests  counsel  for 
rosjiondeiit  to  jieniiit  Dr.  Charles  A.  Biieklin,  re¬ 
siding  at  20G  AVest  Forty-second  street,  and  .vho 
is  now  present,  to  examine  the  witness  on  behalf 
of  the  comjilainnnt  with  reference  to  his  jiliysical 


330G 


Geoi-go  ^y.  Sawyer. 


being  in  tlie  presence  of  counsel  for  both  tlie 
complainant  and  defendants.) 

Examlvkd  by  Mb.  Gbiffix  : 

1  Q.  Wliat  is  your  name,  age  and  present  place  of 
residence  ? 

A.  My  name  is  George  AV.  Sawyer;  age  twenty-seven  ; 
I  am  at  jjresent  residing  in  the  ^fitcbell  House,  New 
York  City,  under  medical  treatment. 

2  Q.  Are  you  the  George  W.  Sawyer  who  is  tlie 
brother  of  William  Edward  .Sawyer,  one  of  the  joint 
liatentees  of  the  iiatent  in  suit,  and  are  you  also  the 
George  W.  Sawyer  who,  before  this,  testified  in  certain 
interference  proceedings  between  Me.ssrs.  Sawyer  and 
Alan  and  Air.  Edison  in  the  Patent  OQice  ? 

A.  I  am. 

3  Q.  Please  look  at  the  book  marked  for  identiflea- 
tion  "Defendant’s  Exhibit  A,  Eeb.  20,  1889,  and  state 
whether  you  recognize  the  same,  and  whether  you  have 
examined  it  (handing  book  to  witness; '! 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

Defendatit's  counsel  rccjucsts  of  record  that  the 
notary  mark  the  book  for  identification,  as  stated 
in  the  (piestion  tc  witness. 

•1  Q.  With  the  exception  of  pages  49  to  50,  inclusive, 
and  the  lirst  eight  lines  of  page  57,  -in  whose  hand¬ 
writing  are  the  various  entries  in  the  book  ? 

A.  The  other  handwriting  is  my  brother’s — AVilliain 
E.  Sawyer. 

5  Q.  Please  look  at  the  entries  on  pages  123  to  12'.t 
of  the  book,  and  state  in  whose  handwriting  the  entries 
on  those  pages  are  ? 

The  question  is  objected  to  ns  immaterial  and 
incompetent  unless  the  book  is  going  to  be  of¬ 
fered  in  evidence. 

A.  It  is  all  my  brother’s  writing. 


L 


filliam  Edward  Sawyer,  in  his  experinr 
imps  and  similar  things  7 
.A.  On  all  of  his  clectrieiil  exporiiiieiits 
9Q.  Yes? 


A.  About  1871  or  1872-until  IfSSl  or 
0  quite  .sure;  there  was  lapses  of  idioiii 
leanwhile,  when  I  might  not  have  bee 
rst  commenced  with  him  in  Washiiigtoi 

10  Q.  When  were  von  with  vonr  bin 
iglon. 

A.  In  1871  or  1872. 

11  Q.  Were  you  with  your  lirother  all  tl 
iose  years  you  have  named,  dr  from  tin 

AVith  him  most  of  the  time:  !i 
other,  my  sister  and  myself ;  as  a  rule 

12  Q.  .After  you  left  your  brother,  whos 
.1  you  go  into  ? 

.A,  I  never  was  in  any  ones  employiin 
lore  he  was  emjiloyed. 

13  Q.  Were  you  with  your  brother  befi 
luninted  with  sAlbon  Alan  ? 

A,  I  was. 

14  Q.  Aiul  after  you  became  aeqiiainte 
A.  Yes,  sir. 

15  O.  What  nart  did  von  take  with  t! 


IG  Q.  Do  you  know  Hinim  S.  JInxim,  S.  D.  Solmy- 
lor,  Jnnies  FInunignn,  J.  G.  Smith,  and  others? 

A.  I  do. 

17  Q.  Had  these  gentlemen  any  lussocintion  with 
vonr  brother  in  his  oiperiincnts  in  a  business  way  ? 

A.  Ves,  sir. 

18  Q.  Had  your  brother  and  Mr.  Schuyler  and  Mr. 
Maxim  any  business  connection  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

la  Q.  In  what  class  of  business  was  this? 

A.  In  electric  motors  and  postal  telegraph. 

20  Q.  Do  yon  rememher  any  exporimeuts  made  by 
yonr  brother  at  the  Coal  and  Iron  Exchange  ? 

A.  Coal  and  Iron  Exchange  ? 

21  Q.  Yes? 

A.  I  do. 

22  Q.  How  mnch  apparatus  had  your  brother  at  the 
Coal  and  Iron  Exchange  for  making  electrical  experi¬ 
ments  ? 

A.  A  very  little,  only  a  few  colls  of  battery,  a  couple 
of  ilasks  with  stopimrs  or  tubes  running  up  through, 
which  held  a  piece  of  chirbou,  and  wo  would  charge  the 
flask  with  illuminating  gas,  that  is  all. 

23  Q.  Prior  to  the'  time  that  Mr.  Man  became  ac¬ 
quainted  with  yonr  brother,  had  your  brother  or  any 
one  connected  with  him  made  anything  that  you  conhl 
call  an  electric  lamp  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

24  Q.  How  far  had  your  brother  got — what  had  he 
done  in  experimenting  that  way  ? 

A.  Nothing  more  than  heating  up  pieces  of  carbon 
to  incandescence  in  the  air. 

25  Q.  What  sort  of  carbon  was  this  ? 

A.  Generally  load  pencil ;  held  it  np  in  the  air. 

2G  Q.  Do  you  remember  E.  P.  Benjamin,  dealer  in 
chemical  apparatus,  in  Barclay  street.  New  Y'ork  City. 

A.  I  do. 

27  Q.  Did  you  ever  purchase  anything  from  him  for 
your  brother? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

28  Q.  What  did  yon  purchase? 


u» «  -i™  «... 

Innk  we  tied  the  carbon  nllnmrjtr"  ^ 

*o  make  a  connection,  ami  there  w,m 
It ;  we  took  the  lamp  down  to  the  Tr 

A.  Illnminutingg^^*’’'l  'know*"' ‘'"“'“"’P? 

"frahl  that  they  wernoinet  ?  -mch 

to  got  out  of  dangm'  "anted 

tried  ^  be  brought  to^'hgbt  or 

A  Wen  Tb‘  last  ? 

couldn't  toil  anything'idjoutT''’ 

looked  at  them.  ’  "P““0‘1  tliem  and 

laS  ‘111  -Ton  use  in  these 

37  Fol^-oary,  1878. 

ftomthe’lst;/Fe"LmT™^ 


3310  George  W.  Siiwyer. 

38  Q.  IViis  Sir.  Sliin  present  when  those  experiments 

A.  Kot  this  first  one ;  no,  sir.  Tlie  first  time  Sir. 
Sinn  was  present  wns  on  AVnsliington’s  Birtlulny,  tlie 
22(1  of  Febrimry.  I  iim  ver^-  sure  of  thnt. 

3!)  Q.  And  wlion  Sir.  Sinn  was  there  was  the  experi¬ 
ment  (iiilcrent  from  what  it  was  Imfore  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

40  Q.  ■■Vfter  your  brother  moved  to  Centro  street  and 
wliile  ho  was  there,  were  vou  witli  him  in  his  omplov  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

41  Q.  How  many  flasks  or  lamp  glas.sos  did  you  luiy 
for  ti.so  at  Centro  street,  ns  you  best  remember? 

A.  I  know  that  we  liad  seventeen  of  them  up  there 
at  one  exhibition  ;  they  busted  no  longtii  of  time  at  all ; 
wo  were  very  glad  to  got  the  crowd  out  thnt  was  in 
there  before  everything  would  i)lny  out. 

42  Q.  IVhnt  do  you  just  moan  by  thnt ;  thnt  you  were 
glad  to  get  them  out  ? 

A.  Before  everything  would  ]duy  out.  It  had  a  kind 
of  pnrtiid  success,  and  thnt  was  all,  for  probably  half  an 
hour. 

43  Q.  ■\Vlmt  would  you  do  with  the  lamps  after  the 
people  had  left  ? 

A.  Take  them  down  again.  The  carbons  kept  get¬ 
ting  larger,  and  the  globe  darkened  and  the  light  diin- 

44  Q.  Du  I  nndcrstaml  yon  thnt  yon  would  juit  in 
now  carbons  after  the  people  left  ? 

A.  Use  the  same  carbon  and  recharge  it. 

43  Q.  Bcchnrge  them  ? 

A.  Becharge  them  with  gas. 

40  Q.  Was  the  glass  plain  transparent  glass  in  thofO 
17  or  18  globes  ? 

A.  Some  of  them  were  ground  and  others  were  traius- 
pnrent. 

47  Q.  What  was  your  object  in  using  ground  glass? 

A.  To  diffuse  the  light — show  a  difference. 

48  Q.  lYhat  kind  of  a  machine  for  developing  elcc- 


oO  Q  IV  hat  did  you  use  after  that  ’ 

used  to  take  a  lamp  i„  th  r 
of  Howard  and  Mead-not  Hoi  l'- 

"bile"';  n;m,in‘ll'”7"'' 

A.  Only  crude. 

tlie  name  of  them.  Tliov  ^ 

of  time  ''lienlwas'awavatBTr 

patents  for  him.  ■  I'aslnngton  filing  som 

i  Silt  idi  boen^°;i‘i;f.  S  TiXtr?' 

was  a  month.  *  ^  ^  i 

00  Q.  How  often  would  Mr.  Man  be  at  fl,„  i 
Centro  street  ?  ‘  si'op  n 

,af,Q-  ‘1°  "ork  in  the  shop  that  vou 


3312 


Georgo  'W.  Sawyer. 


57  Q.  About  how  many  !nmi)g  do  you  think  were 
made  or  used  in  Centro  street  during  tho  time  you  were 

A.  I  cannot  recollect  that. 

58  Q.  Give  your  best  memory  ns  to  whether  there 
were  n  great  many  or  verj-  few  ? 

.\.  There  were  very  few ;  wo  never  had  a  great  mnnv. 

5!)  Q.  What  would  your  idea  be  of  a  great  many  ? 

A.  There  may  have  been  ton  lnm)is  juit  up  there  at 
Centre  street. 

00  Q.  AVhat  dincrcnce  was  there  between  the  lamps 
you  used  nt  Centre  street  and  the  lamp  which  you 
mentioned  you  had  experimented  with  nt  tho  Coal  ami 
Iron  Exchange  ? 

A.  A  difierent  way  of  sealing  the  bottoms  so  ns  to 
make  it  tight,  and  tho  conductor  that  went  up  inside  to 
keep  it  from  loosening  tho  sealing  through  tho  conduc- 
tiou  of  heat.  It  was  a  soapstone  bar  put  in  nt  that 
time ;  wo  only  had  tho  ono  workman  working  nt  tia; 
lain])  there ;  that  was  my  father. 

(11  Q.  Were  tho  lamps  used  with  illuminating  gas 
ns  they  were  at  the  Exchnugt!  ? 

A.  They  wore  charged  with  difloront  gns  ;  some  with 
dluminatiiig  gas,  and  then  I  think  wo  had  somo  with 
nitrogen.  I  don’t  know  ns  we  had  any  with  other  than 
illuminating  gns. 

ti‘2  Q.  You  have  mentioned  n  stojipor  for  tho  flasks 
or  lamps  what  kind  of  a  stopper  di<l  you  use  nt  Contie 
street.  What  was  it  made  of  ? 

A.  Gloss. 

03  Q.  Who  made  tho  globes  and  covers  or  caps? 

A.  Sir.  Man  got  tho  globes  from  Urooklyn,  I  think, 
some  place. 

(!4  Q  And  do  I  understand  you  that  tho  globes  ami 
their  fittings  were  not  made  nt  Centro  street  ? 

A.  AVo  had  no  niipnmtus  for  making  glass  there. 

(15  Q.  How  about  tho  fittings ;  were  those  made 
there? 

A.  Tho  fittings  were  made  there. 

CO  Q.  AVhat  kind  of  carbon  was  used  in  these  lamps 
in  Centre  street? 


3313 


A.  Hard  carbon,  retort  carbou,  worked  into  shape 
of  these  carbons  high  r 

A.  It  was  very  low. 

08  Q.  How  large  were  tho  carbons-were  thev  h.r,. 
or  small  ?  -  ” 

cir^i  ‘"ol‘  long,  am 

filled  out  n  sixteenth  of  an  inch  or  more. 

Cl)  Q.  Did  von  give  an  exhibition  of  these  Iaini)s  i. 
Centro  street  ?  ^ 


A.  That  was  when  wo  first  went  there  from  tho  Coal 
and  Iron  Exchange.  I  know  that  I  was  sent  around  to 
the  newspa,,or  onice  and  telegraph,  steamship  com¬ 
panies,  and  invited  all  those  difierent  men-head  men- 
there  to  this  Exhibition.  There  didn’t  near  as  m-inv 
come  as  we  expected.  After  thev  were  there  wo 
startod  up;  I  think  it  was  about  three  o’clock  in  the 
afternoon.  We  ran  along  until  tiio  lamps  commenced 
te  grow  dimmer  and  dimmer,  ami  I  don’t  knmv  how 
my  brother  excused  them  ;  he  managed  to  have  a 
reimon,  anyway,  for  shutting  ilown  and  getting  them 
out;  ho  was  very  glad  to  get  them  out. 

(1  (J.  Did  you  notice  anything  about  the  carbons 
after  the  exhibition  wius  over  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir;  they  had  all  increased  in  size. 

72  Q.  What  remark  did  your  brother  make  as  regards 
this  increase  of  size,  if  any? 

A.  I  don’t  know  as  he  made  any  remark-that  is,  to 
mo  personally. 

73  Q.  After  tho  exhibition  did  you  alter  the  stylo  of 
fittings  of  your  lamp  at  all  ? 

A.  Ao,  sir ;  not  tho ’stylo  of  fittings  ;  wo  were  contin¬ 
ually  exporimenting  there  nt  all  time— made  one  lamp 

74  Q.  How  did  you  close  the  lamp,  as  you  have  men¬ 
tioned.  AVliat  did  you  use  to  close  the  lamp  ? 

A.  It  seems  to  mo  they  had  this  flat  stojiper  at  this 
time,  and  fir  balsam  put  in  the  Joint,  and  the  joint  was 


3314 


George  AV.  Sawyer. 


clnmpeil  together ;  there  was  a  flange  cast  on  the  upper 
globe,  and  there  was  some  kind  of  metal  clami)  to 
clamp  the  stopper  and  globe  together. 

75  Q.  Of  all  these  lamps  that  you  have  mentioned 
up  to  the  time  you  loft  Centre  street,  do  you  remember 
any  other  caibou  than  hard  carbon,  or  retort  carbon, 
that  you  have  mentioned  being  used  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

76  Q,  Did  you  ever  see  or  hear  of  anything  else  be¬ 
ing  used  in  the  lamps  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

77.  Q.  AVhat  is  the  longest  time  that  you  remember 
any  lamp  burning  at  Centre  street  continuously — I 

A.  I  do  not  believe  we  ever  burned  a  lamp  there  over 
half  or  three-quarters  of  an  hour  at  a  time. 

78  Q.  AA'hat  opportunities  did  yon  Imvo  of  knowing  ? 

A.  I  being  there. 

79  Q.  Suppose  visitors  camo  there,  what  was  your 
custom  in  showing  them  the  lumps  '! 

A.  Turn  it  on  ;  start  a  macliinu  up  and  turn  it  on. 
After  they  were  in  the  place  for  half  or  three-quarters 
of  an  hour,  then  you  can  turn  itout  without  them  think¬ 
ing  much  about  it  ? 

80  Q.  AA'hat,  if  anything,  would  you  do  to  the  lamps 
after  the  visitors  had  gone  ? 

A.  If  there  was  anything  necessary,  wo  repaired  it. 

81  Q.  AVhat  is  the  longest  time  that  j'ou  remember  a 
lamp  being  burned  without  having  the  carbon  renewed 
or  the  globe  recharged  with  gas  ? 

A.  I  cannot  recollect  that,  because  there  was  none  of 
them  bunied  very  long  at  a  time ;  just  what  time  it 
woidd  figure  up  that  they  had  been  there  I  couldn’t  say. 

82  Q.  Did  you  ever  see  any  carbon  made  at  Centre 
street  or  see  any  substance  carbonized  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

83  Q.  Did  you  have  any  means  of  carbonizing  mate¬ 
rials  at  Centro  street  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

84  Q.  AA'us  the  charcoal  furnace  that  you  mentioned 
at  all  adapted  for  carbouizimi  ? 


George  AA'.  Sawyer. 


3315 


Q-  “  P’umher’s  furnace, 

ao  g.  AVas  there  any  fireplace  in  the  room  ? 

80  Q.  How  was  the  room  heated  ? 

A.  Steam  i)ij)es. 

87Q.  AVheu  you  moved  from  Centre  street  to  the 
corner  of  Howard  and  Centre,  what  did  you  do  there? 

T  tti.  I  ^  distribution 

I  think  my  brother  got  up  a  switch  there,  aud  all  misos 
for  the  lamps.  ® 

88  Q.  AVero  the  carbons  used  at  the  coi  ner  of  Howard 

the  carbons  ..s::; 

A.  I  don't  think  so. 

89  Q.  Have  you  any  recollection  of  anv  other  carbons 
l>on.g  used  than  the  hard  or  retort  carbon  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

nf  the  corner 

'y?j7  "1“’  ^  I  iroliove,  did  you  not  ? 

91  Q.  How  much  of  the  time  that  your  brother  was 
at  A\  alkor  street  wore  you  with  him  ? 

latn’  from  early  morning  to 

there  “s  there  was  any  one 

92  Q  AVhat  was  your  employment  there  speciallv? 
A.  X  took  care  of  the  engine  there,  and  boiler,  aiid 

ran  errands. 

93  Q.  AA'hat  machinery  had  they  there;  I  mean  me- 
chauios  machinery? 

A.  They  had  a  lathe. 

94  Q.  How  many  lathes  ? 

A.  One  or  two,  luid  a  griudiug-stouo,  I  think. 

9u  Q.  Did  they  have  any  special  apparatus  for  elec¬ 
trical  experiments  ? 

“  itiud  of  chemical  set  there. 

JG  Q.  At  the  shop  at  AValker  and  Elm  street,  how 
often  was  Mr.  Man  present,  mid  what  did  he  do  ? 

A.  Ho  was  present  almost  every  day.  Sometimes  he 
remained  for  an  hour,  soiiiotiraes  he  would  be  there 


97  Q.  What  class  of  carbon  was  used  in  the  lamps  at 
AValkcr  street  ? 

A.  I  think  we  got  the  French  carbon  then,  but  I  will 
not  be  sure  I  think  wo  had  a  few  sticks  of  the  French 
carbon,  but  retort  carbon  was  our  princiiial  one. 

98  Q.  Wbat  kind  of  gas,  if  au}-,  was  iu  the  lamps? 

A.  We  charged  theiu  with  nitrogen  gas  and  the  vac- 

99  Q.  How  much  of  a  vacuum  did  you  got  iu  auy  of 
the  lamps  ? 

A.  I  think  my  brother  used  to  claim  that  there  was 
one  per  cent,  air  loft  iu  the  globes. 

100  Q.  What  succe.ss  did  you  have  with  the  lamps 
when  they  had  any  vacuum  instead  of  being  filled  with 
gas? 

A.  I  don't  know  as  we  really  used  the  vacuum ;  I 
think  the  method  of  charging  our  lamps  was,  wo  used 
to  oxliaust  and  allow  the  gas  to  flow  in  and  exhaust 
and  allow  the  gas  to  flow  in  again  and  ob¬ 
tain  the  vacuum,  as  wo  called  it,  by  dilution.  Whothor 
they  used  an  absolute  vacuum  or  not,  wo  callod  it  a 
vacuum  bcuause  there  was  no  air. 

101  Q.  Do  I  understand  that  you  got  rid  of  the  air 
and  filled  the  lamps  with  gas,  so  that  only  oiio  ono-hun- 
dedth  part  of  air  would  bo  jirosent  in  the  gas  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

102  Q.  Did  you  see  auy  laniiis  iu  which  the  air  was 
taken  out  and  nothing  put  in  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

103  Q.  How  long  were  those  tried  ? 

A.  Well,  I  can’t  state  just  the  length  of  time.  They 
were  never  tried  very  long,  because  they  never  run  long. 
The  carbon  was  always  disintegrating. 

104  Q.  How  did  these  succeed  as  compared  with  other 
lumps  ?  I  mean  the  one  with  the  air  which  you  have 
mentioned  ? 

A.  I  don’t  think  as  well  as  those  charged  with  nitro- 


A.  It-e  had  a  fall  of  water  from  the  roof  of  the  ho„. 
-I  don  t  know  what  they  call  it_watcr  canied  t ' 
tank  in  the  top  of  the  house  and  throii-li  its  Wl  I 
another  pipe  it  sucks  air.  ”  '' 

lOG  Q.  Do  you  remember  vour  brotlioi-wnfl-:,. . 
what  he  called  a  feeder  lamp,  and  if  so  when 

roniembor  his  first  be-inniin' to  work  on  tl  .  ?  ’ 

foT  o'">; =‘"‘' 

10/  Q.  1\  Imt  importance  did  your  brother  attach  t 
the  feeder  lamp?  iiiacn  i 

A.  «o  that  the  lamp  would  not  have  to  bo  take 
apart  every  tune  in  order  to  have  the  carbon  replaceli 
lampl-^'  in  the  feed. 

A.  Retort  carbon. 
use,l  b^il 

used  m  the  feeder  lamps  at  Walker  street 
A.  Xo,  sir. 

enrbonizing  done  at  Walker  street 
A.  I  think  there  was  some  willow  twigs  carlionize 
there,  that  Mr.  Man  brought. 

1  “Iiything  else  being  ca 

bomzml  there  except  willow  twigs  ? 

112  Q.  What  did  they  do  with  these  willow  twi..s  / 
sticks  after  thoy.carbonized  them  ? 

A.  Worked  them  ilowii  into  the  shape  that  the 
"ishod  them,  but  it  strikes  me  that  they  nev. 
ainonntod  to  anything  because  they  woie  of  too  hi" 
rosistaneo  for  our  machine,  the  mnehine  would  not  in 
c.i.n.il..to  upon  them,  thev  didn't  seem  to  bo  deii« 
enough. 

113  Q.  How  did  they  work  as  compared  with  tli 
liard  carbons? 

A.  I  can’t  recollect  that,  but  not  as  well. 

114  Q.  What  was  the  shajic  of  the.se  willow  earboi 


3318 


George  AV.  Sawyer. 


115  Q.  Just  toll  us  the  different  shapes  ? 

A.  They  were  gouorally  a  straight  round  pencil  about 
that  length  (witness  indicates  about  three-quarters  of 
an  inch  between  his  fingers). 

lie  Q.  How  many  of  these  twigs  do  you  remember 
being  actually  used  in  auy  of  the  lamps  V 

A.  I  can’t  rememlier  how  many  ? 

117  x-Q.  Were  there  many  or  few  ? 

A.  Few. 

118  Q.  Did  they  keep  on  using  these  willow  twigs  ? 

A,  No,  sir. 

Hi)  Q.  What  did  they  do  after  they  ceased  to  use 
the  willow  twigs  ? 

A.  Thej'  experimented  continually  on  different  forms 
of  earbon — different  shapes— difl'erent  forms  of  lamps. 

120  Q.  AVas  this  use  of  willow  carbon  experimental, 
or  did  they  make  auy  considerable  number  of  lamps 
or  use  any  considerable  amount  of  time  with  the  willow 
carbon  ‘f 

A.  No,  sir. 

Objected  to  by  the  counsel  tor  complainant  on 
the  ground  that  the  witness  is  not  in  the  position 
to  know. 

121  Q.  AVhat  means  of  knowledge  had  yon  of  the  ex¬ 
tent  of  use  of  the  willow  carbons  at  Walker  street,  as 
you  hare  testified  ? 

A.  Why,  from  seeing  them  put  into  the  lamps  and 
the  lamps  run. 

122  Q.  Could  the  lamps  have  boon  run  without  your 
knowledge  at  Walker  street? 

A.  No,  sir ;  not  more  than,  maybe  half  an  hour  at  a 
time ;  not  more  than  that. 

123  Q.  With  the  exception  of  the  French,  or  retort 
carbon,  and  the  willow  carbon,  do  you  remember 
any  other  kind  of  carbon  being  used  at  Walker  street 
in  the  lamps  ? 

A.  No,  sir ;  I  remember  they  tried  to  obtain  other 
carbons,  but  they  met  with  no  success. 


George  \V.  Sawyer. 


3.319 


n  thing  of  such  high  resistance  “‘^“•"“olate  on 

120  Q.  I  don’t  know  whether  I  have  asked  von 
whotlier  you  ever  saw  a  willfiif  n.  -i  ‘ 

‘•Trit  •.  ^  ^  people-I  think  it  was  the 

was  of  "hard  ‘ ‘  "'"t 

reason  th  l  ‘  ' '’I  ^ 

kbht,  so  that  It  would  show  a  larger  liglit-the  inc  u- 
<lcscent  part  of  the  carbon  will  show  a  great  deid  lar-rer 
I  only  saw  this  at  AValker  street,  rdidn'^tseeSJre 
steets. 

carbon^nV^"^  I'”"!'  with  vegetable 

slmpr? 

A.  No,  sir. 

trei!!l^'  **'"•“  “>e»tione,l 

ireattd,  or  were  they  used  untreated  ? 

A.  Generally  treated. 

129  Q.  What  do  you  mean  bv  treated  ? 

A.  Immersed  in  some  livdro-earbon  oil,  or  in  a  h  vdro- 
carbon  gas-illuminating  gas. 

130  Q.  AA’hat  was  then  done  ? 


A.  He  was  very  protii))!  if  lie  had  the  money.  I 
had  an  invention,  lie  always  was  very  sure  to  raise 
money  as  soon  as  lio  could,  to  obtain  the  patont. 

ia2  Q.  Who  drew  up  the  most  of  his  specilieatio 

A.  Himself. 

138  Q.  \\  hat  were  his  means  during  the  time  he 
in  Centre  street  and  Walker  street? 

A.  I  guess  they  were  rather  limited,  o.\copt  w 
money  ho  obtained  from  3Ir.  JIan.  1  used  to  gi 
check  onco  a  week  from  Mr.  JIan  to  pay  expenses. 

13-t  Q.  Did  yon  ever  know  of  his  not  applying  fo 
patent  because  ho  hadn’t  the  money  to  apply  for  it? 

A.  No,  sir. 

135  Q.  Did  v-onr  brother,  at  any  time  prior  to 
Ddison  inihlication  in  the  “  New  York  Herald,"  e 
speak  to  yon  of  paper  earhon  or  vcgctahlo  fihroiis  t 
bons  of  any  kind  lus  being  ini]K)rtant,  or  in  any  spoi 
degree  useful  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

13(i  Q.  To  your  knowledge,  what  carbon  did  ho  t 
upon  in  the  series  of  inventions  voii  have  mcntioin 

A.  Carbon  of  very  low  resistance. 

137  Q.  AVhat  kind  of  material  ? 

A.  Well,  carbon. 

j  Q-  French  retort  or  the  vegetable 

X.  About  all  wo  knew  anything  about  was  the  ret 
larhon. 


13.)  Q.  Coming  down  to  the  “Hendd"  pnblicati 
)f  Sunday,  Deceinhor  21st,  1870,  describing  the  iiiv. 
ion  of  Edison  electric  laiiiii  with  the  carbon  horsesl 
nirner,  did  yon  read  that  article  ? 


A.  Ho  did. 

142  Q.  What  did  he  say  in  regard  to  that  article  ? 

A.  Ho  didn’t  believe  it  at  all ;  it  couldn't  be  don 

There  was  nothing  to  it. 

143  Q.  Have  yon  rend  a  printed  letter  in  the  Ne 
York  “  .Sun,”  December  22d,  1879,  which  bears  vou 
brother’s  iinnio,  in  regain  to  Yfr.  Edison’s  invention  ? 

A.  I  have. 

144  Q.  Did  yon  have  any  conversation  with  you 
brother  as  to  what  is  stated  in  that  letter  ? 

.•V.  No,  sir:  except  what  ho  had  stated  in  it.  I  hear 
him  oxpre.ss  himself  at  dilTerent  times  about  the  dial 
lenge  ho  made,  and  that  he  believed  that  ho  was  poi 
fectly  right  doing  it ;  that  ho  had  a  sure  thing  and  notli 
ing  of  the  kind  could  be  done. 

145  Q.  How  many  times  did  your  brother  talk  in  thi 
way  to  you  about  3Ir.  Edison’s  invention  ? 

A.  Ho  never  talked  to  me  personally ;  gonerall 
there  was  my  father  in  the  olllce  ond  also  one  of  th 
other  workmen,  or  Mr.  Church.  He  would  expres 
himself  to  the  party,  not  to  mo  per.sonally. 

140  Q.  Did  you  hear  him  talk  this  way  more  tha: 

A."  Oh,  yes. 

147  Q.  Did  your  brother  ever  say  anythiiig  to  you  a 
to  whether  ho  wrote  that  letter  published  in  the  “  Sun 

A.  I  knew  ho  wrote  it. 

148  Q.  How  do  you  know? 

A.  It  was  written  by  a  ])erson  in  Henry  Darloy’ 
saloon,  corner  of  AValkor  and  Elm  streets. 

149  Q.  Who  dictated  that  letter  ? 

A.  My  brother.  My  brother  was  on  a  little  jam 
boree  at  that  time,  or  nervous,  so  that  he  couldn’t  writ) 
himself. 

149  Q.  Did  you  read  a  letter  bearing  the  signature  o 
your  brother,  published  in  the  “  New  York  Herald,' 


3322 


George  W'.  Sawyer. 


A.  I  remember  tlie  letter— yes,  sir.  That  lamp  was 
made  at  94  'Walker  street. 

150  Q.  You  mean  the  lamp  meiitioiie<l  in  the  letter, 
do  you  ? 

A.  I'es,  sir.  That  is,  the  carbon  that  wils  placed  in 
the  lamp,  the  globe  may  not  have  been  made  there,  but 
the  arch  shaped  carbon  was  made  at  94  Walker  street. 

151  Q.  Do  you  know  whether  your  brother  wrote  the 
letter  published  over  his  signature  in  the  “  Herald  ”  of 
December  24th,  to  which  I  have  just  called  your  atteii- 


152  Q.  Did  he  ever  have  any  conversation  with  yon 
or  in  yonr  presence  with  regard  to  that  letter,  or  the 
st.itcmentb  in  it '! 

A.  No,  sir;  bnt  if  I  am  not  mistaken,  I  took  that 
lamp  and  deposited  it  myself— put  it  in  the  hands  of  the 
“  Now  York  Tribune,”  not  with  Arnonx  &  Hochhauseu. 

153  Q.  Is  that  the  lam])  that  you  have  moutioued  be¬ 
fore  as  having  an  arch  shape  carbon 

13 1  Q.  Did  yonr  brother  state  to  you  his  objeet  in 
sending  that  lamp  ? 

A.  To  show  that  ho  had  ha<l  tho  hoi-seshoo  shape, 
which  ho  bolieved  was  tho  only  thing  that  Edison  was 
after — tho  shape  of  tho  carbon. 

155  Q.  Did  yonr  brother  say  anything  to  you  about 
any  importance  he  attached  to  the  inatorial  of  the 
burner^? 

13G  Q.  What  was  your  brother  doing  at  that  time,  if 
anything,  with  the  feeder  lamp  ? 

A.  Ho  was  continually  experimontlug,  writing  at  his 
desk,  figuring  at  his  ollico. 

157  Q.  Did  you  read,  at  about  the  time  of  its  publi¬ 
cation  a  letter  over  your  brother’s  siguaturo  published 
in  the  “  Herald  ”  January  5th,  1880  V 

Couusol  reads  from  page  455  of  the  Printed 
Eccord  of  Complainant’s  Exhibits  in  tho  suit  of 
The  Consolidated  Electric  Light  Company  against 


Tho  Edison  Electric  Electric  Company  (Exhibit 
1880)''*^'’ 

Do  you  remember  that  letter. 

A.  I  do,  sir. 

158  Q.  Do  you  know  whether  yonr  brother  wrote  the 
letter  as  it  was  published  in  the  “  Herald  ”  over  his 
signature  ? 

A.  Ye.s,sir;  I  believe  it  wils  published  the  same  as 
he  wi-ote  It :  I  have  no  means  of  knowing  differently. 

loJ  Q.  Did  your  brother  over  speak  to  voii  about 
writing  the  letter  ? 

A.  I  think  I  was  with  him  when  ho  wrote  tho  letter. 

1  was  with  him  mostly  continuously.  After  he  left  tho 
oflice  after  his  supper.  I  was  at  his  house  con¬ 
tinually  until  bedtime,  then  I  wont  home. 

^  ibO  Q.  What  did  your  brother  say  as  regards  Jlr. 
Edison’s  claims  or  statements  ns  to  his  success  with  the 
carbon  burner  in  his  lamp  ? 

A.  Why  ho  never  believed  it. 

llil  (i.  About  this  time  did  you  see  any  of  tho  Edi¬ 
son  lamps,  or  see  tho  illumiuatioii  of  any  of  the  Edison 
lamps? 

A.  Yes,  sir;  I  passed  Menlo  Park— I  think  niv 
brother  sent  me  out  thoro  to  ride  by  to  see ;  how  far  I 
rode  I  don’t  remember,  I  think  to  jiouniouth  Junction. 

It  hen  I  canio  homo  I  told  tlioiii  thei-  were  burning  at 
the  Park  wlieii  I  went  ami  also  when  I  came  back. 
Then  ho  said  they  had  made  lUTagoments  and  started 
and  stopped  them  at  train  time. 

1G2  Q.  I  don’t  quite  understand  about  starting  and 
stopping  thoiii  at  train  time ;  what  did  your  brother 
say  ns  to  that  ? 

A.  Ho  said  that  they  started  the  lumps  when  a  tinin 
would  be  duo  imd  after  it  passed  put  them  out  that  is 
they  were  not  burned  continuously. 

1G3  Q.  Itnmt  did  your  brother  say  to  you  ns  to  Mr. 
Edison  s  claim  that  ho  had  carbonized  a  thin  thread 
and  that  he  had  made  a  lamp  in  which  such  a  thread 
was  used  as  a  burner’? 

A.  Ho  laughed  at  it. 


104  Q.  Wli}-  (lid  he  Inugh  at  it  ? 

A.  Horse-hair  they  called  it  at  first. 

105  Q,  Do  you  romcraber  a  book  entitled  "  .Sawyer 
on  Electric  Lighting  "  purporting  to  have  been  written 
by  your  brother  ? 

A.  “Sawyer  on  Electric  Lighting  and  Incaudcs- 
ccuce  ?” 

100  Q.  Yes,  sir? 

107  Q.  Do  you  know  whether  your  brother  wrote 
that  book  ? 

A.  He  did. 

108  Q.  Going  back  to  the  exhibitions  of  the  lamps 
at  Centro  street  and  again  at  IValker  street,  you  tes¬ 
tified  substantially  that  when  the  visitoi-s  had  gone  the 
lamps  would  bo  turned  out  and  the  carbons,  if  neces¬ 
sary,  changed  ? 

A.  Y'os,  sir. 

10!)  Q.  IVhat  representations,  if  any,  did  your 
brother  make  to  the  visitors  as  to  the  life  of  the  lanii)S  ? 

A.  IVell,  that  they  would,  in  a  ]irncticnl  shape,  last 

170  Q.  IVius  Mr.  Man  or  Jlr.  Slyei-s  in  a  position  to 
know  how  long  the  lamps  actually  burned  ? 

A.  Mr.  Myors  was  not  with  us  at  Centro  street. 

171  Q.  I  mean,  while  ho  was  with  you  at  any  time, 
was  ho  or  Mr.  Man  in  a  position  to  know  how  long  a 
lamp  actuallv’  burned  ? 

A.  Mr.  Man  wtui  not ;  Mr.  Myors  was  more  so  than 
Mr.  Man.  Mr.  Myere  lived  out  of  town  and  was  not 
there  (piito  so  long  as  tho  rest  of  us.  Mr.  Man  was 
not  in  a  position  to  know. 

17‘2  Q.  M’hat  representations  would  your  brother 
make  to  ^fr.  Man  or  Mr.  Myers  as  to  the  lamps  burning 
contiuuouslv  ? 

A.  Favorable. 

173  Q.  Did  the  statement  that  ho  made  to  Mr.  Man 
represent  the  facts  or  not  ? 

A.  Sometimes  the}'  represented  the  facts,  but  very 
often  they  did  not. 


Geoige  W.  Sawyer. 

1  ot  ?"  ^ 

A.  IVell,  that  very  often  they  did  no 
facts.  He  told  about  lamps  running  si 
time  when  they  hadn’t. 

175  Q.  Did  your  brother  ever  state  v 
was  in  making  these  statements  to  Mr.  ] 

A.  No,  sir. 

176  Q.  You  have  stated  that  you  hi 
testified  in  the  iuterferenee  ease,  please 
came  to  testify  in  that  case  ? 

A.  lhat  was  at  Mr.  Broadnax’s  olliee, 

177  Q.  Yes,  sir ;  I  mean  in  the  interfe 
mgs  between  .Sawyer  A-  Man  and  Thoin.-u 
the  paper  carbons  ? 

A.  I  was  told  I  should  como  down  tho 
her  this  and  that,  that  was  all  I  would  1 
should  bo  questioned  a  little,  that  is  all. 
not  askod  more  than  six  or  seven  questioi 
out.  I  was  cautioned  what  to  sav  niu' 
say. 

178  Q.  IVho  gave  you  these  cautions  i 
say  and  not  to  say? 

A.  I  think  my  brother. 

170  Q.  Did  Mr.  Man  speak  to  you  ns  to 
you  sliould  give  V 
A.  Often. 

180  Q.  IVhat  did  he  ask  vou  with  regai 
timouy  ? 

_  A.  Well,  not  with  regard  to  tho  testiim 
give,  but  ho  often  tried  to  convince  mo  t! 
such  was  the  ease. 

181  Q.  Did  your  brother  try  to  eonvi 
that  such  and  such  was  the  case  ’ 

A.  No,  sir. 

182  Q.  You  stated  that  you  wore  at  pn 
Mitthcll  House  for  medical  treatment ;  pie 
you  came  hero  and  who  is  paying  the  oxpc 
stay  and  medical  attendance  at  this  house  ‘ 

A.  Mr.  Bussell  met  me  at  Lehighton, 
months  ago  and  found  me  in  n  voi  v  In..-  . 


mill  tlmt  if  I  could  go  to  New  York  mid  see  u  promiiicnt 
doctor  there  mid  have  a  ciiaiigo  of  climate,  it  would  bo 
beneficial  to  me.  Ho  said  bo  would  see  that  it  was 
done.  I  iindci'stand.  in  fact  I  know,  that  Tiie  Edison 
Electric  Light  Companj-  is  paying  the  expenses  of  my 
time  hero  and  medical  attcndmico — not  time,  but  medi¬ 
cal  attendance. 

183  Q.  You  mcmi  that  they  are  paying  all  your  ex¬ 
penses  here  in  New  Y'ork  ? 

.■V.  All  my  expenses  hero  and  all  in}'  medical  at- 
tondaiico. 

As  this  testimony  in  direct  has  been  taken  in 
shorthniid.  by  consent,  and  it  being  impossible 
for  the  typewriter  to  give  counsel  a  copy  for  some 
time,  the  further  examination  of  the  witness  is 
adjourned  until  to-morrow,  February  21, 1889, 
at  eleven  o’clock  A.  M.,  at  the  same  place. 


Mitciieix  House,  12(1  St.  and  B’wav, ) 
New  Yoiik,  February  21, 1889.  ‘  J 

Met  pnrsiimit  to  adjoiirmiiont. 

Present — Same  counsel  and  parties  as  licforc. 

Dinner  Exa.mi.\atio.n  of  Gkoiige  W.  Sawyeii  conti.nued 
BY  Mn.  Gihkfis  : 

184  Q.  In  your  answer  to  the  79th  question  yes¬ 
terday  you  stated  that  you  thought  j'our  brother  used 
to  claim  that  there  was  only  one-liundrcdtli  per  cent, 
air  left  in  the  globes  ;  what  do  you  mean  by  that ;  how 
much  air  did  you  undoi-stand  your  brother  to  claim  was 
left  in  the  globes  ? 

A.  Well,  now,  I  think  it  was  that  way,  one  hnn- 
dredth  per  cent,  as  he  stated  it. 

185  Q.  Wliat  do  you  mean  by  that  ? 

A.  One  one-hundredth. 


George  W.  Sawyer. 


3J27 


palt  ?  ““  o««-lmudredth 

A  Of  the  entire  contents  of  the  globe  was  air.  One 
oue-hnndredth-I  wouldn’t  be  sure  which  ,»,«• 

wjfke?-  T‘r  t’ 

aiker  and  Elm  streets  end  ‘J 

A.  I  think  some  time  in  1879,  just  which  date  I  can’t 
now  recollect 

ISSQ.  What  was  the  occasion  or  reason  of  the  ex 
])oriments  ending’:' 

A  1  think  there  was  some  trouble  with  the  comiianv 
or  that  the  company  hadn’t  the  facilities  for  carrvine 
'^’'■“.'•‘“okitto.Vnsonia.  '  ^ 

Ansoni??^"’ 

A.  I  don’t  recollect  of  Mr.  Man  ever  being  at  An- 
sonm.  I  went  up  there  before  my  brother  two  or  three 
and  took  some  lamps  and  other  p  ir  [hci.nlu 

oi/rAtsoIhit  ‘-‘ugaged 

191  Q.  Were  there  any  experiments  made  on  lamps 
that  yon  remember  at  Amsonia  bv  your  brother  ’ 

f-io 

IJ-  Q.  How  long  were  you  there  with  your  brother, 
to  your  recollection  ? 

^  “'■"8  recollect  now. 

yo^  "‘OBths,  or  six  months,  or  a 

A.  No,  sir;  it  was  not.  I  don’t  think  it  was  three 
months. 

194  Q.  Do  you  remember  your  brother  making  anv 
further  experiments  on  lamps  after  you  gave  up  at  th'e 
corner  of  Walker  and  Elm  streets,  up  to  the  time  of  the 
^Iblmatiou  of  the  Edison  article  in  the  “  New  York 


3328 


George  W.  Sawyer. 


CnOSS-EX.\MmTIOS  BV  Mil.  BiIOADNAX,  SOLICITOIl,  AND 
OF  Counsel  fob  the  Comflais.ant  : 

195  x-Q.  How  dill  you  come  to  be  a  witness  on  be¬ 
half  of  the  Edison  Electric  Liglit  Company  in  this 

A.  Throngli  my  own  free  will. 

191!  x-Q.  AVlio  asked  you  to  1)0  a  witness  firet? 

A.  I  think  Jlr.  Russell. 

197  x-Q.  IVbo  is  3Ir.  Russell  ? 

A.  He  is  a  gentleman  that  I  Imve  known  for  six  or 

198  x-Q.  Known  him  intimately? 

A.  Well,  not  very  intimately  ;  at  the  same  time  we 
are  -verv  friendly. 

199  x-Q.  Was  ho  a  friend,  also,  of  your  brother, 
William  E.  Sawyer? 

A.  Not  that  I  know  of,  sir. 

200  x-Q.  Where  was  Mr.  Russell  when  ho  asked  you 
to  become  a  witness  in  this  case,  and  where  wore  you  ? 

A.  I  met  Mr.  Russell  first  in  Now  York. 

201  x-Q.  When  ? 

A.  It  must  have  been,  anyway,  six  or  seven  ycare 
•  "SO- 

202  x-Q.  He  didn’t  ask  yon  then  to  bo  a  witness  in 
this  case,  did  he  ? 

A.  Wo  Avore  talking  electric  lights,  and  such  and 
such  goings  on. 

203  x-Q.  Yon  said  you  mot  Mr.  Russell  in  Lohigh- 
A.  This  last  time,  yes,  sir. 

204  x-Q.  How  did  you  happen  to  meet  Mr.  Russell 
there  ? 

A.  I  sent  for  Mr.  Russell. 

205  x-Q.  You  sent  for  Mr.  Russell  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

20G  x-Q.  By  letter  ? 

A.  By  letter. 

207  x-Q.  Have  you  a  copy  of  the  letter  you  wrote  to 
Mr.  Russell  ? 

A.  No,  sir,  I  have  not. 


George  W.  Sawye 


3329 


A  ^No^8ir^“'  “  ■  • 

209  x-Q.  Do  you  know  where  the  letter  is  ’ 

A.  I  don’t  know  as  I  do  now,  because  letters  are 

something  that  I  kept  no  record  of  I  ate  er 

-10  x-Q.  IV  by  did  you  send  for  Mr.  Russell  ? 

A.  On  accountof  being  in  straightened  circumstances 
and  wishing  to  see  if  I  couldn’t  be  benefited  in  =o,  m 

nay  or  other,  and  knowing  that  he  was  a  friend  of 
mine,  nucl  iirobably  could  Iielj)  me. 

to  him  then  about 

lioiug  a  witness  in  this  case  ’ 

A.  No,  sir. 

212^x-Q^  Did  he  say  anything  to  you  about  it  ? 

213  x-Q.  When  did  he  first  speak  to  you  about  be- 

eoiniiig  a  u-itiiess  ?  aooui  ue 

A.  I  eaiiuot  recollect. 

214  x-Q.  What  did  he  say  to  you  ? 

A.  1  cannot  recollect  that— the  words. 

sai  1  f  l^»ssull 

sai  1  to  you  when  he  asked  you  to  be  a  witness  here  ? 
-1C  x-Q.  In  voluntoeriiig  to  boa  witness,  what  dhl 

you  say  to  him  ? 

A.^I  eaiinot  recollect  the  exact  words,  sir. 

217  x-Q.  Give  the  substance  of  it  ? 

could  give  the  substance  of  it. 
-IS  x-Q.  vv  hat  arrangements  did  you  make  ivith  Mr 
Russell  about  testifying  ? 

A.  No  arrangements  whatever. 
mo!its  arraiige- 

A.  Y'os,  sir. 

220  x-Q.  Was  Mr.  Russell  acting  on  behalf  of  the 
Edison  Electric  Light  Company  ? 

A.  I  couldu*t  say. 

,  uuythiug  to  you,  then,  about 

testiDnng  on  behalf  of  the  Edison  Electric  Light  Com- 

A.  No,  sir. 


3330  George  W.  Sawyer. 

OOO  x-Q  You  just  came  here  of  your  own  motion  ? 
r"l  enme  here  to  ohtnin  better  medical  treatment 
an  I  was  receiving  at  the  place  where  I  was. 

2‘’3  x-Q.  And  you  made  no  arrangements  with  him  at 
artime.  when  you  loft  Leighton,  about  testifying  in 

A  No,  sir.  None  whatever. 

224  x-Q.  When  did  you  tirstmake  your  arrangements 
ith  him  about  testifying  iu  tliis  ease  ? 

A  I  cannot  recollect,  sir. 

Q.  225  x-Q.  About  how  long  w.usit? . 

A.  1  cannot  recollect  the  exact  tune  ;  it  is  impossible 
ir  me  to  remember. 

2‘’G  x-Q.  I  didn’t  ask  you  to  state  the  exact  time? 
a"  I  cannot  recollect  any  time  to  state  a  positiw 
imo  when  it  was  ;  I  might  say  ten  yeara  ago,  which  it 
onldu’t  have  been,  and  I  might  say  it  was  flvo  yeui-s, 
vhich  it  might  lia've  been. 

227  x-Q.  AYas  it  live  yeaiw  ago  when  you  made  the 
irraiigements  ? 

A.  It  might  have  been  five  years  ago. 

228  .x-Q.  When  you  made  your  arrangenieuts  to  tes¬ 
tify  ill  this  case  ’? 

A.  It  might  have  been  live  years  ago. 

22i)  x-Q.  Was  there  any  case  pending  thou? 

A.  Not  that  I  know  of,  sir. 


A.  I  think  it  was  all  of  live  years  ago,  anyway. 

231  x-Q.  Since  you  agreed  to  testify  for  the  Edison 
Company? 

A.  Since  I  may  have  said  anything  that  I  could  tell 
them  that  would  help  justice  along  I  was  willing  to  do, 

232  x-Q.  Did  you  tell  them  that  ? 

A.  I  think  I  told  Hr.  Eussell  that. 

233  x-Q.  Who  did  you  toll  that  to  ;  Mr.  KussoU? 

A.  I  think  so  ;  yes,  sir. 

234  x-Q.  Yon  have  testilied  that  the  Edison  Electric 
Light  Compaiiv  are  paying  your  exjionses  hero.  Hov 


George  W.  Sawyer. 


A.  He  made  the  arra: 
iscortaiiiod  myself  that 
'aying  for  my' medical  , 


mongli  money  to  have  me  have  the  j, roper  medic 
reatinent  lioro. 

^  23u  x^.  And  he  made  the  arrangements  with  tl 
mIisou  Electric  Company? 

A.  He  made  the  arrangements,  and  since  then  I  ha- 
iscertaiiied  myself  that  it  was  that  company  that  wei 
•aying  for  my  medical  attendance  and  expenses. 

-3(.  .x-Q.  And  yon  don’t  know  why  they  are  pavir 
our  expenses  ?  *  •' 

A.  No,  sir,  I  do  not. 

237  x-Q.  Mr.  Bussell  has  never  told  vou  anythin 

bout  that?  -  ’"DWin 

A.  No,  sir. 

238  .x-Q.  And  yet  you  are  hero  testifying  for  then 

^  Y  oxi)enses  ? 

239  x-Q.  And  yon  have  no  knowledge  ns  to  how  yoi 
line  to  be  hero  to  testify  ? 

A.  AVhy,  I  think  I  clearly  stated  that  I  came  here  fo 
roper  medical  trcatnijiit. 

240  x-Q.  Yon  came  here  for  medical  treatmeut,  bin 
in  are  here  testifying  for  the  Edison  Electric  LighI 
Jinjiaiiy,  and  they  are  paying  your  expenses? 

o.’/  “'O’tkiiig. 

-41  x-Q.  riiat  to  your  mind  doesn’t  seem  to  signifv 
ytliing,  as  I  understand  you  ? 

242  x-Q.  Did  you  have  any  consultation  with  M- 
'“"’yors  previous  to  your  eoiiiiiig  hero  ? 

243^-Q.  Never  saw  any  of  them  before? 

244  x-Q.  All  your  consultations  were  with  Mr.  Bussell 
A.  Yes,  sir. 

245  x-Q.  Did  you  make  an  affidavit  iu  this  case  be 
re  you  came  here  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

A  ^n'^  •  ^  ’ 

247  x-Q.  Did  you  make  an  affidavit  in  this  case  n 


248  x-Q.  Did  you  ninkc  any  statement  in  writing,  or 
id  you  niake  auy  statement  that  was  taken  down  in 
ritiug  about  tlio  case  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

Counsel  for  the  defendants  states  tlmthe  thinks 
the  witness  does  not  understand  tlio  question  ; 
that  he  probably  refers  to  his  coming  the  last 

Counsel  for  the  complainants  states  that  he 
refei-s  to  Ids  coming  at  any  time. 

Tin;  AVnsiiss:  1  was  under  the  impression 
that  you  meant  since  I  came  hero  for  this  medical 
treatment ;  1  supposed  you  wore  talking  about 
the  last  time. 

249  x-Q.  How  did  the  goiitlcman,  who  examined  you 
esterday  got  a  long  type-written  statenioiit  from  which 
le  conducted  your  oxamimition  V 

A.  Tliat,  I  think,  was  from  a  statement  that  I  made 
orao  live  years  ago. 

2.50  x-Q.  'Where  was  that  statement  made  ? 

A.  In  Now  York. 

251  x-Q.  To  whom? 

A.  To  Mr.  Tomlinson,  I  think. 

252  x-Q.  Counsel  for  the  Kilisou  Company  ? 

A.  1  don’t  know  whether  he  was  counsel  for  the  Edi- 
ion  Company  or  not.  I  was  not  well  acquainted  witl: 
my  of  those  parties  at  all. 

253  x-Q.  Whereabouts  were  you  when  you  Hindi 
ilicsc  statements? 

A.  I  think  at  their  place  in  South  Fifth  avoiiiie,  oi 
Fifth  avenue,  whorevor  the  company’s  place  is.  I  can 
not  recollect  now ;  near  Fourteenth  street. 

254  x-Q.  Do  you  mean  to  be  understood  ns  sayiii} 
lhat  you  made  your  arrangement  to  testify  in  this  cast 
with  Mr.  Tomlinson,  five  years  ago? 

A.  I  merely  made  a  statement  of  facts  that  I  knew 
made  no  arrangements  to  ever  testify  in  it. 

255  x-Q.  Did  von  have  no  iinderstnnding  with  Mi 


George  W.  .Sawyer. 


Tomlinson  that  you  would  testify  to  the  facts  that  voii 
gave  to  him  for  his  client  ?  * 

wnti  “‘“t  I  ‘Uose  facts,  I  said  I 

ion  .make  hem  known  at  anytime  they  wished  me 

quirll  ^  "e- 

250  x-Q.  Wiiat  di.l  Mr.  Tomlinson  give  von  for  the 
certificate  that  you  made  to  him  at  that  tinm  o 
A.  Nothin';,  sir. 

257  x-Q.  Did  lie  niake  any  arrungeinents  to  .dve  vr 

anything?  '  o*'!- you 

A.  I  think  my  expenses  were  paid  while  I  was  here 
in  New  tork  ;  tlnit,  I  believe,  was  all. 

258  x-Q.  M’ho  brought  you  here  at' that  time  to  make 
that  statement  to  Jfr.  'romliuson  ;  I  mean  at  whoso  re¬ 
quest  did  you  come  here  ? 

own  niotimi  ?  *  '  -Vour 

self  ^  stiaitened  eircuinstances  iny- 

,„o“  J?'’'  ~  U« 

•“  ^ 

-01  x-Q.  Did  Mr.  Biissoll  Iielp  you  out  of  yoiirstrait- 
Oiiud  circumstances  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

2G1J  x-Q.  Who  furnished  the  money  ? 

oeo^  tl‘0  money. 

202  x-Q.  Wliat  is  Mr.  Bussell’s  name  in  full  ’ 

A  James;  that  is  all  that  I  know  of.  Ho  has  a 
middle  letter,  but  I  don’t  renieniber  now  just  what  it  is 
James  A.,  I  think;  I  wouldn’t  be  sure,  though. 

anco  firet^? 

A.  AVlmii  did  I  say  I  made  his  acquaintance  fii-st  ? 

iiui  X-Q.  ies. 


2G5  x-Q.  Wiis  timt  the  time  you  Imd  your  firet  inter¬ 
view  with  3Ir.  Tomlinson  ? 

A.  No.  sir  ;  I  Imd  met  Mr.  Russell  before — long  be¬ 
fore  tbiit. 

2CG  x-t^.  Was  Mr.  Russell  in  the  einploymeut  of  the 
Edison  Electric  Light  Company  ? 

A.  That  I  couldn’t  saj-.  I  never  knew  whom  ho  was 
eiui)loj'od  1)3’. 

2(i7  x-Q.  Did  you  make  your  arrangements  with  Mr. 
Russell,  or  were  the  arrangements  made  for  v'our  inter¬ 
view  with  Mr.  Tomlinson  through  Mr.  Russell  ? 

A.  Through  Mr.  Russell. 

2G8  x-Q.  Through  Jlr.  Russell  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir  ;  through  Mr.  Russell. 

2G9  x-Q.  How  was  that  brought  about  ? 

A.  I  couldn’t  say. 

370  x-Q.  Did  Mr.  Russell  first  see  you  about  having 
an  interview  with  3Ir.  Tomlinson  ? 

A.  No,  sir  ;  I  first  saw  Mr.  Russell,  not  about  hav¬ 
ing  an  interview  with  Jlr.  Tomlinson  peraonally,  but 
with  the  Edison  Company. 

271  x-Q.  What  was  said  between  you  and  Mr.  Rus¬ 
sell  at  the  time  of  that  conversation  ? 

A.  It  is  so  long  ago  that  I  cannot  recollect  now. 

272  x-Q.  What  was  the  substance  of  your  inter- 

A.  I  couldn’t  state. 

273  x-Q.  Cannot  you  state  what  was  said  that 
brought  you  to  testify,  or  to  make  3-our  statement  to 
Mr.  Tomlinson  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

274  x-Q.  AVhy  did  3-011  go  to  see  3Ir.  Russell,  and 
where  did  you  go  to  see  him  ? 

A.  I  think  I  have  already  stated  that  1  went  to  see 
Mr.  Tomlinson  or  Mr.  Russell  because  I  was  in  strait¬ 
ened  circumstances  and  wanted  to  see  whether  1  could 
raise  a  little  money  for  iin-self — Viorrow  it  from  him,  or 
if  ho  conld  borrow  it  from  somewlieros  for  mo. 

275  x-Q.  And  did  ho  borrow  it  from  somebod3-  for 


George  AV.  Sawyer. 


A.  I  don’t  know  whether  he  borrowed  it  or  not 
A.  I  will  not  state. 

f  “‘"‘-•I*  ? 

I  ‘Ion  t  think  It  concerns  this  case  in  any  wav  at  a^  ’ 

•  ^'?‘i  of  that;  we  are  the 

judges  of  that.  You  will  please  to  -msun.  ■■ 

-state  how  niueh  ? 

A.  It  may  have  been  SlOO  ;  it  may  have  beet, 
it  ma3'  Imve  been  more.  ’ 

27‘J  x-Q.  How  much  was  it,  as  a  matter  of  fact  ? 

A.  1  cannot  recollect  the  exact  sum 

280  x-Q.  State  as  near  as  you  can  recollect  ? 

A.  i  Jnivo. 

281  x-Q.  You  cannot  state  the  amount  ? 

A.  No,  sir ;  I  cannot. 

282  x-Q.  You  cannot  state  it  approximately'' 

A.  I  cannot. 

nowi,’'*^’  I'nve  given 

SLrrr  tS‘ ^ 

Ofi/  ''‘“’“‘■“‘“'“i  you,  Mr.  Broadnax, 
and  fo  dav  ?  f “  "•>"<='■  -von  gave  yesterihiy 

Id  to.du3  so  far,  in  accordance  with  the  statentent 
ago?  f°>»'  or  five  years 

A.  I  think  so. 


Before  closing  the  examination  of  this  wit¬ 
ness,  counsel  for  the  comiilainaiit  ask  the  ques¬ 
tion  whether  the  book  which  was  shown  the 
witness  and  identified  by  him,  but  not  submitted 
to  counsei  for  the  complainaut,  is  to  be  oil’ered 
in  ondeuce,  and  an  opportunity  given  to  exam¬ 
ine  tins  witness  in  regard  to  the  same,  both  as 
to  the  writing  which  he  has  identified  and  as  to 
P°“ossion,  and  as  to  the  nature  of  the  cou- 

Defeudaut’s  counsel  says,  that  the  book  is 


ami  no  jirool  ns  to  the  accurney  or  truth  of  tin 
contents  was  asked  or  reiinired  from  tlio  witness 
hut  simply  an  identification  of  the  contents 
whatever  tlioy  may  be,  as  being  in  the  hand 
writing  of  tlie  witness’  brother,  William  E 
Sawyer. 

Counsel  for  complainants  object  to  questions  2 
to  7  ns  incoraiient,  unless  the  book  is  offered  in 
evidence  and  the  witness  snhinitted  to  cross- 
examination,  and  they  give  notice  fo  the  counsel 
for  the  defendants,  that  iii  view  of  the  refusal 
to  piodttce  the  book  and  permit  c.xnmination  ol 
the  witness  in  regard  fo  the  writing  which  he 
has  Identified  in  refeieiiee  to  certain  pages,  as 
well  as  in  reference  to  the  contents  of  the  book 
and  ills  possession  of  it,  that  at  10  o’clock  on 
.Saturday,  Febniary  23d,  a  motion  will  bo  made 
before  the  Court,  in  Pittsbuigh,  to  strike  out  so 
inneh  of  the  tcstiiiiony  of  this  witneiss  ns  relates 
to  said  hook. 


28o  x-Q.  Ion  have  stated  that  yon  were  examined 
as  a  witness  in  the  interfeience  between  'riiomas  A- 
Edison,  on  the  one  side,  and  Sawyer  &  Jlaii  on  the 
othei.  h.ivo  you  read  your  deisisition  in  that  case 
recently  ? 

A.  No.  sir. 

280  x-Q.  Has  it  been  rend  to  yon  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

287  x-Q.  Do  you  know  what  yon  testified  to  in  that 


A.  I  thuik  I  can  recollect  pretty  well,  but  1  won’t  bi 
sure  that  I  can,  it  is  so  long  ago ;  I  know  it  took  plac. 
in  3'our  oflice  and  was  very  short. 

288  x  Q.  I  find  your  deposition  in  that  case  prii.tei 
among  the  exhibits  in  the  case  between  the  Cousoli 
dated  Electric  Light  Company,  complainant,  and  th. 
Edison  E  ectr  e  T.iM.t  . i  m,  .’ _ 


George  W.  Sawyer. 


3337 


.3553,  such  deposition  being  a^  foilow^’’  ““ 

gated  by  Mr.  Broadnax,  testified  as  follows*:"  '^*^*^"' 

“  1  Q.  What  is  your  name,  age,  residence  and 

occupation  ? 

“  A.  My  mime  is  George  W.  Sawyer;  am  twentv 

three  years  of  ago  ;  reside  at  Earle’s  Hotel;  mv 

TluZ'Jmint;  ComS-.^"*' 

“2Q.  Please  state  whore  you  were  omnloved 

. 

«eqnainted  with 

Ilham  E.  Sawyer  and  Albon  Man  ? 

“  A.  I  am,  with  both  of  them. 

“  A.  Brother  of  Wm.  E.  Sawyer. 

“5Q.  State  whothor  or  not.  during  that  time 
you  wore  employed  at  94  AValker  .street,  you  .saw 
there  m  operation  what  is  known  as  the  Sawver  .t 
Man  Electric  Lamp  ? 

"  A.  I  did. 

of  "h  "•“‘•>'••‘5 

‘‘  A.  Employed  to  take  care  of  the  boiler  and  en- 
gino,  and  operate  tlicm. 

“  7  Q.  State  whether  or  uol  1 1  „  the  time 

you  wore  employed  there,  you  saw  Mr.  William  E. 
bawyor  or  Albon  Man  carbonize  any  paper  for  the 
la*mp°r  bumeis  for  their  electric 

“  A.  Yes. 


“  8  Q.  'Wliicli  of  them  ? 

“  A.  Mr.  Jinn. 

“  9  Q.  tVlio  ii.ssisted  Sir.  Man  ? 

“  A.  Edwin  L.  5l3-er.s. 

“  10  Q.  AVhero  is  Edwin  L.  Myers  ? 

“A.  Dead,  I  believe. 

“  11  Q.  How  did  Mr.  JIun  carbonize  tbo  pajic 

“A.  By  first  cutting  tbe  paper  to  the  proj 
shape ;  then  put  it  in  tlie  retort  made  of  fire  cl 
or  grapliite ;  one  was  made  of  tiro  cla}'  and  one 
gra])hito  ;  put  it  in  tbo  boiler  furnace  and  made 
red  hot ;  then  took  it  out  and  let  it  cool  gradiiall 
then  took  the  carbons  out  and  u.sed  tbein  in  t 

“  12  Q.  Did  you  see  him  put  them  in  tbo  lamn 

“A.  Ye-s. 

“  13  Q.  Which  month  wins  it  yon  saw  them  i 
this  ? 

“  A.  In  the  latter  part  of  October,  and  in  t 
mouths  of  November  and  December. 

“  14  Q.  AVliat  shape  was  tlio  retort  ? 

“  A.  One,  I  believe,  was  threo-cornorod  and  oi 
was  round ;  was  about  live  or  six  inches  long  ;  th 
put  the  iiapni-s  in  the  i-etort  and  then  filled  up  wi 
powdered  carbon. 

“  15  Q.  How  many  lainjis  did  von  see  them  ii 
those  carbons  in  V 

“  A.  A  number  of  them.  I  could  not  say  ho 

.von  see  those  paper  carbons  illnii 
mated  in  tho  lamp  ? 

“  A.  Yes. 

“  17  Q.  How  long  wore  they  illnminatcd  ? 

“  A.  I  can’t  say  how  long  ;  I  did  not  pay  aii 
especial  attention  to  that. 

“  18  Q.  State,  as  near  as  von  <-nii  l,/. 


3339 


George  W.  Sawyer. 

u  m. 

A.  Think  It  was  about  a  week  •  it  is  verv 
shortly  after  wo  moved  there. 

'■  20Q  Did  you  see  Mr.  Man  or  your  brother, 
U  rn.  E  Sawyer,  making,  or  causing  to  be  made, 
anj  carbonized  paper  for  burners  for  their  electric 
and  H  s!  'whe°-'*r  s‘ieet. 

mL1i.  ^  “  ^1’"’  °'- 

■'  Yes''l*ir 

“  22  Q.  In  wimt  capacity  ? 

“  A.  As  an  erraiid  boy; 

‘‘  A^  N  papery 

"  124  Q.  Did  you  see  the  paper  after  it  was  car¬ 
bonized  there  ? 

"  A.  Yes. 

“  25  Q.  How  do  you  know  that  the  iiaper  was 
made  of  carbon  ? 

“  A.  They  laid  it  on  the  table,  and  I  was  told 
they  were  carbonized  jiaiier. 

pupo"r*?  ^ 

“  A.  My  brother,  AVm.  E.  Sawver. 

“  28  Q,  Did  you  see  any  of  these  carbon  bumei's 
that  your  brother  told  you  were  made  of  carbon- 
med  paper  used  in  tho  electric  lamiis  at  43  Centro 
street? 

"  A.  AVo  had  several  lamps  in  use  there,  but  I 
don  t  know  whether  tho  carbons  used  in  the  lamps 
'vero  made  of  paper  or  not. 

‘**0  time  that  your  brother, 

•  E.  Sawyer,  and  Albon  Man  were  o.vperimouting 
with  their  lamps  at  43  Centre  street  that  your 
brother  told  you  that  the  carbons  were  made  of 
carbonized  paper  ? 

“  A.  Yes,' sir. 


3340 


George  W.  Sawyer. 


CllOS-S-EXAMIXATIOX  IIV  Jfll.  DYEII,  OF  COOXSEL  FOK 

Mil.  Enisox : 

“  29  x-Q.  Tlieu  you  do  not  know  of  your  own 
kuowledge  that  any  carbonized  paiier  conductors 
were  made  at  43  Centro  street  V 

“  A.  No,  sir. 

“  30  x-Q.  AVlierc  wius  tlie  boiler  room  at  94 
Walker  street — wliat  part  of  the  building? 

“  A.  In  tbe  northwest  corner  of  the  workshop  ? 

“  31  x-Q.  AVas  all  the  carbonizing  done  there 
done  in  tbe  furnace  of  the  boiler? 

“  -V.  Yes,  all  that  was  done  in  the  shop. 

“  32  x-Q.  AVere  other  things  carbonized  besides 

A.  Yo.s. 

“  33  x-Q.  AAYiat  other  things  ? 

“  A.  AA'illow  twigs. 

“  34  x-Q.  Anything  else? 

“  A.  Not  that  1  ruineinbur. 

“  35  x-Q.  AA’liat  wius  the  proportion  of  the 
paper  to  the  twigs  ? 

“  A.  Could  not  say. 

“  3(1  x-(J.  How  far  away  from  where  you  wore 
working  weixi  the  nmtcrials  prepared  for  carboniz- 

“  A.  Perhaps  twenty  feet. 

“  37  x-Q.  Did  you  see  any  paper  packed  in  re¬ 
torts  for  carbonization  at  that  shop  ? 

“  A.  Yes. 

“  38  X-  Q.  AAlio  packed  it  ? 

“  A.  Mr.  JIau,  and  Mr.  Edwin  L.  Myers. 

Ee-duiect  EXAMI.XATIOX  uv  Mil.  BnoADXAX ; 

“  39  Ee-d.  Q.  State  if  you  recollect,  what  kind 
of  paper  was  used  for  carbonization  ? 

“  A.  Paper  that  looked  like  blotting  paper. 

“  GEonoE  W.  S.  Sawyer.” 


George  W.  Sawyer. 


3341 


Q.  Did  you  give  that  testimony  ? 

A.  I  testified  in  the  interfeuce  case  at  Mr  Broad., 


tha?defen  1  I-  •‘‘■‘'I  demand 

tha  defendant  s  counsel  fui-nish  them  with  a  copy 
of  the  statement  made  by  the  witness  to  Air  Tom 
hnson,  as  .stated  by  him  in  his  deposition,  four 
nv  e  yeai-s  ,g;o,  and  upon  wl.ich  they  examined 
he  w.  ness  upon  his  examination-in-ehief  in 
full  sight  of  the  counsel  for  the  complainants’ 

Jt  IS  consented  betwevn  counsel  that  the 
examine..  Ah 

name  to  the  deposition.  ' 

George  W.  Sawyer. 


Sworn  to  before  me, 
[L.  s.] 


William  T.  Farxiiam. 

Notary  Public, 

County  and  State  of  New  Yoik. 


I  hereby  certify  that  the  name  of  the  witness 

0037’  "7?  “■«’ 

consent  herein  before  entered  on  the  record 
-  WiLRiAM  T.  Farxiiam. 

*•  Notary  Public, 

County  and  State  of  New  York. 


of  George  W.  Sawyer’s  McKeesport 
Deposition. 


SHARP’S  HoKRRSPORT  DEPOSITION. 


Nkw  Yoiik,  Febrimry  28, 1889. 

Met  pursuant  to  ailjounmieiit. 

Proseiit— R.  X.  Dykh,  Esq.,  ninl  W.  K.  GiilKFis,  E.so., 
for  (lefoiKlnnt,  and  L.  E.  Cfims,  Esq.,  for  coniplninnnt, 
and  Jfr.  AuiON  JI.YX. 

'W'n.UAM  SIIAIIP,  a  n  itne.ss  eidlod  on  behalf  of  defend¬ 
ants,  and  duly  sworn,  testilies  as  follows : 

1  Q.  What  is  your  name,  age,  residence  and  occupa¬ 
tion? 

A.  William  Sharp ;  about  lifty-threo  years  of  ago  ; 
was  born  July  31st,  1835.  I  live  at  M  Pleasant  place, 
Brooklyn  ;  I  am  a  chandelier  maker. 

2  Q.  Wore  you  in  the  employment  of  ^lessrs.  .Saw¬ 
yer  it  Man  when  they  had  their  workshop  at  Xo.  2 
Howard  street,  Xew  Y'ork  City  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

3  Q.  Prior  to  that  time  had  you  done  any  work  for 
Mr.  Man  on  any  electrical  apparatus  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

4  Q.  Where  did  you  do  it  and  what  was  it  ? 

A.  At  my  residence  in  Brooklyn  ;  I  believe  that  it 
was  two  lamps. 

5  Q.  Describe  them  ? 

A.  Well,  one  was  an  inclosed  glass  with  two  holes  at 
the  bottom  to  put  the  working  parts  of  the  lamp 
through.  They  were  put  together  at  the  holes  with  a 
kind  of  a  clamp  or  washer,  I  should  cidl  it.  Thou  it 
was  screwed  together.  I  can’t  exactly  think  how  it 
was  screwed  together.  There  were  two  nuts  on  the 
bottom.  I  think  I  have  given  it  alt  about  as  near  as  I 
can  think  of  it. 

0  Q.  Did  3-ou  make  any  burners  for  these  lamps,  and 


William  Sharp. 


3343 


7  Q.  What  was  it  made  of? 

•  ^  'ewember  what  it  was  I  can’t 

just  tell  how  it  was  put  together. 

8  Q.  I  do  not  refer  to  the  metal  parts,  but  to  the 

b~  '■^electricity.  What  wa: 

9  Q.  What  kind  of  carbon  ? 

A.  Retort ;  gas  retort. 

anythhigT*’"^  " 

lamp  ^  ‘omember  of  putting  that  carbon  in  that 
11  Q.  Did  you  make  the  carbon  ’ 

.1“  1“ '  •»  ■'«  ■>.- 

>»  m2- «” 

A  I  turned  a  smali  disc  of  retort  carbon. 

bon  “'■'-'‘■■’■"‘"‘S  y°"  ‘lid  to  the  car¬ 

bon,  from  the  beginning  to  the  end? 

ilaf.  '"‘-■‘"t  ‘le"-'* 

nat ,  then  I  turned  the  carbon  to  sornewlmr,. 

thirty-second  part  of  an  inch  thick.  It  was  turned  to 

«bout  a  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  I  believe,  with  a  hole 
m  It  iiboiit  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

fi...  I  piece  of  carbon 

for  a  lamp  in  Brooklyn  for  Mr.  Man  ? 

A^  I  don’t  believe  I  did. 

;V.  f’equeiitlv. 

A  Yes^*''  ’^ePerii'tend  your  work  ? 

17  Q.  Where  did  you  deliver  these  lamps? 
dence^  ‘hose  lamps  to  Mr.  Man  at  my  resi- 

it"”'"""-" . "■■•-JO. 

A.  That  I  couldn’t  say  very  plainly. 


3344 


AVillimii  Slmn). 


19  Q.  Is  tlmt  all  your  answer  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

20  Q.  IVouUl  it  bo  a  week,  or  a  mouth,  or  three 
inonths,  or  what  ? 

A.  I  conhln’l  say.  It  might  iwrliajis  he  a  month  or 

21  Q.  How  long  after  yon  tinishcd  )-onr  work  on 
these  lami)S  was  it  that  yon  were  lii-st  employed  at  Saw¬ 
yer  cfc  Han's  workshop  at  Howard  street  ? 

A.  I  conldn’t  say  tliat  for  certain.  It  might  perhaps 
he  about  a  inontli. 

22  Q.  How  large  a  room  did  Hr.  Sawyer  have  at 
Howard  street ‘f 

A.  AVell,  at  Howard  street,  I  eonldii't  say.  AVowere 
working  in  a  sho)*  with  other  men  ;  in  the  shop  of  Ar- 
noux  .t  Houhhansen. 

23  (}.  Did  Air.  Sawyer  have  a  room  of  his  own  ? 

A.  He  had  a  kind  of  an  ollice  there  about  ten  font 
sipnire. 

24  Q.  AVhat  kind  of  fnrnitnre  was  in  the  office  ? 

A.  There  was  a  desk  or  a  table  something  similar 
to  this  (witness  pointing  to  the  table  on  whieh  the 
Haster  is  writing).  There  was  a  chair. 

25  Q.  AAhis  there  any  work-bench  or  tools  for  a  work- 
Sihop  in  the  office  ‘i 

A.  Xot  tlmt  I  know  of,  any  further  than  a  kind  of 
gasometer  they  had  there. 

20  Q.  Did  yon  over  do  any  work  in  the  office  ? 

A.  No,  sir ;  I  never  done  any  work  further  than  to  go 
down  and  see  Mr.  Sawyer  one  time.  Ho  wanted  some 
one  in  the  room  in  case  anything  might  happen  to  the 
gasometer,  or  something  similar  to  it,  while  he  was 

27  Q.  AA'ho  besides  yourself  did  work  for  Sawyer  & 
Han  while  yon  wore  there  at  Howard  street  ? 

A.  Hr.  AA'illiam  Sawyer. 

28  Q.  AA'here  did  he  work  ? 

.A.  I  believe  ho  worked  on  the  same  bench  that  I  did. 
AA''o  wore  close  together. 

29  Q.  AA'ns  this  in  -Arnoux  &  Hochbauseu’s  shop  ? 


AVilliam  Shaqi. 


3345 


30  Q  AVho  supplied  the  tools  for  you  to  work  with'- 
A.  AA  e  used  to  use  Arnoux  .fc  Hochhanseu’s  tools  and 
the  small  tools  was  principally  our  own 

th!v\™rr'TT.'°"‘'‘’“'’'”''‘-"’ 

A  Yes  sir  "  ' 

32  Q.  How  soon  after  they  moved  there  wen.  . 
working  there  ?  •  --ion 

A  I  suppose  about  a  couple  of  weeks  after  they  had 
left  Arnoux  ifc  Hoclihauson’s. 

_^^33  Q.  During  these  two  weeks  where  were  you  work¬ 
ed  ^  Arnoux  &  Hochhauseu’s. 

d4Q.  For  whom? 

A.  Arnoux  A  liochhuuson. 

35  Q.  After  yon  went  to  AValker  street  how  Ion--  did 
vou  reiimin  thero  at  work  ? 

A.  I  couldn’t  say  I.OW  long  I  remained  there.  Ire- 
niainml  there  till  they  broke  uji  the  business. 

Afn^:  r ^  Sawyer  A 

Alan  dissolved,  so  far  as  I  know  of  it. 

to  work  for  Air. 

A.  In  the  same  room. 

38  Q,  Aiul  after  that  ? 

A.  After  that  I  wont  up  to  Ansonia  with  him.  Air 
Sawyer  made  amingemonts  with  the  firm  of  AA’allaoe  .k 
Sons,  at  Ansonia,  Conn. 

39  Q.  While  you  were  at  Howard  street  and  at 

AA  nlker  street  were  you  at  work  continuously  from  day 
to  day  or  only  occasionally  ?  , 

continuously  from  day  to  day. 

10  Q.  AA  hat  were  the  working  houre  ? 

A.  Ton  hours  a  day. 

w'^n  Sawyer  .fc  Han  have  at 

\>  alker  and  Elm  streets  ? 

-A.  p-ey  had  one  large  room  partitioned  off  pretty 
-ear  the  middle  ;  one  part,  was  their  office,  the  other 


334G 


William  Sharp. 


part  was  the  workshop.  There  was  a  rece.ss  in  the  sid 
where  the  water  closet,  the  boiler  and  engine  was. 

42  Q.  How  many  windows  weie  there  in  the  work 
shop  ? 

A.  Two. 

43  Q.  Were  they  any  work  benches  ;  if  so,  whci 
were  they  placed  ? 

A.  There  was  one  bench  in  front  of  the  two  window 
and  the  chemist  bench  in  the  end  of  the  room. 

44  Q.  Was  this  chemist  bench  at  the  partition  end  t 
the  other  end  of  the  room  ? 

A.  The  other  end  of  the  room. 

45  Q.  How  did  the  chemist  bench  niu,  in  what  dirc( 
tion  ? 

A.  It  ran  east  and  west. 

40  Q.  xVnd  the  work  bench  V 

A.  >'ort)i  and  south. 

47  Q.  Who  worked  on  the  work  bench  ? 

A.  Wr.  William  Sawyer  and  myself. 

48  Q.  What  part  of  the  bench  did  you  work  at  ? 

A.  I  worked  on  the  north  end  of  it. 

49  Q.  Was  this  the  end  near  the  chemical  bench,  < 
the  other  end  ? 

A.  Near  the  chemical  bench. 

50  Q.  What  machinery  did  Sawyer  &  Man  have  i 
Walker  street  ? 

A.  They  had  a  small  dynamo,  a  lathe,  a  grindstone, 
boiler  and  engine.  I  might  say  there  were  two  vises  i 

51  Q.  Who  provided  most  of  the  tools  ? 

A.  Outside  of  the  lathe  and  vises,  wo  furnished  oi 
own  tools  pretty  much. 

52  Q.  Was  there  any  machinery  in  tlio  office  ? 

A.  No,  sir ;  not  that  I  know  of. 

53  Q.  What  was  in  the  office  ? 

A.  I  don’t  remember  anything  further  being  thei 
than  a  desk,  and  a  coujile  of  chaii-s,  and  a  chandelier. 

54  Q.  Did  you  over  see  any  work  done  in  the  office 

A.  Nothing  further  than  tiling  down  some  carbons. 


3347 


56  Q.  Who  was  doing  it  ? 

A.  Edward  Sau-yer. 

57  Q.  What  was  your  work  at  Walker  street;  what 
wero  you  emploj-cd  at  ? 

A.  Principally  making  parts  of  lamps. 

58  Q.  Wi,o  finished  or  mounted  the  lamps  ? 

A.  I  believe  I  done  a  good  part  of  it-towards  the 
last  part  of  it ;  put  them  together  with  Mr.  Mvers’  as¬ 
sistance.  ■'  ' 

59  Q.  Did  yon  work  on  the  burners  ? 

.4.  Principally  all  biirnere,  for  anything  I  know.  I 
can’t  designate  any  parts. 

GO  Q.  What  do  yon  mean  by  “  burners  ”  in  your  aii- 


A.  I  consider  the  whole  concern  a  burner. 

01  Q  What  did  yon  call  the  jiart  which  gave  the 
Iigiit  when  heated  up  ? 

A.  That  is  the  carbon. 

02  Q.  Did  you  work  on  tlie  carbons? 

A.  Somotimes  I  used  to  tile  them  down— get  them  of 
proper  length  and  size. 


03  Q.  What  did  you  make  the  carbons  from  when 
you  hied  them  ? 

A.  The  carbons  that  I  filed  on  was  filed  from  lorn' 
s  rips  of  carbon  in  the  shape  of  wire,  ranging  from 
about  a  sixteenth  to  somewhere  about  three-sixtoeuths 
Ml  diniiicter. 


A.  I  did  not  know  that  they  had  any  °nnme,  further 
Himi  that  I  undei-stood  that  they  wero  imported  from 
France. 


05  Q.  What  sort  of  carbon  were  they  ? 

A.  They  were  hard  carbons,  similar  to  what  tliev 
bum  in  these  arc  lamps. 

GG  Q.  How  hard  were  they  ? 

A.  They  wero  not  quite  ns  hard  as  glass,  but  they 
would  break  quite  ns  easv 


G7  Q.  What  was  the  shape  of  these  long  strips  ? 
A.  Hound. 


68  Q.  Wero  they  straight  or  crooked  ? 
A.  Straight. 


3348 


■Willinin  Sliarp. 


09  Q.  Take  tlio  peu  and  make  a  sketch  of  the  size  to 
which  you  filed  down  these  carbons  ? 

(Witness  does  so). 


A.  I  have  done  so  ns  above. 

70  Q.  How  near  does  your  sketch  come  to  the  size  of 
the  carbon  ? 

A.  I  should  tliink  it  would  come  in  between  the  in¬ 
side  of  one  line  and  the  outside  of  the  other  lino. 

71  Q.  How  about  the  length  of  the  carbon  'i 

A.  I  think  the  sketch  is  about  the  length  as  near  as 
I  can  think  of  it. 

Adjourned  till  2  o'clock  P.  JI. 


itesumed  at  2  o'clock  P.  M. 

72  Q.  When  these  carbons  wore  put  in  the  lamps  on 
what  did  they  rest  'i 

A.  They  rested  on  a  larger  carbon  point. 

73  Q.  What  were  these  larger  carbon  points  made 
of? 

A.  They  wore  made  of  the  crude  carbon  ? 

74  Q.  What  kind  of  crude  carbon  ? 

A.  Gas  retort  carbon,  I  believe  it  is. 

75  Q.  Did  you  see  any  other  kind  of  carbon  than  the 
gas  retort  carbon  and  the  French  carbon  ? 

A.  Ko,  sir. 

7G  Q.  Were  any  of  the  caibons  made  out  of  the  gas 
retort  carbon  ? 

A.  AVhich  carbons  do  you  mean  ? 

77  Q.  I  mean  the  pencils  bunit  in  the  lamps. 

A.  I  can't  remember  whether  there  was  any  of  them 
made  out  of  the  cnide  carbon  or  not. 


William  Sharp.  3349 

78  Q.  What  do  yon  remember  seeing  any  pencils 
umdooutof? 

A.  Idon'tremember  seeing  them  made  out  of  any- 
thing  excepting  that  imported  carbon. 

79  Q.  Did  they  use  gas  retort  carbon  for  any  irur- 
poses  ;  if  so,  what  ? 

A.  They  used  it  for  making  the  holders  for  these 
pencils. 

80  Q.  Who  used  to  make  the  holders  ? 

A.  I  think  I  used  to  make  them  princinallv 

81  Q.  Who  else  ?  ill 

A.  I  don't  remember  whether  Wui.  Sawyer  had  any. 
thing  to  do  with  making  them  or  not. 

82  Q.  You  haye  stated  that  you  have  made  a  circular 
carbon  for  Mr.  Man  in  Hrooklyn.  Did  yon  make  any 
circular  carbons  while  working  for  Sawyer  A:  Man 
either  at  Howard  or  Walker  street  ? 

A.  I  made  two  or  three  while  wo  wins  in  Walker 
street. 

83  Q.  A1  hat  tools  or  machinery  did  j’ou  use  to  make 
them  ? 

A.  Make  them  with  a  lathe,  with  a  face  jilate  and 
gles  and  small  tiiniing  tools. 

84  Q.  AVlmt  was  the  size  of  these  eirciilar  carbons  ? 
A.  I  don't  roniember  very  distinctly,  somewhere  from 

a  half  inch  to  three-quarters. 

85  Q.  Was  that  in  diameter  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

80  Q.  How  thick  wore  they  ? 

A.  About  a  thirty-second  of  an  inch  thick. 

87  Q.  What  was  the  inside  diniuetor  ? 

A.  That  is  something  I  don't  distinctly  remember. 

88  Q.  How  large  a  tool  did  you  use  to  make  the  hole 
in  the  center  ? 

A.  Small  baud  turning  tools. 


89  Q.  Skotcli  the  size  and  simpo  of  tlieso  carbons  as 
finished  by  you  as  near  as  yon  can  rcmoinber  ? 


A.  Tliat  is  about  lus  near  as  I  eau  get  at  it. 

90  Q.  'What  kind  of  carbon  were  these  circles  made 
of  ? 

A.  They  wore  made  of  retort  carbon. 

91  Q.  What  was  done  witli  tlieso  circles  ? 

A.  I  don’t  roinembor  wliat  was  really  done  with  it, 
one  was  juit  in  a  lamp  and  the  other  two,  or  rather 
there  was  one  half  a  one  put  in  a  lamp.  The  other 
two  I  don’t  know  what  hccnnie  of  them. 

92  Q.  11  hat  do  you  mean  by  one  half  of  the  circle  be¬ 
ing  put  in  a  lain]!  ? 

A.  They  was  cut  in  two  so  as  to  form  a  half  circle 
between  the  two  holders. 

93  Q.  IVhnt  kind  of  a  lamp  did  you  see  this  half  cir¬ 
cle  ]iut  into  ? 

-A.  It  was  into  a  long  tube-shape  lamp,  the  same  as 
the  majority  of  the  lamps  made  there. 

04  Q.  What  kind  of  holders  were  used  for  the  half 
circle  'i 

A.  I  think  it  was  clamped  carbon  holders. 

93  Q.  What  were  the  clamps  made  of  ? 

A.  Retort  carbon. 

OC  Q.  How  were  they  held  in  jilace  ? 

By  means  of  two  platinum  screws  and  nuts. 

97  Q.  Who  made  these  platinum  screws  and  uuts  ? 

A.  I  did. 

98  Q.  Who  made  the  lamp  or  lamps  in  which  these 
half  circles  were  used  ? 

A.  I  think  likely  I  must  have  made  them. 

99  Q.  Were  the  holders  for  the  half  circle  arranced 


differently  or  the  same  ns  the  holders  for  the  straight 
l)encils  you  have  mentioned  '?  ° 

Objected  to  ns  bad  in  form,  instructive  to  the 
witue.ss,  and  lending. 

A.  The  holders  to  the  half  circles  was  flat,  clamped 
together  with  two  platinum  screws  and  nuts. 

100  Q.  How  did  this  arrangement  compare  with  the 
arrangement  for  holding  the  straight  carbon  pencils? 

A.  Well,  in  the  circle  carbon  we  had  two  upright 
clamiis;  for  the  straight  carbons  there  was  one  upright 
round  carbon  and  one  horrizontal. 

101  Q.  Could  you  use  the  half  circles  with  the 
holdei-s  for  the  straight  pencils  ? 

A.  Not  very  well, 

102  Q.  How  many  lamps,  if  any,  did  you  see  with 
the  holders  arranged  for  half  circles  ? 

A.  Not  more  than  one  distinctly. 

103  Q.  Which  one  was  that  ? 

A.  I  cannot  say,  with  the  exception  of  that  one  we 
have  just  been  speaking  of. 

1 04  Q.  Which  one  do  you  mean  ? 

A.  The  one  with  the  upright  clamps,  the  lint  clamps. 

105  Q  Did  you  ever  see  any  other  circles  or  half 
circles  of  carbon,  or  curved  or  circular  pieces  of  carbon, 
besides  the  circles  you  have  just  said  you  made  vour- 
self? 

A.  No,  sir;  I  can’t  remember  that  I  have  seen  an v. 
100  Q.  Did  you  over  see  any  one  working  on  circles 
or  half  circles  of  any  material,  besides  yourself  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

107  Q.  Nor  any  curve  or  circular  carbon  of  any  kind  ? 

'  A.  No,  sir. 

108  Q.  Did  you  ever  see  imy  of  the  lamps  u-ith  the 
holders  arranged  for  straight  pencils  altered  over  or 
changed  in  any  way  for  circular  or  bent  carbons  ? 

A.  No,  sir ;  I  don’t  know  that  I  have. 

109  Q.  How  near  you  did  Mr.  Sawyer,  Sr.,  work  ? 

A.  About  four  or  five  feet;  let  me  see;  it  is  more 

than  that.  It  was  near  the  length  of  the  bench. 


110  Q.  IVns  tliere  any  partition  l)etweeu  you  ? 

111  Q.’  AVas  liis  work  I.iddcii  in  any  way? 

A.  No,  sir. 

112  Q.  How  far  did  you  work  from  where  Mr.  Jly 
worked  ? 

Aliont  three  or  four  feet. 

113  Q.  AVho  worked  on  the  lathe  when  it  was  use 
A.  Me,  i)riiieipallv. 

IMQ.  AVhoelse?' 

A.  I  don’t  know  tliat  any  one  did.  I  don't  rememi 
lir.  Q.  AVas  Mr.  Myers’  work  in  any  way  hidden  fn 

A.  I  conldn’t  say  that  it  was. 

110  Q.  Did  yon  ever  work  on  the  same  jobs  with  hit: 
A.  AA’ell,  when  wo  was  ready  to  seal  tho  lamps  I  ns 
to  elainp  most  of  them  together. 

117  Q.  AVhat  would  Mr.  Jlyors  do? 

A.  Ho  used  to  expel  all  tlie*  air  ho  eonld  gut  out 
tho  glass  hoforo  eharging  them  with  gas— nitrogen  gi 
I  believe  it  was. 

118  Q.  AA'ius  there  any  partition  of  any  kind  in  tl 
workshoji  preventing  one  workman  from  seeing  tho  wo 
Ilf  tho  othci-s? 

A.  No,  sir. 

113  Q.  Did  yon  see  any  attom])t  made  to  hide  tl 
vork  of  one  man  from  tho  others  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

120  Q.  Did  yon  see  Mr.  Man  at  any  time  in  tlic  worl 
ihops  ? 

A.’.  Yes,  sir ;  frequently. 

121  Q.  AVhat  did  he  do  ? 

A.  He  used  to  come  round  to  see  whether  tho  woi 
■  as  going  on  all  right. 

122  Q.  How  often  was  ho  there  that  you  know  of  ? 
A.  Generally  every  day. 

123  Q.  Did  yon  over  see  him  doing  any  work  ? 

A.  AA’ell,  no  work  in  particular;  lie  might  give  soiu 
iggestions  and  help  ns  to  work  it  out. 

124  Q.  AA  hat  do  you  mean  by  suggestions  ? 

A.  Suggest  some  way  ofmaking  tho  parts  for  the  lamps 


work  on  the  lamps  ?  I'onr 

wot  LTd?  """ 

121.  Q.  AVhat  kind  of  work  do  you  remember  Mr. 
Man  giving  you  suggestions  ns  to  ? 

thtnnpf**^“''"”‘ 

127  Q  Did  yon  over  see  any  carbon  or  ehareoal  of 
any  kind  other  than  the  retort  carbon  and  the  French 
shts”?  of  file  work- 

-Au  I  have  seen  them  file  down  apiece  of  willow 
cJmrcojiI— \nlIow  carbon. 

fronf?  ‘-•“"'0 

^"'fon  street. 

1-9  Q.  Do  you  romombor  tho  shop'^ 

^hA;J^  believe  it  was  Ileynolds ;  I  won’t  be  certain, 

130  Q.  AA’iiat  kind  of  willow  ehareoal  was  it  ’ 

A.  It  was  in  tho  form  of  crayons. 

131  Q.  How  large  wore  tho  oravons  ? 

A.  About  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  about 
SIX  inches  Jong, 

132  Q.^  AVhat, kind  of  store  is  Beynolds  ? 

A.  Paint  and  artists’  supplies. 

133  Q  AA’hat  did  you  see  done  with  those  charcoal 
crayons 

A.  Hiey  were  filed  domi  to  about  tho  same  dimen- 
Sion  of  tJio  carbon  fioncils. 

134  Q  Do  you  mean  tho  carbon  pencils  you  madb  a 
sketch  of? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

135  Q.  AA’hnt  was  done  with  them  then  ? 

v.;r  “'er  them. 

13G  Q.  AVho  did  this  work  ? 

A.  Mr.  Edwards  Myers  was  tho  one  I  saw  do  it. 

37  Q  Did  you  ever  see  anybody  else  do  it? 

A.  I  don  t  remember  seeing  any  one  else  do  it 
coaP  ‘>*6  ctai- 


giis  into  the  vessel  iiiiil  electricity. 

139  Q.  Do  yon  mean  that  they  put  the  charcoal  i 
the  glass  vessel  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir;  put  the  charcoal  in  between  two  me 
points. 

140  Q.  How  large  were  the  charcoal  crayons  at 
the  deposit  had  been  formed  upon  them  ? 

A.  I  should  judge  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  tide 

141  Q.  IV  hat  did  they  do  with  thc.se  pencils  next : 
A.  They  worked  the  charcoal  core  out  of  the  carbi 

142  Q.  How  was  this  done  ? 

A.  It  was  done  with  a  piece  of  wire  or  head  of  a  I 
ar  something.  1  don’t  remember  exactly  how  it  u 
done. 

143  Q.  How  much  of  the  charcoal  was  loft  in  t 
leucil  ‘i 

A.  Jlr.  Slyei-s  tried  to  got  it  all  out. 

144  Q.  Do  you  know  whether  he  tried  to  get  it 

A.  That  is  the  way  I  understood  he  was  doing 
lying  to  got  it  all  out. 

143  Q.  Did  you  ever  see  any  willow  charcoal  < 
rayons  or  any  form  of  charcoal  or  wood  carbon  used 
ny  way  except  in  forming  these  pencils  ns  yi 
ave  just  described? 

A.  No,  sir ;  I  don’t  remember  seeing  them  used 
ny  other  way. 

140  Q.  Did  you  over  see  any  wood  carbons  or  woe 
liarcoal  of  any  kind  excejit  these  willow  crayons  wide 
on  purchased  ? 

•A.  No.  sir. 

147  Q.  Did  you  ever  see  any  one  at  either  of  tli 
orkshops  earboidzo  any  iiiatorial  of  any  sort? 

A.  No  more  than  willow  charcoal. 

148  Q.  Did  you  ever  see  them  try  to  carbouiz 
illow  SO  as  to  make  it  into  charcoal  or  carbon? 

A.  Not  that  I  know  of.  I  don’t  know  what  the 
ight  be  tiyiug  in  that  line. 

149  Q.  Did  j-oii  ever  see  them  trjdng  j-onrself  ? 

make  charcoal  into  carbon  “> 


William  Sh; 


‘“■P-  3355 


150  Q  I  mean  trying  to  make  willow  wood  into 
willow  charcoal  or  willow  carbon  ? 

A.  No ;  I  don’t  know.  They  might  be  trying  that ; 
that  I  wouldn’t  know  anything  about. 

151  Q.  Did  you  ever  see  or  hear  about  or  work  on 
any  carbon  made  from  paper  of  any  kind  in  either  of 
the  workshops  ? 

A.  No,  sir  ;  I  tlul  not. 

152  Q.  While  you  were  at  the  workshops  did  you 
ever  see  or  work  on  or  see  anybodv  working  on  or 
using  any  carbon  of  any  kind,  made  fron  paper  of  anv 
kind? 

A.  No,  sir. 

153  Q.  Did  you  ever  hear  any  one  saying  that  such 
carbon  had  been  used  in  any  way  or  tried  to  bo  used 
111  aiiyvay  at  either  of  the  workshops  ? 

134  Q.  When  did  you  first  see  a  piece  of  paper 
carbon  of  any  kind  ? 

A.  I  don’t  know  whether  I  have  seen  any  particular 
.vet,  but  I  saw  them  trying  it  in  Ansonia,  trying  to 
fonii  carbon  out  of  iiaiier,  I  guess  somewhere  about 


155  Q.  AYhoiii  did  you  see  tiyiug  ? 

A.  3fr.  Williani  Wallace  and  Mr.  Howell,  who  was 
Mr,  M^iillaco’s  electrician. 

^  Was  this  after  or  before  Mr.  .Sawyer  left  An- 

A.  Afterwards. 

157  Q.  State  the  circumstances  uuder  which  Mr. 
\\  allaco  and  Mr.  Howell  came  to  make  or  show  you  the 
paper  carbon,  so  far  as  known  to  you  ? 

A.  Mr.  Wallace  came  up  into  the  shop  and  said  that 
ho  had  read  an  account  in  the  paper  of  Mr.  Edison  iii- 
ventiiig  a  carbon  of  paper  by  iicoident,  and  they  wore 
trying  an  experiment  between  themselves  in  the  shop. 


Answer  objected  to  as  immaterial  and  incom¬ 
petent. 


158  Q.  Did  j-ou,  while 


yer  or  Mnii  Imvo  at  AValker 
A.  Well,  I  don’t  know ; 

|>retty  inncli  all  one  tiling. 

-•arbons,  straiglit  pencils. 

KJl  Q.  How  nniiiy  lamps  did  they  Imvo, 


■  of  all  kinds  did  Sa 


.  so  far  as  you  knov 
seemed  to  mo  to 
r  were  gouerally  pom 


er  seen  more  tliii 


A.  I  don’t  know  tlmt  I  Imvo  o 
ibont  a  dozen  at  a  time. 

102  Q.  Do  yon  know  any  time  when  they  had  moi 
ban  a  dozen '! 

A.  No,  sir;  Ido  not. 

•s'“l>s 

A.  Unit  I  don’t  know.  Tliey  used  to  have  exbibi 
ions  once  in  a  wliile. 

Did  you  ever  know  of  their  soiling  any.? 

103  Q.’  Did  you 
A.  Yes,  sir. 

100  Q.  IVlioro 
A.  Usually  in  the  office! 

107  Q.  IVlioro  else  ? 

A.  IVo  had  one  one  time  in  the  shop,  trying  to  worl 


oe  the  lamps  burning? 
re  they  kept  buniing  ? 


108  Q.  Did  you  succeed  in  working  by  it  ? 

A.  No,  it  was  rather  too  far  away  from  us  to  see  to 
3rk  good. 

109  Q.  How  long  did  that  lamp  burn  ? 

A.  Well,  I  couldn’t  say  how  long  that  lamp  burned, 
was  burned  several  times,  that  lamp ;  it  didn’t  bum 
y  longtu  of  time  each  time 


171  n  \\ri  L  ^ to  half  an  hour. 
1/1  Q,  \Mjat  WHS  (loiio  to  it  then  ? 

A.  Tliat  I  couldn’t  sa}*, 

172  Q.  What  was  the  longest  you  remember  to  have 
seen  any  lamp  bum  at  one  time? 

A.  I  don’t  tliink  I  ever  saw  one  burn  over  half  an 
hour.  " 

•™''  ‘“'“e'sher,  was  the  gen¬ 
eral  life  of  a  lamp  carbon  burning  in  a  lamp? 

A.  .-is  far  as  my  knowledge  leads  me,  I  don’t  think 
tlie^  last  more  tlian  half  an  hour. 

the,!?  to  tI>o  lumps 

A.  They  would  bo  taken  apart,  cleaned  and  set  uii 
ngaiu  with  new  carbons.  ‘ 

175  Q.  Did  you  over  work  at  doing  this? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

170  Q.  How  frcquentlv? 

177  Q.  Did  you  over  see  any  willow  twigs  of  anv  de¬ 
scription  in  either  workshop  ? 

^  '"'“'kor  street. 

178  Q.  What  kind  of  twigs  wore  they  ? 

tour  feet  long. 

179  Q.  Where  did  you  see  them  ? 

A.  I  saw  them  in  the  workshop. 

180  Q.  AVhereaboiits  ? 

A.  I  think  they  lay  in  the  comer  near  where  I 
worked. 

181  Q.  What  became  of  these  twigs,  so  far  as  vou 
know? 

A.  I  don’t  know  what  did  become  of  them. 

182  Q.  How  long  did  you  .see  them  lying  around  as 
30U  have  mentioned  ? 

A.  I  suppose  about  a  mouth  or  two. 

toese  twigs. 


185  Q.  Did  you  over  SCO  any  oiio  at  Walker  streo 
)ut  auytliing  into  tlie  boiler  fiirimco  except  tlio  coiil? 

A.  Yes,  sir ;  I  have  seen  tliem  with  small  craciblc! 
vith  graphite  or  something  in. 

18(i  Q.  Do  you  know  what  was  in  these  erucibles? 

A.  Ao,  .sir;  I  do  not,  further  than  graphite. 

187  Q.  How  often  did  you  see  any  crueibles  put  in 
liefunmee? 

(ht 

188  Q.  Did  you  ever  see  any  erueibles  except  those 
on  saw  put  under  the  boiler  furnaee  at  Walker  street 
I'ounu  tlie  shop  or  rooms? 

A.  No,  sir. 

IS!)  Q  Did  you  over  know  of  any  of  the  eoiitonts  of 
ii.y  of  these  cnuubles  being  used  in  any  of  the  lamps  V 
A.  Ao,  sir  ;  I  did  not. 

190  Q.  Did  you  ever  do  any  work  on  any  material 
Inch  you  knew  or  wore  told  eame  out  of  these  enici- 


)r  which  t 


10  work  on  any  of 


191  Q.  Did  you  over  see  a 
e  material  which  camo  out 
mo  out  of  these  crucibles  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

192  Q.  Did  you  ever  see  anything  besides  this  which, 
y  way  possibly  cc 


you  best  recollection, 

mo- kind  nt's'a^w 

4.  No,  sir.’ 


Counsel  for  complainant  requests  Examiner  to 
note  that  Mr.  Lowrey  was  again  present  at  a 
portion  of  the  afternoon  session. 


tdioumed  to  Friday,  :^rnr^l, 


E.  N.  Dyer  and  Walter  K.  Griflin,  Esqs.  ns 
counsel  for  the  defendants  in  the  suit  in  the 
Southern  District  of  Now  York,  between  the 
complainant  herein  and  the  Edison  Electric  Light 
Co.  and  Thomas  Edison,  rut|ue.st  of  record  that 
the  testimony  taken  for  defendant  in  this  present 
suit  may  be  used  by  defendants  in  the  Now  York 
suit  upon  the  filing  of  copies  certiHcd  by  the 
Special  Examiner  heroin,  anil  as  lieretofore  stip- 
ulated,  in  regard  to  the  deposition  of  J.  M.  D. 
Keating,  for  the  purpose  of  saving  the  retaking 
of  such  testimony,  and  further  request  the  coun¬ 
sel  for  complainant  ]iresent  for  an  answer  of 
record  to  such  request. 

193  Q.  Do  you  know  for  what  purpose  the  cnicibles 
ere  used? 

A.  No,  sir;  I  don’t  know  really  what  they  was  used 

191  Q.  Was  Mr.  Myei-s  at  work  with  .Sawyer  &  Man 
hen  you  fii-st  went  to  Walker  street  ? 

A.  That  I  can’t  say  tor  certain  whether  he  was  them 
hen  1  went  there  or  not. 

195  Q.  How  many  men  wore  employed  in  Sawyer  .fc 
an’s  at  Walker  street ;  name  them  ? 

A.  Mr.  Wm.  Sawver.  Georce  Sawyer,  myself  and  Mr. 


3360 


William  Sliarp. 


196  Q.  How  many  men  were  employed  at  Howard 
street ;  name  them  ? 

A.  Two,  William  Sawver  and  myself 

.iZ?- »“"”1 

there  "hether  I  saw  him 

'"""■ker 

street ,  if  so  what  did  yon  see  him  do  ? 
wi^nj”’ "'"king  drawings  and 
19!)  Q.  l)i,]  ],o  j 

A.  I  don’t  rememher  seeing  him. 

•200  Q.  Do  yon  remember  seeing  him  do  anv  work  at 
nowiml  street? 

A.  Xo,  sir. 

i'??  ^'’illi'xn  12. 

•'i.ittici  what  class  of  work  was  done  there? 

lamps  feeder 

202  Q.  What  kind  of  a  lamp  was  the  feeder  lamii? 

A.  Hie  feeder  lamp  was  a  lamp  with  a  long  pencil 

imit^act  Ill  ease  It  Iniriit  out  or  got  broke  away  in  any 

203  Q  How  long  would  a  feeder  lamp  burn  ’? 

an  hon,-™"'''''"'’“‘' more  than 

lamp^?^'  carbon  was  used  in  tlio  feeder 

A.  A  long,  thin  hard  carbon. 

use,?  b.^;i  o  “m  carbon 

used  in  the  lamps  at  Sawyer  *  Man’s? 

A.  As  far  as  1  know  it  was  the  same  kind. 

eriiilv  thp?"^*'  '"  carbon,  please  describe  gen- 

erallj  t he  amps  used  by  Sawyer  .t  Man  ? 

«o  upright  poste  I  don’t  know  how  to  explain  that ; 
bere  «  «  one  with  a  kind  of  „  bend,  an  L ;  the  carbons 
’veie  clamped  between  these  two  posts;  the  whole 


William  Sliarj). 


3361 


thing  was  .supported  by  a  zigzag  strip  of  metal;  this 
was  all  encased  in  a  glicss  tube. 

207  Q.  -Were  the  zigzag  strips  of  metal  all  of  the  same 
slmpe  lu  the  different  lumps? 

A.  Thej-  were,  ns  a  geiioml  thing. 

T  ““P-'’  “‘e  specifications  of 

Letters  Patent  205,14-1  to  W.  E.  Sawver  and  A  tfa., 
dated  J, me  18th,  1878,  and  ask  you  to  look  at  the^  fig-’ 
lire  1  111  the  drawings  and  state  how  that  compares  with 
the  general  style  of  lamp  used  by  Sawyer  it  Man  ^ 

A.  I  remember  that  lamp,  but  I  th'ink  that  is  the 
lamp  that  was  made  before  the  one  I  speak  of,  yet  I 
could  not  say  for  certain  whether  it  was  one  made  be¬ 
fore  or  after  the  ones  I  speak  of.  I  remember  havin- 
tubes  III  the  latter  ones  to  charge  them  with.  ^ 

20!)  Q.  I  ask  you  to  look  at  Figure  4!)  on  page  83  of 
a  book  marked  for  identilicutiou  “  Sawyer’s  Book  on 
E  ectrie  Lighting,”  JInrch  1st,  1880,  and  to  state 
whether  you  saw  any  lamp  at  Sawyer  .fc  Man’s  rcseiu- 
l>l)ng  stieli  figure  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

210  Q.  When  ? 

A  I  think,  when  I  come  to  think  of  it,  that  that  was 
the  lami)  that  was  made  before  the  feeder  lamp. 

tl'is  early  or  late  in  the  time  voii  wore 
•at  Walker  street? 

.4.  It  was  late. 

212  Q.  Please  look  at  Figure  30,  on  jinge  83  of  the 
ure?  "’hother you  recognize  that  fig- 

'®  ‘ko  general  lamp  that  I  spoke  of. 
-13  Q.  Please  look  at  Figure  31,  on  the  same  page  of 
ligurT?'°  "’k"‘’‘er  you  recognize  that 

A.  Yes,  sir ;  that  is  the  latest  one ;  the  other  one  I 
am  mistaken  in. 

214  Q.  W'hich  one  were  you  mistaken  in  ? 

A.  I  am  mistaken  in  the  one  49,  the  figure  49. 

-lo  Q.  W  hat  mistake  did  you  make  about  that  fig¬ 
ure  49?  ° 

A.  I  haven’t  any  distinct  recollection  of  that  lamp  ; 


33G2 


William  Sharp. 


I  think  it  is  one  that  was  made  before  my  time. 

21C  Q.  Look  at  Figure  52,  on  page  87  of  tlio  same 
book,  and  state  whether  you  recognize  that  figure  ? 

A.  Yes,  I  recognize  that. 

217  Q.^  Where  did  you  see  anything  resembling  that. 

A.  That  is  the  lamp  I  have  described  i«  having  two 
upright  iiosts  with  flat  carbon  cli  imps  screwed  together 
with  jilatinum  screws  and  nuts.  ° 

218  Q.  Do  you  recognize  the  carbon  in  that  figure? 
A.  I  don’t  recognize  the  carbon  ns  being  as  large  as 

that. 

219  Q.  Do  you  mean  as  large  ns  shown  in  the  figure? 
A.  As  largo  ns  shown  in  the  semi-circle— the  semi- 

circle  in  the  figure. 

220  Q.  Were  the  posts  or  uprights  for  the  carbon  ns 
far  apart  in  the  actual  lamp  you  saw  ns  in  the  figure  ? 

A.  I  believe  not. 

221  Q.  How  many  lamps  did  you  ever  see  at  Sawver 
A-  Jinn’s  with  the  upright  iiosts  as  shown  in  or  ns ’re¬ 
sembling  figure  32  ? 

A.  One. 

222  Q.  Did  you  ever  sou  any  of  the  lamps  resembling 
figures  19  or  50  or  51  altered  over  so  that  the  posts  in 
any  way  resembled  figure  52  ? 

A.  Well,  I  can’t  say  whether  that  one  was  altered 
over  or  whether  it  was  made  new. 

223  Q.  What  kind  of  carbon  did  you  see  in  the  lamp 

resembling  figure  52  ?  ’  . 

A.  I  saw  retort  carbon. 

22-1  Q.  How  did  it  compare  with  the  circles  or  half 
circles  of  retort  you  yourself  made  ? 

A.  It  appears  to  be  about  twice  the  diameter  in  the 
figure. 

225  Q.  JVhnt  I  menu  is,  was  there  any  difl’erenco  be¬ 
tween  the  half-circles  that  you  made  and.the  circular 
carbon  you  actually  saw  in  the  one  lamp  at  Sawver  A 
JIan’s  resembling  figure  52  ? 

A.  The  only  difi’erence  I  see  is  that  the  carbons  that 
I  turned  was  an  equal  thickness  all  around,  and  equal 
breadth. 


-'•■oous  ^ou  saj  ;  were  the  circular  carbons 
that  lamp  the  same  or  difl’erent  from  the  half-circles 
carbon  you  yourself  made  ? 

A.  The  one  I  saw  there  was  the  one  I  made 

227  Q.  Look  at  the  figure  55  on  page  89  of  t 
Sawyer  book  and  state  whether  you  recognize  tl 

.4.  Yes,  sir ;  I  do. 

228  Q.  How  do  you  recognize  it,  .and  what  does 
resemble  ? 

A.  By  its  general  appearance. 

229  Q.  What  does  figure  53  look  like  ? 

A.  That  is  the  feeder  lamp.  I  made  that  all  my.si 
—all  the  parts. 

230  Q.  AVboru  did  you  make  it? 

A.  I  think  I  made  about  two  of  them  in  Walker  stre. 
—Wnlker  and  Elm. 

231  Q.  Did  you  make  any  more  ? 

.4.  I  don’t  know  that  I  made  any  more  there. 

232  Q.  Did  you  make  any  more  elsewhere  ? 

A.  Xo,  sir;  but  the  parts  of  one  hundred. 

233  Q.  Where  did  you  make  these  parts  of  one  huii 
(Ired  leedor  lamps  ? 

A.  At  41  allnce  A  Sons,  Ausonia,  Conn. 

23'1  Q.  Was  this  while  Jlr.  Sawyer  was  there  ? 

A.  Yes ;  they  were  started  while  he  was  there! 

23u  Q.  You  stated  that  you  made  two  of  these  lamp 
|it  4\  alker  street  but  only  made  the  parts  of  the  om 
imndred  lamps  at  Ansonia.  What  is  the  diireronce  ii 
four  mind  between  making  a  lamp  and  makiii"  tin 
larts  ?  ° 

A.  I  made  the  lamp  and  put  it  together,  all  but  tin 
iarbons,  I  believe,  and  in  Ansonia  the  motnl'parts  were 
mule  by  different  men. 

230  Q.  Do  yon  recognize  figure  5i  in  the  Sawyer 
look  ?  ■’ 

l^-^l^Jiat  appears  to  mo  about  the  same  thing,  there  is 


33G4 


Williuiii  Sliarp 


feeder  tube  in  the  figure  was  a  little  different,  other¬ 
wise  I  don’t  see  but  what  it  is  the  same  one. 

237  Q.  The  same  one  ns  what  ? 


238  Q.  Do  you  recognize  figure  53  iu  the  Sawyer 
book  V 

A.  No,  sir ;  I  can’t  say  that  I  do. 

239  Q.  You  have  given  the  names  of  the  workmen 
at  Sawyer  .t  Man’s.  Besides  these  men  and  besides 
what  Jfr.  W.  E.  Sawyer  or  Mr.  Man  innj-  have  done, 
did  you  know  of  any  oue  making  earbons  or  doing  work 
on  carbons  for  Sawyer  A  3Ian,  either  at  Howard  street, 
or  at  AVnlker  and  Elm  ? 

A.  Only  Mr.  Myere. 


Adjourned  one  hour  for  luncheon,  to  resume  at  Ij 


Besumed  at  IJ  P.  M. 

_  240  Q.  You  have  simken  of  refilling  the  lamps  at 
Sawyer  it  Man’s  when  the  carbon  burned  out ;  what 
would  you  have  to  do  to  the  lamps  before  they  were 
I'ondy 'for  relighting  y 

A.  Take  them  all  apart,  clean  the  parts,  put  new  car¬ 
bons  in  and  sodium  we  used  to  put  in  a  little  in  apiece 
of  rag  or  cloth. 

241  Q.  IVere  the  lumps  recharged  with  gas  ? 

A.  Y'es,  sir. 

242  Q.  How  long  would  this  all  take  for  one  lamp  ? 

A.  About  two  or  two  and  a  half  hours. 

243  Q.  'Where  was  this  work  done,  in  the  ofiico  or 
the  workshop,  or  where 

A.  It  was  done  iu  the  workshop. 

244  Q.  Were  there  any  tools  or  ap])urntus  iu  the 
oftice  for  this  kind  of  work  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

245  Q.  AVhere  wore  aU  the  lamps  refilled  with  gas 
that  you  saw  refilled? 

A.  All  in  the  workshoj). 


William  Sharp. 


33(i5 


24G  Q.  What  part  of  the  shop  ? 

A.  On  Mr.  Mj-ers’  bench. 

24/  Q.  IVhere  were  the  carbons  treated? 

A.  They  were  treated  on  the  .same  bench. 

248  Q.  AVhat  different  substances  have  you  seen  them 
treat  the  carbons  in  ? 

A.  I  can’t  remember  now  what  substances  thev  did 
treat  them  in.  It  was  generally  oil. 

249  Q  Look  at  figure  41  on  page  71  of  the  .Sawyer 

book  and  state  how  that  figure  compares  with  what  you 
remember  as  to  the  apjiaratus  used  for  treatin''  the 
carbons  ?  ° 

A.  I  don’t  remember  seeing  the  apparatus  at  .all. 

250  Q.  How  did  they  fix  the  carbons  for  treatin''  ? 

A.  They  used  to  have  two  metal  rods  in  the  bottom 

of  an  old  lami),  and  jilace  a  carbon  in  one  end,  the  up¬ 
per  end  of  It,  and  place  the  electric  wires  on  the  other 
and  immerse  the  carbon  eml  in  the  oil.  That  is  about 
all,  I  behove.  They  used  electricity. 

'““I’**  ‘alJea  “Part 

and  refilled  ?  ' 

A.  I  couldn’t  say  how  ofton-just  as  soon  as  thev 
would  bo  burned  out  or  used  uj). 

232  Q.  Did  you  see  this  refilling  done  frequentlv  or 
seldom  ? 

A.  I  used  to  see  it  about  every  time. 

253  Q.  Who  used  to  take  the  lamps  apart  and  re¬ 
fill  and  refit  them  ? 

Sir.  Sawyer  and  myself  used  to  take  them  apart 
and  refit  them.  Mr.  Edward  Myers  used  to  do  the  fill- 
lug.  Sometimes  it  was  done  outside  at  Mr.  Stillman’s 
<lown  in  Broadway. 

254  Q.  Do  you  mean  the  refilling  or  the  refittiu"? 

A.  Refilling. 

235  Q.  When  a  lamp  was  completed  was  it  kept  iu 
the  same  shape  or  altered  ? 

A.  IVell,  sometimes  altered,  sometimes  kept  in  the 

25G  Q.  AYhat  alterations  were  they  making  ? 

A.  I  don’t  know.  They  might  make  some  little  dif- 


Bi'eiiee  in  tlio  simpo  of  the  carbon  holdera,  or  some  lit- 
le  thing  of  tlmt  kind. 

•257  Q.  How  often  would  such  little  alterations  lie 
iiado  in  the  lamps  ? 

A.  They  wonld  bo  making  them  pretty  much  all  the 

■258  Q.  How  many  years  have  yon  been  a  mechanic, 
ntl  wliat  tmdo  did  you  Icnrii  ? 

A.  I  have  been  working  ns  journe^-niai.  mechnnie 
boat  thirty  to  thirty-fivo  years.  I  learned  the  tmde 
f  general  brass  finisher. 

2o!)  Q.  Did  yon  ever  know  of  a  lamp  at  Sawyer  .t 
Inn’s  which  yon  wore  told  by  any  one  or  which,  in 
onr  judgment,  was  a  satisfactory  lamp  as  nil  electric 

Objected  to  as  iiicoiiipotcnt. 

A.  ‘Well,  I  can’t  tell  exactly  whether  any  one  has 
3ld  me  that  they  had  such  a  lamp,  but  I  never  con- 
idered  that  there  was  one. 

2G0  Q.  AVliat  did  yon  consider  the  lamps  ? 

Sumo  objection. 

A.  I  didn’t  consider  the  lamps  nnything  more  than 
n  experiment. 

•2C1  Q.  Yon  moiitioned  making  the  parts  of  a  hundred 
imps  at  Wallace’s.  How  many  of  these  were  put  to- 
etlier,  so  for  ns  you  knew  ? 

f '•  twenty,  at  the  verv 

2G2  Q.  ‘What  became  of  the  lamps,  so  far  ns  yon 
now  ? 

A.  The  last  I  san-  of  the  lamps  they  were  cleaning 
ut  the  room  and  fired  the  lamps  all  ont  in  the  yard  ? 
2G3  Q.  Wlio  fired  them  ont  ? 

A.  AVilliam  Wallace,  Junior,  I  believe. 

-G  t  Q.  Hai  e  j-oii  ever  testified  as  a  witness  before  ? 

A.  I  testified  a  little  for  a  iiinii  in  Brooklyn  about 


AVilliam  Sharp. 


3367 


2G5  Q.  Is  that  your  only  experience  as  a  witness  ? 

A.  No,  sir  ;  that’s  all. 

Cro.ss-e.xa.mi.\mtio.>j  iiY  Mil.  Keki!  : 

2GG  x-Q.  How  long  have  yon  been  acrinainted  with 
Mr.  Albon  Man  ? 

A.^I  should  think  about  fifteen  or  sixteen  years. 

2G7  x-Q.  Have  you  known  him  intimately'? 

A.  Only  through  business. 

2G8  x-Q.  Do  yon  believe  him  to  be  a  man  of  truth 
and  veracity. 

Objected  to  as  irrelevant  and  immaterial. 

A.  I  do,  so  far  ns  I  have  knon-ii  him  and  heard  of 
him. 

269  Q.  Do  you  think  that  Jlr.  Man  wonld,  when  tes¬ 
tifying  under  oath,  testify  to  a  falsehood  ? 

Same  objection. 

A.  I  should  not  think  ho  would. 

270  x-Q.  If  Mr.  Man  should  make  a  statement  to 
you  ill  regard  to  something  which  he  said  he  did  or 
had  seen,  wonld  you  believe  him  ? 

Same  objection. 

A.  Of  course,  I  suppose  I  should  have  to  if  I  did 
not  know  auy  difl’erent. 

271  x-Q.  On  March  14th,  1881,  Albon  Man  testified 
111  an  iiiterforeuce  case  in  the  U.  S.  Patent  Ollice,  be¬ 
tween  Sawyer  &  Man  and  Thomas  A.  Edison,  as  fol- 
lows : 

“  Early  in  the  mouth  of  October,  1878,  we  pre¬ 
pared  paper  carbons  in  the  maiiuer  I  have  de¬ 
scribed,  by  carbonization,  in  the  furnace  at  the 
comer  of  IShii  and  AA'^alker  streets,  in  this  city,  and 
perfeeted  them  substautiall3'  n®  I  have  described. 


and  used  them  during  the  inontli  of  Oetober  nnd 
the  following  month,  until  the  latter  part  of  Mareli 
1S7!I,  in  electrie  lamps  at  that  place,  .successfnllv’, 
and  exhibited  them  to  great  numbers  of  people.” 

Do  yon  believe  that  Jfr.  Jfan  was  swearin-  to  a 
falsehood  when  he  gave  that  te.stiniony  ? 

Objected  to  as  incompetent,  immaterial  nnd 
nielevant  nnd  improper,  especially  because  Jfr. 

-  an  has  not  testified  in  this  jiresent  suit,  and 
because  t  i  ,pl  m  ,„t  s  „„scl  General  Dnnean 
in  open  coiii  t.  at  Pittsbiirgh,  made  the  state- 
nieiit  to  the  ofleet  that  one  of  the  objects  of  the 
form  of  the  bill  of  eoinplnint  herein  was  to  avoid 
Hie  necessity  of  putting  Albon  Man  on  the  stand 
on  .lireet,  nnd  ns  an  inipro])er  attempt  to  intro- 
(liieo  alleged  testimony  in  this  suit. 

snv  1  ^  ““-'‘biiiK  about  that,  but  I  can 

•  .  Hint  I  have  never  seen  or  heard  anything  of  paper 
carbons  niitil  a  year  or  two  after  April-May-J  ', 
or  two  after  May,  187!).  ^  ^ 

272  x-Q.  That  is  no  answer  to  my  question.  Please 
aii-swer  my  question  ? 

A  That  is  a  ip.estion  I  would  not  like  to  answer.  I 
nne  not  had  sni  icieiit  dealings  with  Mr.  Man  to  know 
for  certain  what  he  would  do. 

knowled2;  '^^°'l"f“°“'‘"«“oHiingto  do  with  your 

lieve  that  Mr.  Man,  when  ho  gave  that  testimony  was 
swearing  to  a  falsehood  V  aiainony.  ns 


A.  I  tell  yon  I  don’t  know.  I  couldn’t  say  for  cer- 
ain.  The  thing  is,  I  haven’t  seen  it.  I  haven’t  seen 

It  m  use  nor  heard  of  it. 

274  x-Q.  My  question  has  nothing  to  do  with  your 
seeing  or  hearing  of  it.  I  want  yon  to  tell  mo  whether 


William  Shu 


33G9 


arp. 

j  on  believe  that  Albon  Man  was  swearing 
hood  when  ho  gave  that  testimony  ’? 


to  a  false- 


Same  objection,  and  as  especially  incompetent 
in  view  of  the  witne.ss’  answers. 

A-  That  is  .something  I  don’t  care  to  answer. 

Saiiio  objection,  and  further,  because  coni- 
phiinant  has  no  right  to  cioss-examine  the  wit¬ 
ne.ss  except  ns  to  facts  and  eiiciimstances  con¬ 
nected  with  the  examination  on  direct.  De¬ 
fendant’s  counsel  instructs  the  witness  not  to 
answer  the  question. 


Under  advice  of  ooiinsel  I  so  refuse. 

270  x-Q.  tVhen  you  came  hero  togivovonr  tostimonv 
did  you  know  about  the  testinionv  of  Mr.  Man  as  to 
the  mnniifactiiro  and  use  of  lamps  with  paper  carbons 
at  v\  alkor  and  Elm  streets  ? 


Objected  to  us  inimaterial  and  irrelevant,  nnd 
boaiise  there  is  no  testimony  of  Mr.  Man  in  this 
case,  and  for  the  further  reasons  stated  to  cross- 
q.iL.3tions  2(1  to  273,  inclusive. 


A.  Xo,  sir. 

277  x-Q.  Were  you  told  that  ho  had  testified  to  any 
ich  facts  ? 


Same  objections. 

A.  Xo,  sir. 

178  x-Q.  How  did  you  happen  to  come  here  to  tes¬ 
tify? 

A.  I  was  hunted  up  and  brought  here,  or  invited 
hero. 

279  x-Q.  Well,  which? 

A.  Invited. 

280  x-Q.  Who  by? 

-4.  By  Mr.  Russell. 


don’t  know  nny  nioro  timn  tliiit.  Ho  must  bo  n  kind 

of  nn  (igent. 

282  x-Q.  Aroniid  wliore  ? 

A.  Around  this  office. 

283  x-Q.  "tt  lion  did  Mr.  Itussoll  first  seo  yon  about 

testifying  ? 

A.  .Vbout  two  years  and  a  half  ago. 

284  .x-Q.  Can  you  lix  that  date  exactly? 

28.5  x-Q.  AVly  not? 

A.  Because  I  don’t  know  it. 

28(i  x-Q.  Where  did  you  see  Mr.  Russell  first? 

A.  In  the  office  of  the  Ansonia  Brass  and  Conner 
Company,  Ansonia,  Conn. 

^Sys-Q.  Were  you  working  there  ? 

288  x-Q.  How  did  ho  happen  to  find  you  there  ? 

A.  By  inquiry,  I  suppose.  I  don’t  know  how  he 
fonud  me  there. 

28!)  x-Q.  Did  ho  tell  j-ou  who  gave  him  your  ad¬ 
dress? 

A.  1  can’t  say  for  certain,  but  I  believe  ho  said  that 
George  Sawyer  told  him  I  was  working  at  Wallace’s. 

290  x-Q.  Well,  what  did  he  say  to  you  when  ho  saw 

A.  That  I  can’t  tell  yon  now ;  it  is  too  long  ago. 
He  told  mo  that  Mr.  Tomlinson  would  like  to  see  me, 

something  on  my  old - well,  I  can’t  tell  now  what  he 

did  say,  really.  Ho  wished  mo  to  come  down  and  see 
Mr.  'romliuson. 

291  x-Q.  Didn’t  ho  ask  you  anything  about  what  voii 
would  .testify  to  ? 

A.  He  asked  me  if  would  testify  about  the  lamps  and 


-9o  x-Q.  Di4  Russell  give  j-ou  0113'  mono 
A.  Ho  gave,  me  enough  to  pay  my  expen 
29«  x-Q.  How  long  were  you  in  Xew  Y 

A.  I  don’t  know  whether  I  went  bad 
ght  or  the  morning  following.  It  might  hr 
ixt  night. 

297  x-Q.  Where  were  you  working  at  An 
A.  At  the  Electrical  .Supply  Co. 

298  x-Q.  Is  that  company  still  in  operatic 
A.  For  anything  that  I  know,  it  is. 

299  x-Q.  Did  it  have  a  time-book  showii 


300  x-Q.  Would  you  absence  that  day  be 
at  time  list  ? 

A.  I  think  very  likely  it  would.  It  woul 
ly,  I  know — or  Thursday,  rather,  jiay  dav 

301  x-Q.  AVere  you  absent  often  from  wo 
A.  No,  sir ;  very  seldom. 

302  x-Q.  Fix  the  month  and  year,  if  you 
n  came  to  New  York  at  that  time  ? 

A.  1  can’t  do  it  ven-  well.  It  might  be 
•Tune,  about  1888,  I  think  so  ;  1887  I  me 

303  x-Q.  Do  yon  think  it  was  that  time  ? 
A.  I  think  it  was  somewhere  about  that 

304  x-Q.  That  would  be  less  than  two  ye 
A.  'Then  that  can’t  be  the  time  ;  it  was 
ftra  and  a  Iiulf  ago. 

30  i  x-Q.  AVhy  do  you  think  it  was  two  3 


3372 


William  Sliarj) 


A.  I  saw  Mr.  Rirseell.  He  introtiucoci  mo  to  Mr 
Tomlinson. 

307  x-Q.  Where  did  you  see  Russell  ? 

here  ""  ‘'"S  '‘“■'"•a'- 

308  x-Q.  Did  you  at  any  time  make  any  statement  or 
aihdavit '! 

A.  I  made  a  statement. 

n  homr*^’  "  I'.'- 

A.  It  was  take  down  in  short  hand  writing  by  some 
stcnograplicr. 


Defendant’s  counsel  offers  said  statement  for 
the  inspection  and  use  of  complahiant  ns  they 
may  deem  proper. 

Same  place.l  on  the  table  in  front  of  counsel 
for  complainant  by  counsel  for  defendant. 


310  x-Q.  To  whom  did  you  make  the  statement  ? 

A.  Mr.  Toiuliiison. 

read  to  you  after  you  had  made  it? 

312  x-Q.  How  long  did  you  wait  for  it  to  bo  written 


A.  I  couldii  t  say  how  long  it  was,  perhaps  half  an 
hour  or  an  hour. 

813  x-Q.  Did  you  rend  it  yourself  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

31-1  x-Q.  When  was  it  rend  to  you  ? 

A.  It  was  road  to  me  ns  soon  ns  it  wns  written,  ns 
nenr  ns  I  can  remember. 

315  x-Q.  When  did  you  next  hear  of  that  statement  ? 

A.  About  two  or  three  hours  afterwards,  after  it  wns 
put  m  printed  form. 

31li  x-Q.  How  did  you  hear  about  it  then '? 

A.  The  stenographer  brought  it  back  hero  and 
read  it  over  again. 

317  x-Q.  Did  you  sign  it  ? 

A  That  I  can’t  say  now  whether  I  did  or  not.  I 
think  likely  I  did. 


William  Sharp. 


3373 


318  x-Q.  Wns  it  dated  ? 

A.  I  sujjpose  so. 

31'J  x-Q.  Did  j-ou  receive  a  copy  of  it  ? 

A.  No,  sir ;  no  further  than  to  see  it  brought  back  in 
the  office  and  road  over. 

320  x-Q.  When  did  you  next  hear  of  that  state¬ 
ment. 

A.  I  didn’t  hear  anything  more  of  it  since  then. 

3’*’"  •‘'''■ear  to  that  statement  when  you 

A.  I  don’t  remember  now  whether  I  did  or  not. 

322  x-Q.  Did  yon  swear  to  the  copy  of  it  after  it  was 
typewritten  ? 

A.  That  is  a  rather  funny  thing  for  me  to  swear  to. 

323  x-Q.  What  was  funny  about  it,  wasn’t  it  true  ? 

A.  AVoll,  if  it  was  read  over  to  mo  I  might  possibly 

swear  to  It,  but  to  look  at  it  I  couldn’t  tell  anything 
about  It  ?  •  o 

321  x-Q.  Have  you  within  the  last  few  days  had  a 
paper  road  to  you,  and  been  told  that  that  paper  w.as  a 
%  yo»  "lien  you  were  here  the  first 

A.  No,  sir. 

325  x-Q.  Has  such  a  paper  been  shown  to  you  ? 

^  A.  That  is  about  the  first  time  I  have  seeii  it,  I  be- 

Witness  points  to  paper  on  the  table. 

32G  .x-Q.  Do  you  mean  to  say  that  you  have  not  seen 
that  paper  during  the  last  week  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

327  x-Q.  Has  any  reference  been  made  to  a  state¬ 
ment  which  you  formerly  made  ? 

A.  I  don’t  roniember  of  au)'. 

328  x-Q.  When  wore  you  requested  to  come  here  and 
testify? 

A.  This  time  or  the  time  before  ? 

329  x-Q.  At  this  hearing  ? 

A.  Tuesday  of  this  week,  I  believe. 


330  x-Q.  MHio  requestoil  you  to  come  ? 

A.  3Ir.  Kiissell. 

331  x-Q.  AVheii  di.l  you  come  ? 

A.  Wednesday  nioniing. 

332  x-Q.  Did  llussell  talk  to  you  on  Tuesday  alx 
•our  testimony  'i 

A.  Not  as  far  ns  telling  me  anything  about  what  v 


333  x-Q.  In  what? 

A.  Ill  my  testimony. 

33  t  x-Q.  What  testimony  do  you  refer  to,  the  stai 
lent  made  two  years  and  a  half  ago  ? 

335  x-Q.  Did  Russell  have  a  copy  of  that  statemc 
ou  made  two  3*ears  and  a  half  ago  along  with  him  V 
A.  I  don’t  know  what  ho  had  with  him.  I  didi 
JO  auy.  I  don't  know  that  it  was  mentioned  i'>  a’ 

“y-  _ 

330  x-Q.  Was  it  mentioned  ou  Wednesday  ? 

-4.  I  don’t  remember  of  its  being  mentioned. 

337  x-Q.  Did  you  see  it  ou  AVodnosday  ? 

A.  I  don’t  believe  I  did. 

338  x-Q.  Was  any  statement  made  to  von  on  Wee 
isday  as  to  what  it  contained  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

"■“»  ■“  Thursday 

A.  No,  sir. 

V  ^  Thursday  ? 

342  x-Q.  Do  you  mean  to  be  understood  that  novo 
ICO  the  time  that  you  made  the  sbitement  to  JIi 
mihuson  two  aud  a  half  years  ago  until  the  present 


AVilliam  Shaip. 


3375 


A.  I  can’t.  I  haven’t  seen 
can’t  toll  anything  about  it. 


the  inside  of 


At  this  point  counsel  for  complainant  take  the 
paper  and  retire  from  the  examination  room. 
Counsel  return. 


344  x-Q.  Please  read  the  pa|) 
oil  the  table,  and  state  whether 
made  by  you  to  Mr.  Tomlinson, 


been  testifying,  and  whether  it  v 
by  you,  and,  if  .so,  U])on  what  da 


counsel  placed 
is  the  statement 
whidi  you  have 


Paper  handed  to  witness. 


A.  I  am  pretty  satisfied  that 
It  was  signed  ou  the  day  I  cam 
make  out  what  the  figures  are. 
day  of  Juno,  1880.  Well,  I  ci 
swearing,  exeejit  as  it  is  here. 


that  is  the  statement. 
10  down  hero.  I  can’t 
It  looks  like  the  l'2th 
laii’t  say,  really,  ns  to 


Defendant’s  counsel  (Jlr.  Kerr  and  Mr.  Broad¬ 
nax  being  present)  read  and  repeat  the  request 
already  of  record,  as  to  the  books  and  papei-s  of 
the  Kleotro-Dynamic  Light  Co. 

Coniplainuiit’s  counsel  suggests  that  no  foun¬ 
dation  has  been  laid  for  any  such  request  or  anv 
reasons  stated,  nor  the  materiality  of  said  book’s 
and  papers  shown,  in  any  way,  nor  does  the  re¬ 
quest  seem  to  have  reason  about  it  that  com¬ 
mends  it  to  plaintilTs  counsel.  Complainant’s 
counsel  further  suggest  that  this  is  not  a  drag¬ 
net  investigation,  and  that  there  is  a  proper  and 
legal  way  which  dofendaiit  can  adopt  to  obtain 
anything  that  it  is  entitled  to  obtain.  Further¬ 
more,  complainant’s  counsel  state  that  they  have 
not  got  such  books  and  papers  in  their  posses¬ 
sion,  and  don’t  know  where  they  are. 

Complainant’s  counsel  also  asks  Examiner  to 
note  that  G.  P.  Lowrev,  Esq.,  was  present  for  a 
part  of  the  time,  during  the  morning  se.ssion. 

Adjourned  till  Saturday  the  2d  inst.,  at  10:30  A.  M. 


iicsoiii:— .ui.  j^^erior  (iclonilniit,  mill  Mr.  Broiu 
for  coinplaiiimit ;  anil  tlio  cxaiuiimtioii  proceeiloil. 
Also  present — Jlr.  Man. 

Cnoss-QUESTio.Ns  ny  Mii.  Biio.vd.v.v.x  : 

345  x-Q.  Please  to  make  a  pen  anil  ink  sketch  of 

t'llcL 

know  that  I  can  just  get  on  to  the  first 
I  hail  to  ilo  with. 

•140  x-Q.  Make  it  nearly  as  yon  can  recollect? 


A.  Hint  is  as  near  as  I  can  renieinber  it. 

347  x-Q.  Beferring  now  to  the  sketch  inailo  anil  p 
ilnceil  Iji  jon,  what  does  the  jiart  niarkoil  A  ropresoi 

A.  rJie  glass  globe. 

348  x-Q.  -What  does  the  part  B  represent? 

A.  Tlmt  represents  an  upright,  to  hold  the  t 
piece  E  ? 

349  x-Q.  Yon  mean  one  end  of  tho  top  piece  E  ? 
A.  I  am  not  sure  whether  that  piece  rested  on  o 

end  or  tlio  centre. 

350  x-Q.  I  do  not  understand  your  last  answ 
Please  to  state  what  yon  moan  ? 

A.  WhiU  I  menu  is  that  I  don’t  know  whether  tl 
top  piece  E  was  pivoted  at  the.  centre  of  tho  top  pie 
or  the  loft  end  of  tho  top  piece. 

351  x-Q.  AVhat  does  the  part  D  ropresoiit  ? 

A.  D  represents  a  wire  drawing  E,  to  bind  carbon 
3n  upright  post  C. 

^'Q-  hat  does  tho  part  C  represent  ? 

A.  I  should  call  that  the  upright  C,  holder  for  tl 


Shaq). 


3377 


.353  x-Q.  What  does  the  part  I  represent  ? 
globe  ^  ‘ke  bottom  part  of  the 

354  x-Q.  What  do  the  parts  H  H  represent  ? 

A.  The  parts  H  H  represent  coming  thronch  two 
holes  in  tho  bottom  of  the  glass  to  hold  up  the  up- 

tlif'l  *  k)o  joii  mean  that  the  parts  H  H  represent 
the  bottom  ends  of  tho  upright  B  and  C  where  they 
1  1  tl  ro  gl  tl  e  bottom  of  the  lamp  and  where  they 

are  Hcalcd  therein  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

350  x-Q.  Was  the  bottom  of  the  lamp  made  of  glass  ? 

^  “k  °'*®  continuous  piece  of  glass. 

3u7  x-Q.  Then  tho  bottom  of  the  lamp  wim  not  made 
of  a  .separate  disc  of  glass,  as  I  uiiilerstaud  you  ? 

A.  .^o,  sir ;  it  was  all  one  piece. 

3u8x-Q.  Now  were  tho  uprights  B  and  C  tubular ; 

1  mean  were  they  made  of  small  tubes? 

A.  I  can’t  say  really  what  they  were  ii.ade-wliether 

•3S'x  O  W*  °ii''‘“‘"'  '■I’ko.'-'vere  metal. 

.3e.ix-Q.  the  upper  end  of  tho  part  B  made 
uodgo-slmiied  as  you  have  shown  ? 

A.  I  think  it  was. 

3G0  x-Q.  What  does  the  part  E  respresent? 

A.  Tho  part  V  represents  tho  peneil  of  carbon, 
t  ^“‘^‘kopart  E,  what  does  that  represent? 

A.  Iho  part  E  represents  a  piece  of  metal  beariiio 
on  one  end  of  tho  carbon,  and  pressing  the  carbon  on 
the  upright  C. 

3(12  x-Q.  And  tho  other  end  of  the  jiart  E,  ns  I  un- 
deretaud  you,  bom's  upon  tho  top  of  the  iiart  B  ? 

303  x-Q  The  part  E  is  held  down  on  the  parts  F 
and  B  by  the  part  I)  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

304  x-Q.  Now  iiiti  ti,(j 

through  the  bottom  of  the  lamp,  about  midway  be¬ 
tween  B  and  C  ? 

-•V.  'That  I  can’t  remember  about.  The  wire  came 


call  tlie  ])art  D  ? 


SGG  x-Q.  Now,  wasn’t  tlio  part  D  secured  to  tlie  lo 
at  Its  lower  end,  which  was  fastened  to  the  inside 
the  bottom  of  the  lamp 
X.l  couldn’t  sav.  I  don’t  remomber  it. 

HG7  x-Q.  Did  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  i)art 
consist  of  a  small  spind  spring  '! 

A.  I  couldn’t  remember  ;  but  it  seems  to  mo  tin 
was  a  small  spiral  .spring  attached  to  it. 

3G8  x-Q.  There  must  have  been  soniownyof  drawi 
orholdbigthe  part  E  down  upon  the  upper  ends 
E  and  D.  Can  t  you  call  to  mind  how  that  was  doni 
A.  No,  sir  ;  I  cannot. 

3G9  x-Q.  AVoro  the  lower  ends  of  the  parts  H  and 
sealed  in  the  bottom  of  the  lamp  ? 

A.  They  were. 

370  x-Q.  How  were  thev  sealed  ‘i 

A.  Those  bottom  pieces  H  H.  wore  tnrnod  with 
iiango  partly  conical  shape  under  the  flange  tl 
lower  part  straight  with  a  thiead.  They  are  cut  in  t« 
halves,  slipped  inside  of  the  glass,  with  a  pap, 
wiusher,  I  believe.  The  two  halves  wore  drawn  thraug 
the  pajioras  a  washer,  then  through  the  glass,  anotin 
paper  wnslior  ou  the  outside  of  tlie  gloss  aud  screwo 
down  witli  a  nut.  * 

371  x-Q  Please  to  make  a  sketch  of  the  arrang. 
meut  you  have  described  in  your  last  answer  ? 

AVitnoss  makes  and  produces  a  sketch. 

A.  I  have  done  so. 

372  x-Q.  Is  this  sketch  marked  Figure  2  which  yoi 
mve  just  produced  the  best  you  can  recollect  of  th, 
uethod  of  fixing  and  sealing  the  lower  ends  of  tin 
laris  B  and  C  in  the  bottom  of  the  lamp  ? 

373  x-Q  And  in  this  sketch.  Figure  2,  as  I  under- 
tniid  It,  there  is  a  vertical  section  of  a  conical  tiibulai 


are  connected  ;  the  nut  M,  shown  in  Figure  2,  being 
■screwed  on  the  lower  end  of  the  part  K,  the  part  K 
bemg  made  m  two  parts,  joining  in  the  centre  vertically 
Is  tliat  the  way  it  was  ?  . 

A.  That  is  as  near  as  I  caii  think  of  it. 

374  x-Q  Now,  can  yon  recollect  how  the  lower  ends 
of  the  parts  B  and  C  were  connected  to  the  parts  K  K  ’■> 
^  remember  just  how  it  was  done. 

3<o  x-Q  Did  the  parts  K  K,  when  they  wore  put 
together,  form  a  tube  or  hole  through  the  centre’^ 

A  I  don’t  know  whether  it  formed  a  hole  or  not 
’"‘i.  “'"“Ped  the  two  uprights. 

3(0  x-Q.  Now,  how  was  the  carbon  F  Gxed  in  the 
upiier  end  of  the  part  C 

A.  I  don’t  remember  whether  there  was  a  connter- 
sink  in  the  top  of  upright  C  or  what  there  was. 

3(7  x-Q.  In  short,  yon  don’t  recollect  how  part  F and 
part  C  were  united,  as  I  understand  yon  ? 

A.  All  I  remember  is  that  they  were  put  in  between 
these  two  points  and  hold  down  by  the  wire  or  spring 

"P“gl>‘s  B  and  C  made  of? 
A.  That  I  can’t  toll ;  there  was  a  piece  of  metal,  but 
nJmt  the  form  of  the  metal  was  is  more  than  I  can 

370  x-Q.  AA’hat  was  the  part  F  made  of;  was  that 
nmdo  of  niotal  also  ? 

^  s’'l'l>osed  to  be  made  of  carbon. 

380  x-Q.  Do  you  distinctly  recollect  that  that  part 
was  made  of  carbon  ? 

A.  No,  sir ;  I  do  not. 

<lescoirtdeotrf  f  *'''®  '"“P  ““ 

I know  anything  at  all  about  it, 

382  x-Q.  AA’ho  told  you  to  make  it? 

-A.  air.  Jlau  and  myself  made  it  together,  or  rather  I 
worked  according  to  Mr.  Man’s  dictation. 

383^-Q.  Did  yon  make  this  lamp  at  your  house? 


3380  AVilllnni  SImrp. 

38-1  x-Q.  ^Wlmt  (lid  yoii  iiiiderstmid  it  to  ho  for  wli.-n 

A.  Ididn’tk.iow„nytbingatnIlnhoutit;  Mr.Mni.got 

me  to  mnko  sucl.  imrts  ns  lie  wanted,  nml  I  nmdo  tliem 
ns  (lirocted 

iiSo  x-Q.  Did  yon  see  it  nfter  it  wna  flnislicd  ? 

A.  (Mr.  Man  and  I  put  the  parts  through  into  the 
lamp  ;  made  the  connections  in  tlio  bottom  ;  wlictherwe 
put  a  carbon  in  or  not,  I  can’t  say  for  certain.  Then 
Mr.  Man  took  it  away  with  him,  and  that  was  the  last  1 
heard  of  it. 

f  "•“«  fo--; 

A.  He  (lid  not. 

387  x-Q.  Then,  ns  I  nnderstniid  yon,  you  made  this 
lani])  without  having  any  idea  what  it  was  for  ’ 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

388  x-Q.  Did  yon  8ubso(|HentIv  nscortnin  what  it  was 
for  ? 

A.  I  don't  boliovo — I  don't  know  that  I  over  saw  or 
heard  nnytliing  of  it  afterwards. 

380  x-Q.  Who  nindo  tlie  lioles  in  tlio  bottom  of  tlie 
Juini)  into  which  the  uprights  are  sot  or  socurod  ? 

A.  riiose  was  made  in  tho  glass  wlien  I  got  it 

holes  vourself  witl. 

a  steel  drill  ? 

A.  If  I  am  not  very  much  mistaken  they  were  punolicd 
out  m  tho  glass-Iiouso  wliorovor  tlio  glass  was  made, 
negative?  '“Y  question  in  the 

A.  I  don’t  remombor  of  doing  so. 

302  x-Q.  As  I  understand,  yon  cannot  swear  tliat  yon 
did  nor  can  you  swear  that  yon  did  not  drill  these  holes 
in  the  bottom  of  this  lamp.  Is  that  correct  ? 

A.  I  cannot  swear  either  way. 

303  x-Q  In  placing  these  uprights  in  tho  bottom  of 
the  lamp,  did  you  use  cement  or  any  other  material  for 
the  pnpose  of  making  an  air-tight  joint  between  the 
upnghts  and  tho  glass  bottom  ? 

A.  I  don’t  remember  making  anything  more  than 
paper  washers.  If  I  remember  right  my  thought  was  to 
keep  from  breaking  the  glass 


A.  Xot  that  I  can  remember. 

305  x-Q.  Do  you  remember  of  drilling  holes  in  a  lot 
of  glass  discs  which  were  to  form  the  bottom  of  incan¬ 
descent  elcetric  lamiis  at  your  house  ? 

A  I  remember  drilling  holes  in  such  things,  whether 
I  .  rule,  any  of  them  at  my  house  or  not  I  dfn’t  rentm 

300  x-Q.  How  did  you  drill  those  holes? 

1  I  remember  I  drilled  them  with  a 

iiand  drill  and  tiirpentiiKj, 

307  x-Q.  M^iat  was  tho  drill  made  of? 

A  Steel  itl  V  rv  hard  iioint. 

Inmlwr?'  ^  3-°u.  is  the  fimt 

lamp  that  you  made  at  your  house  for  Mr.  Man  ? 

A.  According  to  my  recollection,  I  believe  that  was 

tho  fai*st  one. 

tlds  lami^l'niean  ?  '  '“ 

A.  No,  sir;  ho  did  not. 

Mr  Ma^n?’  ‘‘‘ 

A.  I  believe  I  made  one  more  nfter  that. 

401  x-Q.  Please  to  make  a  pen  and  ink  sketch  of  the 
second  lamp  made  by  j-oii  for  Mr.  Man  at  voiir 

A.  I  can  form  very  little  idea  of  tho  second  lamp 
"US  iu  tuIJiilnr  form 

40.,  x-Q.  Please  to  illustrate  it  iu  a  sketch  as  far  ns 
you  recollect  it? 

IVituess  makes  and  produces  a  sketch  as  re¬ 
quested. 

403  x-Q.  Eefeniiig  to  the  sketch  you  have  just  made, 
What  is  represented  by  the  part  A  of  that  sketch  ? 

A.  Ihe  part  A  is  a  glass  tube  with  a  flange  at  B. 


A.  Tlint  represents  tlie  bottom  of  tlie  tube  A. 

•lOo  x-Q.  In  this  ease,  ns  I  nmlerstnnil  you,  tlie  e 
closing  globe  of  the  lamp  is  represented  by  A,  and  tli; 
tins  globe  1ms  nu  opeii  bottom  n  bicb  was  closed  by 
separate  disc  of  glass  C.  Is  that  the  way  it  was  ? 

A.  I  can’t  remember  whether  the  disc  C  was  made 
glass,  metal  or  soapstone. 

A  VJs^ 'sit'"’  • 

H  tlioinn 

tli.it  formed  the  bottom  V 
A.  I  believe  there  were. 

•108  x-Q.  Please  to  put  them  in  your  sketch. 

A.  I  do  so  and  letter  them  U  D. 

•109  x-Q.  What  wore  these  holes  for  that  you  ha 
dhtatiiited  and  marked  D  D  ? 

A.  They  were  to— I  don't  know  hardly  how  to  o 
plain  tlud-they  must  bo  for  the  hohlers  of  the  curb.. 

101  tlie  carbon,  were  they  not  ? 

A.  So  far  as  I  know  about  lamps  now,  they  must  bo- 
the}*  wore. 

411  x-Q.  Please  to  illustrate  them  on  the  drawing  ; 
near  j  as  you  cau— I  moan  the  carbon  holders  to  whi< 
you  have  referred  V 

A.  I  can’t  illustrate  them  because  I  can’t  form  ai 
idea  wbat  they  are. 

.•Adjourned  for  lunch. 


Hosumed  after  lunch. 

412  x-Q.  Do  you  mean  that  yon  have  so  farforgott. 
he  construction  of  the  lamp  as  to  be  unable  to  illu 
trate  its  principal  parts  ? 

A.  I  do. 

413  x-Q.  And  that  you  have  illustrated  it  ns  far  i 


414  x-Q.  Now.  dhl  you  see  either  of  the  lamps  of 
n  Inch  you  liaye  made  sketches  in  jiart  illuminated  ’ 

A.  I  did,  sir. 

^  ‘o  the  identical 

lamps  that  you  made.  Did  you  undei-staud  me  in  that 

n  hich  one  of  the  lamps  did  you  see  ilumi- 

A.  Figure  No.  3. 

‘'•'“■''O'*  lamp? 

A.  No,  sir  ;  I  did  not. 

4 18^x-Q.  Do  you  know  who  did  ? 

•119  x-Q.  For  whom  did  you  make  that  lamp  ? 

A.  For  Mr.  Man. 

420  x-Q.  Did  Mr.  Sawyer  give  you  any  direction  in 
tlie  oonstruction  of  that  lamp? 

A.  No,  sir. 

^  "nilorstand  you.  wholly 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Man,  and  delivered  it  to 

A.  I  did,  sir. 

•422  x-Q.  Where  did  you  see  it  illuminated  ? 

A.  Mr.  Sawyer  turned  it  on  for  mo  soon  after  I  went 

4..3  x-Q.  AVliat  did  Sawyer  “  turn  on  ”  ? 

A.  Turned  on  the  current  of  electricity. 

1  '‘"V'S’  delivered  the 

lamp  to  Mr.  Man? 

after  "louth,  it  might  be  two  months 

42u  x-Q.  How  do  you  know  that  it  was  a  month  or 
two  months  ? 

A.  Well,  I  don’t  know  for  a  certainty.  I  am  only 
^lor  ^  "• 

4-G  x-Q.  Cim  you  give  the  time  when  you  went  into 
laboratory  ?°^  j^lessts.  Sawyer  A  Man  at  their  shop  or 

dats^"°’  *'*■>  ^  cannot.  I  have  no  recoUection  of  the 


427  x-Q.  Ciiu  you  tell  about  bow  long  it  was  nf 
yon  went  into  tlio  employ  of  Messra.  Sawyer  .t  Jinn 
tbeir  shoj)  before  Jlr.  Sawyer  turned  the'  current  i 
the  lamp  for  yon  ? 

A.  So,  sir ,  I  cannot.  I  can’t  give  it  any  nen 
Ilian  I  gave  it  before. 

428  x-Q.  Then,  I  nnderstaiid  you  to  sav  that  v, 
i.est  recollection  m  that  it  wa.s  within  “ne  or’l 
months  after  you  delivered  to  the  lamp  to  Jlr.  Jlan  i 
saw  that  same  lamp  ilhiminated  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

429  x-Q.  Can  yon  recollect  when  it  was  that  yon 
livered  the  lamp  to  Jlr.  Jlan  ? 

A.  -Vll  that  I  can  say  on  that  is  that  when  the  la 
was  tuiished  Jlr.  Jlan  took  it  away  with  him.  I  ci 
give  any  date  ;  I  can’t  remember  any. 

430  x-Q.  State  what  year  it  was,  and  ns  near  as  i 
can  what  tiiiie  in  the  vear? 

A.  I  don’t  know.  1  should  think  it  must  bo  soi 
whore  in  July  of  1878. 

431  x-Q.  Yon  are  referring  now  to  the  lamp  you  i 
illuminated,  as  I  understand  you  ■> 

A  I  am  referring,  1  believe-,  to  the  time  I  went 
work  for  Sawder  A-  Jlan,  if  I  undei-stand  it  right. 

432  x-Q.  You  misiniderstand  mu ;  I  am  referring 
the  time  when  you  delivered  the  last  lamp  you  nindi 
Jlr.  Jlan  ;  give  the  year  and  the  month  in  the  v 
when  that  occurred  ’f 

A.  I  think  it  must  have  been  soniowhero  about  J 
or  Juno  of  1878. 

‘•‘"t  “s  «»  you  can  give  the  date 

434  x-Q.  How  do  you  know  that  the  lamp  Jlr.  Si 
yer  turned  the  current  on  for  you,  as  you  have  testili 
was  the  identical  lamp  you  made  for  Jlr.  Jlan  ’f 
A.  Jlr.  Sawyer  told  me  that  that  was  the  lamp  i 
the  best  lamp  of  any  they  had  had.  That  is  the  f 

lamp  that  I  know  of  being  a  lamii.  I  did  not  kii 
that  It  was  a  lamp  until  I  went  to  get  my  pay  for 
from  Jlr.  Jlan.  Then  he  called  iiiv  attention  to  it  ii 


William  Sharp. 


3385 


.said  it  was  a  very  good  lamp,  and  he  thought  that  I 
might  like  to  know  what  I  had  been  working  on. 

435  x-Q.  JVas  that  before  or  after  you  had  seen  it  il- 
himninted  ? 

A.  It  was  before  I  .saw  It  illuminated  and  within  a 
few  (lays  after  I  delivered  it  to  Jfr.  Jlan. 

43(1  x-Q.  When  you  say  “lamp”  in  your  previous 
ansuer  yon  mean  an  incandescent  electric  lamp,  do 

A.  I  do,  sir. 

437  x-Q.  ’IVheii  yon  saw  this  lam],  ilhiminated  bv 
JIi.  Sawyer,  were  you  able  to  identify  it  as  the  lamp 
you  had  made,  irrospcetive  of  anything  Jlr.  Sawyer 
told  }*ou  V  o  j 

A.  Well,  I  can’t  ronieniber  now  ;  I  believe  I  made  a 
surprise  at  the  time,  and  told  Jlr.  Sawyer  1  wouldn’t 
have  known  it. 

iiaM 

A.  A  few  seconds. 

439  .x-Q  When  you  say  you  saw  it  ilhiminated  “a 
fmv  seconds,  do  you  mean  that  Jlr.  Sawyer  then  turned 
he  current  off  from  the  lam,,,  or  do  you  mean  that  the 
laiiii,  went  out  on  account  of  the  disruption  of  some  of 
Its  jiarts  ? 

A.  Jlr.  Sawyer  turned  the  current  off. 

440  x-Q.  At  that  time  did  you  understand  the  priu- 
ciiile  or  inode  of  oiicnitioii  of  these  lamps  ? 

A.  I  did  not. 

441  x-Q.  Do  you  undei-stand  the  principle  or  mode 
of  operation  of  the  lamps  now  ? 

A.  I  don’t  undei-stand  very  much  about  it  any  further 
tlian  one  jiolo  has  got  to  bo  insulated  from  the  other. 

44-  x-Q.  Is  that  all  you  know  about  it  ? 

A.  Perhiiijs  I  have  stated  that  wrong ;  I  ought  to 
have  said  I  believe  that  one  pole  should  be  insulated 

from  any  metallic  parts  of  the  works  of  the  lamp,  so 
that  the  two  poles  may  work  through. 

-143  x-Q.  After  you  made  the  first  lamp  shown  by 
your  pen  and  ink  sketches.  Figures  1  and  2,  how  long 


AVillinin  Sharp, 


was  it  before  you  made  the  other  one  shown  by  Figure 


A.  I  don’t  know;  I  should  suppose  it  would  be.  per- 
Imps,  a  cou})le  of  weeks. 

414  x-Q.  Is  that  all  the  lamps  you  made  for  Mr.  Man 
at  3-our  house  ? 

A.  That  is  all. 

The  two  jicn  and  ink  sketches  made  and  pro¬ 
duced  by  the  witness,  marked  ns  Figures  1,  i 
and  3,  arc  offered  in  evidence  as  Comi)lainant’s 
ExhibiU  Sharp's  Drawings,  said  exhibits  being 
offered  lus  i)art  of  the  cro.s3-oxamination  of  the 
witness  Shari),  ni«l  the  same  are  marked  Com¬ 
plainant’s  Exhibits  Sharp’s  Drawings,  Figures  1 
2  and  3,  March  2d,  1889. 


•Ho  x-Q.  After  you  had  delivertil  the  lamps,  about 
which  you  have  boon  testifying,  to  Mr.  Man,  what  is 
the  next  work  you  did  for  them  or  either  of  them  'i 

A.  I  can’t  remember  the  class  of  work  I  did  there. 

44G  x-Q.  Did  where 

A.^At  Centro  and  Howard  streets. 

447  x-Q.  Was  Centro  and  Hownixl  streets  the  place 
w-hero  yon  did  the  first  work  for  them  or  either  of  them 
after  making  and  delivering  the  two  lamps  to  Mr.  JIan 

A  H  ‘‘-■stifying  ? 

-448  x-Q.  And,  ns  I  understand  yon,  you  do  not  recol¬ 
lect  what  the  work  was  that  you  first  did  when  voii 
went  in  their  employ  at  Centre  and  Howard  streets'? 

A.  That  is  right. 

449  x-Q.  What  kind  of  work  wore  you  eiuiiloycil 
upon  for  them  at  Centre  and  Howard  streets? 

A.  As  near  as  1  can  tell,  it  was  parts  of  electric 
lamps.  AV  hen  I  first  went  there  I  didn’t  know  anything 
about  e  ectricity.  I  was  working  with  Mr.  Sawyer, 
helping  him  out  at  whatever  ho  was  doing. 

•150  x-Q.  Do  you  meau  Mr.  Win.  E.  Sawyer? 

A.  ^o;  I  mean  Mr.  AVm.  Sawyer. 


imug  ican  aistinctlj- remember  is  pioci 
«  like  the  sketch  wliich  I  now  make  on  this  shcc 
\\  ituess  makes  the  nccompau3-iug  sketch. 


■Iu2  x-Q.  AVhat  are  these  sketches  inteuiled  to  repre 
unt?  I  mean,  what  wore  these  pieces  of  brass  for  ? 

A.  As  far  as  my  knowledge  goes,  they  wore  parts  o 
ume  of  the  lamps  they  were  then  making. 

4o3  x-Q.  Was  it  not  explained  to  you  what  parts  o 
10  lamp  these  pieces  of  bra.s8  wore  intended  for? 

A.  I  don’t  know  that  it  was.  I  supposed  at  the  tinn 
lat  I  was  on  lamp  work. 

■Ia4  x-Q.  Blit  really  you  didn’t  know  whether  yoi 
ere  or  not? 

A.  I  did  not. 

455  x-Q.  How  many  of  these  pieces  of  brass  did  you 
like  and  how  long  were  you  to  work  upon  them  ?  ‘ 

A,  I  have  no  recollection. 

45G  x-Q.  What  else  did  you  work  on  besides  these 
oces  of  brass  ? 

A.  That  was  all  I  can  recollect. 

457  x-Q.  Was  this  work  done  in  the  shop  of  Ai'uoiix 
Hoclihauson  ? 

A.  It  was. 

458  x-Q.  Under  the  direction  of  Air.  AVm.  Sawyer,  as 
indoi-stand  j'ou  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

lu'J  x-Q.  How  much  of  j-oiir  time  at  Howard  and 
litre  streets  was  spent  at  work  in  the  shop  of  Ai-uoux 
Hochhauseh,  and  how  much  of  your  time  was  spent 
ivnstairs  in  the  room  of  Air.  Sawyer? 


4G0  x-Q.  Now,  when  tlie  shop  or  liilx)ratory  of  Sii 
yer  &  Man  was  inovetl  from  Howard  and  Coutro  stra 
fo  tho  comer  of  -Walker  and  Elm,  did  von  go  with  tin 
and  contiune  right  on  in  their  employ? 

A.  I  did  not,  not  at  first. 

4til  x-Q.  How  long  after  the  removal  to  tho  con 
of  AValkor  and  Elm  before  yon  went  there  to  work 
Sawyer  .fc  Man  ? 

A.  M  hen  Sawyer  it  Man  moved  I  went  to  work 
Arnonx  A  Hoehhansen.  Then  thev  used  to  borrow 
from  Arnonx  .fc  Hoehhansen  about  everv  day  or  ev. 
other  .lay  to  do  some  job  for  them  for 'perhaps  two 
three  weeks.  Then  they  took  me  to  work  for  tin 
altogether  nutil  .Sawyer  .fc  Man  disagreed  and  broke 
tuo  business. 

4C2X.Q.  And  that  was  when? 

A.  I  can't  give  you  any  dates.  I  don’t  remeiul 
them. 

4(13  x-Q.  Now,  during  tho  time  that  Sawvor  .fc  J1 
were  borrowing  you  of  Arnonx  .fc  Hoehhansen,  h 
ranch  of  your  time  was  spent  in  tho  laboratory  of  S.i 
yer  .fc  JIan  after  their  removal  to  Walker  and  E 
streets  ? 

-4.  I  don’t  know.  I  might,  [lerlmps,  have  been  tin 
one,  two  or  three  days  in  tho  week. 

4G4  x-Q.  AVhat  work  was  you  engaged  upon  for  tli 
during  that  time  ? 

A.  That  I  don’t  remember. 

405  x-Q.  After  you  loft  Arnonx  .fc  Hochlmusou’s  c 
ploy  and  wont  into  the  omiiloymout  of  Sawyer  .fc  31; 
what  work  were  you  engaged  upon  for  them.  I  nnj 
when  yon  first  wont  in  their  emiiloy  there  ? 

A.  It  was  work  similar  to  what  I  have  been  worki 
onidltho  way  through,  experimentid  work,  such 
making  parts  for  experimental  lam|)s. 

400  x-Q,  What  were  tho  firat  experiments  or  pa 
for  experimentid  lamps  that  you  worked  on  after  go 
to  work  in  that  shop  ? 

A.  I  couldn’t  tell  you  no  more  than  if  I  had  uc 


Met  pm-siiant  to  ndjonrnment. 

Present— Mn.  GniFn.s  for  defendants,  Jin.  Keku  f 
complainant,  and  Jin.  Aliiox  JI.\n  and  the  cross-ex-ii 
ination  of  Mn.  SiiAitn  was  continued. 

Qi;estioxs  ny  Jin.  Keiiii  : 

ycTl  Man  ^ 

A.  Do  you  mean  I>y  “  assembling  ”  putting  them  ti 
gethor  ?  " 

408  x-Q.  Yes. 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

not  ?^ 

A.  Are  j-oti  referring  to  No.  3  now  ? 

470  .x-Q.  No,  I  am  not  referring  to  No.  3. 

A.  All  but  tho  firat  one  I  made. 

471  x-Q.  And  tho  working  parts  were  all  mountei 
on  that  base  ijlato,  weren’t  thev 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

472  x-Q.  Then  when  the  lamp  was  put  together  tin 


working  parts  wei-e  inserted  into  the  glass  globe,  mn 
the  base  plate  was  elaniped  to  the  lower  open  end  o 
the  glass  globe  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

473  x-Q.  How  was  it  clamped  ? 

A.  They  wore  clamped  by  two  rings— one  above  the 
tango  of  the  glass  globe,  one  under  tho  base  and 
ilampcd  together  with  about  six  screws,  as  near  as  I 
am  think. 

474  x-Q.  -iVhen  yon  wanted  to  take  out  the  working 

larts  what  did  you  do  ?  ” 

.  A.  We  had  to  take  the  screws  out,  and  take  the 
mgs  off  and  take  the  works  all  out  with  the  base. 

475  x-Q.  Jlorely  pull  them  out  ? 


476  x^Q.  How  long  <li<]  it  tnko  yon  to  tinilo  tbo  six 

A.  It  might  take  about  two  or  tliroo  iniinitcs. 

477  x-Q.  Then  how  long  .li.l  it  take  to  pull  off  the 
rings  and  pull  the  base  plate  off  the  lam|>  ? 

A.  About  one  minute,  I  guess. 

478  x-Q.  AVasn’t  that  a  long  while  for  that  opera¬ 
tion  ? 

A.  .Sometimes  it  was  not. 

479  x-Q.  Why  not  ? 

A.  .Sometimes  we  would  have  to  warm  the  bottoms 
of  the  lamps  to  get  them  apart -soften  the  cement. 

480  x-Q.  Did  you  ever  have  to  pry  the  base  plate 

oir  >  ‘ 

A.  Not  very  hard. 

•181  x-Q.  How  long  did  it  take  you  to  wiiie  out  the 
globe  '! 

A.  1  don’t  remember  whether  I  wiped  out  the  globes 
or  not.  I  might  have  done  it  sometimes. 

482  x-Q.  Did  you  ever  put  in  a  new  carbon  in  tlie 
clumps  ? 

A.  That  is  something  I  can’t  distinctly  remember. 

483  x-Q.  Did  you  ever  see  it  done  ? 

A.  Yes,  1  believe  I  have  seen  it  done. 

484  x-Q.  Where  there  were  screws  to  clamp  the  car¬ 
bons,  how  long  did  it  tnko  to  take  out  an  old  one  and 

"mi  screw  up  the  clamping  screws  '! 

A.  That  IS  something  I  can’t  give  just  exactly ;  I 
should  think  on  an  average  it  might  take  a  couple  of 

485  x-Q.  A  couple  of  hours  to  unscrew  two  screws, 
tnko  out  a  littio  piece  of  carbon  less  than  an  inch  long 
from  the  loose  clamps,  and  then  put  in  another  piece 
into  the  open  clamps  and  screw  up  two  elamiiing 
screws  again.  Do  you  mean  that  ? 

A.  Ill  taking  down  a  lamp  there  was  always  more  or 
less  cleaning  to  bo  done,  and  instead  of  two  clamping  . 

486  x-Q.  Six  clamping  screws  to  hold  the  carbon  in 
the  earbou  clamps— do  you  mean  that  ? 

A.  ^o,  sir;  I  mean  putting  the  lamp  together,  all 


487  X 


-.  -  I  didn’t  say  anything  about  cleanin 
l-iittiiig  the  laiii])  together  all  through.  Xow  pleas 
back  to  question  485  and  answer  it  ? 

A.  No,  sir ;  that  wasn’t  my  general  work,  piittii 
tlie  carbons. 

488  x-Q.  That  don’t  answer  my  question.  How 
would  It  take  to  unscrew  the  two  clamping  screws  w 
held  the  carbon  ? 

A.  I  don’t  know  whether  two  clamiiing  screws  c 
ill  on  the  carbon.  ° 

489  x-Q.  How  was  the  carbon  held 

A.  As  near  ns  I  can  think  of  it,  it  was  done  wit 
small  wire  and  a  spiral  spring,  with  a  short  pieci 
threaded  wire  and  one  nut  to  regulate  it. 

•WO  x-Q.  How  long  would  it  take  to  take  a  brc 
carbon  out  of  that  kind  of  a  fastening  ? 

-A.  They  would  generally  fall  out  "themselves,  bi 
and  fall  out. 

•101  x-Q.  Then  how  long  would  it  tnko  you  to  pii 
new  carbon  back  into  those  fastening  devices  ? 

A.  Without  cleaning  it  would  take  about  a  eoiinle 
minutes. 

•102  x-Q.  Then  after  you  had  the  carbon  in  the  clc 
and  the  globe  oleanod  you  jiiit  the  lamp  together  bv 
sorting  the  works  inside  of  the  globe,  putting  on  the’  I 
^•b>nil«»g  rings  at  the  bottom  and  screwing  up  the 
!erews  in  the  elamping  rings,  did  you  not  ’ 

A.  I  did. 


401  x-Q.  How  long  did  that  take  you  ? 

A.  Before  doing  that  we  had  to  cement  the  t 
glasses  with  Canada  balsam.  I  had  to  bo  very  care 
not  to  got  the  balsam  smeared  on  the  inside  and  fortl 
raison  and  being  careful  not  to  break  the  ghuss  liy  tig! 
smug  one  screw  tighter  than  another  it  would  ta 
tifteeii  or  twenty  miiuitcs. 

•191  x-Q.  Did  you  put  the  balsam  on  the  base  pin 
31'  on  the  end  of  the  globe  ? 

A.  I  suppose  I  put  it  on  the  end  of  the  globe.  Th 
'OuUl  bo  the  most  proper  place. 

495  x-Q.  You  simply  touched  the  end  of  the  "loi 
nth  a  brush  dipped  in  the  balsam,  did  vou  not  ?  " 


4!)G  x-Q.  How  much  of  tlio  fifteen  or  twenty  niinnl 
(lid  It  tiike  yon  to  put  the  bnlsani  on  the  end  of  t 
globe  ? 

A.  It  might  tnko  tivo  or  three  iiiiiiiitcs  to  put  it 
Hie  glolio  and  work  it  evenly  throngli,  leaving  no  i 

minlt?o  im'tTn 

A.  That  is  the  figures  a.s  near  as  I  can  give  them 
ion  I  never  timed  myself  on  any  of  the  work. 

•1J8  x-Q.  Don’t  you  think  that  you  have  given  fc 
or  no  times  too  much  time  to  thatoperutioiiof  putti 
in  SIX  screws  ? 

A.  I  don’t  think  I  have  given  any  too  mueh  time  I 
taking  It  altogether. 

-iOf)  x-Q.  I  am  not  taking  it  altogether.  I  am  taki 
tfie  SIX  screws  by  themselves  'f 
A.  I  don’t  think  Ilmvo  given  much  over  thetime  tl 
it  would  take. 

500  x-Q.  Isn’t  it  a  fact  that  this  work  was  .lone 
3lr.  Myers  iiud  not  by  yourself  ns  ii  usual  thing  ? 

A.  As  a  usual  thing  it  was  done  by  myself. 

501  x-Q.  How  often  did  yon  do  it  altogether  ? 

A.  I  can’t  say.  I  don’t  remember. 

502  x-Q.  Ten  times? 

A.  Yes. 

503  x-Q.  More  than  that  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

501  x-Q.  Twenty  times  ? 

A.  Yes,  over  fifty  times. 

505  x-Q.  How  much  over  fifty  times? 


uOG  x-Q.  Are  you  willing 


u07  x-Q.  IVhat  is  your  impre.ssion  ? 

A.  I  haven’t  got  any. 

508  x-Q.  Then  you  are  not  willing  to  swear  that  ■ 
lid  it  more  than  fifty  times? 

^Ox^'DidJIyeis  ever  change  any  carbons? 
-Mr.  eJw:!;.;^^" 

ulO  x-Q.  'rho  only  other  thing  neeessarv  in  chaiiL' 
1.0  carbons  was  to  exhaust  am!  fill  the  hin;;,.s-l!"^ 

fA.  Y^,si.^„.e, 1.1  know;  there  wi.  seal 

e.di.lg'?^'*'  " filling. 

-V  I  have  .seen  Edward  Sawyer  do  it,  Edward  My 
ind  riiomas  Stillman. 

512  x-tj.  ■\Vhoro  ili.l  thev  ilo  it  '> 

A.  'I’liey  did  it  on  Mr.  Myem’  beneh. 
jil3  .x-(J.  What  kind  of  apparatus  did  they  have 
''1  *>11  o  the  lamp  ? 

A.  'The  Grst  tiling  I  saw  was  a  couple  of  rubber  b 
-gas  Dags.  Ihe  aj)])aratus  they  had  after  that  I  d. 
Ii»t.nct  y  remember.  'They  put  two  or  three  in  a  li 
ttaehed  them  together  with  rubber  tube.s,  made  the 
n  a  g.LS  retort  and  foree.l  it  thioiigh  the  lamps. 

1  n  s'r  "  'T’Poratiis  placed  ? 

A._Ou  Mr.  Myers’  beneh  in  the  shop. 

vitli  ^  '““‘■““‘T 

A.  There  was  a  glass  tube  with  a  bottle  of  mere 
'1.  the  bottom  of  the  tube.  I  don’t  remember  soeim 
ittached  to  the  lamps.  ‘ 

51G  x-Q.  Was  there  more  than  one  merciirv  tube  ! 

A.  1  , Ion  t  remember  whether  there  was  one  or  tw 
-'i-Q.  Did  you  see  any  other  chemical  appara 


322  sc-Q.  Was  it  put  up  uvory  time  it  was  usei 
10 '1  taken  down  ? 

A.  I  liavo  stated  tlmt  I  don't  know  wlietlier  i 
Biiuiineiitly  or  not.  1  don’t  reiuembor  wlnit  kin 
1  aiipiiratus  it  was.  It  was  sonictiiing  in  form 
ick  or  slielf.  Tliat  is  all  1  can  tell  about  it. 

523  x-Q.  Do  j-ou  reuieuibor  anytliing  of  a  s 
eing  used  to  show  the  form  of  a  carbon  in  tlio  hi 

A.  I  think  1  remember  seeing  a  screen  one 
hen  they  had  an  exhibition  in  the  office.  Thei 
)uie  magnifying  glasses.  That  is  about  all  I  roi 
er  of  it. 

524  x-Q.  Was  that  tlie  only  time  you  ever  sa\ 


A.  That  is  the  only  time. 

525  x-Q.  How  often  were  you  in  the  front  office 
A.  I  don’t  know.  I  might  perhaps  bo  two  or  I 
mes  a  dav  in  it.  The  screen  I  .saw  was  after  tin 


«31  x-Q.  Then  you  are  not  willing  to  swear 
vor  used  a  paper  carbon  lamp? 

A.  I  never  saw  them  use  one. 

*  nuswer  the  (juestioi 

A.^  Or  heard  of  them  using  such  a  thing. 

answer  the  question 

A.  I  am  not  willing  to  swear  to  sometliiiij 
ow  anytliing  about.  ' 

>34  x-Q.  Wore  they  in  the  habit  of  tollin 


V.  riiey  were  not  in  the  habit  of  telling  me 
y  wore  doing,  but  I  think  if  there  was  anytl 
1 1  would  bo  apt  to  know  something  about  it 
35  x-Q.  AVhat  do  you  moan  by  “like  that”! 

1.  The  like  of  paper  carbon,  or  anything 
cription.  "  ° 

30  x-Q.  And  yet  you  didn’t  know  what  they  a 


Willmiii  Slmri). 


r  old  Mr.  S 


538  x-Q.  Did  Sftn-3-or  or  Mnii,  < 
iisnor  all  3-our  questions  ? 

A.  No,  sir  ;  I  can’t  say  they  would  answer  all. 

539  x-Q.  Didn’t  they  rather  snub  you  ? 

A.  No,  sir  ;  they  did  not. 

540  x-Q.  Don’t  you  know  that  there  was  a  nun 
lings  going  on  there  that  you  knew  nothing  aho 
A.  rhere  was  things  going  on  there,  when  it  ( 

inceru  me,  that  was  going  on  any  way  seeretlv 
wouldn  t  ask  questions. 

o41  x-Q.  Wasn’t  your  work  principally  brass- 


jppe 


id  cop]) 


It  1 


s  iiri 


arhous  they  used  trea 


542  x-Q.  W’ere  all  the 
1,  or  hydro-earhon  gas  ? 

A.  Hydro-earhon  gas  is  something  I  don’t  knoi 
ling  about.  I  don’t  know  what  it  is,  without  it 

ained  tome.  The  earbons  was  all,  I  believe,  ti 

oils  of  some  kind.  I  think  I  have  seen  it  di 
iphtha  ;  I  am  not  sure. 

543.  x-Q.  After  a  carbon  was  treated,  could  vc 
lint  the  original  carbon  was’:’ 

A.  I  eouldn  t  see  that  there  was  much  dilTerenco 
uatingtlmn  they  were  before  treating,  except 
ight  he  a  little  thicker  and  a  little  brighter. 

.•)s4  x-Q.  Did  you  ever  have  treated  carbons  to  ] 
ups,  the  original  carbons  of  which,  before  treat 


A.  The  iilacing  of  the  carbons  in  the  lamps  wi 
lart  of  my  business. 

545  x-Q.  Did  you  over  see  treated  carbons 
gmal  carbons  of  which  before  treatment  yo 


I  couldn’t  say  anything  about  that. 

540  x-Q.  Do  you  think  it  is  an  easy  matter  t 
at  kind  of  carbon  a  treated  carbon  originally  wii 
A.  I  never  took  mucti  notice  of  them. 

>47  x-Q.  Plen.se  make  a  ])lan  of  the  rooms  at  AV 
1  Elm  streets,  showing  the  position  of  your  hi 
'.  Myere,  the  machinery,  office,  boiler,  boiler  r 
ter  closet  and  the  whole  thing,  and  any  other  n 


Sharp. 


3397 


Sawyer  .t  Man’s  b.isi- 

Adjouriicd  for  one  hour. 


Resumed  after  luuclieoii. 

A.  I  have  made  and  produce  a  sketcli _ A.  is  Hr  Ed 

ward  Sawyer’s  desk,  B  the  latlie.  C  William' Sawyer’s 
vise.  D  n.-st  dynamo,  E  is  my  vise,  F  is  Mr.  Myers’ 
«  second  dynamo,  H  l.oiler,  I  the  engine  ai.d  J 

348  x-Q.  Wliat  is  tlie  place  marked  K  ? 

A.  The  place  marked  Iv  is  an  opening,  I  believe  be- 
tweoii  tlio  fii-st  floor  aud  tlio  roof.  ’ 

340  x-Q.  What  occupied  that  space,  if  anything? 

A.  On  the  second  floor  it  was  not  occupied  bv  any¬ 
thing,  It  was  fenced  round,  if  I  can  remember.  ”  ' 

u50  x-Q.  Wasn’t  the  water  closet  J  between  that 
space  E  and  the  engine? 

A.  I  think  not. 

uol  x-Q  Do  you  remember  about  a  pump  for  ex- 
liaiistmg  the  laiiip.s  ? 

A.  I  don't  know  of  any  particular  pump  with  the  o.\- 
coption  of  the  glass  tube  and  the  bottle  of  mercury 
that  I  have  mentioned  before  ;  I  don’t  know  of  that 
being  as  a  pump  any  further  than  Mr.  Man  spoke  to  me 
about’ it  recently. 

332  x-Q.  How  closely  were  you  at  your  bench  E  ? 

A.  I  was  working  from  the  bench  to  the  lathe  B 
principally. 

tim!1>^'^'  ‘be  greater  part  of  the 

A.  I  think  at  the  vise. 

oo4  x-Q.  When  working  there  voui  back  was  to  the 
balance  of  the  room,  was  it  not  ? 

A^  Back  of  the  bench,  this  way,  I  faced  the  window. 
005  x-Q  Is  the  room  in  which  Mr.  Sawyer’s  desk 
appeals  what  you  have  referred  to  as  the  office  ? 

A.  Yes,  sir. 


558  s-Q.  Do  you  know  tlmt  Jlr.  William  E.  Saw 
was  aottiiig  up  lanii)s,  puttiiiK  ■»  carbons,  (esting  c 
lx)ns  and  making  incasiiroiiiuiits  in  the  oftice  ? 

A.  No,  sir;  I  don’t  know  as  I  knew  Ihat.  I  kn 
tlmt  there  has  been  lamps  put  up,  some  on  1 
wall  and  some  on  the  chandelier.  I  have  seen  li 
filing  carbons.  1  don’t  know  about  .setting  up  r 
testing  them.  I  may  have  seen  him  do  such  thin 
but  I  bc-ing  working  at  my  vice  E,  or  at  the  lathe 
cunlu  not  see  much  in  the  office. 

559  XrQ.  How  many  lamps  were  on  the  chnndelici 

A.  I  couldn’t  say  whether  thc.'re  was  three  or  four. 

500  x-(J.  How  many  lam])s  were  put  up  around  i 

room,  not  on  the  chandelier '! 

A.  I  have  no  distinct  recollection  of  that.  I  <lc 
know  of  moie  than  three  or  four.  I  know  there  v 
one  on  the  ollico  side  of  the  jiartition,  between  I 
office  and  the  workshop.  I  believe  there  was  one 
the  front  of  the  building  between  the  windows.  Th 
was  one  I  know ;  whether  there  was  more  than  one,  t 
or  more,  on  the  Elm  street  side.  I  don’t  remeuil 
setung  anything  on  the  stairway  partition. 

oOl  x-Q.  Do  you  remember  anything  abouta  hai 
lamii  on  Sawyer’s  table '! 

A.  1  have  no  recollection  of  a  hand-lamp  on  Sawy. 


table,  but  I  have  seen  a  i)ictme  of  it  in  the  “  Sciont 
American." 

‘>02  x-Q.  About  these  chandelier  lamps ;  did  tl 


William  Sharp. 


5399 


I  an^'  testing  instrumenls 


504  x-Q.  Did  you  e 
in  the  office  ? 

A  I  don’t  know  hardly  how  to  answer  that  question, 
i  keliovo  there  has  been  such  a  thing  in  there  or  some 
mention  of  getting  one. 

shopV'^ 

A.  No,  sir;  I  believe  not.  I  believe  there  was  some- 
thiug-somethiug  with  a  piece  of  black  cloth  around 
Mr.  Myer’s  bench  for  a  time.  I  know  the  cloth  took 
lire  and  burned  up.  I  believe  it  was  a  small  closet  with 
.some  kind  of  chemicals  in. 

500  x-Q.  M  ere  there  any  galvanic  batteries  in  the 
ofiice  room  ? 

A.  I  never  saw  any  batteries  further  than  the  two 
dynamos. 

5U8  x-Q.  But  they  weren’t  in  the  front  room  were 
they  ?  ’ 

A.  No,  sir. 

5G9  x-(J.  Please  tell  me  what  money,  if  any,  vou 
have  received  from  Mr.  Bussell  or  from  anybody  in 
any  way  connected  with  the  Edison  Electiic  Light 
Company  in  connection  with  the  matter  of  the  testi¬ 
mony  you  have  supplied  or  promised  to  siqiiilv  them  in 
reference  to  Sawyer  &  Man 
A.  I  received  ten  dollars  last  Friday  ;  I  was  out  of 
pocket  money ;  I  asked  Mr.  Griffin  if’ho  could  let  me 
bave  a  little  change,  ns  I  was  getting  short,  and  he  gave 
niG  the  ten  dollars.  I  have  made  jio  agi'ccnient  what- 
oven  Mr.  Bussell  gave  me  ten  dollars  to  come  down 
to  New  York  from  Ansonia.  I  made  no  amingements 
for  what  testimony  I  should  give.  I  didn’t  know  when 
I  came  down  really  what  I  was  coming  for.  I  made  no 
nmuigements  for  my  testimony  or  money. 

570  x-Q.  How  much  did  you  receive  when  you  came 
to  Now  York  the  first  time  ? 

A.  AVheu  I  got  through  with  the  testimony  Mr.  Tom¬ 
linson  gave  me  sixty-five  dollars. 

0(1  x-Q.  What  wages  were  you  receiving  at  Ansonia’? 
A.  Three  dollar's  a  day. 

5' 2  x-Q.  Did  Mr.  Bussell  tell  you  that  it  would  be 


lie  paid  pretty  liberally  f 


574  x-Q.  Had  you  ki 

A.  I  dou’t-know  tliat 

575  x-Q.  Do  you  lueii 
at  the  request  of  an  out 
and  trouble  ? 


loss  of  time  ami  troubh 


known  3Ir.  Rnssoll  before  tha 

at  I  ever  saw  bini  before, 
lean  tlmt  you  eaino  to  New  Yorl 
intire  stranger,  risking  your  tiiai 


A.  1  mean  to  .say  that  there  wius  about  a  half  : 
dozen  men  eaine  cliasing  me  around  at  Ansonia,  waul, 
iiig  to  find  out  sometliing,  I  don't  know  what.  Mr 
Russell  spoke  pretty  frank  to  me.  Ho  gave  me  some 
idea  what  was  wanted.  I  came  down  and  thought  1 
would  give  my  evideuee,  ns  I  did  not  suppose  it  would 
amount  to  anything,  and  as  that  might  put  an  end  to 
I)eo|)lo  ruiniiiig  aftur  mo. 

57(i  Am  I  to  imclorstand,  tlu*n,  tlmt  you  cam.* 
to  -New  York  with  Mr.  Russell,  an  utter  stranger. 
Without  any  umlerstanding  with  him  ? 

A.  I  didn’t  eome  down  with  Mr.  Rus.solI,  and  thme 
was  no  understanding  as  to  inonev. 

577  x-Q.  Money' is  not  the  only  valuable  considera¬ 
tion.  as  thoro  any  undei-stauding  as  to  anythiim  eb.' 
Ill  the  shape  of  a  consideration 

A.  No,  sii  ;  there  was  not.  3Iy  iiiidei'staiiding  as  to 
eoming  down  with  ati  utter  stranger  was  that  I  was 
eoining  to  my  old  homo  and  to  see  my  own  pooiile. 
If  It  had  been  in  any  other  place  I  wouldn’t  have  cm, o. 


William  Sharp. 


3401 


579  x-Q.  After  that  when  did  von  next  see  Mr 
Russell?  ' 

-oo^  "■?  "“"••ling. 

oSO  x-Q.  MTiat  did  ho  saj-  to  j-ou  ? 

A.  I  can’t  jiwt  remember  what  he  said  to  me  then. 
He  spoke  to  me  and  asked  mo  if  I  didn’t  know  him.  I 
o  (  inn  es.  He  tohl  mo  that  these  people  wanted 
to  see  mo  again,  that  they  had  made  a  change  and  that 
Ml.  Tomlinson  was  out  of  Mr.  Edison’s  emplov.  and 
that  there  wim  a  man  by  the  name  of  Dyer  in  hi.s'place. 
limt  IS  nboiit  nil  I  remember.  He  told  me  tlmt  Mi- 
Dyer  wanted  to  see  me. 

if  yoi  came  oimr  ? 

A.  I  don’t  know  that  ho  did. 

582  x-Q.  Y’ou  don’t  know  that  ho  didn’t,  though 
A.  I  don  t  kuow  really  particularly  what  he  did 
pidd  ^  “ponses 

o83  x-Q.  What  else  do  you  expect  ? 

A.  I  have  got  no  expectation. 

voif?  ^  *'"''0“’fc 

o83  x-Q.  Now,  referring  to  the  time  you  were  at  the 
'valkor  and  Elm  street  shoii,  what  other  work,  if  any 
'vas  done  besides  ninking  lnm]is  there  ? 

A.  I  saw  Mr.  Sawyer  tinkering  with  a  meter  or  trvin<' 

0  get  up  a  meter  to  measure  an  electric  eurreiit,'and 
nere  was  sometliing  done  concerning  some  switch.  I 
jelievo  I  made  some  patterns  and  they  got  castings, 
iliat  is  about  ns  much  as  I  muember  of  them.  I  done 
some  work  at  it,  but  I  don’t  remember  what ;  I  don’t 
romombor  finishing  them. 

KE-wiiEcrr  m-  Mit.  Giuffi.n  ; 

o8G  Re-d.  Q.  Did  you  ever  see  Mr.  Broadnax  before 
3011  mot  him  at  this  examination  ? 

A.  I  did,  sir. 


58S  Ko-d.  Q.  About  wlmt  did  lie  talk  to  you  ? 

A.  I  can’t  reiuetuber  just  exactly  just  wliat  it  was 
id.  Ho  spoke  about  Sawyer-Man,  tbe  Sawyer-M 
inp.  I  cau’t  roinembor  what  it  was  be  asked  mu. 
siiected  tbero  was  some  trouble  about  it,  and  I  didi 
lilt  to  bare  aiiytliiiig  to  .say  about  it. 

58U  Ite-d.  Q.  Did  bo  come  to  see  you  again  '! 

o‘J0  Ite-d.  Q.  Did  you  sec  liim  again  ‘i 
A.  Mr.  JIau  took  mu  over  to  bis  oflico,  spoke  a  b 
irds  couceriiing  what  I  know  about  the  lamps,  thou. 
Hove  it  was  last  Tuesday  night— Jlonday,  I  guess 
IS — I  nm  not  sure  whether  it  was  last  week  or  not— 
ink  it  must  bo  the  week  before  last— I  know  it  w; 
fore  Mr.  Kussell  came  to  see  me~I  think  it  ma 
ve  been  Tuesday  night  of  week  before  last,  I  had 
to  given  to  me  to  go  and  see  Mr.  Uroaduax. 

501  l{e-d.  (}.  Did  you  go  '! 

A.  Yes,  sir. 

5!)2  l{e-d.  Q.  M  hat  ilid  he  talk  to  you  about '! 

A.  Ho  wanted  to  know  what  I  had  done  on  lam] 
il  diU’erout  things  when  I  worked  for  Jlossrs.  Sawv. 
Man. 


5118  ]{e-d.  Q.  Did  he  ask  you  about  jinper  carbons  V 
A.  Yes,  sir;  wanted  to  know  it  I  hadn't  soon  then 
old  him  that  [  hadn’t  seen  any  or  hoard  of  any,  oal 
at  I  had  seen  and  heard  of  in  Ausonia. 

391  Ho-d.  Q.  You  say  Mr.  3Ian  took  vou  once  to  M 


oadnax ;  liow  did  Mr.  Man  como  to  see  you 
V.  Mr.  Jran  was  settling  the  business  for  the  hoiisi' 
.0  been  lately  buying,  and  from  there  ho  took  an 
if  to  Xow  York,  hero  somewhere.  He  took  me  to  hi 
ce  ;  from  there  I  went  with  Mr.  Man  to  Mr.  Droail 


•*i  il  T«T  ^  a.s  111  any  way  coimectecl 

with  the  Edison  Company,  or  Mr.  Russell,  or  Mr  Tom 
bnsou,  .Mr.  Dyer  or  mv.self  como  after  you  in  anv 
way? 

A.  No,  sir. 

o9G  Re-d.  Q.  Besides  Mr.  Broadnax  and  Mr  Russell 


Objected  to  (  1  t  t  1  t  e  o: 

having  identitied  Mr.  Broadnax  sulliciontlv  as  a 
man  who  came  to  see  him  at  Ansonia. 

A.  No,  sir;  I  do  not. 

307  Ro-d.  Q.  AVas  the  Mr.  Broadnax,  who  was  ex- 
'‘miiiingjou  Saturday,  the  Mr.  Broadnax  you  referred 
to  m  re-direct  answer  587  ? 

•A.  Yes,  sir. 

u!)8  Re-d.  Q.  Do  you  remember  Jlr.  Broadnax  com¬ 
ing  to  see  j-ou  at  Ansonia,  or  not? 

A.  lie.  oiler  .  .  1  Id,  ,,, 

bnii.  M  hen  I  got  in  convei-sation  with  him  liero  in 
-^ew  Aork  lasked  him  if  he  hadn’t  boon  to  Ansonia  to 
see  1110,  and  ho  said  ho  had. 

Adjourned  till  Tuesday,  .Alarcli  5th,  at  II 
o’clock. 

Hofoudant’s  counsel  here  stated  of  record  that 
the  reason  of  liis  adjourning  at  10  minutes  to  4 
is  booaitso  ho  has  a  compulsory  referoiico  in  the 
K.  Y.  Supremo  Court  in  wjiicli  au  adjotiriimont 
has  boon  refused. 


3404 


AVilliaiii  Slinri) 


Tuesday,  March  otli,  1889. 

Met  pursuaut  to  adjounimeat. 

Present— Mit.  Gkiffi.v,  for  defendant ;  Mit.  Kerii,  foi 
complniuaut,  andMii.ALlio.\  Ma.\;  and  the  examina¬ 
tion  of  Mr.  SiiARF  continued  n.s  follows ; 

599  Ee-d.  Q.  You  were  asked  in  eross  question  581 
whether  yon  had  bought  a  house  lately,  and  you  an¬ 
swered  that  you  had.  Did  you  ever  ncntion  this  pur¬ 
chase  to  me  or  any  of  the  Edison  people  V 

A.  No,  .sir. 

(iOO  Ec-d.  Q.  Hius  the  matter  anything  to  do  with 
your  testimony  in  this  suit  ? 

A.  It  does  not. 

(JOl  Ec-d.  Q.  Going  back  to  your  work  for  Mr.  Man 
in  Brooklyn,  did  you  do  any  work  for  him  there  cxcc|>t 
as  you  have  already  testified '! 

A.  I  got  a  recess  from  the  shop ;  I  don’t  remember 
.  how  it  was ;  and  the  switches  wo  wore  talking  about 
yesterday— the  eastings— I  remember  that  I  forme.  1 
some  slides  of  shoot-brass.  That  is  about  as  much  as 
I  rememlx:r  on  that  arrangement.  I  know  that  Mr. 
Man  paid  me  for  them  when  I  brought  them  into  tli.' 
shop. 

G02  Be-d.  Q.  Wore  you  ever  at  Sawyer’s  shop,  41  or 
43  Centro  street  ? 

A.  No,  sir,  I  was  not. 

(103  Ee-d.  Q.  At  your  home  or  shop  in  Brooklyn  did 
you  over  bore  several  dozen  glass  base  plates  for  Mr. 
Man  or  Mr.  Sawyer  ? 

A.  I  have  a  slight  recollection  of  drilling  one  or  two 
holes,  but  no  such  quantity  us  one  or  two  dozen. 

(104  Ee-d.  Q.  'Where  do  you  remember  drilling  these 
holes,  in  Brooklyn  or  at  Sawyer  it  Man’s  ? 

A.  I  think  I  did  the  first  ones  at  m3'  own  home,  if 
all}',  and  I  think  likel)'  that  I  done  some  in  Walker 
street. 

G05  Be-d.  Q.  You  have  testified  as  to  a  lamp  with  a 
circular  carbon.  Did  you  over  see  or  hear  of  as  many 


C_1  Re-(1.  Q.  You  talktMl  about  oloaiiiiig  tlio  works 
le^Iamj)  and  taking  thoni  aimrt;  wlmt  do  you  moan 

.mkv'ord"'®""  "1''/,'“"''’  W»<1 

t’ba  '"'‘1 1  "  onld  liave 

itt  n.  tl  I  '~n  ‘-■'■‘•■'■•'■“'‘"S  PBifc'ftly  doan  bof. 

itting  tbem  togotliur  again. 

A.  All  tho  parts  n,  tbola.np-tbo  metal  parts  and  t 
ibons  and  the  carbon  holders. 

O1.3  Ro-d.  Q.  How  did  the  lainiw  bocomo  smokj-  ? 

Objected  to  as  incom))eteut. 

mt  n  .t  n  ?■  '““I’  ''•“**  '^roogbt  to  you  with 

Lut-ont  carbon,  how  long  did  it  take  vn„  L  si 


!■)  Re-d.  Uonld  tl 
n  u])  in  charging  tl 
No,  sir. 

(i  Ro-d.  Q.  After  t 
had  to  bo  done  to 
They  used  to  be  s 
7  Re-d.  Q.  Who,  b 
ing  tho  inside  wor 
W  illiaiu  .Sawyer— 
5  Re-d.  Q.  Any  on 
1  don't  know  wh 

'  Ro-d.  Q.  Besides 
1  circular  carbon, 
metal  clamps  for  tl 
They  all  had  a  kii 
•  pencil  holder,  wit 
hum. 

Rc-d.  (j.  I  refer  n 
incando.scent  and  i 
;lio  one  lamp  with 
her  lamps  in  wliicl 
y  metal  chimps  V 
never  saw  a  lamp 
lie-d.  Q.  In  the  h 
■■  book,  ns  to  which 
carbon  clamped  t 

t  "as  held  by  two 
'■0  mentioned,  and 
n-  by  platinum  sen 
15o-<l.  Q.  I  uiiderst 
shed  to  correct  i 
Mr.  M'allacn  fine  ‘ 


G33  Eo-(l.  Q.  Did  you  pereoimlly  seo  tlio  parts  of  t 
fee^ler^lamps  lying  wound  ns  you  testified  ? 

C34  Ee-d.  Q.  Either  tlie  yard  or  the  rooms  at  / 

A.  I  have  seen  them  laying  around  the  rooms  a  It 
time  before  they  was  thrown  out. 

Ee-ciioss-examinatiox  uv  Mn.  Kehi!  : 

G35  Ee-x-Q.  When  did  Mr.  Broadnax  tell  you 
had  been  to  Ausonia  to  see  you  ? 

A.  He  did  not  toll  me  when  ho  had  horn,  there  to 
me.  I  asked  h.m  ifhe  wasn’t  one  of  the  gentlemen  tl 
came  to  see  mo  and  he  said  ho  Wiis. 

030  Ee-x-Q.  When  ? 

A.  I  believe  it  was  when  I  went  with  Mr.  Man  to 
^7  1,  York  City. 

aiS  • 

allege  jou  had  such  conversations '! 

A;  I  helievo  ho  was  in  the  room  with  me 
r,38  Be-X:Q.  How  long  were  you  there? 

A  Wmn  t  there  more  than  two  or  three  minutes. 

..df-  —g .. 

A.  I  don’t  know  that  ho  did. 
lie  * 

A.  I  know  that  he  said  ho  did  or  I  verv  stron 


when  I  went  there  with  Mr.  Man. 

(i-12  Be-x-Q.  Are  you  prepared  to  sav  that  Mr 
Broadnax  ever,  before  that  time,  spoke  to  voti  on  the 
snlyect  of  Sawyer  &  Man  lamps  ;  please  au.swer,  yes  or 

A.  Yes. 

IM3  Be-x-Q.  That  you  swear  was  at  \nsoniaV 
ortt'on!vL“l'i‘em™nb 

lU  l  Be-x-Q.  After  the  year  187!),  when  did  vou  next 

SCO  ^fr.  Man  ? 

A  I  don’t  remember  seeing  Mr.  Man  from  1879  until 
the  time  that  Mr.  Man  settled  mv  hou.se  business- 
as  near  as  I  can  think  it  was  about  ‘two  months  ago.  '  ’ 

the'olasxr  ""  '‘“‘I 

lili)  Be-x-Q  What  was  the  shaiio  of  that  paiier  ? 

A.  Shape  of  that  paper  was  in  rings  to  fit  over  the 
«  a.s.s  globe,  and  one  on  the  bottom  had  a  hole  laL 
lough  to  allow  the  bottom  piece  to  come  through— 
lainp°  ‘'“■0''«li  froin  the 

ti  17  Ee-x-Q.  How  did  you  get  the  imper  washers? 

A-  I  used  to  make  them. 

'i  l8  Ee-x-Q.  How  did  you  make  them  ? 

-d  with  "‘^ifc  id  a’lnro^dl. 

eut’  them‘'m2'?^“’^'°"  ""y  ‘““I-** ‘o 

^  remember  over  seeing  any. 

■"’’ere  those  paper  washers  all  the  same 


Gul  Be-x-Q.  Wore  tlio  lniiii)s  nil  tlio  sumo  .li.i>.>.>t' 
A.  So  far  ns  I  cnii  roineiiiber,  tlioy  was  towards 
list.  No.  I  don’t  think  they  were  all  the  same  si: 
ot  exactly.  There  might  be  a  quarter  or  a  half 
neh  dilierence. 

G52  no-.x-Q.  AVhat  wages  do  3-011  make  now  ? 

A.  I  don’t  undei-stand  that  iiuestion. 

G53  Be-x-Q.  What  are  yon  jiaid  for  a  day’s  work 
he  present  time  'i 

A.  I  am  jiaid  three  dollars  day.  Mv  wages 
lawyer  .t  JIan  I  don’t  think  was  over  more  than  t 
ollare  and  a  half. 

JCESTiox  m-  DEF£.\-nA.NT’s  C’ou.s-sEi.  ; 

GoIQ.  Have  you  any  oorrnotiou  to  make  ns  toy. 

•ages  at  Ansonin  at  the  time  you  came  to  see  Mr.  T. 
iison  in  your  answer  to  ero.ss-iiuostiou  571  ? 

Said  question  read  to  witno.ss. 

A.  I  suppose  about  that  time  I  was  only  getting  t 
lollais  and  a  half,  but  after  the  election  of  Clovoli 
ay  wages  was  reduced  half  a  dollar  a  day. 

,  AVii,lia.m  SiiAiir 

owoni  to  before  me, 

AV1LLIA.M  T.  Faiixiia.m, 

[I.-  S..1  Notary  Bublic  and  Special  Examiner 


End  of  Sharp’s  McKeesport  Depositioi 

Complainant’s  counsel  requests  the  dofeudi 
to  put  the  swoni  statement  of  AVillinm  Shi 
made  by  him  in  June,  188C.  in  evidence  u 
copy  of  the  same  made  by  the  Examiner  and 


Sharp’s  Statement. 

Sharp's  Statement. 


In  THE  JtATTEIt  j 

OK  j 

’he  litigation  now  ])ending  between  f 
S.uMEiiifc  M.ax  and  'The  Emso.v  I 
E1.ECTI11C  Light  Co.mpaxv.  | 

- - - - ] 

li.i.iA.M  .Shaiip,  being  duly  sworn,  testified 


%  M.,  To.Mr..N,so.v:  Q.  Please  state  when  y 
(d  Jfr.  Albon  Jfnn,  or  Jlr.  Wm.  E.  Sawver  ‘j’ 

A.  I  know  Mr.  Man  for  some  time  prioV  to  I 
r.nientsofSnwyer.tMan  on  electric  lightii. 
«yer  I  met  for  thofii-st  time  at  the  shop  of  . 
Hockhausen,  No.  2  Howard  street. 

Q.  Please  state  in  detail  what  was  the  firs 
lie  by  you  for  either  Mr.  Sawyer  or  Sir.  Man 
!  in  any  way  to  electric  lighting  ? 

V.  I  was  living  in  'Bi-ooklyn  and  had  a  lath 
lie  tools  at  my  house  and  did  work  tlieie, 
I  work  that  I  did  for  either  .Sawver  or  Ma 
le  at  my  house  in  Brooklyn.  Mr.  'Man  bronn 
10  glass  globes  and  some  blocks  of  gas  retort  ci 
stilted  to  mo  that  ho  desired  the  carbon  tiled 
a  lami>  made.  I  don’t  now  remember  in  ileta 
character  of  the  lamp.  I  think  I  made  two  I 
not  more  than  two.  I  got  pieces  of  nieta 
10  them  III  the  iiroper  size  and  shape  ;  as  noa 
n  now  recollect,  the  lamp  contained  a  globe  of 


was  umkiug  lamps  for  them.  I.IM  „ot  know  tlaU  i 
was  a  lamp  that  I  was  working  on  until  I  wont  to  Mi 
Man  8  office  to  got  my  monoy  for  it,  when  ho  askoil  m 
If  I  know  what  I  had  boon  making  and  I  toicl  him  no 
he  then  told  mo  that  it  was  an  electric  lam,,.  I  an 
<imto  confident  that  I  made  but  two  la.niis  and  tw. 
pieces  of  eai^ion.  The  carbon  was  gas  retort  carbo, 
which  I  worked  on  as  I  have  said.  About  a  mouth  af 
tor  I  had  delivered  this  iam,,,  I  saw  it  for  the  fiist  tin,, 
m  isawyers  jilaoe,  at  No.  2  Howard  street  ■  I  saw  it  lil 
at  intervals,  during  a  month  or  two,  and  I  niiderstoo.l 
that  occasionally  they  would  light  it  and  show  it  I 
did  not  nndei-stand  that  they  burned  it  steadilv.  Thev 
w^uhl  merely  run  it  to  incandescence  for  a  few-  minute; 
at  a  tune,  and  it  was  their  custoiu  to  replace  the  cai- 

Q.  When  next  did  you  work  for  Sawyer  .t  Man  ? 

A.  I  entered  their  employ  while  they  were  at  Xo. -2 
Howard  .street,  and  remained  with  them  after  they  were 
at  Elm  and  ^Valker  streets,  leaving  them,  as  nearly  as 
1  can  now  recollect,  about  May,  1870. 

Q.  During  this  time  were  you  at  their  labomtories  or 
dioiis  during  the  working  lioui-s  of  each  day  ? 

A.  Yes,  .sir. 

Q.  Durmg  this  period  wore  vo„  n.„ 


A.  Chierty  on  the  mechanical  i>arts  of  the  la,„,,s  tin 

X'S.Lt"™''''' 

Q.  During  the  time  that  you  wore  eini, loved  In-  the 
li.it  was  the  genei-al  ly,,e  of  la,,,,,  on  whijh  thev  w..i 
■peiimenting,  or  making,  ««  nem-Iy  as  von  now-  r 
ember  y  • 

The  lamp  contained  a  ghnss  globe  about  ei-l 
el, e.s  long  l,y  about  tw-o  inches  in  dianietei-.  Tl 
ISO  (if  the  globe,  by  nuts  and  w-asliei-s,  was  fastened 
iiss  Iilates  ;  the  glass  ,)latoaud  the  globe  w-ei-e  claiiin. 

ler  by  metal  rings.  The  interior  ,,a,  t  of  the  Ian 
■  .  fastened  mechanically  to  the  base  of  the  lam,,  in  di 
ways  The  base  of  the  lam,,  was  then  su,.,m.,mh 
'll  molted  sealing-wax  ;  after  this  was  .lone  the  ba, 
pmoed  in  a  metallic  shell  and  tilled  with  becs-wa 
"■ ‘iitc-ior  .,f  the  la,,,,,  contained  a  shoi-t  ,,o„eil  . 

11.  a  disk  of  soa,,stouo  or  metal  .seiiai-ated  tl 
^  miiating  jiart  of  the  interior  fi-om  radiators  such  , 

0  s  lown  in  fi^uro  1  of  Lotte, ..s  Patent  20.5.14-1.  Tl 


A.  Usually  penc 
Q.  Wlint  was  t; 

A.  Straight  pen( 
ing  in  diameter 
Biith  of  an  inch. 

Q.  Were  these  li 
taken  apart  and 
A.  They  were. 

Q.  Do  yon  knov 
leir  habit  to  take 
moils  wliich  wc 
rbon  ? 

A.  I  do  know  that  it  was  their  habit  to  do  so. 
?ok),n,“*  period  during  which  you 

:andZnee"“  -‘innal 

A.  Not  over  an  l.onr  ;  certainly  not  over  two. 
y.  Do  you  ever  remember  to  .  have  been  told  of  a 
rap  remaining  inoaiidescent  for  over  that  time  ? 

A.  ;  I  do  not  roineinbor- 
Q.  If  any  lamp  Imd  remained  iuenudescont  for  two 
three  days  at  a  time,  or  for  a  week  or  two,  do  yon 
think  you  wou  d  have  been  likely  to  have  known 
It,  or  have  heard  of  it  ? 

A.  I  do. 

dsold  L;.  could  beLde 

a  sold  commercially,  and  actually  used  for  purposes 


Q  Did  you  ever  know  of  their  making  an v  test  o 
e  life  of  their  lamps,  or  keeping  any  records  as  tc 
•W  Jong  the  lamps  would  bum  ? 

A  No  ;  I  don’t  know  anything  about  that. 

ttls  By  carbonmation  I  mean  taking  some 
ena  sucl.  as  wood  or  paper  in  its  natural  state, 
t  umkiiig  It  into  carbon  by  the  heat  of  the  furnace':' 

Q.  If  this  had  been  done  to  any  extent,  or  if  caibou‘ 
Ills  made  had  been  used  to  any  extent,  u-oiild  voii  no 
I'c  been  apt  to  have  known  of  it? 

.•V.  I  would. 

Q.  'I’licn,  as  1  iindorstaiid  you,  the  carbons  whicl 
|■|•h•'lsod'  bv  ft*'  goes,  were  carbom 

A. 


tl'cii' using  o 

’  V  No  s'”"'  '“'"io  from  paper  ? 

k'li.!;'::;  iiT" 

A.  I  would,  probably. 

Q.  Did  you  over  know  or  hear  of  their  carbonizim 

y  fibrous  or  textile  nmterial? 

A.  I  never  did. 

ot  kuown^of 't  ?  ^ 

A-  I  think  I  would. 

Q-  Do  you  know  of  their  using  or  trying  any  car 
,  *  c‘bcr  than  gas  retort  carbon,  and,  if  so,  please  state 
'  you  understand  it  ? 

■  •  I  remember  their  getting  what  were  called  willow 


SIiarj>’s  Statonient. 


These  cmyons  Mere  always  treated  by  iinttiiif; 
of  carbon  on  the  outside.  The  willow  cravons  - 
only  kind  of  carbon,  otlier  than  gas  retort  e 
wiiieh  I  ever  knew  tliein  to  ti’y  or  use  I  rem 
some  carbons  called  French  carbons-  snch  a^  "r 
car^mns"'***'’ I  understand  to  be  gas 

Q.  In  tlieir  laboratories  did  they  haye  e.ytensi' 
paratns  for  the  conduct  of  exi.erinronts  ’ 

A.  They  had  pretty  fair  tools,  but  yery  little  c 
eal  apparatus,  as  I  undei-stand  it.  The  shojr  nio 
sembled  a  mechanic’s  workshop. 

Q.  Do  you  know  whether  they  had  an  air  lun 
any  kind?  ‘  * 

I  think  that  for  a  short  time  they  had  some  sort  o 
[•aiatns  for  taking  the  air  out  of  tlio  globes  with  w 

last  thcj  had  3Ir.  .Stillman  came  u,)  to  the  shop  ; 

Q-  Did  )  on  over  know  of  their  using  in  any  of 
amps  an  incandoseent  conductor  as  long  ns  two  or  t 
■mlios  and  as  lino  ns  a  liorseliair? 

A.  Xo,  sir. 

•ewe  w!h'‘h'  “'T  “  '^““■’‘■otor  while 

ere  with  them,  would  you  haye  known  of  it  ? 

A.  I  certainly  would. 

uMii^my "f  «>oir  oxperim 
Ig  111  any  way  with  such  a  conductor  ? 

A.  Xo,  sir;  I  never  did. 

,  hriTC  know?^  TO"  )i“ve  been 

have  known  or  seen  or  heard  of  it? 

A.  1  eortninly  would. 

'"“I  "“T  apparatus  for  the  obtain 


A.  Principally  Mr.  .Myoi-s,  young  Geor-e  ' 
lliam  E.  Sawyer  and  AVilliaiii  Sawwer  .Sr° 

.1.  Did  you  ever  hear  of  a  .Air.  Kea'tin.’''-> 

\.  I  believe  Keating  did  some  work  ?o‘r  their 
•eat  with  them.  I  have  heard  of  him  ■md  see 
?.  Jhd  you  over  know  of  the  interior  of  the 
iig  enelo.sed  in  a  globe  entirely  of  >da.ss'' 
i.  I  never  did.  ‘  o--- 

'yew  ‘'‘‘1  you  work  with  Afr.  AVill 


ou  n.ssist  him  in  his  experiments  the 
"know  of  any  lamps  being  made 


t 

>'  •  I  think  tho  round  carbon  was  too  both 
made  many  more  of  the  other  kind  of  lami 
o  loii  say  you  worked  with  Air.  .Sawyer  a 

’•■"•■■‘tioii  from  Alan  at  .•Vnsonia? 

I  (lid. 

k'  ^  ho  coiisidorod  ih 

li-t 

'  that  could  bo  considered  praeticarJ 

J  never  did. 


Sharp’s  Statement. 


he  lamp  apart,  clean  the  globe  and  put 


lion  mis  the  first  yon  over  heard  of  paper  c 
ig  tried  by  Sawyer,  or  anybody  with  whom  ^ 
inected  ? 

me  time  after  Sawyer  had  left  Ansonia  I  ki: 
tilliam  IVallace,  Sr.,  trying  to  carbonize  a  iii 

.hntlilon’tthinkitwasevcrpntinalamp 

know.  He  tried  to  carbonize  it,  I  think, 

■O  pieces  of  iron.  I  believe  he  was  led  to  t 
nblication  of  Edison’s  experiments. 

,  ,  AVlLLLUr  Sh.VI!!' 

led  and  sworn  to  bo-  ) 
m  this  17th  dav  of  } 

1880.  •  ( 

Joil.N  C.  To.mi,ixso.v, 

Notary  Public, 

N.  Y.  Co. 

bovo  statement  was  made  by  Mr.  Sharp  in 
of  Mr.  James  A.  Eiissoll  and  Martin  B.  AV 
id  Mr.  J.  C.  Tomlinson,  the  witness  bo 
itod  by  Mr.  Tomlinson,  and  questions  and  i 
lug  taken  by  Mr.  AVincholl  in  short  hand. 


Gnfan’s  McKeesport  Deposition. 


Tuiisn.vy,  March  5th,  1889. 

\Vai.ti;ii  K.  Cii:im.N,  being  duly  sworn  on  behalf  ^ 
(IcftMulaiits.  says : 

I  am  one  of  the  couii.sci  for  defendant.  I  first  sa 
the  witness  AVilliam  Sharp  the  morning  before  his  c: 
.iiiini.ition  nas  begun.  I  mot  him  at  the  oliice  of  M 
Oyer,  10  Wall  street.  New  York  Citv,  and  as  the  exam 
nation  of  the  witness  Hochliansen  was  al.ont  to  pri 
coed,  1  requested  Mr.  Sharj)  to  come  with  me  to  in 
ollico,  11  Pine  street.  Mr.  Hnssell  accompanied  in 
On  arriving  at  my  ofiico  I  failed  to  lind  a  statement  i 
Jfr.  Sharp,  which  had  lioon  given  mo  some  time  age 
among  my  papora,  and  I  proceeded  to  ask  .Mr.  Shar 
•snch  questions,  as  in  my  opinion,  were  necessary  t^ 
prepare  my.solf  to  oxainine  him  in  this  case.  I  did  no 
lind  the  statement  until  the  next  day,  and  to  the  lies 
of  my  recollection  I  never  referred  to  the  statement  ii 
any  way  to  Jfr.  Slmiii.  On  Friday,  I  think  it  was,  Mi 
•  harp,  at  the  close  of  the  oxainiiiation  for  the  dav,  sail 
tlnit  as  he  had  not  been  to  the  shop  his  pocket  monei 
laid  about  run  out,  or  sometliiug  to  that  ell’ect.  I  hat 
no  chaiigo  loss  than  ton  dollars  and  handed  him  that 
ifo  objected  to  taking  it,  saying  he  only  needed  sonii 
small  change,  but  I  told  him  ho  had  better  keep  it. 

...  AValteii  K.  Ghiitin-. 

oworii  to  before  ino, 

W11.LIA.M  T.  FAIIXIIA.M, 

[L.  s.]  Special  Examiner  and  Notary  Public. 

END  OF  THE  MATTER  TAKEN  FROM 
THE  McKeesport  case. 


3420 


Objection  and  Notice. 


1'  iirtber  lienring  adjourned  subject  to  n 


New  Youk,  April  18,  ISilU 
)efendnnt’s  counsel  appe.-ir  and  pursuant  to  the 
ration  made  and  noted  ui)on  the  record  at  the  ho; 
on  April  (th,  1890,  oiler  the  following  objection. 

Counsel  for  defendant  objects  to  the  iutrodii 
tion  of  the  depositions  of  Thomas  A.  Edisc 
Charles  Batchelor  and  Francis  B.  Upton,  abo 
referred  to  as  not  admissible  under  the  stipul 
tion  of  January  28,  1890. 

Counsel  for  defendant  also  gives  notice  that 
«ie  depositions  of  Thomas  A.  Edison,  Chari; 
Batchelor  and  Francis  B.  Upton,  taken  and  usi 
in  the  McKeesport  suit  are  to  bo  ust 
in  the  present  suit  they  desire  the  said  witness, 
to  be  produced  for  eross-o.\nminntion  and  tin 
unless  the  said  witnesses  are  so  produced  the 


Him:  F.  B.iiiKElt,  a  witness  p 
liiinant,  being  duly  allirined, . 
II-  to  (juestioiis  by  conipiaini 


ui  ton  between  the  .siiecille  rt 
IS  and  of  the  carbon  lihiinent 
contained  in  answer  50  of 
f  tlie  data  given  by  Dr.  Mort 


A.  I  have  read  the  testimony  of  Di-.  Morton  refern 
to,  and  I  see  no  reason  in  view  of  it  to  modify  tl 
oi.inions  expressed  in  my  jack  deposition  np, 

either  of  the  points  in  question.  The  position  tak, 
l>y  me  and  referred  to  in  the  cpiestion  sH};gested  a  e.ii 
panson  wliieh  was  intended  to  he  mado  with  those  a 
Iiylit  earlions  wldeli  I.ad  the  lowest  speeilie  resi^t-.m 
and  wlneh  therefore  were  best  adapted  for  the  i.urpos 
of  are  lighting.  It  did  not  intend,  on  the  one  h:ind 
include  those  are  light  carhops  which,  hv  reason  of  ii 
perfect  manufacture  or  of  highly  poroim  material,  d 
parted  widely  from  the  most  desirahio  conditions  1 
such  carhops;  or,  on  the  other  hand,  to  include  the 
carbons  which  wore  made  with  the  intention  of  siih. 
qiiontly  increasing  their  eondiictivitv  by  plating  wi 
copiier  or  other  material.  To  illustrate  what  I  meai 
may  refer  to  the  fact  that  the  speeilie  resistance  of  e,- 
hons  insed  before  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit  in  eh 
trie  lighting  appears  to  have  been  as  low  as  (100  n 
crohms;  while  the  specific  resistance  of  the  carbon  til 
iiicnts  of  defendant’s  lamps  varies  from  3800  to  over  (13 
microhnis,  thus  showing  that  the  specific  resistance 
these  ilaments  is  at  least  from  0  to  10  times  great 
than  the  speeilie  resistance  iio.ssessed  by  carbons  win 
iierc  actually  employed  for  electric  lighting  before  t 
(late  of  the  patent  in  suit. 

With  reference  to  the  question  of  the  speeilie  re«i 
mice  of  carbon,  I  find  that  IVilde,  in  IST-I,  in  speaki 
of  the  icsis  ance  of  the  gas  carbon  which  was  used 
the  oleetrie  lamp  of  Lodyguine,  states  that  the  resi 
e.-Tf  ■  ^ of  elcctricitv  is  ah. 
-oO  times  that  of  platinum.  So  that  if  wo  call  the  s] 
cihe  resistance  of  platinum  9  iiiicrohms,  the  specific 
WnT“°  °u  ‘i"®  nooordiiig 

rxit’lS  lSTo) 

Hind  also  that  Farmer,  in  187!)  nf  , 


ke  the  absolute  .siiecilic  resistance  of  Ih 
rbons  incasurcd  by  Fontaine  about 
.  If  wo  calculate  the  relative  sjiecitie  n 


in  this  connection,  the  value  obttdned  w 
mes  that  of  a  telegrajdi  wire  of  the  s 
d  four  iiiillimeters  in  diameter,  which  w 
i-soliite  specific  resistance  for  that  speeime 
'll  of  572  microhms  (Fontaine  l-iehiira; 
tc,  218,  1877 ;  or  Klectric  Lighting,  Hi 
'll,  I).  17S,  1878). 

or,  I  have  myself  measured  carbons  wl 
lared  by  William  K.  Sawyer,  ns  I  believe, 
•iicaiidcscoiit  eleetric  lamp  jiroposed  bv  1 
boiis  were  received  by  me  from  3Ir.  AVill 
n  Aiisouia,  Connectieiit,  who  stated  to 
ivoro  so  made  by  Jlr.  Sawyer  at  the  time 
s  operating  thorn  in  the  spring  of  1879.  and  bv  the 
'cess  sulistaiitially  whicli  is  described  in  the* said 


^  *Mu*  luai  ui  me  Jii"iiost. 
J-'rom  the  ixiteiit  of  Shh  vci-  iilim-o  ,.»r 
ra;M  .pi»,„  tT„„ 

s»  "'''T"' 

i».-  v.d«.  .cu',z 

iSLlr'’™, 

mo.o  ho.„ogo„oo„s  ami  co.„p„et  ,„ato.-ial. 

•Jli-  1  lease  state  liow  the  unit  nf 

^peeitieresistauee  emplovecl  I.T  o„  <1 

»sed  by  Dr.  Morton  in  l,is  data'’ 


specific  resistance  of  are  hVht  ..arl.ons  which  In 
lientod  to  a  lower  toniperatiire,  witli  tlmtof  iiicai 
carbons,  which  have  boon  lioatoil  to  a  very  inucl 
one  is  not  quito  fair.  A  fairer  one,  it  k'oins 
would  be  to  compare  tlie  specific  resistance  of 
Ijons  of  defendant’s  lamps  witli  that  of  the 
ight  carbons  measured  liy  Dr.  Jforton  after  the 
•esist.anco  of  these  arc  light  carbons  had  boon  i 
.robably  by  one-half,  by  subjecting  them  to  an 
dent  high  tompomtiiro. 

From  a  oomprohonsive  consideration  of  the 
u  (joc  ,  iowo\ei,  I  liiive  reached  the  conclusion 
he  lilanionts  of  dofoiidnnt’s  lamps  and  arc  liLdit  ( 
re  to  be  compared  as  to  their  s,,ecific  resista: 
ler  nbl*  obtained  by  conipuring  ti 

,  either  with  the  suitably  dense  and  iiiiplat 


nio  U.SO  sniisequoiitly  which  had  for  tlie 
L'.sscn  file  cost  and  to  iiicrea.se  tlie  iinifon 
ai  ben  rods  for  are  lighting  imriioses.  'J'lio.- 
II  general  made  use  of  finely  divided  eai 
illi  a  solution  of  sugar  or  with  tar  ton  i 
!ns  inisle  being  molded  into  stichs  and  then 
I  a  furnace.  In  order  to  increase  the  il 
leiefore  the  conductivity  of  the  carlaui  rod 
le  sticks  were  ininior.sed  in  a  .solution  of  siig 
fiMvalcnt  solution  and  were  rebaked;  tl 
■mg  rejmatod  several  times.  It  does  not  iq 
■er,  that  the  eonductivitv  attainable  in  tb 
illicieiif  ly  high  for  arc  lighting  luii  poscs 
'i.s  .IS  high,  ill  fact,  as  that  of  the  gas-ret' 
Inch  had  been  before  used.  This  gas-reti 
eording  to  its  eomimotne.ss  had  a  specific 
low  as  from  (JOO  to  1.000  niicroliius  in  tli 
iiples  of  it.  while  that  of  the  so-called  ag; 
I'bons  wius  not  below  2,000  or  11,000  niiei 
rently.  IVitli  the  great  increase  of  are  ligh 
"  It  bocanio  necessary  to  secure  higher  co 
tlie  are  light  carbons,  ns  well  as  to  jirotect 
’  rapid  coiiibiistioii ;  and  for  this  luirpose  i 
riinentoi-s  about  the  same  time  si„r,mct„.l 


tiiiio  rofuiTod  lo. 

timt  tlio  old  cnrl.oi,s 
.  ].  el.  tl,o  patct.  i..  salt  co... pares  tl.cdidiso..  ea,- 

;= 

. 

A.  I  think  that  I  .should  say  that  some  of  the  “  lods 
s..L-d-«  °!m  "'*“‘1'  [‘I 

a  1  l,v  ‘l‘'>y"-ere  nn.do  of  the  san.o  n...te.-ia|s 

ns  that  by  nhieh 


a.  lierenlrea.snn.Itliii,k.whylK.ii,  tl„  mstanc 

IJio  low  Sjiouific  ivsistaiicu  of  carbon  in  inv  iliroct  c 
''"‘■ition  was  that  tlio  f|nostion  askcl  wbJther  I  st 
llificil  to  tlic  position  taken  in  my jm'iiia  dup 
ion,  that  “  tlio  liigli  sp(!(;ilic  resistance  ca'lled  for  1 
r  Inst  claim  of  the  patent  in  suit  is  a  siiecilie  resi' 
li'gber  timn  that  of  some  of  the  carbons  used  f 
-•trie  balding  before  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit 
•I'lswering  tlie  ipiestion,  tberefore,  I  natnrallv  ga 
iimples  of  carbons  Iiaving  a  low  speeilie  resista'nee. 

x-Q.  Is  It  not  a  fact  tliat  in  voiir  investigation  i 
S  -piestion  of  speeitic  resistances,  von  found  a  •'oc 
in-  eleetrie-ligbting  carbons  iiaving  a  Iiiglier  specif 
^istanco  tliaii  tiiat  of  the  two  lowest  of  tlio  three  lamr 
the  defendant? 

I  found  that  wood  charcoal  was  one  of  the  form 
litl  1  1  boo  sel  It  1  Jt 
I  nmsnmclias  the  spcoilic  resistance  of  wood  ehai 
1  -lopends  upon  the  variety  of  wood  used,  as  well  a 
t<;mporatiire  of  carbonization,  I  think  it  probabl 


•cijie  rusistmice)  of  cliiiiii  1  of  tliu  Edison  jk 
it,  when  tlioir  spocifin  rosistaneo  is  liiglier  tl 
MHHf  of  tliu  aai'ijoiis  wliicli  had  beoii  iisod  in 
litinj,'  bufoio  Jfi-.  Edison’s  invontion,  even  tli 
lowoi-  than  that  of  otluns  of  tbu  carljons  wb: 
311  so  used.  Does  this  oorroutly  state  yc 

:V.  I  do  not  think  that  my  opinion  upon  tliisfj 
>  cliangad  niaturially  sinco  my  priimt  fuci 
ion.  Itbeiosaid:  (1)  “  The  lilamont  of  cai 
1  first  elaim  should  be  a  lilanient  of  enrbon  ( 
leitie  rosistaneo.  lint  I  do  not  nndorstand  tl 
■stance  is  noee.s.sarily  biober  than  that  of  any 
boas  used  in  the  older  incandoscont  lamps.’’ 
>1:  (2)  “Inmyoiiinion,  itiso.ssential  that  t 
nt  of  carbon  of  bjob  resistance  of  the  fii-st  cl 
do  of  enrbon  bnvino  a  bigbor  .spocilio  rosistnn 
t  of  some  of  tbo  carbons  iirovionsly  in  nso 
■ting.”  Tbo  woi-d  “any"  in  the  first  qu 
ive  given  is  used  in  tlie  sense  of  “  all.” 

Idjoiirnod  until  dVodnesdny,  July  2.  1800 


"imlilo  to  state  what  absol 
bon  must  have  in  onlor  to  g 
wbicb  is  an  oloment  in  cl 
Can  yon  now  state  what  id 
it  carlion  mnst  bavo  in  oidoi 
nality  of  “  high  resistance  ” 
of  tlie  Edi.son  ]mtent  ? 

C alike  tbu  inotabs,  tbo  miigi 
ic  i-esistaneo  of  enrbon  is  vei 
do,  tbo  nb.solnto  sjmeitie 
r  may  vary  five  or  six  jior  c 
siiocifio  rosistiinco  of  carl 
the  data  given  in  niv  dii'oe: 
>i'o  per  cent.  IVIiei'e  witi 
■0  is  to  bo  di'iiwn  between 
■  tbo  absolute  sonso,  I  caiin 
iiestioii  seems  to  bo  a  lor 
■iimblo  only  by  tbo  Court : 


(ill  a  filaiiiuiitaiT  form)  such  as  is  iirodiicod  by  llio 
wcll-kiiowii  jiroccss  of  carbonization,  and  wbicli,  as 
coinpared  «itli  the  vari.dics  of  carlioii  used  in  the 
only  kind  of  electric  lighting  in  coniiiicrcial  use 
at  tlic  date  of  tlie  jiafent  (arc  liglitiiig)  hits  a 
high  resistance.  ’  Since  the  carbons  of  defend¬ 
ant’s  lamps,  for  example,  were  made  “by  (he 
well-known  process  of  carbonization,”  and  since,  ”  as 
compared  with  the  (most  suitable)  varieties  of  Ciirboii 
used  in  the  only  kind  of  electric  lighting  in  com¬ 
mercial  use  at  the  date  of  tho.’patent  (arc  lightiii!-), 
these  carbons  have  a  siiecilic  resistance  live  or  six 
times  as  high,  it  seems  to  me  that  I  was  entitled  to  say 
that  the  carbon  of  these  lamps  of  defendant  is  a  “  ciuiio’n 
of  high  resistance,”  in  the  sense  in  which  this  term  is 
used  in  the  first  claim  of  the  patent  in  suit. 

27i  x-Q.  Your  argument  jiroceeds  upon  the  assump¬ 
tion,  among  other  things,  that  the  best  varitics  of 
carbons  used  for  commercial  are  lighting  prior  to  the 
invention  of  the  jiatent  in  suit,  had  a  specific  resistance 
of  only  one-fifth  or  one-sixth  of  that  of  defendant’s 
carbons.  What  is  your  warrant  for  this  assumption  ? 

A.  It  will  be  conceded,  I  think,  that  “  in  case  of  the 


‘  To  illustrate  what  I  mean,  I  mav 
t  that  the  siiecific  resi.stanco  of  ca 
ore  the  ilato  of  the  ]>ittunt  in  suit 
hting  ap])ears  to  have  been  as  1 
crohms;  while  the  siiecilic  resista 
■bon  filaments  of  defendant’s  lanijis  ' 
iOO  to  over  (i,a00  microhms ;  thus  sh 
'  specific  resistance  of  these  filamentf 
in  C  to  10  times  groiiter  than  the  sjx 
ce  possessed  by  carbons  which  we 
ployed  for  electric  lighting  before  t 
!  patent  in  suit.” 

Q.  Do  you  mean  to  aissert  as  matter 
it  varieties  of  carbon  actually  used  cc 
IiKhting,  prior  to  the  date  Jf  the  Dd 


^  .Wjo.ii.ieil  iiiifil  Jliiiisdav,  July  3(1,  1800,  nt  10:3 


New  Yoiik,  July  3,  1800. 
3Iet  pursiuuit  to  luljnuriiincut. 

Pie.sent— C'ouusol  as  bofoiu. 

Cnoss-E.X.(.MIXATIOX  OP  TUE  WPIMCSS,  Geokoe  F.  B.vukf 
C0.vn.\uED : 

31x-Q.  Do  you  know  of  any  instance  prior  to  tli 
.  ate  of  the  patent  in  .suit  in  which  the  light-giving  po 

uCo  1  "‘“■‘"‘lescent  lam”,  w, 

plated  with  copper  or  other  niotal  ? 

A.  I  do  not. 

32  x-Q.  I  presume,  then,  tliat  von  liave  no  eon 
roasm.  for  tl.inking  that  any  of  the  .iarlier  incandcl,.. 

■*  — 
A  I  do  not  recollect  that  the  light-giving  portion  , 
t  o  ‘  '"‘-••■‘"‘’osco'it  limps  "-as  clc 

-1  a  .ed  with  niotal,  and  hence  I  do  not  know  tl" 

toTnS^rl^tsfphS^^ 

widchy"!,^"::^:^  ; 

sistaiico  of  certain  earhons.  Have  you  tested  otlr 
• 

otw'wi.n^"'  resistance  of  tlio: 

2  heel 

of  the  carbons  which  you  selected  for  lefcience  in  yoi 


COHEI)  CaISI 

loss  (Plain). 

(Tl.eso  wfi-o  hollow  carbons  surrouml 

iome  iliflbront  material.) 

1.  Specihc  llesistauco 

«  2.  “  [ 

. 170,0 

CollED  C.MillOX 

s  (CorrEiiED). 

'\o.  1.  Specific  llesistaiico. 

.  -11 

. . l.ii 

Boulton*  CAitiioss  (Coppehei)) 

fo.  1.  Specific  llesistaiico. 

. l,Gi 

<<  2. 

. .  9.1f 

“  3.  “  . . 

Caihik  Caiiiio.ns  (Puis). 

ro.  1.  S])ecific  Eesistauco.. 

'■  2. 

. . .  3.77 

It  will  be  uiulerstood  that  those  rei 

iiehroiuB  are  simpl.v  the  res 

istauccs  in  ohi 

le  second  coliimu  of  the 

table  in  the  r 

immittee.  This  assumes 

that  the  cros 

lose  arc-light  carbons  wai 

hich  calculation  shows  to  b 

0  practioallv  tl 

1)0  boro  iu  mind,  I  tliink,  tlnit  moulded  mirbo 
liowover,  are  largely  made  from  pulverized  gas-ret 
carbon.  ^ 

3n  x-Q.  Have  you  found  iu  the  authorities  any  otl 
shitement  besides  that  which  you  h.-ive  given  fr 
Foutame’s  work  which  puts  the  sj)ecifio  resistai 
of  “ gas-retort"  carbon  as  low  as  that  of  then 

tlsSdV‘’“"”“""  1" 

A  The  number  of  persons  who  have  m.adome..su 
meats  of  the  speeiiic  resistance  of  electric  carbon' 
surprisingly  few.  Dr.  Morton  gives  only  three,  ami 

S.13S  that  the  density  of  "gas  retort"  carbon  vai 
fiinn  -..b)b  to  1.(23,  according  as  the  specimen  is  tal 
nearer  or  more  distant  from  the  walls  of  the  retort 
tluit  If  we  may  a-ssume  the  specific  resistance  of 
retort  carbon  to  be  proportional  to  the  density,  t 
deijsity  would  indicate  a  specific  resistance  bel 
i,00U  microhms,  I  think. 

•10  x-Q.  Have  you  any  other  authorities  on  I 
spociiic  resistance  of  “  gas  retort  ”  carbon  ? 

cnrh  ^  i’'f  Imvo  measured  | 

taibon,  but  none  of  them  measured,  I  believe  viiriet 
o  gas  carbon  which  had  as  low  a  specific  resistance 
those  I  have  referred  to. 

41  x-Q.  IVliat  are  the  measurmonts  given  by  th 
other  pel-sons,  as  you  have  ascertained  them? 

A.  I  hnd  that  the  only  other  measuremonts  of  “i 
I  l^^'-e  noted  are  those  of  Be. 
lu  187b  ho  measured  such  a  carbon,  which  liiu 
specihe  resistance  of  3,274  microhms,  and  iu  18S1 
measured  one  having  a  specific  resistance  of  3,0 
microhms.  ’ 

Adjourned  for  lunch. 


■lace  at  a  time  jirior  to  Mr.  Edison’s  am 
e  ])ateut  in  suit  ?  ' 

rt  will  be  observed  that  Jlr.  1‘re.scoft 
IS  marked  187!)  on  the  title  page,  w.-i 
d  ill  1878,  and  my  im])ression  is  that  tin 
iuls  of  carbon  which  Prof.  Farmer  made  w, 
iuforc  this. 

!i-Q.  From  what  is  this  “  impression"  deri 
l  ir.st.  from  the  commuiiication  itself  wh 
ermade  to  Mr.  Prescott,  and  which  the  la 
rated  into  his  book.  Ho  there  slates  tin 
ciited  with  a  platiiiuin  wire  in  1.S.5!),  and  a 
various  substances  in  the  course  of  mv  ii 
such  as  coiiper,  aluiniiiiiiii,  platiniiiu,  iiidii 
»>  lion,  iiickle,  carbon,  etc.”  He  co 
-•e  that  time  I  have  been  almost  continm. 
in  making  further  researches  in  this  di 
itiidied  the  conditions  under  which  iiica 
)f  carbon  can  bo  used  in  sealed  globus  a 
•d  the  eonstriiction  of  magneto-electric  i 
idaiited  to  this  purpose." 

Olid,  from  my  personal  acipiaintaiice  a 
ei'.aud  my  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  siibse 
‘ally  after  his  removal  to  Newport,  his  c 
altli  was  .such  that  he  was  able  to  do  I 
experimental  work. 

-X-Q.  hen  did  ho  go  to  Newport? 

I  cannot  say  exactly,  but  my  imincssioii 
i  as  early  as  1873  or  1874. 


..na  wliicl.  3Ir 

vn^^‘'^  of  tJ„ 

tl^  1  r°  r?-  «f  I’lof.  Dmper  .), 

id  «  r"''"’  '■  wire 

I  r  .ok  o"--*o«Uwa; 

dvin  t'‘o»»>o„ntonigh 

fciv  ui  out  US  tl.o  toiiipei-utiiii)  of  tlio  wire  upproadioi 

the  point  of  fusion,  audit  struck  mo  tlmt  if  th. 
5*  «-wireco„ldl.ostcali,  / 

t.iii  0(1  qnito  near  tlie  melting  point  a  r-oful  I'-I- 

eonld  bo  obtained  from  if.°Lv„s^:ot  W 

uTIttoW  ’h '='“<=f‘<’->“''Soots,  rheostat 

•ind  pm^f*  1  successfi; 

j  a  mctioid  execution,  aiul  wo  had  a,  benntifu 
Ooi't  lu  use  m  my  liouso  in  Salem. 

mo  t  r  ‘l‘o  ■n'onsc 

ent  of  the  current,  the,  o  st  ictioi  of  .1  cost  t 
tl>o  anungement  of  lamp,  .tc,  and  the  best  proper 


. .  nmucJjes. 

lo,.o''  "S  lust'd  it  in  1800,  lSG7ai 

arising  from  tlio  opoiiing  and  sliiitting  of  a  door  , 
10  loom  111  winch  tlio  apimratiis  was  placed. 

-  “"’"'Jitiou  at  ion  Con, 

street.  Ill  Won,  during  tlio  years  18(15, 

18,1  and  1S(,8,  until  it  was  destroyed  by  (in 
bineo  tiattimel  Imye  Iieen  almost  eontinmmsl 
ongn„cd  in  making  further  rosearchesin  this  diive 
t  on  ;  liaye  studied  the  eoialitions  under  which  in 
Weseeii  nis  of  .ailiont'an  he  used  in  scale, 
uctn  "!"•  ‘'‘<=  aoiistriictioii  of  mag 

pose.  '‘"“-■'‘■■‘es  host  adapted  to  this  pur. 

ewiriTt^“"'‘  '"at'aals  of  pi-oducii.e 

tention  •  ^  bestowed  imieh  at- 

Tho  flret  method  is  that  in  wl.!„l.  ..... 


„„  . . .  cimages  oi  tempe 

tuio.  Ihe  resistance  of  sc  1  ], 

aye  tested,  is  ahout  fifteen  hundred  or  sixtee 
aialred  times  that  of  imro  copper,  at  thirty-tw 
-■glees,  while  the  siieeilic  resistance  of  other  spe, 
•.ens  is  at  least  twice  as  great. 

The  light  eyoh-ed  is  due  in  coiisideral.lo  mea 
ire  to  the  oxidation  of  the  earl, on  liy  tlie  atm,,.- 
lore.  Hfuch  of  the  light  is,  howeyer,  duo  to  th 
orgy  of  the  eiirront,  and  this  dei,end.s  on  th 
insity  of  eiirront  in  the  are. 

.■V  second  method  of  producing  electric  light  i, 
rendering  a  continnons  bar  of  carbon  incandes 
lit  in  the  air  by  the  passage  of  a  eurront  of  suni. 
Mit  tleiisity  to  rniso  its  tompiimturo  to  a  whitt 
at-  Hero  much  of  the  light  is  duo  to  the  super- 
i«l  oxidation  of  the  carbon  liar,  and  this  inav, 
‘■bniis,  in-oyo  to  bo  the  most  economical  metlKui 
producing  it. 

llie  third  method  is  by  enclosing  the  carbon  bar 
a  closed  transparent  globe,  free  from  ox3-geu.  In 
8  ease  the  carbon  is  not  consumed,  but  the  light 
iVliolIy  due  to  thoeiinvrr,- /TlSi-’,  „r  ii,„  . . 


tribntiiig  oleetiic  liglit,  especially  for  .lomes'tie  i 
hmiination.  An  eiitiiely  new  fiehl  for  eleetr 
engineers  is  thus  opened,  in  wliicli  onr 
lated  stock  of  knowledge  will  be  most  n.sefullv  ei 
ployeil. 

1  revioiis  to  nn-  investigations,  Gardiner  ai 
Blossom  had  exi.erimented  on  and  patented  a  si 
ual  lamj)  wiiicli  was  illuminated  by  a  coil  of  pla 
innm  wire,  heated  by  the  passage 'of  a  current 
electricity  from  a  galvanic  battery. 

King,  Staite  and  othere  had  studied  the  use 
carhon  bam  in  sealed  globes,  and  had  propos, 
methods  tlmt  wonid  Imvo  hnen  ap|»lifal>Ic  and  ns 
ful  had  there  been  any  cheap  and  convenie 
source  of  electricity.  I  found  that  a  current  fie 
n  galvanic  battery  increased  the  co.st  of  elecli 
light  to  three  or  four  times  the  cost  of  light  fre 
HUS ;  and  to  remove  this  source  of  dillicultv 
turned  ni^- attention  to  the  thormo-olootric  battei 
m  just  then  being  brought  into  notice  1 

Jrarcus,  of  Kerlin.  I  wa.s,  however,  never  able 
utilize  more  than  one  three-hundredth  of  tl 
energy  jmssessed  by  a  pound  of  coal  in  this  for 
of  eleotro-motor;  and  so,  in  18tly-(i-7-8, 1  tuna 
iiiy  attention  to  the  ])erfection  of  a  form 
magnoto-electric  maehino  which  I  had  conceiv. 
o  in  1850  namely,  one  in  which  the  current  il 
rived  from  the  armature  should  maintain  the  lie 
of  force  in  which  it  revolved,  and  also  perform  tl 
useful  work  in  the  external  jmrt  of  the  circuit, 
succeeded  in  1800  in  so  far  perfecting  this  app; 
latus  as  to  bo  able  to  give  some  account  of  itspe 
oimnuce  to  Mr.  H.  IVilde,  of  Manchester,  Eii] 
am  ,  in  October,  1800,  and  nn  extract  from  iiiv  le 
..tom”  I>“>>'>«'*e>l  in  the  Maneh'esl. 

Philosophical  Magazine.”  if  I  recollect  rightly. 


limn  one  hiiiidrod  foot  pounds  of  energy  per  mil 
lie  per  camllo  light. 

-V  great  deal  has  been  .said  and  written  about  tli 
liniculty  of  subdividing  the  electric  light.  Xou 
here  is  really  no  ditlienlty,  exeeiit  that  which  arise 
roiii  inexperieiiee  and  the  lack  of  skill. 

If  a  wire  of  pure  platiiiiilii  five  inches  long  ..n. 
ne-hundredth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  be  truvor.se. 
i.v  a  current  of  electricity  somewhat  more  than  liv. 
ml  less  than  six  vebers  in  .strength,  it  can  b. 
laintained  at  a  toni])orature  ipiite  near  to  tin 
oint  of  fusion,  and  while  in  this  condition,  it  will 
1  the  common  atmo.sphcre,  omit  something  nior. 
mil  three  candle  lights,  and  just  below  the  melt- 
la  point  the  light  will  bo  between  four  and  live 
indie  lights. 

If  the  light  bo  oiielosod  in  a  gla.ss  globe  and 
iiTotindod  by  hydrogen  gas  it  will  radiate  less 
{ht.  The  ro.sistence  of  the  wire  at  the  melting 
lint  will  not  bo  far  from  one  and  a  quarter  ohms 
tlJo  platinum  bo  pure ;  Iioiico  the  energy  active 
the  wire  witli  a  current  of  live  and  a  Iialf  vebers 
inch  it  will  ordinarily  withstand)  will  not  bo  far 
nil  X  (uj^)  s  X  1.25=1,073  foot  pounds  per 
mite,  mid  if  it  give  four  and  a  lialf  e.midlo  Imiiis, 
iich  it  will  do  if  the  surface  of  tlie  platinum  be 

Jbly  pobsbed.  we  should  rnnnir.. _ r-  snv  S7n 


!  George  F.  Bmker. 

“foot  poiinas  of  eiieigy  per  minute  i)ei  camlle 
lif-ht. 

Now,  if  one  liniulred  such  wires  be  put  in  series 
in  a  circnit,  the  sum  of  this  resistauce  would  bo  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  ohms,  and  it  would  reipiiio 
a  dinoreuce  of  potential  equal  to  125  x  oJ  =l!,S7.t 
volts  to  maintain  this  strength  of  current  ‘of  five 
and  a  half  vebers  and  we  should  get  in  the  a.'.rre- 
gate  live  hundred  or  morc^  candle  lights. 

If,  further,  we  should  arrange  ten  such  eirciiils 
in  multij.lc  are  having  one  hundred  lighls  in  each 
of  the  ten  brenches,  wo  should  find  the  joint  resist- 
auee  of  this  part  of  the  circuit  reduced  to  twelve 
and  a  half  ohms;  but  it  would  now  require  a  ear- 
rent  of  lifty-five  vebers'  strength  to  keep  the  lamps 
all  shining,  and  the  diireronoo  of  potential  reipiircd 
o  maintain  the  one  thousaml  lights,  each  from 
throe  to  five  candles,  would  still  bo  six  hundred 

and  eighty-.seven  and  a  half  volts;  but  we  . . . 

now  have  live  thou.sand  candle  lights  instead  of  live 
hundred,  and  the  energy  absorbed  in  this  jiart  of 

the  circuit  would  bo  equal  to  _ 

ya.ooo 

more  than  fifty  horse  power  to  maintain  the  tlv,. 
housand  candle  lights  or  one  hundred  candle 
Jiglits  per  liorso  power.  ]3nt  it  must  bo  reiiu  in 
bored  that  this  is  not  all  the  energy  consume, I  in 

oiier-'*°* 

Besides  this,  there  is  the  IIS-'  consumed  in  heat¬ 
ing  the  leading  and  distributing  wires,  also  that 
tonsumod  in  the  miignoto-olcctric  nmehinos  or 
wliatevor  source  be  employed. 

This  may  bo  represented  by  B  S“,  wherein  13 
represents  the  internal  resistance  of  the  electro- 
motor  and  can  bo  made  as  small  as  ones  muse 
will  allow.  ‘ 

_  On  this  basis,  let  us  suuuoso  a  city  of  five  hull- 


tame,  tlio  Oiu'ieut  aeveloijeil  would 
t  equal  to  .sixteen  or  seventeen  vebens 
etrie  are  beliaves  like  an  eleetrolyti 
11  eomitor  eleetro-iuotivo  force,  and 'si 
ilcetro-niotivo  force  in  tbe  cireiiit  in 

.‘prosonted ;  E - e,  where  E  is  the  eli 

force  of  the  machine,  and - c  the  eo 

iiiziiiK  force  of  the  are.  If,  now,  I  i 
a  resistance  to  conductivity  of  the  ai 
ii-nal  resistance  of  the  battery  or  mac 
liat  of  the  leading  wires,  then  the  stri 
iTcnt  active  in  the  circuit  will 


+  y  +  l 

alue  of  e  varies,  and  all  the  conditio 
tion  are  not  yet  well  understood, 
t  for  our  present  jiurpose  to  know  that 
es  ns  high  as  twenty  or  thirty  volts, 
rosistnuco  to  conductivity  in  the  a 
high  ns  tiftccu  or  sixteen  ohms  per  li 
are,  being  much  smaller  when  the  ligh 


y  ^  equivaloiit  for 

nitcen  liours. 

One  ponml  of  the  gas,  alien  nnule  and  In 
vinlds  a  candle  light  for  seventv-fivo  1 
Further,  one  pound  of  coal,  burned  in  a  goo 
imce  under  a  good  boiler,  will  furnish  sufl 
iteam  to  drive  a  good  steam-engine,  and  a 
leto-cloetrie  machine,  for  a.  sullioient  long 
line,  to  furnish  aneleclrie  light,  which  in  intc 
iiKl  duration  shall  bo  the  eipiivalent  of  one  c 
ight  for  one  thousand  hours. 

But  if  all  the  energy  locked  up  in  one  pou 
arbon  could  bo  liberated  n,.d  _ ... 


ifnl  “  ■’  t  o  of  1  f 

Iforto,.,  there  appear  tl.e  following  .p.estion  an.l  ans« 

■Ikon  from  Ins  direct  rvamiiiation  m  the  MeKoesi) 

“  27  Q.  Aside  from  low  spooific  rosistauoe,  wl 
tml.ons-i'"‘  ■•“'l«isito  iu  are-liji 

A.  Kosistaiico  to  eombiistion,  or,  in  other  won 
what  w-o  may  describe  as  hardness,  in  this  conm 
tion.  In  other  words,  an  extronie  density  I 
-ason  of  whi,.,,  even  at  very  high  temperatm, 
llie  chenneal  action  of  the  air  can  have  onlv 
unnnmnn  olleet  upon  the  electrodes.” 

sistance  of  carbon  and  its  hardne.ss,  or  density  or  n 
itanee  to  eonibnstion,  referred  to  as  equivalei 
maeteustics  in  the  answer  given  by  Dr.  jMortoii  V 
A.  Ilie  speoihe  resistance  of  nm-Kn,.  ,i _ .1,. 


:iou,  and  is  the  greater  as  the  sti 
peater.  ,So  that  the  density  of 
i-oiild  be  incre.ased  in  projiortiou 

proportion  as  it  is  more  coinpacU 
:he  specific  lesistaiiee  of  a  specii 
upon  the  same  „„ 


John  tv.  Howell. 


J'  't'  I'el  tl  e  jiarticles  are  .a; 

Moreover,  since  the  carbon  jiarticles  theinsi 
cxceeilingly  hard,  a  closely  aggregated  spe 
cailion  would  evidently  be,  for  this  reason  a  ■ 
possessing  a  high  degree  of  hardness.  •‘Eesi 
coiiibiistion  ’’  I  iinder.stand  to  be  eijiiivalent  to 
of  combustion  ;  and  this  also  is  deiiendent  1 
conipacfne,ss.  .So  that  a  den.se,  coinp.act  ai 
earhon  would,  I  think,  have  for  this  reason 
specilic  resistance,  and  would  liiirn  with  propoi 
slowness ;  in  other  words,  would  oiler  a  hi-h  res 
to  combustion.  ° 

Gkoiiok  F.  B.m 

.Viljoiirned  until  Tiie.sdny,  July  8,  ISDO,  at  l: 


Akw  loiiK,  July  S, 


Jlcl  imrsiiant  to  adjoiirnnient. 

Ibcscnt-E.  X.  Dveii,  of  Counsel  for  Comp] 
H.  Dl-.vcan  of  Counsel  for  Defendiiiit. 


Joii.Nt\.HowELi.,  a  witness  produced  on 
the  eoniplaimint,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes 
tfithsttohs  by  Mr.  Dyer,  as  follow 
til  I  ^  '‘““‘h’  “{?*•'>  residence  an 


A.  ,Iohn  IV.  Howell,  aged,  thirty-two. 

Tlie  Edison  Lamp  Conipany 

•■i  Q.  How  lono  1,„v„ -  . , 


so  douo  work  outside  of  tlio  factory  as  a  ge 
oil  the  Edison  ceiitrid  station  system. 

Are  you  acquainted  witli  the  iiatent  in  sail 

es,  I  am. 

Have  you  lately  constructed  lamps  in  acc 
th  the  .siiecilications  and  drawing  of  the  ])i 
,  and  more  especially  lamps  with  tilamci 
huniers  made  of  the  tar  and  lamp-black  i 
1  described  in  the  jiatent,  secured  to  plati 
tips  before  carbonization,  and  made  in 
a  spiral,  in  accordance  with  the  spocilicat 
wing? 

is,  I  liavo.  During  the  months  of  March 
this  year,  I  made  a  number  of  lamps  as  i 
the  question,  the  lamps  being  made  strict!' 
^ice  with  the  spocitications  and  drawing  of 
in  suit.  I  hereby  produce  the  lamiis,  an 
d  statement  showing  the  lamps  by  number, 
mbers  appearing  upon  the  lamps  thomsol 
tomont  also  gives  the  dimensions,  before 
en,  of  the  lilamonts,  their  form,  the  can 
which  they  were  tested,  the  volts,  ainpe 
r  caudle,  and  resistance  at  this  candle-poi 
r  cold  resistance. 

Ihe  taliular  statement  referred  to  by  the  i 
!ss  is  offered  in  evidence  by  Counsel  for  Ci 
ainant,  and  the  same  is  marked,  Comphi 
its  Ex.  Howell’s  Statement  Ho.  1. 

is  continues :  I  also  jiroduce  another  tabu 
t  showing  the  number  of  filaments  made  on  I 
eu,  the  nninber  of  good  lamps  produced  fri 
1  what  became  of  the  remaining  filaments. 

The  statement  just  referred  to  by  the  witm 


John  \y.  Howell. 


and  the  same  is  marked  Con 
Howell’s  .Statement  Ho.  2. 

CoHiKsel  lor  complainant  ah 
Ihe  box  of  tar-putty  filament 
by  the  witness,  the  same  con 
lamps,  correspoudiug  with  tin 
Comiilainant’s  Exhibit  Howell 
ami  the  same  is  marked  Com 
Howell’s  Tar-putty  Lamiis. 

Q.  Please  describe  the  various  st 
h  you  followed  in  the  prodin 
r  lamps  ? 


1 


s  was  made  in  onr  factorv. 
d  from  one  of  the  gas-works 
lar  was  used  just  as  it  came  fr 
I  the  lamp  black  was  calcined  as 
it  in  suit.  The  lamj)  lilack  a 
1  and  kneaded  thoroughly,  until 
icy  of  thick  juitty,  care  being  ta 
.'■o  thoroughly  together.  Pieces 
then  rolled  upon  a  jilate  of  < 
w  stick,  until  it  made  a  long  ]> 
iindths  of  an  in  inch  diameter, 
ills  then  cut  otV  and  rolled  njion 
stick,  until  it  was  from  six  ti 
lisof  an  inch  in  diameter,  ii 
I  "ere  then  eat  oil’  five  inches  It 
tinum  "oro  attached  to  the  ends 
I  of  the  same  tar  and  lamp  blacl 
'  "ith  the  platinums  attached  v 
111  mandrel  to  make  spirals.  Tl 
liiitely  sliiipod  off  of  this  woode 


Fain-  then  slipped  off  the  supports,  and  packed  in 
*  ",'e  ^^7  •""*]  Lamps  numbered  1-lS 

Lamps  numbered  li)-2(i  were  made  in  precisely  the 
same  way,  up  to  the  point  of  winding  on  the  mandrel 
These  lamps  were  coiled  between  a  helix  of  copper  wire' 
snpported  and  dried  as  the  otheis  first  mentioned  were 
andcarboniml  in  the  same  manner,  the  copper  wire 
being  afterward  eaten  off  by  nitric  acid 
All  these  carbons  were  then  mounted  upon  glass 
holdei-s,  and  glass  bulbs  were  blown  over  the  whole 
f  xl  1  t  ,  Iv  ,  ccin  ,  1  p. 
They  were  then  exhausted  as  described. 

Lamps  27-31,  instead  of  being  coiled  niion  a  mandrel 
to  make  spirals,  were  made  in  the  form  of  a  loop 
or  hairpni.  These  lilaments,  with  the  platiniims  at¬ 
tached,  were  hung  over  a  iiicce  of  arc-light  carbon,  the 
ends  of  the  loops,  with  the  platinums  uttached,  haiig- 
iiigilowiiward  from  the  arc-light  carbon,  without  aiiv 
other  support  In  this  position  they  were  dried  at  20r 
Fain,  for  two  hours,  then  taken  off  the  arc-light  car¬ 
bon,  packed  in  plumbago  and  carbonized,  without  any 
support  oxcejit  the  plumbago. 

G  Q.  If  you  have  prepared  an  exhibit  of  the  tools 
employ  ed  b^  you  iii  the  iireparation  of  the  tar-putty 
tilament.s,  please  produce  and  explain  the  same  ? 

A.  I  have  prepared  an  exhibit  of  the  tools  used  in 
the  manufactiirc  of  those  tar-imttv  filaments,  and  hcre- 
bv  produce  it.  The  piece  of  ground  gla.s.s  upon  which 
, .  l“'Vr  *  “'"“'^‘-'‘■0*1  L  Thii  stick  with 

«hich  all  these  hlanieiits  were  rolled  is  mimbered  2. 
The  wooden  inaiidrel  upon  which  the  filament  of  lamps 
nmnbered  1-18  were  coiled  is  numbered  3.  The  small'er 
oaiboii  suppoits  upon  which  these  spirals  1-18  were 
carbonized  are  numbered  4,  5  and  G.  The  frame  upon 

i  lnl/lT-®  supports,  were 

placed  during  carboni/ation  IS  uiimbered  7.  Numbers 


Inch  the  loops  were  drieil.  Xos.  10,  17  and  18  i 
neces  broken  from  loops  made  ns  described.  Xos.  ] 
0  and  21  are  tar-imtty  lilaments  which  were  ma 
nth  the  tools  in  this  exhibit  and  which  are  .sevon-tho 
niiitths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  over  a  foot  lone. 

1  he  frame.  No.  7,  is  made  of  copper,  and  in  it 
'""•n  a  spiral  coiled  between  a  helix  of  coiiiier  wire 
tie  Iiosition  in  which  those  carbonizerl  in  the  frui 
CIO  carbonized. 

Counsel  forcoiii]ilainni't  offers  in  evidence  t: 
exhibit  referred  to  by  the  witness,  and  the  sai 
is  marked  Complainant’s  Exhibit  Howell’s  Too 

Q-  M  hat  was  the  character  of  the  carbonizing  fi 
ace  you  cmiiloyed,  also  the  character  of  the  drvi 
veil  you  have  mentioned?  .-kiid  why  was  the  latt 
sell  111  some  iiistanees  ? 

A.  The  gas  furnace  which  was  emploved  w 
"  oidiiiaiy  assayer’s  gas  fnrimee,  made  bv  th'e  Biifi’a 


I)S,  coinpani  witli  tlio  oflioiuney  of  tliu  )ii 
>01.  laiiips  naule  an.l  soM  as  a  r«g„I„,. 
3J0  hy  tlio  Edison  Lainp  Cn.  ? 

.  Tlio  first  regular  eoa.a.ereial  ba.i: 
!>s  inn.lo  an.l  sol.l  l.y  the  K.liso,,  Co. 
It  seven  l(!-eaii(lle  power  lamps  [ler  Ir 
so  tar  putty  lamps,  being  tested  at  tin 
iiiiillo  lamps  to  tlio  liorso-jiowcr,  were 
ei  ollieienoy  tlian  tlie  /list  commoi’ci 
IS  before  mentioned.  The  reason  for  te 
)S  at  the  above-mentioned  ellieienev  wai 
.  their  value  under  eonditions  whieh 
mil  at  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit. 

Q.  The  witness,  Elihu  Thomson,  who  t 
defendant,  expressed  the  opinion  in 
er  that  a  lamp  made  after  the  speeiti.- 
iiigs  of  the  patent  in  suit,  with  a  earl 
1  from  a  wire  of  tar  putty  eoiled  into  a 
si  to  the  jilatinum  wires  before  earl 
d  not  bo  a  practioable  or  a  serviceable 
refc  reason  he  says : 


“  AVo  have  ns  an  obstacle  the  ditKoultv  , 


John  W.  Howell 


John  Vi’.  Howell. 


"O'l'iil,  'Vould  ill  his  opinion 
siiltin  fiiilmo.  Tlicso  rensons  (iio  given  on  pp  1. 
and  14!)S  of  the  printed  record.  Plense  state  what  i 
yonr  experience  with  tliii  ,lt  Idatewl 
If  any,  of  the  diniciilties  stated  hy  Prof.  Tlionison  i 
found  to  be  inesent,  as  a  matter  of  fact  ? 

A.  Jfy  experience  in  winding  these  fnr-]iiittv  li 
nient.s  between  tl.e  coils  of  a  coiiper  helix  allowed  tl 
it  was  an  easy  and  jierfectly  ))ractica1)lo  method  of  mi 
ing  tar-]mtty  spirals.  If  the  objections  which  Pi 
Thomson  mentioned  exist  at  all,  they  exist  in  siicl 
small  degree  as  not  to  atlect  the  practical  workim' 
the  operation. 

Prof.  Thomson  see.s  a  dilliculty  in  the  softening 
the  tar  compos.tion  when  it  is  heated.  This  tg.-pnt 
softens  very  little,  if  any,  when  heated  (I  refer  to  tin 
filament.s).  Tina  fact  is  shown  hy  the  tilamonts  ma 
m  tlie  roi-at  of  a  looii,  which  form  part  of  the  Exhil 
Howell  s  lar-pnlty  Lainjis.  These  filaments,  with  t 
platimiii,  tips  attached,  were  hung  over  a  piece  of  a, 
light  carbon  and  heated.  Under  these  conditions  t 
weight  of  the  legs  of  the  loop  and  the  platiiiiini  ti 
was  earned  hy  the  arch  of  the  loop,  which  rested  npi 
the  arc-hght  carbon.  If  this  material  softened  wh. 
n-st  lieated  the  under  side  of  the  arch  would  i 
lattened.  It  is  not  flattened.  Consequently  I  inf 
the  iiiatorial  does  not  soften  with  heating.  Pieces 
larhon  ^os.  It),  17  and  18  in  Exhibit  Howell’s  Ton 
ire  taken  from  tar-putty  bojis  made  in  this  way  in 
uoy  show  no  ilattoning. 

The  carbon  may  eemeiit  itself  to  the  copper  durii 
larbonmation,  Imt,  if  it  docs,  when  the  copper 
laten  away  hy  nitric  acid  this  sticking  does  not  rupt.u 
Iio  carbon,  nor  in  any  way  injure  it. 

IG  Q.  Another  difficulty  stated  by  Prof.  Thomson  i 


Ji-  distorting  the  filament.  Therefon 
Iiicnl  if.self  is  ca]iable  of  suiiportinti 
method  of  supporting  them  independ 
:s  necessary. 

Atljourned  until  'Wednesday,  July  tl,  1 


Xkw  Yoiik, 

-^fet  piirsiiant  to  adjournment. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

n  t}.  Another  difficulty  stated  by  ] 
’Oil  is  that  of  ‘‘getting a  thorough  dej 
'!•>llon  throughout  the  structure  and 
'0"!  diaplacciueiit  of  jiarts.”  Professor 
that  a  shrinkable  iiiaiidrel  would  be  nc 
t  lis  difficulty.  Does  this  difficulty  oxh 
■at,  and  did  you  find  it  necessary  to  ei 
able  mandrel  in  the  carbonization  of 
“iamonts 

A.  Xo.  I  experienced  no  difficulty  f 
'  isiilaceineut  of  jiarts  during  carbouiza 


inploy  a  shnukable  nnt.uhel.  Tl.e  first  eighteen  la.nn, 
:ere  carbonuecf  without  any  nnuulrel  at  aH,  n.erely  '  : 
upon  the  pow.lere.l  phnnbago  in  which  thev  were 
sin  >Insplacen,ent  of  parts.  Ti,e'lann,.s 

IS  Q.  Other  aillienlties  state.!  l.y  Professor  Thomson 
^  e  hose  of  obtaining  coils  with  evenly  .s,,ace.l  turns 
I  e  easening  of  the  .In, ability  of  tl  e  1  .  j  |  .  „  s 

erior  ..,.,1  fl  *  than  upon  its  ex- 

■ueh  1.0  thinks  woultl  make  the  durubility  of  the  h.nii 
2^P|^en.atieaItos.,.  the  least  J  D^h  5 
Hints  e.Mst  as  a  matter  of  fact  ? 

ic  toiled  upon  a  mandrel  without  any  means  of  oln 
in„  an  even  spacing  of  the  coils  an.l  which  w...-,. 

;■*; . . i* '•  i;;  z"  ;; 

01 1.  The  fact  that  couiniorfially  good  spiral  lam,.. 
a.  be  nnido  having  a  long  life  is  shown  i  the  life' 

^o«e,lslai-pntty  Lamps.”  These  six  lamps  «eu 

19 T  T  “tT  '^“auuorcial  life. 

Q.  Is  the  dniieiilty  of  getting  evenly  spaced  coil.. 


aid,  after  the  l.ini],  was  finislie.l,  give 
lly  and  s]ioil  the  vaeiinm.”  Does 
t  as  a  matter  of  fact? 

■putty  connections  between  the  iilaii.c 

1.1111  tips  do  contain  g.i.ses,  ami  if  tli 

t  roinoveil  during  exhaust  ion  would  ea 
. . .  liy  Pi'of.  Tliom.son.  lint 

earbon  by  the  electric  cnirent  dm 
n  of  the  lamps  removes  the  gas  ft 
y  eoiinections  and  ontir.'ly  obviates 
tionod  by  Prof.  Thomson.  The  six  Ian 
!  life-test  was  made  showed  no  ilej  net 

211.1111  at  the  end  of  the  titIO  hours  wh 
lied. 

swer  to  tpiestion  10  Prof.  Thoinson  gi' 
isoiis  why  in  his  opinion,  a  lamp  like"tl 
!  drawing  of  the  patent  in  suit  made 
ivn  to  the  art  at  the  date  of  the  pat. 
isod  coinmercially  even  if  improved  lam 
1  devised  snbsetpiently.  Tlmso  least 
ice,  (1),  lack  of  itniforniity  in  the  to 
Bnndescenco  of  all  liimiis  o'f  the  systei 
iforniity  in  color  of  light  emitted  from 
I,  lack  of  nniforinih'  in  the  etfectivo  ra. 
or  lamps  of  the  same  candle  power;  (■ 
f  the  vacmiui ;  (o).  the  fatal  defect 


A.  Difficulties  mimbeied  1,  2  mul  3  do  exist 
these  hiiiips  and  in  fact  they  exist  in  tlie  I 
lamps  made  to-day.  These  difficidties  are  o 
eome  to-day  by  a  selection  of  lamps  to  be  bur 
on  any  one  circuit,  and  the  same  method  «c 
overcome  the  dilliculty  in  the  tar-jmtty  lam])s.  C 
ph-dnant’s  Exhibit  “  Howell’s  Statement  Xo.  1,”  sir 
a  remarkable  uniformity  in  lamps  of  the  same  s 
md  I  think  that  the.se  difficulties  exist  in  a  less 


pee  in  tar-putty  lamps  than  in  some  lamps  at  | 
lent  made  and  used  with  very  arc  at  success  D 
mlties  numbered  4  and  3  do  not  exist  in  a  degree  si 
.■■out  to  impair  the  practical  durabilty  or  usefuluosi 
he  lami).  Difficulty  Xo.  -t  is  entirely  ovcrcoiiio 
mating  the  carbon  during  exhaustion  with  the  elec 
mrrent,  a  jiroeess  which  is  necessary  in  every  la 
.lade  at  the  present  day.  Difficulty  Xo.  5  does 
ixist  at  all.  Setting  the  conditions  of  the  laii 
ind  proyenting  variability  or  adjustment,  if  it 
dilhciilti  Id  nil,  does  not  affeet  the  common 
.sefiilness  of  the  hinii>,  as  the  testing  and  st 
iig  necessary  for  all  lanijis,  whether  i 
onditions  are  sot  or  not,  prevents  this  setting  of 
oniiitions  havingany  ell’ect  iiimii  a  linished  lamp.  T 
efect  of  setting  the  conditions  of  the  lamp  before  c 
onization  is  inesont  in  every  lamp  niado  by  the  E 
ill  Company  during  the  first  six  or  soveii  years  of 
nstence,  in  the  same  degree  in  which  it  exists 
leso  tar-putty  laniiis,  and  it  certainly  did  not  provi 
lose  hiiiips  from  being  practically  and  eomniercia 
iiecessfiil. 

22  Q.  In  answer  to  x-Q.  20.4,  Prof.  Thomson  stal 
ni  the  reference  to  the  length  and  diameter  of  the  h 
attv  filaments  and  the  reference  to  the  thread  carb 
Inch  the  patent  savs  has  two 


John  W.  Howell. 


A.  SG  oliins,  providing  the  uieasuremeiits  I  huv 
given  above  are  exactly  right. 

2G  Q.  If  any  of  the  laini)s  of  the  Exhibit  “  Hov 
Tar-putty  L.anips”  have  the  dimensions  of  the  burn 
the  Patent  Ollice  model,  please  state  whicli  oues 

A.  Lamps  Xos.  !23  aud  2G  in  Exhibit  “  Howell’s 
[imty  Lamps  "  have  very  nearly  the  same  dimeusioi 
the  Patent  Ollice  Idodcl. 

27  Q.  AVhat  would  be  the  resistance  measured  co 
:ho  burner  shown  in  the  drawing  of  the  patent  in 
issunnng  it  to  be  made  of  the  tar-putty  comiiositioi 

Objected  to  ns  immaterial. 

A.  Taking  the  dimensions  from  tlio  straight  dmw 
.'ig.  2,  of  the  drawing  of  the  patent  in  suit,  this 
iient,  if  made  of  tar-putty,  would  measure  about 
ilims  cold. 

Adjourned  for  lunch. 


llesumed. 

28  Q.  Who,  if  anybody,  acted  under  your  direc 
making  the  life  and  caudlo-power  tests  of  the 
itty  lamps  as  to  which  you  have  testified  ? 

A.  These  tests  were  made  in  Edison’s  laborator 
raiige,  and  were  under  tlie  iiersonal  supervision 
1.  Ohas.  Deshler,  who  carrietl  out  my  iustruetious 
vdiiijr  the  lamps. 

23  Q  AVlio,  if  auyliody,  is  acquainted  with  the  w 
u  did  in  the  iiiamifactiire  of  the  tar-putty  lainiis  ah 
iich  you  have  testified’? 

A.  Mr.  Pnuicis  E.  Jackson  occupies  the  desk  nexi 
lie  at  the  lamp  factory.  He  witnessed  a  gieat  nu 
my  e.xperiinents  in  making  the  tar-putty  lamps, 
listed  me  in  many  of  the  operations. 

10  Q.  Are  the  carbon  : _ i _ r  i.... 


John  W.  Howell. 


.1  1..  ..II-gl...ss  viiuiiiiiii  chambers  like  that 
I  in  the  patent  in  suit  inactically  .stable  or 
isintegration  under  tlie  condithais  under  wl 
nips  are  commercially  used  ’? 
he  carbon  lilainent.s  of  incandescent  lamps 
ally  stable  under  the  conditions  in  which  t 
iiiarily  used.  There  is  a  very  slow  wearim-  ai 
nirboii  lilanieiit,  and  a  deposit' of  carbon  iiiofeci 
10  inside  of  the  glass  globe.  This  wearing  awa- 
rapid  enough  to  be  called  ilisintcgration,  and  < 
ordinary  life  of  incandescent  lamps  amounti 
tie.  Measnrements  fail  to  show  the  diminul 
.  of  a  carbon  filament  which  has  burned  ] 
•Such  a  lilament  having  a  rectangular  sect 
aiiis  its  shaip  corners  at  the  end  of  that  tii 
lile  iiiunsuremcnts  of  resistance  indicate  a  red 
.size  of  the  filament,  this  is  so  small  that  diir 
diniiry  lifetime  of  an  incaiidc.sccnt  lamp, 
s  practically  to  very  little.  Lamps,  ns  made’ 
iiybe  burned  GOO  or  1,000  hours,  and  stil 
able  lamps  that  give  satisfaction  to  the  u.scr.s. 

•  Ho  your  observation  and  experience  show  I 
liking  of  the  carbon  tilanienis  in  these  lamp 
disintegration  of  the  carbon? 
do  not  think  the  breaking  of  a  carbon  lilameii 
used  by  the  action  mentioned  in  my  last  aiisii 
oUserved  a  good  many  lamiis  which  have  bun 
ing  and  short  periods,  many  of  them  for  sevc 
id  horn's  ;  and  I  do  not  think  any  lamps  e 
rom  this  cause. 

Hireet  examination  closed, 
iiriied  until  Thursday,  July  10, 1890,  at  ele 


CAN,  counsel  for  ilefcmlant. 


:n  x-(}.  Please  explain  a  little  more  fnlly  thai 
lave  (lone  the  nietliod  n  hieli  yon  adopted  ‘for  m 
nd  treating  the  lamphlaek  used  in  y--ur  exrcrim 
A.  At  the  Edison  Lamp  Eaetory  the  himpblael 
on-te  ephoiie  Inittons  are  made  for  the  Edison 
on  telephone.  Tlie  lamphlaek  I  used  in  makiii"  i 
ir-pntty  lamps  was  made  for  tliose  carlion  Imtton 
asmadohefoye  I  made  the.so  experiments.  It 
Hide  hy  allowing  a  kerosene  lamp  to  smoko  its  c 
ay,  the  soot  collected  from  tlie  inside  of  the  cliii 
aing  the  lampblack  I  used.  The  lampblack 
lacei  m  the  carbon  boxes  No  12  and  13  in  Ex 
iiwell  s  looks,  jiaeked  in  a  erueiblo  with  pluml 
id  heated  in  the  .same  furnace  in  which  the  lilan 
ere  afterwards  carbonized,  and  to  the  same  dc' 
lie  lampblack  was  in  the  furnace  at  least  an  hour' 
0  la  )  I  not  riiry  much  more  than  an  hour,  the  ol 
thus  process  being,  in  my  mind,  to  drive  any  nr 
e  out  of  the  lampblack  which  it  may  have  absorb 
1  1  I”‘'l>oi-tioiis  did  you  use  the  la 

'"'j  *  ‘-■“'“c  fo  “Hike  vour  c 

•A.  In  making  this  mixture  I  added  lampblack  to 
Atme,  little  by  httle,  until  it  was  about  as  thiel 
ek  putty.  The  proportions  I  do  not  know  ni 

x-Q.  Did  you  use  substantially  the  same  pro] 
ns^for  all  of  the  burners  involved  in  your  exp 

A.  Yes  ;  as  far  as  I  know,  exactly  the  same. 

•1  x-Q.  AVhat  was  the  method  adopted  by  you 

nng  the  lamp  black  and  tar?  ‘ 

t.  I  placed  some  lamj)  black  on  a 


■10  x-Q.  Would  the  density  of  ,i  tar  and  lamp  l.hu 
imxturo  vary  with  varying  proportions  of  the  i 
gredients  ? 

A.  Probalily  it  would.  I  did  not  try  varving  pr 
jiortions,  and  cannot  speak  from  oxperienee. 

•11  .x-Q.  Do  yon  know  the  relative  densities  of  co 
tar  and  lamp  black  ? 

A.  Xo. 

■12  x-Q.  Would  it  bo  possible,  by  the  process  whi( 
you  adopted  in  rolling  your  tar-putty  mixture  into  lit 
ments,  to  )iroduco  two  filaments  of  the  same  dianietc 
but  of  diflcient  densities? 

A.  I  do  not  know  by  experience.  Probalily  it  woiil 
■13  x-Q.  Would  not  the  density  of  the  filament  deper 
very  largely  upon  the  amount  of  compression  which  tl 
material  would  undergo  in  being  reduced  to  its  ultima 
diameter? 

A.  I  think  not. 

•11  x-Q.  Is  it  then  your  belief  that  a  tar-imttv  mi 
turn,  such  ns  you  used,  undergoes  no  compression  : 
the  process  of  Iieing  rolled  out  into  thread-like  forms 
A.  very  little,  if  any.  TlicMlinicnsions  of  tlio  pie 
you  start  rolling  will  <letorniino  fairly  well  the  size 
which  It  can  bo  rolled,  assuming  the"  rolling  process 
be  the  one  I  used. 

•13  x-Q.  Is  it  yonr  belief  that  if  you  were  to  take  tv 
pieces  of  your  tar  (nitty,  one  the  size  of  a  Xo.  S  bii 
shot  ami  the  otlior  tlio  size  of  a  buck  siiot,  and  were  i 
roll  each  down  to  a  diameter  of  .007  inches,  the  dens 
ties  of  the  two  (liecos  would  remain  the  same? 

A.  I  have  made  no  experiments  of  this  nature,  but 
uelievo  their  densities  would  bo  practically  the  same. 

10  x-Q.  What  is  the  relation  between  the  deiisil 
”ou  made*?"'"''^"''*'^’  whic 

A.  I  don’t  know. 

47  x-Q.  AVill  it  not  bo  true  of  a  tar-puttv  carbon  fil 


John  Vt.  Howell. 


1)3  x-Q.  Other  thiiiys  heing  eqiml,  how  does 
iistance  anil  how  does  the  comlnetivitv  of  an  el 
conductor  vary,  relatively  to  the  diameter  of 
iductor  ? 

V.  In  round  eondnctor.s  the  conductivitv  v 
cctly  as  the  siiuare  of  the  diameter,  the  resist 
ying  invei-sely  as  the  s.iuare  of  the  diameter, 
rl  x-Q.  Have  yon  in  this  deposition  set  forth  al 
leriments  which  you  have  made  at  any  time  hv 
naking  or  of  using  tar-putty  ljuiners  for  incai 
t  lamps  ■> 

i.  No.  Exhibit  Howell’s  Statement  No.  2  givei 
ilts  of  my  work,  beginning  .\pril  2d.  Previou 
1  time,  during  part  of  the  month  of  -March  I 
Ic  experiments  in  mixing,  rolling  and  carboni 
putty  filameuts. 

J  x-Q.  And  did  you  also  test  in  lamps  the  lilam 
lu  (luring  the  month  of  JIarch  ’f 
.  No.  Ko  tilament  made  in  the  month  of  Jla 
1  one  e.\ceptiou,  was  ever  put  into  a  lamp  h 
i  one  exception  i  1  ,  i  1  ^  t  Inch  is  stil 

possession,  and  which  never  has  been  burned,  a 
ime  oil  the  ])Uinps.  The  first  linished  lamps  I  ni 
fact  all  linished  lamps  I  made— are  included 
Exhibit  Howell’s  Statement  Xo.  1,  and  with 
exception  above  noted,  every  tilament  made  bv 

'iiieid  ' 

x-Q.  Did  yoi.  „.|,ki3  Hiiy  exiieriments  on  t 
L'ct  prior  to  JIarch  ? 

Xo. 

x-Q.  How  oxteusive  were  your  experiments  in  I 
:b  of  March  ’f 

My  Krst  experiments  were  in  mixing  and  rolli 
ar-putty.  Bolling  these  long  thin  filaments 
!S  a  knack  which  only  practice  gives,  iu  order 
a  hlameut  of  uniform  diameter.  My  exiicrimci 
eient  nietliocls  of  rolling  arc*  spread  out  tbionj 
lod  of  probably  a  week  or  ten  davs.  Evnori.nei, 


x-(}.  At  the  time  of  these  experiments  wo 
iar  with  the  nature  of  experimoiits  on  fai 
aits  which  had  been  made  iu  certain  si 
ml,  involving  one  of  Mr.  Edison’s  patents  '! 
Xo.  I  was  advised  to  road  over  these 
when  I  coniiiienced  the.so  expenments. 
itod  to  do  so  ;  I  never  have  read  them,  noi 
iiited  with  their  nature. 
s-Q.  IVhoro  did  you  get  the  idea  of  iisi: 
1-  fi-aine  marked  Xo.  7  in  the  Exhibit  Hi 


Ihe  first  lamps  I  inaile  were  made  withoul 
I  then  had  this  tool  made  ;  the  idea  of  us 
Is  design  being  entirely  original  with  me.  I 
iiiaking  several  of  the  lamps,  but  in  the  last 
I  lamps  made  I  did  not  use  it  in  the  caibn 


•  '  . . WUJI  Known. 

Fi-ench  Patent 

V  n  « ’  i  -®'  "■  ‘'‘« 

Ji.in  U.  S.  Patents  Xos.  210,80!)  and  211  ‘>02  both 
Srantod  before,  the  date  of  the  ],ntout  in  suit.  ’  ' 

1i  l^'ocoss  of  eluctiieal 

boating  of  the  carbon  during  the  process  of  oxbaiis- 

Hoa  ir  Q  ?  i“  .vour  Exhibit 

How  ell  s  Statement  No.  1  ? 

A.  Yes;  all  of  tlie.se  lamps  were  heated  elcctrieallv 
ni'ing  the  process  of  exha.islion  to  a  degree  of  inean'- 
Jescence  far  .above  their  normal  degree,  and  maintained 
'  loi  a  consideraliio  length  of  time.  Thev  burned 


by  following  the  fornmhi:  Hesisluneo  of  one  < 
,  233.3  .N  03.(1 

thoiisiincUh  =  — :  (13.0  being  the  m'ea  of « 

tion  of  the  lilament  in  sij  i  ic  tl  i  Iths  of  an  i 
ami  43,0  being  the  length  of  the  filament  in  thonsan 
of  ail  iiieh.  Tins  equation  gives  me  3.3045  ohms  a, 
resistaneo  of  one  cubic  thousamlth  of  an  inch.  I 
this  fignie  I  delermiued  the  resistance  of  one  c 

ceiitimetro  by  the  following  eqnation^-fl^l^ 

.008017  ohms.  This  expressed  in  microhms  is  8(il 
0  .x-g.  Does  this  proco.ss  of  olectricnl  heating  du 
mxhnnstion  which  you  practiced  with  the  ]ami>i 
Howells  .Statonient  Xo.  1,  and  which  the  Edison  C 
I'any  practices  in  the  mamifaeture  of  its  bamboo  hiii 
produce  any  change  in  the  resistance  of  the  carbon: 
A.  les. 

7G  x-Q.  How  jiuiclj  ? 

A.  That  depends  upon  the  temperature  at  which 
1  ament  is  carbonized.  The  higher  the  temperatiiiv 
le  furnace  is,  in  wliich  the  carbonization  was  dr 
he  less  the  change  in  resistance  by  electrical  heati 
the  tar-putty  lamps  which  I  made  v  ic  1  1 


Met  piirsnaiit  to  luljoiirmiieut. 

Preseiit-E.  X.  Dvnn.  ai.,1  G.  P.  Lowiiey,  of  conn 
for  complainant;  S.  A.  Dlx.an,  of  connsel  for  dcfc 


81  x-Q.  lyimt  rednction  in  rc.sistance  took  place  I 
he  electncal  heating  , Inring  tl.e  p.oc.  ss  of  exh  u.stn 
ll>e  globe  to  ,vhieh  yon  sabjecfod  the  tar  pnt 

ncnt’xo°V?'°  S‘“> 

A.  I  nnulo  moasnrements  on  some  of  these  lani| 
>e  ore  ami  after  exhanstion,  and  fonml  their  r, 
istaneu  after  exhanstion  to  bo  only  from  oeo-t-ci  l=  -| 
0  one-fortieth  of  the  resistance  before  exhanstio, 

«een  the  platinum  tips  and  the  loading  in  wires  ah 
ednce  in  resista  1  g  tl  1  e  t  „  tl  ■  pninir 

!"s:;  “r  «"■* 

82  x-Q.  Did  yon  observe  whether  this  groat  rednc 
on  111  the  rosistaneo  was  aeconiiianicd  with  any  chan", 
' ;  ospeeially  any  change  in  oross-seetion  ? 

tm"  H  ^  nieasiiro  anv  earboi 

tu  the  exhaiisting  process;  I  did  notice,  however 
lat  during  the  exhanstion  and  heating  there  was  abse^ 
oly  no  distortion  of  the  carbon  filainent.  From  this 
Tfi'i 

of  the  hlaniont.  The  very  finest  spirals  iireserv.al 
e  iimforin  spaeing  of  the  coils,  although  tliov  were 
ated  very  high  during  the  exhanstion 
SSx-Q.  Did  yon  nseash.gha  heat  foi  ,on.  tn- 
3  bniners  111  he  carbonimng  furnace  as  the  Edison 
mpany  are  in  the  habit  of  usimr  win,  i.„™i,„„ 


Iming  yonr  eiiiploymunt  by  tlio  Edison  Compn 
A.  Yas,  I  have  lind  a  guneral  knowlodgo  o 
lever  an  accnrato  knowledge.  I  believe  the 
)eciipins  several  lioiirs. 

no  x-Q.  AVliat  was  the  resistance  of  vonr  t 
ilanients  before  they  were  put  into  the  carboni: 

A.  I  believe  the  lilanients  before  eai-boniza 
iisnlatoi-s,  and  not  conductors. 

01  x-Q.  Have  you  ever  teste.l  them  in  tin's  re, 
A.  Xo,  but  the  nature  of  the  materials  indica 
licy  are  insulatoi-s. 

02  x-Q.  Is  not  eoal  tar  a  conductor  of  electric 
A.  I  think  not. 

03  x-Q.  Do  yon  know  ? 

A.  I  have  never  tried  it,  but  I  should  bo  very 
iirprised  to  lind  that  it  was. 

04  x-Q.  Have  you  ever  soon  in  any  electrical 
y  a  statement  that  it  is  not  a  conductor  ? 

A.  No. 

9u  x-Q.  Carbon  is  a  conductor  of  clectricitj’,  is 
A.  Yes. 

0(!  x-(}.  The  fact  then,  as  I  understand  it, 
in  never  measured  the  resistance  of  your  tii 
aments  in  their  green  condition,  that  is  befor 
trodnetion  into  the  carbonizing  furnace? 

.4.  No.  I  never  have. 

07  x-Q.  How  long  a  time  do  yon  find  reejnis 
lling  out  a  filament  like  siiocimons  10,  20  an 
mr  Exhibit  Howell’s  Tools,  after  the  mixtu 
len  made  ? 

A.  About  an  hour.  Probably  less  than  thi 
inly  not  more. 

08  x-Q.  Approximately  what  is  the  radiatincr  ■ 


100  x-Q.  Ion  say,  in  answer  to  22  Q.  thatcarb 
xitton  threads  can  bo  made  from  ordinary  conn: 
ii/.os  of  s])ool  cotton,  having  a  resistance  of  2,000 
ual  a  radiating  surface  of  ,i,-inch.  Do  you  kno 
ly  act  ual  test? 

A.  Yes,  but  I  did  not  make  the  test  myself, 
bowing  this  fact  were  made  by  my  assistani 
lack.son,  who  will  testifv  conceriiiii.>  tl,:<  „„.c 


101  x-Q.  How  far,  in  your  judgment,  is  the  md 
iirfaco  of  the  spirally  coiled  burners  of  your  E 
mills  diminished  by  the  coiling? 

.\.  I  have  made  no  measurements  or  obscrvatii 
liow  the  ninoniit  of  this  diminution.  It  is  grea 
line  lamps  than  in  others.  The  first  eighteen  of 
inip.s  were  coiled  to  an  extent  about  the  same  as 
iliited  in  the  drawing  Figs.  1  and  S,  in  the  ] 
rawing.  The  otherspiral  lamps  are  coiled  more  c 
am  this,  about  in  the  .same  degree  ,as  the  Patent 
odd  of  the  patent  in  suit,  laiii])  23  and  2(i  beii 
Iiarly  as  I  could  make  them  exactly  the  size  c 
aloiit  Oflice  model  referred  to. 

102  x-Q.  Did  you  nieasure  the  rosistence  oi 
iniur  in  the  Patent  Ofiice  model  ? 

A.  I  tried  to,  but  found  it  was  a  blackened  tli 
id  not  a  carbon,  being  made  simply  as  a  modi 
:ow  the  dimensions  and  form  of  a  caibon  lil.inieii 

Latter  part-  of  the  answer  beginning 
the  words  “  being  made  ”  objected  to  as 
called  for  by  the  (luestion,  and  as  only  a  hyj 
csis  on  the  part  of  the  witness. 


103  x-Q.  You  say  in  answer  to  23  Q.  that  if 
rner  of  the  Patent  Office  model  wore  made  of 
-putty  composition  described  in  the  jiatent  in  t 
resistance,  measured  cold,  would  bo  SO  ohms.  .Sin 
t  this  statement  bn  m.alifin,!  1„.  fl,„  f.,..ii,„,.  i . . 


iniimtioii  given  in  j'oiir  luiswoi'  to  Q.  27  ? 

A.  I  inensnieil  tlio  length  between  tlio  enlnrged  on 
mill  moasinea  the  ilimnoter  betivoon  tlio  insiilo  edge 
the  Iieiivy  slnido  line  forming  the  rigid  boiindnry  of  t 
■lament,  to  tlio  outside  edge  of  the  thin  lino  formi 
the  left  boundary,  those  measurements  being  tak 
from  Fig.  2  of  the  iiatont  drawing. 

lOK  x-Q  Do  yon  iind  anything  in  the  nntont  whi 
indieatos  that  all  the  figures  of  the  drawing  are  iiia 
to  a  detinite  sealo  ? 

A.  \o. 


lOi  x-Q.  In  all  of  the  tar-initty  carbon  lamps  whi 
.  oil  made,  the  burners  wore  joined  to  the  iilatimim  ti 
ir  wires  by  the  use  of  the  tar-imtty  oonient,  and  befi 
larbomzatioii ;  were  thev 
A.  Yes. 

108  x-Q.  By  what  manipnlatlou  did  you  apply  tl 
ement?  •' 

A.  I  Old  off  a  small,  thin  piece  of  tar-putty,  ai 
fjucezecl  it  around  the  platinum  tip  and  end  of  the  lil 


llOllo-d.  Q.  What  isthe.spei 
IS  the  absolute  rosistaneo  per  ciil 
loliiiis)  of  the  bamboo  carbon  la: 
>y  the  Filison  Jjanip  Coni]uinyy 
A.  5788  niierohnis  per  cubic  ee 
111  Be-d.  Q.  If  ineande.seent  li 
111  heating  the  carbon  lilaiiieiit 
■liat  would  be  the  effect  upon  th 
laments  of  the  electric  current  u 
r  burn  them  in  use  'i 
A.  The  oloetric  current  used  in 
onld  cffoet  a  reduction  in  the  rei 
laments,  doiionding  in  aniount  u] 
’  carbonization  which  had  been  i 
a;  lamps. 

llil  He-d.  Q.  How  would  the 
itli  the  rediiotinii  in  i-ou,’.,!..,,™  . 


A*:i.s  cause  hy  the  decomposition  of  the  tar-piittv  \ 
u  coiiiiectiug  tlie  phitinuin  tips  to  the  fikii 
.vliicli  tar-i)utty  was  not  lieatcil  to  a  lii-li  .k-ioo  ilu 
ixlianstion,  ami  woiil.l  act  tlic  sauiu  in  a  linislied  li 
IS  would  tho  carbon  incviously  referred  to  as  lia 
mt  been  boated  during  exiianstion.  Tins  deconip 
ion  of  lij’dro-earbons  driven  liy  tlie  Iieat  of  the  It 
mni  connection  between  tlie  iilatinum  and  tlie  cai 
il.iiiient  and  tlie  reduction  in  resistance  dining 
mniing  of  a  laini)  caused  liy  gas  so  ]irodiiced,  ll: 
bscrved  in  lamps  liaviiig  connections  between  pi 
inn  and  carbon  made  by  tlie  de]iosition  of  carbon  fi 
lO'dro-carbon  liquid,  sucli  action  being  very  slow  ; 
xteiidiiig  over  a  long  iioriod  of  time  dining  wliicli 
nap  was  burned. 


c  liurner  and  the  jdutinum  wire,  as  well  as  the  bin 
iulf,  subjected  while  on  the  pumps  to  an  electric  i 
"t  of  mucb  greater  iutoiisitv,  and  therefore  to  a  m 
filer  heat,  than  that  emploved  after  the  lamps  w 
ded  up  ? 

•V.  Yes. 

118  llo-x-Q.  And  is  it  your  idea.  then,  that  if 


which  in  fact  you  .suhjecte.l  the  lamps  w 
pumps  ? 

A.  Yes,  I  bchuve  so  ;  the  reduction,  howe 
be  due  to  different  causes.  A  very  great 
would  bo  made  by  simply  heating  the  lilaii 
burmngjmKl  a  f  tl  e  .  1 ,  fo.  o  11  1 
he  action  I  have  previously  mentioned.  1 
fii-st  of  thc.se  two  causes  would  probably  nc 
IS  great  a  reduction  as  would  the  high-heati 
Jxhaustion,  both  actions  together  would,  I  hoi 
Uice  a  much  greater  reduction  than  was  pr. 
"gh  heating  during  exhaustion. 

11!)  Ee-x-Q.  'rhen  I  assume  that  you  won 
s  j  our  opinion  that  if  you  had  not  heated  tin 
loctrically  while  on  the  imnips,  the  carbons  o 

I  ied  lamps,  when  you  came  to  put  the  lam 
ith  an  ordinary  service  current,  would  have 
2sistanco  gradually  to  considerably  less  tl 

I  1  their  resi.stance  i 

A.  Yes.  IVhen  first  used  a  very  largo  rediicti 

II  mediately  occur,  which  would  be  followed  1 
iductioii.  The  lamps  which  were  burned  on 
St  showed  a  gi-adnal  reduction  of  resistaiic 

10  entire  OOO  hours  in  which  they  wore  liurnei 

120  Ee-x-f}.  The  ilhiiiiinnting  power  would 
iced  iniich  more  than  the  resistance,  would  it 
A.  On  the  contrary,  the  ill  i  ti  g  po 
-je.ise  as  the  resistance  decreased,  other  tliiiij 

121  Ee-x-Q.  Eeforriiig  to  your  answer  to 

11  you  ),leaso  explain  why,  if  you  could  kee. 


2  Ee-x-Q.  The  gas  flame  w,us  hcncal 
:s  on  which  the  crucible  rested'^ 

Ye.s. 

1  Ee-x-Q.  And  about  how  lar"o  and  I 
hie? 

About  S  inches  high,  about  5k  inchc 
c  top  and  ahont  fl  inches  at  the  botto 
were  about  J  inches  thick. 

I  Ee-x-Q.  And  was  the  box  which  c 
ms  to  bo  treated  placed  in  this  open  < 
low  otherwise  ? 

The  box  containing  the  fihimei.ts  w 
bago  in  the  centre  of  this  criicibh 
lie  being  tilled  with  plumbago,  the  fii 
1  on  toji  of  it. 

'  Ee-x-Q.  Do  you  know  the  iiiclti 

2^0 ;  but  it  can  readily  be  obtained 
i  containing  such  data. 

EF.-CnOSS-EXA.MIXATIO.N-  CLOSED. 

John  H. 

oiirned  for  lunch. 


^'cis  E.  Jackso.v,  a  witness  produced 


irlviV!  ’I  Couii  I  1  ,th  I  vi  1 

irouol  s  look.  Have  y„„  soe..  ti.eso  tools  l.efo.e ;  i 
SO,  under  wimt  circnmstnncos? 

n“‘"’  them  ns  tool 

Ismlby  Mr.  Howell  m  ,u„ki„g  the  Ininiis. 

y  Q.  I  io:ul  to  you  ij  Q.  ami  answer  of  Mr.  Howell’ 
lei.os.tion  in  this  ease,  in  whieh  ho  .loscribos  th, 
.11  ion.s  steps  of  nnumh.etnre  followed  by  him  in  f la 

nS  o  W  n“  '"'“P®-  this  state, 

iiont  of  Mr.  Howell  a  correct  one  ? 

A.  The  processes,  as  far  as  I  observed,  were  e.Nactlv 
s  described  by  Mr.  Howell. 

G  Q.  Mr.  Howell  has  stated ’that  yon  procured  the 
oal-tar  for  him.  Is  that  so 

retaS.’"'  ^  “‘"‘-■“'‘'-‘■“•'‘t  «S«s-'vorksia 

7  Q.  AVhat  was  the  condition  of  the  coal-tar  when 
on  received  it.  and  was  it  used  by  Mr.  Howell  in  that 


Lomiiliuiiiuits’  List  of  Edi 


Lamps '! 

A.  I  Imvo  selocteil  lamps  suuli  iis  nru  at  present  m 
)y  the  Edison  Lamp  Co.,  an.l  have  had  them  moim 
n  a  ease.  Tlie  lamj)s  were  seleeted  so  that  the  volta 
ronid  eorrespond  w-itli  tliose  indieate.l  on  tlie 
eferred  to.  I  have  pasted  labels  on  these  lamps 
hat  tiiey  can  bo  ideiititiod. 


Complainants’  Coansol  offers  in  ovidoneo  t 
case  of  rogalar  Edison  lamps  prodtieed  bv  t 
witness,  and  the  same  is  marked  Comphiinan 
L.'chibit  .Sample-Case  of  Edison  Lamjis. 

Direct  e.vaniination  closed. 


Adjourned  until  .Saturday  July  12,  1890,  at  10  A.M 


Jfisw  I’oitK,  July  12,  189U. 
Mot  pursuant  to  adjouriinient. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 


THE  W1T.NESS,  FnAXClS  E.  J.1C1 
Do.vcax  : 


12  x-Q.  Are  you  au  assistant  of  Mr.  Howell? 

•  “m  not  exactly  an  assistant  of  Mr.  Howell. 


etrieity  also.  The  Stevens  Institute  pi'ov 
irsc  of  study  of  eloetrieity  in  its  conr.so  of  meel 
(ineoring, 

.0  x-Q.  I  our  practical  acijuaintaiice  with  the 
ture  of  incandescent  lamp.s,  such  as  you  ha 
obtained,  then,  since  your  employment  1 

L  I  knew  in  a  general  way  the  manner  in  whic 
ilescont  lamps  were  made  before  my  count 
li  the  Edison  Company,  but  I  had  never  made 
ps  or  seen  them  made  before  that  time. 

(i  x-Q.  In  your  course  at  the  Stevens  Institute 
r  professors  explain  Ohm’s  law  to  you? 

^  They  did. 

^  x-Q.  So  that  you  had  a  fair  understanding  ol 
■  I  had. 

1  x-Q.  AVero  any  of  the  laiiijis  embraced  in  J 
s  statement  Xo.  1,  subjected  to  a  life  tost  ? 

•  Aono  of  tho  lamps  were  so  tested. 

>  x-Q.  How  long  have  any  of  these  lamps 


Roughly,  I  should  .say  that 


of  them 


11  x-Q.  IVcro  the  carhons  of  all  these  hiiniis 
ed  to  eleetrical  li.satiiig  on  tlio  pin,ij)s  ? 

I’llv  ” 

12  x-Q.  How  (lid  the  degree  of  Ijeat  einplove, 
t  purpose  coni], are  witi,  tlie  l.eat  at  wl.ieh 
(ed  the  lainjis  in  ]>roenring  the  data  given  in  .1 

I  s  statement  Xo.  2V 

V.  riiey  were  all  lieated  on  the  i>mni,.s  to  a  hi 
.perafnre  than  wl.en  they  were  tested.  1  eonid 
le  the  temperature  in  ligmes,  and  do  not  reniei 
ii-  having  heard  lignres  nientioned  for  the  teiin 
e  of  siiel.  Iai,ii,s  when  being  exhausted. 

x-Q.  'J  iie  tem|ieratuie  however  used  at  that 
S  verymiiehhiglier  than  the  toinpemtiirensed  h 
>]iieiit  tests,  was  it  not  ? 

V.  Tlio  teiniieintiire  used  on  the  iiiinip  was  i 
:hor  than  that  n.sed  during  the  tests. 

-4  x-Q.  How  long  a  time  was  eonsiiiiiod  in  this 
ml  heating  on  the  pniiips  ? 

If  an  hoiir‘ 

->3  x-Q.  How  long  woie  the  thread  spirals  kept  ii 
■■mce  before  they  were  ,,nt  into  the  lamp  bull 
>  piimiis  y  ' 

There  was  no  fixed  time  at  all  of  earbonizii 
the  average  time  was  about  throe  horns. 

-x-Q.  How  did  the  teniperatiiro  of  the  fin 
npam  with  the  temperature  used  on  the  pump  • 

A.  Ihe  teni],erutnro  of  the  fnrnaco  was  lower 
=  teinperatiire  of  the  lilaments  of  the  lamps,  ■ 
mg  exhausted.  ‘  ’ 

27  x-Q.  Approximately  how  iniioli  lower  ? 

Li  r’l  ‘lifl'ei'ouco  i. 

glees  of  tem,,eratnre,  but  in  the  furnace  the  filan 
0  heated  only  tea  yellow  heat.  The  filai, 

Id  no  be  seen  while  in  the  fnrnaco,  but  theeriu 
,  nf  «  i  “  r  I  t'mt  a 

:1 


,d  by  Jlr.  Howell  in  carbonizing  his  tar-pnt 
mts. 

2!l  x-Q.  Then,  as  I  understand,  von  jilaced  th 
e  and  its  eontnnts  while  cold  in  the  fiiriiac 
plied  the  heat  and  keiit  the  crucible  in  the  1 
til  you  siippo.sed  that  the  yellow  heat,  whi 
it  developed  on  the  outside  of  the  crucible,  ha, 
tcil  to  the  thread  si>irals  which  yon  wore  ti 
1  that  yon  removed  the  eriieible  when  you  sii 
s  heat  had  been  scoured.  Was  such  the  fact 
A.  The  tilainoiits  were  left  in  the  furnace  i 
night  they  had  been  oxiiosed  to  the  greate.s 
ainablo  at  that  time  for  a  siifBeient  length  of  t 
•lionize  them.  I  believe  that  before  the  lih 
re  taken  from  the  furnace  the  centre  of  the  c 
IS  as  hot  as  the  outside,  and  that  the  centre 
leiblo  had  been  at  that  maximum  temperat 
me  time.  AVhen  I  thought  the  earbouizatii 
nplote  the  gas  was  shut  oil'  the  furnace  and  tl 
M,  and  crucible  allowed  to  cool. 
iO  x-Q.  How  long  do  yon  think  the  thread 
uaiiied  exposed  to  this  nmximniii  tciniierature 
,  gas  Was  shut  olV,  and  what  are  vonr  gronu 
miiig  any  particular  time  ? 

A.  Generally  the  heat  was  not  all  turned  on 


ijiia  WHS  not  turned  on  the  fnriince  iit  fii-st  I'lie 
outside  of  tl.e  erneiblo  wns  not  raised  to  its  lii-hest 

nTl'ilo™  ofenV'T  ‘^l"  "" 

fnllllow  ofgnslmdnothoen  turned  on  nt  the  be-in- 

be  on  e Lie  to  ntt  nn  ,t  nni.nnn.n  tempc  it  .re  when 
tbo  full  How  of -as  imd  Iieen  turned  on. 

the  fnSoifo7-l;i''wnL‘tn™nrLro*’^ 

-ebidfrir”  j-l«e  about 

..  r'5 

bo  idnmbago  in  tile  c.ne.blo  wee  ...  fact  e^,  I 
iiiinitos?  ”  ‘o'operntnro  for  ...ore  tl.at  fiftee.. 

A.  I  linve  no  absoli.to  k..owledgo  tl.nt  tliov  we.e  e.x-- 
'osed  to  tlio  l..gbest  te.nporaturo  for  ...ore  tbnn  Hftie.i 

eiXl^r  «".vpnrticnb.r  ten.- 

iniif  fi  (.  lengtii  of  time.  I  fonud  bv  e.^peii- 

«wir!i,X-7«”“’ 

35x-Q.  AVben  von  snv  fl.n,.  _ _ 


3<  -x-Q.  Did  yon  test  the  .'esistanee  of  a.iy  of 
i.rals  after  they  ea.i.e  f.oni  tl.e  fnr.iace  a.id 
ey  were  put  in  tl.e  bu.ip  b..lbs  V 
A.  I  do  .lot  .•eineniber  testing  anv  of  these  fib 
tills  way,  but  I  may  l.ave  done  so. 

If  tiiey  were  tested  I  have  not  kei.t  tl.e  figiirei 
fi  tlie  results  of  the  tests. 

38  .\-Q.  Did  von  aid  3Ii'.  Howell  in  testing  t 
ilnnees  of  bis  tar-initty  lamps  ? 

A.  I  did  test  some  of  the  tar-pntty  lamps  bef 
uistion,  ami  also  after  oxbanstion. 

3!)  x-Q.  In  those  lamps  yon  found  a  very  great 
resisfanee  produced  by  the  electrical  beating 
iiiips,  did  yon  not  ? 

A.  I  do  not  remember  bow  mneb  elmnge  the: 
‘iU  X-Q.  "Was  tbo  }*olIo\v  heat  which  you  sav 
"u-'il  by  the  erneiblo  in  you  own  Jxporiiuen 
neb  you  iissume  was  attained  for  a  gi-eater  or  i 
iioil  of  time  the  thread  spirals  eucloseil 
n  taneible,  gi'eater  or  less  tliiiii  the  bent  nt  wbi 
'bnari  iiionndesceut  lamp  is  intended  to  be  . 
tnal  use  ? 

A.  Incandescent  lain])  lilamonts  in  ordinary  u 

•1  ed  to  a  higher  temiieiature  than  was  attained 
inace  dnring  the  earbonization  of  the  cotton  I 
f  1?'  ff*e  beat  to  wbieb  yo 

bed  these  thread  spirals  while  on  tbei)umi>s  wi 


jected  in  the  furnace  ?  ' 

A.  Tlio  teinperatnro  to  which  the  cotton  thrc 
inents  were  snhjccte.l  on  tlio  pumps  was  very 
higher  tlian  the  temperature  to  winch  tliev  wei 
jected  in  the  furnace. 

42x-Q.  Is  this  also  true  in  regard  to  tlio  tai 
falaments  tliat  were  made  by  Jlr.  Howell  and  in 
Ills  lamps  ?  * 

A.  The  tar-putty  rdament.s  were  heated  to  a 
uglier  temperature  while  on  the  pumps  than  w 
tamed  in  the  carbonizing  furnace. 

-13  x-Q.  1111011  the  tar-jinttv  f^l"l••el'ts  ■■•ore 
carbonized,  what  was  the  hea't  to  which  the  o 
was  brought  V 

A  In  carbonizing  the  tar  putty  filaments  so  g 
leat  was  not  used  as  in  carboniziug  the  cotton 
I1I.....CI.U  ■»  1tho.1t  knowing  just  what  the  tempo 
0  he  furnace  was  in  carbonizing  the  far-putt. 
me  lts,  I  would  judge  that  the  crucible  was  heato 
dull  red  heat  during  the  carbonization. 

•hi  x-Q  And  in  the  tar-jiutty  experiments  wa 
e.ucible  broufedit  uji  to  this  dull  red  heat  by  first 
iig  on  a  small  supply  of  gas  and  then  letting  on  tl 
as  in  the  ease  of  your  thread  siiiral  oxperim 
A.  Hy  lecolleetiou  is  that  the  full  flow  of  gai 

fi'lame^r  tar- 

■15  .x-Q  About  how  long  did  it  take  to  brim 

cnicib^etoitsdullredheatin  the  tai-putt,  fil  im 

A.  I  cannot  say  how  long  it  took,  not  havim 
served  it.  '  .  « 

-10  .X-Q.  To  what  extent  could  the  flow  of  gas  in 
furnace  be  regulated  ?  ^ 

"™“ee  or  it  could  be  shut  oil  o  that 
flame  hlled  a  small  part  of  the  furnace. 

Finuxcis  E.  Jacksc 


A.  Charles  Heshler;  twenty-seven  1 
llnmswick,  X.  .1. 

■J  Q.  Have  you  lately  testeil  for  Jfr. 
some  tar-imtty  spiral  lami.s  ami,  if 
characfer  of  the  test  and  what  the  rcsi 
A.  I  have  tested  for  Mr.  .lohn  W.  H 
lanijis.  I  can’t  say  that  they  are  tar-j 
icceivod  that  information.  I  tested 
life,  ciuidle  [lower  and  olliciency.  I  to.s 

One  Xo.  5  lamp  I  found  to  bj  a  po. 
The  reniining  six  I  took  down  at  the  e 
I  have  tabulated  the  results  of  life 
I'ower  and  average  am|)erage  of  these  1 

Complainant’s  counsel  offers 
tabulated  statement  [iroduced 
and  the  .same  is  marked  C’oni|iIi 
Deshler’s  Test  of  Howell’s  laniin 

•'i  Q.  I  call  your  attentiou  to  Cotnpli 
I  biweH’s  Tar-putty  Lamps  and  to  Ian 
M,  1-1  and  15.  Do  you  recognize  th 
mes  you  tested  ? 

A.  I  recognize  those  ns  the  lamps  1 
till  have  my  order  mark  -145-1  uiion  the 
■1  Q.  IVlmt  is  your  occupation  ? 

^  of  flic  lamp-testing 

lie  Edison  labomtory. 

II'WS-EXAJUXATIOX  IlV  GE.XEllAt.  Dl'.XCAX 


n  x-Q.  How  does  the  diseolomtioii 
vacuum  was  poor? 

A.  AVheii  tho  carbon  oxidizes  it  lakes  a  bn 
3ollo\r. 

C.  Desii 

Adjomiied  to  July  15  (Tuesday),  at  11  A.  M. 


Xi:\v  Yoiik,  July  15,  If 
Jlet  pursiiaiit  to  adjourimient- 

rresont— G.  P.  Lowiiey  and  1{.  X.  ])vi;it,  of  cc 
oiYomplaiuaut ;  S.  A.  Dl'Xcax,  of  counsel  fo 

Cviii-s  P.  UiiAciiEJT,  a  witness  produced  on  bolu 
ofendant,  liaviii};  been  duly  sworn,  testifies  in  a: 
0  questions  by  Jlr.  Dyer. 

1  Q.  Please  state  your  name,  aoo  and  residence. 
A.  M}*  name  is  Cyrus  !■’.  Brncicot ;  fifty-six  yoj 

go  ;  I  reside  at  Prineeton,  Xew  Jersey. 

2  Q.  You  are  Professor  of  Physics  at  Princeton 
.'ge,  have  devoted  many  years  to  tho  invostigatioi 
sposition  of  seientilie  niatloi-s— especially  elec 
latters— and  have  been  frequently  called  upon  t( 
fl^asMiu  e.xpert  in  jiatent  cases? 

3  Q.  Have  you  given  any  especial  attention  to 
udy  of  oloctrie  lighting,  and  what  facilities  and 
irtunities  have  you  had  for  investigating  that  subi 
A.  I  have  for  many  years  given  especial  attei 
the  study  of  oleetric  lighting,  commencing  and 
lug  on  mj'  investigations  before  the  subject  had  : 
s^eloiied  ill  Jiuy  practical  commercial  way.  In 
lai  1803  I  was  put  in  charge  of  tho  departmei 
omistry  and  physics  in  Powdoin  College,  and  ah 
imediately  thereupon  constructed  a  vorv  iiow( 


,  etc.  In  tho  lectures  which  I  have  given  to 
lents  I  have  constantly  made  use  of  tlii^ various 
luces  which  exhibit  the  progress  and  the  prei 
:o  of  tho  art  of  electric  lighting.  I  have  under 
trol  a  very  large  and  exi.ensivo  collection  of 
iitus  suited  to  the  exhibition  of  the  principles 
•ed  in  tho  art  of  electrical  illumination,  and  show 
various  methods  of  their  installation  in  practice. 
Q.  Are  you  acquainted  with  the  construction  i 
i-ation  of  Gelssler  tubes,  and,  if  .so,  how  oxtens 
iieen  your  familiarity  with  that  apparatus? 

•  I  an,  acquainted  with  their  construction  and  i 
ion,  indeed,  I  have  freipiently  constructed  th 
o  f,  and  applied  them  for  various  purposes  of 
oh.  While  at  Bowdoin  College  I  had  a  colleeti 
lose  tubes  in  my  charge  ;  and  I  have  at  Princel 
meroiis  and  valuable  collection  of  Geissler  till 
id  to  various  uses,  such  as  spectroscopic  rescan 
iHtion  of  mechanical  onects,  thermal  efl'ects  a 
y  which  are  for  more  display  of  enrioiis  results. 

J.  1  lease  explniu  tlie  coustriictioii,  operation  a 
of  Geissler  tubes  ? 

Tlic  Geissler  tube  is  constructed  chiefly  of  ghr 
form  and  size  of  the  tube  will  depend  upon  t 
O  which  it  is  to  bo  aoplied.  The  dimensions 


C^nis  F.  Br.ickett. 


)le  within  the  siiniilest  spai'o.  At  two  jjoiiit 
listanco  from  each  other,  two  eleetrodos  are  fm 
ind  throngh  the  glass  so  as  to  project  into  tin 
)f  the  tubes,  and  at  some  ])oint  a  tubnliire  is  f< 
he  blast-lamp  adapting  the  tube  to  bo  attache 
ir-pnmp  for  oxlianstion.  The  tube  so  exhar 
ny  degiee  which  may  bc!  desirable,  is  hern 
ealed,  so  as  to  ])reserve  the  vaeuum  iiroduce 
ifre<piently  the  platinum  wires  or  electrodes  te 
1  the  interior  in  aluminium  imilongations,  p| 
in  faces  suited  t(  le  cl  |  s  |  cd  ct 
lu  tul)o  is  ill  opunition. 

A  Oeissler  tube  is  operated  by  joining  its  eh 
a  as  to  complete  the  circuit  of  an  indueti( 
leetrieal  machine  or  battery  consisting  of  mai 
lined  in  series.  Wien  in  opeiation,  the  tube  is 
iitcd  by  the  pa-s.sage  of  a  current,  and  the  eliari 
le  illumination  depends  on  the  residual  gas 
10  tube  may  contain,  after  having  been  more 
jrfeetly  exhausted  by  the  use  of  the  luimi 
laraeterof  the  light,  in  other  words,  depend 
10  nature  of  the  ga.s,  and  on  the  degree  of  exhi 
which  the  tube  has  been  subjected. 

One  of  the  most  important  uses  of  the  Oeissh 
the  aid  which  it  furnishes  us  in  specti-osco 
arches ;  thus  the  lines  which  the  spectroscc 
bits  when  a  Oeissler  tube  containg  a  trace  of  hv 
s  is  used  to  illuminate  its  slit,  are  found  to  be 
1  in  character  and  position  with  those  whii 
iind  when  the  solar  atmosphere  is  made  to  illu 
0  slit.  Wo  therefore  infer  the  presence  of  hyi 
the  solar  atmosphere.  Some  special  foi 
lisslor  tubes  have  been  proposed,  and  perhi 
rue  extent  used,  in  surgery,  to  light  ii])  the  ii 
vities  of  the  human  body.  They  have  beei 
sed  for  use  in  mine.s,  and  for  use  in  the  ha 
1  diver  in  submarine  exploration. 

HQ.  Dr.  Morton,  in  nnou-o..  fr.  i.xn 


This  implies  tlmt  tl.e  f-es  ea.mot  l.o  cons 
coiuluftor.  Its  luiiiiiiosit.v  must  tlieroforo- 
sonic  other  action  than  tlmt  of  hoatin"  ii  c< 
iiicnndcsccnce-  ° 

Also  Lodge  “Xiitiu’o,”  VdI.  XXXVII,  p. 

“  Tliero  IS  no  true  eomluetioii  to  eitl 
vapors ;  in  otlior  words,  a  suhstanee  in 
dition  seems  to  beliave  ns  a  jierfect  insi 
imps  the  only  perfeet  insulator  ther 

least 

And  a  large  number  of  other  authorities 
=>ted  to  the  same  effeet.  Indeed  it  i=  no 
jpen  question,  that  the  gases  and  vapors  nr. 
;nrded  as  insulators  in  the  strietest  sense. 

Indeed  the  facj;  mentioned  by  Dr.  Jlortou 
o  lb  Q.  fol.  4J,o,  that  “  the  light  produced 


It  IS  believed  upon  good  and  sulli 

10  light  produced  in  rarified  g. 
lies,  is  due  to  the  encounters  .i 
loy  net  to  carry  oloetrieity  from  oi 
r  convection,  these  encountei's  o 
irbance  in  the  ether  which  we  rocc 
The  conclusion  reached  by  Dr.  51 
ilicaring  at  fols.  4078  and  41179, 
lat  has  just  been  said,  to  bo  wh 
mint  be  admitted  that  the  light  i 
produced  “in  the  same  way  as  it 
scent  lamps  in  which  a  thin  .strij), 
lid  material  is  em|)loved." 

If  Dr.  Jlorton  were  right  in  the  c. 
[iresscs.  Ohm’s  Law  should  bo  stri 
lor  words  there  should  be  a  grad 
111  one  oleetrodo  to  the  other,  and 
Iiild  vary  with  the  strength  of  tl 
'High  the  circuit ;  which  conclusic 
experiment.  (See  Gordon’s  work 
81.) 

11  his  answer  to  17  Q.  Dr.  ilortc 


.uiunmng,,o,.t,„„s  nl  tlie  iulies  with  liqui.l  solut 
hy  bniigiiig  into  their  inoxiniity  goiiis,  inineral 
sniieally  inepared  siihstancus  whicli  (lossess  tlio  i 
y  of  Ihioreseoneo  ;  that  is  to  say.  wliidi  ean  an 
ihilations  of  short  perioil  so  as  to  roiidertheni  vi> 
:1  thereby  inereas.,  or  modify  the  ligl.t  « 
lerwise  would  lie  emitte.l.  I,,  tlieso  cases  it  ea 
eonteiided  that  the  inerease  of  tlie  light  is  due  t: 
aleseence  proper,  sine,,  it  is  not  aeeoinpaniod  b; 

on  liny  riso  oftonij)tjrjitnro,  above  tliat  \v 
nld  1)0  evolved  by  the  simple  passage  of  the  nn 
ongh  the  eondueting  gns-  if  wo  admit  for  a  nun 
t  it  is  a  current  and  tliat  the  gas  is  a  conductia'. 
u  answer  to22  Q.  Dr.  Morton  says,  in  elleet.  that 
«Pin-opr,ato  so  call  the  line  or  thread  of  gas  w 
stitutes  the  .source  of  light  in  a  Geissicr-tubo  laa 
iicr,  as  It  would  be  so  to  call  the  carbon  or  platii 
ch  IS  used  as  the  source  of  light  in  iueaudes, 

ps.  I  quite  agree  with  Dr.  Morton  that  the  , 

ropriateness  of  the  team  “  burner,"  as  ho  uses  it 
fact  that  the  object  to  which  it  is  applied  is 
™  of  light  from  which  the  light  radiatos-in  wl 


Cynis  F.  Brackett. 


Hui.fial  illnmiiiatioii,  niulor.staii(liii^r 

“  illumination ’’ the  liglitiiiK  of  interiois  o'f  (Bve 
Vtiblie  bnil, lings,  streets  ami  tlioroughfares.  I 
myself  Iwen  a  student  of  ai)|)lied  electrieitv  for 
than  twenty  yea.-s,  and  am  reasonably  familia'r  wit 
appliances  in  use  and  with  the  literatnro  upon  tl„ 
ject,  and  I  have  no  recollection  of  sncIi  apparatus 
mg  heen  emiiloyed  for  purposes  of  gener.d  ilhnnin 
In  sniiport  of  my  belief  that  such  is  not  the  case 
attention  to  the  fact  that  in  general  tho.se  author 
have  set  forth  the  history  of  the  progre.ss  of  el 

ilhnnination  have  not  menti . .  tin-  Cleissler  till 

one  of  the  means  to  bo  employed.  This  is  true 
Imye  of  Pre.scott,  Sylvanns  Thonip.son.  Go 
•Sche  len,  lawyer,  etc.  By  way  of  showing  the  inf, 

Ityof  the  Gei.ssler  tube  as  a  nieaiis  of  ilhnnimdi 
ipiote  from  I’aget  Higgs’  translation  of  Font, 
Blectric  Bighting  (lS78b  P-  1 : 

The  electric  light  may  also  bo  ]irodnccd  b 
use  of  Gois.sler’.s  tubes,  but  the  feeble  ligl 

1 -  of  tlissSe  tubes  renders  them  nnsnit, 

doinostie  or  industrial  uses,” 

It  is  true,  however,  that  for  special  purposes  of  li 
mg  a  very  limited  area,  such  as  would  be  involve, 
the  examination  of  the  bottom  of  a  ship  iimlor  w 
or  smgical  examination  of  the  cavities  of  the  hii 
body,  the  Cleissler  tube  has  been  to  a  liniitcl  ox 
employed.  A  proposition  has  been  made  to  applv 
Goissler  tube  to  the  lighting  of  buoys,  “but  this  ’l 
°\'f  *  that  it  appears  to  list 

Titito  (hlhciilt  to  apply  it  advantageously  to  this  , 
|oct.  (See  Befendaiit’s  Exhibit  Translation  Dii  JIoii, 
Article  on  Geisslcr  Tube  Lamps,  p.  2078,  fob  Sh 
ilso  111  Defendant’s  Exhibit  'rranslation  Wilde’s  Bc] 
m  Lodyqtmic  Lamp,  p.  2113,  fob  8149.  it  is  s 


ally  uselo.s.s,  the  light  being  altogether 
,1  the  means  of  operating  them  altogethei 

11  Q.  Were  the  principles  involvoil  in  th 
n  ,>f  the  Gobssler  tube,  namely,  the  contii 
iniber  and  the  platinum  wires  fii.scd  ini 
phcablo  to  the  eonstriietioii  of  the  ehami 
amlesceiit  electric  lamps  known  jirior  t 
I’s  work  upon  this  subject?  Kindly 
isons  for  any  opinion  you  may  express? 

A.  I  should  say  the  jirinciples  involve!  ii 
coiislriiction  were  not  ap]ilicnblc  to  th, 
'-‘stion.  Such  lamps  were  constructed  wit 
viating  thedilliculties  attemlant  upon  the 
Icli  resulted  from  the  wasting  awav  or  lire 
the  iiicaiidescent  burners  which  tlioy  encl 
‘■e,  therefore,  .so  constructed  that,  on  the 
nap  to  operate  by  reason  of  the  destriicti 
;  current,  they  might  bo  taken  apart  so 
!  renewal  of  the  incandoscent  body.  Tl 
!  use  of  a  glass  chamber  fitted  to  and  ceiii 


nil.  i.iiup  iistii,  aiHi  would  bo  absorbed  i 
b,  tJiu  iiicaiideseiny  carbon  until  cxi)eIIod  bv  tli 
tioii  of  the  lamp.  Kiion}{h  air  would  bo  oonti 
tho  lamii,  I  believe,  to  act  injuriously  iiimn  it 
sure  the  de.strnetion  of  the  incamleseing  carbon 

Adjourned  until  Wedne-sday,  July  ](1,  ISilC 


Jlot  i)ursuant  to 


Xew  roiuj,  July  1C, 
ndjouriimont. 


rresont— G.  P.  Lowroy  and  B.  X.  Dyer  of 
for  Complainant,  S.  A.  Duncan  of  Coun.sol 


Dihect  Ex.i.mi.vatio.n-  of  ' 


E  AVitxess,  PllOF.  Br.i 


Ami,  lastly,  nolliiiig  is  said  in  tin;  spuciliaatic 
sliown  in  the  diawin-  which  indicates  that  the  tal 
means  of  which  the  vaciiniii  is  iirodiicod  is  to  Ii 
diiced  in  leiislh  beyond  that  stated,  viz:  alna 
incljus. 

15  Q.  Please  explain  Iiow  the  quotation  you 
given  from  the  King  iiateiit  shows  that  theincando 
liortion  of  the  lamp,  together  with  its  lixtiires,  im 
mmcrewod  and  removed  from  the  lamp  chamber; 
Mhat  would  bo  the  imriiose  of  such  a  construction 

A.  In  order  to  answer  this  rjiiestion  I  call  attei 
to  the  language  “  whose  lower  end  fc-ma  (the  it 
are  mine)  into  the  iron  piece  Now,  roferenc 
the  drawing  mahes  it  clear  that  the  lower  end  reh 
to  18  that  of  the  stout  platinum  wire  fused  into  the 
of  the  lamp  chamber.  It  is  hence  evident  that  th 
candescing  carbon  c,  together  with  all  the  siippoi 
apparatus,  is  attached  to  the  lower  end  of  the  platii 
wire  by  a  screw  joint.  It  may  therefore  be  tinscre 
and  removed,  if  any  .suitable  means  are  provided 
lliat  purpose.  The  ipiotation  shows  that  such  nu 
ire  provided,  for  the  cnnnni'  ...i.:„i. 


ur  must  frequently  become  necessary, 
b  Q.  I  oiill  your  attention  to  the  fact  t 
the  drawing  of  the  King  patent  shows 
»  slightly  smaller  tlmii  the  cross-pieces  a 
attached  to  the  forceps  /;/  which  hold  tl 
os  this  fact  change  your  opinion  that  the  1 
Ie.signed  to  have  the  parts  witli.lrawn  thr 

V.  It  does  not,  for  if  the  active  i.ortion  of 
'•0  designed  to  bo  a  fixture  which  coul.l  i 
'Od  froiu  the  chamber,  no  useful  purpose 
'served  by  the  screw-joint  which  unites 
00  (f  with  the  iilatiiinm  wire.  Xor  woiihi 
f  iioeessitv  for  the  tube  which  is  omiilov 


.  xiio  ladioiiictur  of  Crookes  is  eiii])Io3*C(.l  to  sir 
meehniiioal  L-IVccts  diiu  to  tlio  luolfciilm-  oiicomit, 
ill  take  place  in  ^ases  when  in  a  verv  rarilicd  v< 
)u.  TIioso  mufhiiuieal  olieets  may’ bo  shown  in 
siinitlo  way  by  snsponding  a  liglit,  tidn  bodv, 
Ito  of  inioa,  of  wldcli  one  side  is  bIacl:onod,'(m 
:ato  spring  witliin  an  air  ohaniber  wliioli  can 
coniidotoly  oxlianstod.  It  will  bo  fonnd  that  if 
nous  body,  or  ono  whioli  is  omitting  radiations, 
anted  to  the  jdato  of  mioa  situated  as  just  doscrih, 
II  bo  displacoil  from  its  position.  If  sovoral  Ih 
sof  mica  bo  mounted  so  that  they  can  turn  about 
endicuhir  axis,  as  shown  in  Tig.  ao  or  iil  of  I'n 
s’  deposition  (p.  IfiH,  fob  7-212  printed  romr, 
imous  rotation  will  result.  The  radiometers, 
:orm  or  another,  aro  designed  and  adapted  to  sho 
moLhaiiical  olieets  as  produce  rotation  or  di; 
iineiit,  and  which  have  their  origin  in  the  iiioli 
encounters  of  rarified  gases. 

0  continuous  platinum  wire  is  designed  to  1; 
d  to  a  battery  or  other  source  of  electrical  ei 


so  as  to  become  heated  thereby,  and  thus  ellbc 
uliation  required  to  operate  the  radiometer. 

Q.  Prof.  Cross  in  his  deposition  for  the  defend 


unimtible  with  hermeti 

20  Q.  .Vro  Croohes  i 
ey  ever  been  used  for 

In  the  jiropor  sens 

21  Q.  I  call  your  atte: 
r.  Horton’s  Published 
onp,  and  to  the  coin 
lat  ho  calls  the  triflini 
de  of  the  art  such  i 
iielusion  ns  to  the  oc( 
Iiting  by  Edison  lainf 
01  that  given  by  Dr.  3 

Objected  to  as  i 

I  think  it  was,  and 
1  attention  to  the  ass 
lie  paper  referred  to. 


i.s  of  "as  by  tniiisiiiission  tliioiigli  tlio  ])ii 
riior.  This  fact  makes  tlie  ease  loss  fav( 
ictiic  lighthi"  as  comparca  with  gas  lig 
slioaUl  liavo  been. 

ng  these  eiiuiuastaiices  into  account  it  do 
to  mo  that  Dr.  Jlorton  is  jnstilioa  in  tho 
guago  in  the  paper  reforrea  to.  “  Tins  rela 
economy  aiaap])ears,  or  ceases  to  have  am 
!  importance  in  tlie  practical  relations  o 
At  the  ante  of  the  pa])er  roferroa  to 
iilonbteaiy  a  positive  ami  very  consiaorab! 
)  in  favor  of  electric  lighting,  as  coiniairod 
a  amount  of  illnmination  by  gius,  when  ree 
a  to  the  most  eflicient  aynnmos,  with  jne 
al  lamps  ana  lam])  cii’cnits. 

Compliunant’s  counsel  oflei'S  in  eviaont 
paper  ]iublisliea  in  tho  American  Journi 
bciencc  roierrea  to  by  tho  witness,  iiia 
same  is  nnukea  Comiihamint’s  Exhibit  Brai 
i.’ouug  test  of  Eaison  Dvnumo. 


Oljjectod  to  as  iiuiiiaturinl  nii  1  1  1 1  t 

A.  Considering  tlie  state  of  tlio  art  of  ineandi;.' 
lighting  at  the  date  of  tliis  patent,  1  shonld  consid^ 
an  essential  feature  ;  for  in  my  Ijeliof  the  inventoi 
carefnl  to  ])rovide  a  means  wliieli  wonld  permit  tin/ 
nowal  of  the  aetivo  portions  of  tlio  lamp  from  tiai 
time,  as  slionid  he  necessary.  For,  ns  already  sin 
the  period  of  active  usefulness  of  such  a  hi’mi)  c 
not  be  very  great.  I  do  not  mean  to  say,  howi 
that  a  lamp  eonstrueted  in  all  respects  like  the  1 
lanii),  with  the  exception  indicated  in  the  (pies 
wonld  1)0  an  inoperative  one,  for  a  short  time.  Ki 
endeavor  was  plainly  to  provide  an  apparatus  in  w 
a  renewal  of  the  incandescing  portion  might  ho  a 
without  inoiirring  the  u-xpense  atteudant  on  an  ahan 
iiiciit  of  the  entire  structure  when  the  iiicnudesoing  ] 
tion  should  fail. 

20  x-Q.  If  that  was  his  chief,  or  one  of  his  oriin’ 


eoxTixuEU  ; 

27  x-Q.  If  King  had  had  distinctly  in  mind  tlie  re- 


pressly  states  that  o„o  of  the  wires  fro...  the 

passes  i..to  the  ...e..c...T  h.  the  eap  at  the  bol 

the  t..be.  11.0  o.rci.it  is  thus  eoi..i,leteil  by  the 
of  i.ioi'cii.y  "? 

A.  Certai..ly.  A...1  tl.is,  I  t..l;o  it,  is  a.,  app 
of  tl.e  welI-k..ow.i  method  wl.ieh  was  ea.'Iv  e.. 


by  elootricia..s  of  ioi..i..g  ....  eleetrie  cireiiit  by 
of  ...ereury  eups.”  Tl.is  w..s  tl.o  almost  .., 

method  ,n  early  praotieo  of  “joii.ii.g  ,,p”  olecti 


.o---  -  Ilia  in  action,  were  e 

plo>*ecl  111  the  construction  of  a  lain]),  an«l  if  in  su 
a  v..e.......  we.-e  p.-od..eed  a..d  it  wc 

he.emetically  closed,  the.,  such  a  lamp  ...iel.t 
used  in  sub...ari..o  Iighti..g.  ” 

chKef”^’'  you  mea..  by  “  heremotical 

A.  I  mea..  the  sa.no  thi..g  as  is  to  be  ..mlersto. 
Ijy  the  h...g.iago  “  suitably  sealed.”  Those  a.e  tl 
'vords  th..t  the  i.ate.itee  uses.  Bv  elosii.e  I  men 
sealing.  '  “ 

Sa  .y-Q.  Do  you  ....de.st....d  this  parag.-ap 
quoted  to  refer  to  a..y  diire.'e.it  e(j..structioi.  or  fu: 
ther  soaIi..g  of  the  lau.p  than  is  shown  i..  ligure 
of  the  pi.to.it  and  describeil  in  the  jiart  of  th 
specilicatioii  jirecediiig  this  j.aragiaph  '! 

A.  There  is  nothing  in  the  imtent  by  which  thi 
juestion  can  be  decided,  I  believe.  In  the  striic 
lire  shown  a  platiinim  wire  enters  tho  top  of  tli 
iliiminated  chamber:  and  is  snalnd  to  tl.n  ..i.... 


Imlort  thu  niotlioils  of  caiefiillv  dun 
..n.ciui.th  boiliii^  tlio  iiicrciirv  in  the 
witation  to  uxuhulo  ovory  trau'o  of  air, 

yn  x-Q.  Yon  refor  now,  I  siipiioso,  tt 
hat  wore  known  in  ISIS'* 

A.  I  do. 

•i!)  x-Q.  Aro  you  familiar  with  tho  hii 
f  thu  trial  of  the  King  lain]),  as  iiiado 
mil,  in  tho  prosoiicu  of  Karaday  and  ot 


Ohjectod  toasiniiiiaterial  and 
sineo  tho  “  historical  accounts 
nny  such  wore  over  imblishod,  i 


A.  In  a  general  way,  yes.  I  have  no 
'or,  at  jiresont,  tho  details  of  those  oxf 
■111  x-Q.  Do  yon  recall  tho  cireniiista 
r  more  of  those  exhibitions  King  m 
■til  thirty-six  lamps  upon  it,  each  oi 
'■0  of  tho  United  States  of  America  ? 

Same  objection. 

A.  I  do  not. 

x-Q.  Do  you  recall  the  fact  that  I 
oiniiiendod  King  (or  perhaps  Starr,  tin 


tu  pith.,  tlllOlljrll  thu  VIICIIIIIII? 

A.  I  suppose  not.  It  is  not  vorv  clinion 
«ucli  complete  e.-clinustion  as  to  pfochule  tl 

thosparkf.oma,pUteia,„eina^ 

•iiJ  x-Q.  Ilten  in  tl.e  Cielsslor  tube  as  or 
s  nictet  the  pre.sence  of  the  „„.s  contriba 
1- 

A.  Uniloabteilh-  it  does. 

•14  -x-Q  Given  'two  (ieissler  tubes,  one 
<.‘x].austed  and  tbe  otl.er  witl.  a  loiv  e.x 
"liiLli  Mill  the  current  pa.ss  the  more  readil 

A.  Tlie  (p.ostion  is,  I  think,  best  answerc 
•t  .smale  tube  be  fitted  with  its  electrodes,  a 
o  the  e.xhausting  puinp,  or  other  device,  fo 

e  mr  01  gas,  and  joined  up  in  circuit  witl 

t  S'*.';  ““  "•'‘■■l“o-''l>n»stion  p, 

7r  Jh,S'777?'=77  ‘--<l-mpieti 


be,  does  this  oUserved  chiim 
luce  of  the  contained  gas  tak 
I  believe  it  depends  to  soi 
of  the  gas,  and  is  only  foui 
as  iiroceeded  to  a  iirotty  high 
actly  name  at  this  inoment. 
-Q.  Is  it  not  probable  that  tl 
the  early  stages  of  oxhaustii 
the  heating  of  the  gas  when 
f  Ijy  “  heating  ”  we  are  to  un 
is  IS  meant  by  heating  a  solid. 


ingly  answer  no.  That  then 
successive  encounters  of  tin 
lie  path  of  the  electric  disi 
lisruptively  through  the  gii 
e  fall  of  the  resistance  is  di 
beat  is  hardly  probable,  fo 
lere  is  no  fall  of  resistance  i 
■ord,  since  the  discharge  take 


lly  diflerent  from  that  wliicl) 
of  a  current  through  a  solii 
facility  with  which  a  dischai 


Ulc  positions  which  they  otliei-wiso  would  iiiiiini 
movements  throiij'h  distances  wliicli  are  very  coi 
able  in  comparison  to  their  size;  and  the  nature 
movement  is  in  general  saeh  that  no  fixed  form  , 
Imdy  constituting  the  medium  would  be  mainf 
excejit  as  it  is  enclosed  within  limiting  walls  o 
faces,  such  ns  are  c  ,  1  1  f  t  „  g 

hejuK  s.  Conduction,  on  the  other  hand,  is  ipiite 
patiblo  with  such  minute  inovomonts  of  molcciil 
do  not  greatly  take  them  out  of  their  mean  pos 
Iioiico,  the  character  and  form  of  conducting  bodi 
mam  poriiianent  or  substantially  unaltered. 

48  x-tj.  Then,  as  I  understand  yon,  there  is  a 
a  molecular  disturbance  in  the  passage  of  the  oh 
onrient,  and  you  apply  the  term  “  convection  ” 
this  disturbance  becomes  very  groat,  as  in  the  ca 
a  gas,  and  the  term  “  eonduetion  "  when  the  amou 
the  disturbance  is  very  much  loss,  ns  in  the  ca 
a  solid.  Does  this  comictly  state  your  view  ? 

A.  Yes,  with  the  addition  of  the  idea  that  in 
!a.so  of  the  gas  there  is  not  such  cohesive  actio 
vould  tend  to  preserve  the  integrity  of  its  form,  i 
rom  the  containing  vessel  or  enclosure. 

49  x-Q.  Is  not  the  ditrerenco  in  the  method  by  w 
he  electric  mipnlso  is  propagated  in  the  two  cases 
ohd  and  a  rarefied  gas,  due  to  the  difference  in 


as  shall  doiiend  upon  the  state  of  eon 
etion,  to  those  next  adjacent,  to  be 
by  them  and  in  like  maim..,- 
ud  so  on,  until  the  opposing  cle 
or  uqnnlizafion  of  iiotential  is  secur 
entinued  difference  of  iiotential  is  nn 
on  goes  on  continuously,  but  in  a 
forent  from  that  which  “solid  condii 

.  Is  it  not  by  substantially  the  same 
tof  the  molecules,  but  of  course  throii 
ited  distances,  that  electrical  energv  i 
oiigh  a  solid  ? 

lould  say  not,  and  I  give  one  or  two 
re  is  very  complete  evidence  that  > 
let  electricity  at  all.  They  are  believ, 
aid  to  be  by  the  best  authorities,  po 
Thus  Clerk  Maxwell  expresses  the 
cry  case  where  a  body  charged  with  el 
liargo,  it  does  so  by  the  conducting  a 
•ts,  as  will  appear  by  the  following  tp: 
uvoll’s  Elementary  Treatise  on  Ele 
;e  110.) 

he  more  perfectly  insulating  wo  ma 
atus  (which  is  required  to  suiqiort 
slowly  does  the  electrified  body 
0,  so  that  it  is  probable  that  if  we  eoi 


tno  passngo  of  oloatric  eiiorgy  throiigl,  thoiu  is  accn,,, 
1>  ishuil  111  any  siiali  way  as  is  aucoiiiplislied  in  solid  oi 
luinid  condnctois. 

52  x-Q.  Wlmt  I  inton, lud  to  ask  in  tlio  I.Lst  quostioi, 
was  tins,  wliotliur  in  tlio  passage  of  oloetrio  cnoi-v 
throngli  a  soliil  tlio  moloonlos  nearest  one  of  tlie  olw^ 
trades  do  not  first  liooonio  electrified  with  a  clnr„o 
siinilai  to  that  of  the  adjacent  electrode,  and  then  move 
owiiK  the  more  distant  molecules,  and  commiinicafe  a 
cliarge  tlirongli  such  molecules  ?  If  this  ho  not  tin- 
nction  which  takes  plaee  in  ease  of  condnet.on  wh.t  is 
ho  nature  of  the  molecular  disturbance  which  as  von 
hav^  said,  accoiuiianies  the  passage  of  the  electric  cm- 
rent  through  soliils  y 

A.  Several  theories  have  been  proiionndod  to  cxi.laiii 
what  goes  on  during  what  is  called  the  passage  of  fhe 
electric  current.  Those  who  l.ave  viewed  electricitv  as 
a  material  existence  have  supposed  it  to  have  prol„  i- 
tios  analogous  to  those  of  a  fluid,  it  being,  however,  in¬ 
compressible.  A  battery  or  other  moans  of  producing 
the  electric  cunent  might,  in  this  view,  bo  regarde, 1  as 
iicting  111  a  way  quite  analogous  to  the  action  of  a  force 
imiiip.  So  that  the  fluid  which  is  „„„ 


ihero  would  still,  however,  be  , 
between  the  action  of  gases  and  , 
•iniont  shows  that  there  is. 
x-Q.  In  the  .section  of  Clerk  JIaxw 
1  J'oii  have  quoted,  does  there  not  t 

“  The  whole  theory  of  the  oleoti 
uses  is  in  a  very  imperfect  state”? 

There  does. 

s-Q.  Is  not  the  entire  section  from  ' 
d  as  follows : 

The  whole  theory  of  the  uleotri: 


foimil  to  losu  its  cliaiKO,  tliu  result  can  always 
traeeil  to  eomluetioii  through  the  substaiieo 
along  the  surface  of  the  ai)i)aratus  which  is 
quired  to  support  it.  The  more  perfectly  insa 
ing  we  make  this  aiiparatus,  the  more  slowly  d 
the  electrified  Isody  lose  its  charge,  so  that  if 
pioliable  that  if  we  could  support  an  elcctril 
body  on  a  perfectly  insulating  stand  so  tlj.at 
could  lose  its  cliarge  only  by  conduction  tliror 
the  air,  it  would  nevssr  lo.so  its  charge.” 

A.  It  is. 

^  uu  x-Q.  In  one  of  the  extracts  in  Exhibit  “  Xotes 
Geissler .Tubes,”  there  appears  language  ascribed 
Sir  Milliam  Thompson,  ns  follows  : 

“Air  is  one  of  tlio  best,  ulthougli  not  t 
strougesit,  insulators.” 

Bo  you  undei-stand  by  the  statement  that  there  ii 
other  substances  whicb  will  Insulate  moro  perfectly  IIj 
air,  according  to  Thomiison’s  conception  of  the  matte 

A.  Xot  at  all.  What  ho  means  is,  that  a  less  sep 
ration  of  electrified  bodies  in  air  would  bo  required 
[)ie\out  the  jiassage  of  a  spark  of  electricity  liotwi'i 
them,  than  would  bo  required  of  some  other  bodi 
isually  accouiited  good  insulators— glass,  shellac,  f 
Jxample.  Ho  does  iioh  men.,  ,.f  nil  n,„r  ti 


iciia  as  would  Iio  requisite  to  secure  a  long  life  laid 
H-n  produced.  Tlii.s  fact,-  of  course,  togeti.er  with 
.  t  ot  leakage  to  wliioli  tlio  question  refers,  constitute 
It  ineoiisidorablo  defects  of  sucli  lumps.  Tlio  want  of 
iiforniity  in  the  iiieandescing  carbon  woul.l  also  tend 
its  spoedy  tlostnictioii. 

x-Q.  It  was  perfectly  well  understood  at  and  bo¬ 
re  that  time,  was  il  not,  that  a  very  high  vacuum  was 
icssaiy  for  protecting  the  burners  of  such  incandos- 
nt  lamiis  as  onqiloyed  carbon  ? 

A.  Xvit  in  the  sense  in  which  wo  now  use  that  term, 
dunk.  It  was  iindoiibh  lli  ioco„  i/oltl  t  oxvgen 
.1st  Ijo  lemoved  and  oxcluded  from  tiie  lamp,  biit  it 
IS  not  so  well  known  that  ga.ses,  which  do  not  support 
I  tioiiorlii  Illy  1  It  likewise  be  excluded.  Noi¬ 
ls  there  the  general  idea  of  what  constitutes  a  lii-di 
cuiim,  as  we  now  understand  that  term.  Tlie  means 
producing  suoh  a  vacuum  were  only  at  hand  when  the 
ussier  and  Siirengol  pump  appeared. 
eS  x-Q.^  Those  moans  existed  prior  to  Edison’s  work 
>011  the  incandescent  lainii,  did  they  not  ‘i 
-■V.  They  did. 

•j'J  x-Q.  Were  not  the  vacua  obtained  by  Crookes  in 


s  radiometers  prior 
luia  of  many  of  the  c 
e  present  day  ? 

A.  Trobably. 
h'O  x-Q.  AVliat  do  yo 
the  present  time  ? 

A.  I  should  call  it  a 


3  1878  much  higher  than  the 
mmercial  iucaiidescent  lamps  of 


IS  were  roilucofl  to,  say,  the  one-millioiitli  of  its  t 
al  tlnii.sity  at  atiiiosplieric  |iressiire. 
til  x-Q.  .Sii|)i)osiiig  it  were  reduced  only  oiie-( 
i  nmcl).  namely,  to  one  one  hundred  thousandth  < 
tmosphero  ;  would  it  still  he  a  high  vae.mm  ? 

A.  In  ordinary  pneumatics,  yes. 

(>2  x-Q.  In  the  luieumatics  of  electric  lighting.  I 
A.  As  comiiared  with  the  older  and  earlier  pract 
ould  bo  a  very  high  vacuum. 

(>3  .x-Q.  What  is  the  vacuum  existing  in  the 
aroinetric  tubes  of  the  present  day  ? 

A.  A  very  diflieult  (piestion  to  answer.  It  is 
nown  that  the  vacuum  may  be  made  so  complete 
hen  the  mercury  rises  it  fills  the  upper  parts  o 
abo,  and  completely  adheres  to  it  so  ns  not  to  he 
)(lged.  In  other  words  the  tube  remains  compl 
dl.  Such  a  tube  may  be  restored  to  u.sofulnei 
10  introduction  of  an  exceedingly  small  bubble  of 
Inch  rises  into  the  Hiijior  part  of  the  tube,  bee 
illused  over  the  walls  of  the  glass,  and  so  ]novont 
ijurious  adhesion. 

Adjourned  until  Friday,  July  18,  1800,  at  11  A. 


Knw  Yoiik,  July  18,  IS! 
3Iet  i>ursuant  to  adjournincnt 

Present— E.  X.  Dveii,  of  counsel  for  complaii 
A.  Ul-.s-cax,  of  counsel  for  defendant. 

-IIOSS-EX.t.MI.\ATIO.S-  OF  THE  W1T.NES.S  PliOF.  BlIACI 
CO.XTIXEED  : 

01  X-Q.  In  your  last  answer  do  you  refer  to  the 
iig  of  barometers  by  the  Torrecelliau  method? 

A.  In  general,  yes  ;  but  such  a  vacuum  as  I  hav 
cnbed  would  only  be  produced  by  taking  very  i 
wins  to  exclude  ns  much  as  iiossible  of  the  res 


05  x-Q.  How  high  a  vacuum  w.as  it  jiosi 
lain  by  the  Torrecelliau  method  as  the  sam 
improved  up  to  1815  ? 

A.  An  exact  answer  would  he  diflieult 
terms  of  ntmosphei-ic  iire.ssure.  Eut  eor 
than  was  ordinarily  obtained  by  the  use  of 
when  suitable  precantions  wore  taken  to  se 
ness  of  the  tube  and  of  the  mercury  emph 
exclude  all  other  substances  which  might 
air  or  gas,  or  forcibly  retain  it  by  smfac*e  a 
0(ix-Q.  You  have  no  doubt.  I  premime 
ilosigned  to  create  ns  perfect  a  vaeuum  in 
lam),  described  in  his  Eritish  jiatent  of  l.S 
I'ossiblo  to  produce  by  the  method  which  h 
A.  I  suppose  he  intended  to  take  ful 
of  the  method  which  ho  discloses  ;  and  yi 
not  have  secured  a  very  high  vaeuum  sin'ci 
"ire  contained  in  his  mercury-tuhe  u’n'tittc 
eiirmg  the  best  results,  inasmuch  as  if  he  ha 
to  boil  it.  tho  wire  would  almost  eertainli 
lies  royod  by  amalgamation.  And  it  i^ 
evident  that  the  incandeseing  carbon  woiih 
horn  giving  up  tho  air  which  it  holds  by  i 
‘iiiiong  Its  pores,  even  if  ho  had  boiled  the 
he  lamp  chamber.  Supposing  him  to  In 
lie  air  or  other  gas  contained  in  tho  carb 
1  lorated  when  it  bocanio  iiieaiidescent,  a 
atoly  begin  its  destructive  notion,  which  i 
'mill  tho  usefulness  of  the  lamp  would  be  t 

All  .after  the  word  “  diselo.ses"  ol 
not  called  for  by  the  question,  an 


onsily  omjjloyed.  Tlie  lamps  wore  of  necessity  liii 
ami  aeeorcliiigly  heavy;  and.  naturally,  slrom- 
thiek-wallod  ehandjers  and  tubes  were  employe! 
contain  them,  which  wore  also  best  suited  to  thu'im 
of  exhaustion  then  known  and  cmi)loyed.  All  ti 
reasons,  I  think,  made  it  natural  to  proceed  as 
early  workers  did,  namely,  consti noting  the  laniii 
that  the  parts  wore  removable  by  the  use  of  soiiari 
chambers. 

OS  x-Q.  Looking  at  the  matter  of  size  only 
largo  would  be  the  globe  of  the  lamp  which  is  .sin 
in  Figure  5  of  the  Lritish  patent  of  lloborts  of  ISSa 

A.  About  three  inches  and  ono-lndf,  probabb 
diameter.  I  estimate  this  from  the  data  given  hi 
specification,  and  by  roforenco  to  the  dniwiu<' aec 
pauying. 

O'J  x-Q.  Please  oxamino  your  deposition  in 
McKeesport  suit  and  state  whether  the  following  q. 
tious  and  answers  constitute  part  of  the  same: 

‘  lb  Q.  Please  state  whether  or  not  in  v 
opinion  there  is  a  sufficient  description  in’ 
specification  of  the  patent  in  suit  as  to  the  chai 
ter  of  the  fibrous  biiruer  to  be  used  for  the  bur 
its  selection,  its  preparation  for  carbonization  ; 


the  bulk.  It  is  noticeable  in  the  wood  fioi 
conifei-s,  which  is  made  up  mostly  of  wood 
posed  111  cells  very  largo  as  compared  with  tl 
spaces  between  them.  In  most  of  the  exogi 
woods  the  disjiosition  of  the  fibres  of 
wood  is  such  that  no  continuous  small 
could  be  cut  from  it  such  that  every 
section  of  it  would  represent  the  sumo  amou 
woody  material  as  every  other.  This  results 
the  fact  that  in  the  structure  of  such  wood,  be 
fibres  which  are  more  or  less  pandlel,  ther 
others  present  which  cross  these,  and  so  tu 
the  fibres  aside  from  their  straight  and  re 
course  would  render  it  ccrtidn  that  in  attem 
to  cut  from  such  wood  a  regular  form  some  o 
fibres  would  bo  cut  across,  the  result  being  ir 
larity  in  the  distribution  of  the  matter  in  th 
ibhed  juodnet,  and  when  an  electric  curie 
transmitted  through  such  material  those  poi 
in  which  the  carbon  residue  is  least  abunda 
cross  section  would  be  most  intensely  heated 
the  process  technically  known  as  “  arcing  ”  si 
by  which  the  conductor  would  bo  destroyer 
seems  to  me,  therefore,  that  one  setting  hi 
to  construct  a  lamp  in  aceordauco  with  the  jii 
supposing  that  such  a  lamp  could  be  succu.si 
made,  would  linil  in  addition  to  the  task  si 
fore  him  in  the  iiatent  a  full  field  of  oxperiin 
tiou  into  which  ho  must  enter  and  make  trial 
various  papers  or  woods  before  he  could  hop 
success.  As  to  the  process  involved  in  the  r 
tioii  of  the  raw  material  to  the  form  of  ci 
suitable  for  this  pniiiose,  the  patent  gives  no 
cieut  disclosure.  For  these  reasons  I  thini 
enough  is  tlisclosed  to  enable  one  skilled  ii 
art  to  make  a  practically'  operative  conductor 
1  r  Q.  In  making  a  conductor  from  wood  ct 


18  Q.  How  largo  a  jiroportion  of  vegetabl 
Jiowths,  oven  if  the  material  were  ])repared  fi 
iarbonizntion  and  carbonized  with  the  advance 
ikill  of  the  present  time,  would,  in  vour  opiuioi 
10  at  all  suited  for  manufacture  of  incandoscei 
amp  carbons,  or  would  make  a  lamp  which  woul 
le  practically  operative  ? 

A.  In  my  0]uuion  only  an  exceedingly  sma 
rnction  of  the  whole  nundier  of  growths  known  t 
IS  would  fulfill  this  condition,  and  it  may  not,  iie; 
nips,  bo  amiss  to  give  my  reason.  If  wo  examin 
ho  class  of  grasse.s,  it  will  be  found  that  th 
itruoturo  furnished  by  the  stems  or  the  leaves,  c 
"deed,  by  any  part  of  such  grasses,  doo.s  not  poi 
IO.SS  sulBoient  homogeneousness  of  structure  an 
iniformity  of  density  in  material  to  fulfill  the  coi 
litions  requiied.  'When  the  silicious  outer  covei 


tlio  I)itli,  tlie  fells  and  the  wliolo  s 
biiiullcd  to{>otlioi-  in  i)nrallol  distribution,  li 
ondopnotis  plants,  that  I  slionld  expect  to 
eesH  in  carrying  out  tlie  invention.  AVlr 
this  I  do  not  nnain  that  such  knowledge  w 
crally  in  the  iiossession  of  seiontifie  luei 
time  of  the  application  of  this  patent,  but 
luis  been  subsequently  discovered.  Auswe 
question  siiecifically,  then,  I  say  onlv  a  vei 
number  of  materials  inaicatod  in' the  ( 
would  be  found  suited. 

l‘J  Q.  !Did  there,  in  your  opinion,  u.xii 
goueml  knowledge  of  the  art  i>rior  to  Ja 
1880,  a  suOieieut  knowledge  of  the  conditii 
tivo  to  the  selection  of  the  material  and  its 
ration  for  the  purpose  of  making  bun 
iucaudeseeut  lamps  to  make  the  statom 
tainod  in  the  patent  in  suit  in  regard  to  the 
and  its  preparations  sufficiently  definite  tc 
peraous  skilled  in  the  art  without  further 
ment  to  produce  a  practically  operative  cc 
or  burner  for  incandescent  lamps  ? 

A.  I  do  not  think  there  did” 


.....  ..iiuu.cryou  still  maintain 

which  you  expressed  in  the  said  answers  ? 

Question  objected  to  as  immaterial 
tent  and  irrelevant. 

no  doubt  it  is  correct,  d’ho  patent  referred  t 
s  .Vo.  ,^17,070  of  Sawyer  .fc  Man.  And  I  hav 
•easou  to  change  my  ojiinions  given  in  those 
70  x-Q.  In  your  direct  oxaiuiiiation  vou 
low  Ihioresceut  glass  operates  under  'soiin 
itanees  to  increase  the  light  which  is  develop 
lassagoof  electric  current  through  a  (Icissler 
hi.s  action  of  litiorescent  glass  iicculiar  to 
diich  is  developed  in  a  Oeisslcr  tube '! 

A.  It  is  not.  Fluorescent  bodies  can  act  ii 
udly  the  same  way  under  the  iiillucnce  of  so 
ions  which  are  too  short  wave-lengths  to  hi 
nd  this  property  is  frecpiently  made  availab 
•loscopos  of  s]>ei;troscopo8,  in  order  to  rondi 
ortmiis  of  the  solar  spectriiin  which  otherw: 

71  x-Q.  Does  it  have  any  such  cflcct  in  cc 
ith  the  light  of  a  voltaic  arc  or  incandesceni 

A.  It  does. 

':2 -x-Q.  Are  the  authorities  all  agreed  that 
afect  insulator  ? 

-V.  Ihero  is  substantial  agreement  among  al 
Ihorities,  I  believe,  in  this  respect,  though  it 
'ssiblo  e.xpressions  may  be  found  in  the  liter 
u  subject  which,  taken  by  thomselveis,  could 
u  inference  that  the  gases,  iuclndiiig  air,  are 
rfect  conductors.  Since  the  work  of  Sir  Win. 
11  and  Clerk  Maxwell  there  is,  I  think,  no  r 
ubt,  however,  that  the  gases  are  jierfect  iusiil 


and  is  not  the  following  statement  contained  i 
publieation  (oth  Edition)  on  pp.  21G-7  : 

“  Bodies  are  divided  aceording  as  they 
classed  with  the  metals,  damj)  linen,  or  i 
>joo,l  oomluctm;,  amiluctors,  and  im,. 

The  distinction  is  one  of  degree.  All  coml 
oflbr  some  opposition  to  the  transfer  of 
fication,  and  no  body  is  a  perfect  insulator? 

A.  Yes. 

Hk-diiiixt  Ex.vjii.v.vtio.\  liv  Mu.  Dveii  : 

74  Ite-d-Q.  Is  it  to  ho  inferred  from  the 
quoted  from  your  book  on  physics  that  the  oh 
discharge  which  takes  jilace  in  the  gas  contaim 
Geissler  tube  is  the  same  in  kind  ns  and  only  di 
degree  from  the  electrical  conduction  which’  oc 
an  electrical  incaudoscent  lamp  ? 

A.  By  no  moans,  as  will  ajiiienr  by  comparii 
paragraph  containing  the  quotation  with  seel  h 
(p.  ;i.o0  et  aaj)  of  the  same  liook.  In  this  secti 
the  following,  the  phenomena  of  electrical  dischi 
mretied  gases  is  set  forth. 

75  Be-d-Q.  In  answer  to  .30  x-Q.,  vou  state  tl 
of  tlrn  purposes  of  the  tube  shown  in’ the  Edison 
Ao.  _3(,732  is  to  exhaust  the  lamp  chamber, 
examine  the  patent,  and  state  if  yon  are  correct 
respect,  and  in  what  respect,  if  at  all,  vou  des 
change  the  conclusion  reached  bv  you  in  ansv 
and  31. 

A.  In  the  answci-s  referred  to  I  inadvertently  as 
that  one  use  of  the  mercury  columns  of  the  lanq) 
produce  the  vacuum  within  the  lamp  chamber. 


VI  g  lamp  and  the  sealing  up  of  the  glass  chambe 
0  the  mercury  column  be  a  serviceable  and  usefu 
:ruction  for  the  King  lamp,  and  one  which  wouh 
I  the  iiur])oso.s  of  the  King  construction  ? 

In  my  opinion  it  would  not,  for  it  would  defea 
'*  ‘“o  objects  which  I  think  was  intended  in  th-i 
ruction,  namely,  the  iio.s.sibility  of  removal  o: 
icandescing  siqiport  when  th'e’  carbon  which  ii 
■s  is  destroyed.  This  construction  would  render  r 
"lint  expensive  appamtus  entirelv  useless  after  .i 
period  of  activity,  and  so  would  make  such  a  lamp 
itlior  an  inipracticablo  one. 

Be-d-Q.  In  33  x-Q.,  your  attention  is  called  to  the 
ug  statenient  in  Section  140  of  Jfaxwoll’s  book  as 
=  imperfect  state  of  the  theory  of  the  electric 
.--rties  of  gases.  Do  you  understand  that  that 
emeiit  is  intended  to  qualify  to  any  extent  the  state- 
it  made  further  on  ill  the  same  section,  which  you 
a  quoted,  showing  that  air  is  an  insulator? 

.  I  do  not.  The  quotation  which  I  made  refers  to 
after  of  fact,  and  has  no  reference  whatever  to  any 
ay,  and  consequently  stands  by  itself. 

C.  F.  B11.VCKEIT. 

Ijoiirned  until  Monday  July  21.  1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


2  Q.  A\  Imt  lias  boon  your  training  ami  cxpcritMic 
ail  oiigiiieoi-,  especially  with  reforoiico  to  eleetrieity 
electric  lighting,  and  what  oxperienco  have  you  ha 
the  coniparisun  and  analysis  of  patents  for  inventic 
A.  For  the  past  ninoteen  years  (with  the  excop 
of  four  yeai-s  spent  in  obtaining  a  tcchiiical  ediicat 
I  have  boon  an  engineer.  At  first  my  oxporionco 
confined  to  civil  engineering,  and  included  vaii 
branehes  of  surveying  and  onginoering  construct 
iiioro  particularly  of  the  class  connected  with 
building  of  railroads.  Jly  experience  in  electricity 
its  applieatiou  began  in  the  winter  of  1880,  who; 
entered  Mr.  Edison's  laboratory  as  an  assistant, 
the  winter  of  1881  I  was  appointed  first  nssistnnt 
gineer  and  aeting-chief  of  the  Edison  Electric  Li 
Company  of  Now  York,  and  held  this  position  u 
February  1,  188i,  when  I  loft  the  compiiny.  i’l 
February,  1884,  until  the  summer  of  1887  I  was  c 
uoeted  with  the  Teloniotor  Company  of  New  York 
corporation  organixed  to  exploit  invention  of  my  c 
for  transmitting  and  recording  temperature,  pressi 
etc.,  at  a  distance,  by  moans  of  devices  analogous 
electrical  signalling  apparatus  for  fire-alarm  tolegmp 
IVhilo  associated  with  this  corporation  I  took  . 
several  letters  patent.  From  1887  to  September,  IS 
I  was  employed  by  the  Gibson  Electric  Companv 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


cal  accuraulator.s)  as  engineer  and  electrical  exper 
i  engineer  of  the  Edison  Comiianv,  i  1  it  es  i  Ic 
r.  Edison’s  directions  had  to  do  with  the  practicr 
plication  of  electricity  to  electric  lighting.  I  laiv 
d  an  extensive  experience  in  the  general  s°ibject  am 
details,  both  in  the  preiiaration  of  plans  of  larg, 
dial  stations  and  .systems  of  electric  lighting,  am 
the  supervision  of  their  construction.  Jncimk'd  ii 
1  details  were  the  conslniction  of  dynamo-electrh 
climes,  the  cojisideratioii  of  general  systems  of  con 
dors  for  supplying  electricity  to  the  lamps,  and  tlic 
erniination  of  the  proper  sizes  of  the  conductors  foi 
h  systems.  In  the  three  years  during  which  I  was 
nocted  with  the  Telemeter  Company,  mv  electrical 
ienenco  was  similar  to  that  obtained  bv  ■■m  elec- 
lan  of  a  telegraiih  company.  The  prosecution  of 
appheations  for  patents  upon  my  own  inventions 
made  it  necessary  for  me  to  eoniiiare  and  analyze 
nils  for  inventions  to  a  considerable  extent.  My 
iieotion  with  the  Gibson  Company  was,  electric, tllv, 
petition  on  a  smaller  scale  of  my  o.X])erieiice  in  the 
son  Company.  I  was,  however,  coiistantlv  called 
!i  in  the  comiiauy’s  interests  to  consider  the  noveltv 
scope  of  letters  patent,  and  during  this  time  I  per¬ 
iod  similar  service  for  outside  parties. 

Q.  Bo  you  agree  with  Professor  Cross  in  the 
ion  expressed  by  him,  in  answer  to  C3d  question 
the  problem  of  the  “  subdivision  of  the  electric' 
related  only  to  dividing  the  arc  light  ? 

Objected  to  as  indefinite  and  as  calculated  by 
reason  of  its  indefiniteness  to  embrace  matters 
not  testified  about  by  Prof.  Cross  in  answer  to 
Q.  13  of  his  deposition,  as  well  as  matters  not 
properly  of  the  nature  of  rebuttal— defendant’s 


’  ,  . *’  ***  to  Ihu  production  ol 

any  kind  of  oloctnc  lnini).s.  Iiuvi.ig  mi  ilhimiiii.tiiig  pow- 
01  uhout  ocpial  to  ii  common  giis  jet  iiml  ndantod  to  like 
pnvposos,  which  should  possess  such  charaoteristics  ns 
would  make  It,, racticable  for  one  generator  to  operate 
a  coiisideiabloiiumborof  them  located  at  reasonable 
distances  from  it ;  and  which,  at  the  same  time,  sho.ik] 
bo  cconoiuical,  durable  and  elieai,  onough  to  make  them 
ouimereially  useful,  ami  so  simple  aud  reliable  that 
tbej  could  bo  placed  in  the  bauds  of  the  public  to 
mauiimlato.  ‘ 

I.  8*'’o  IJi’iof  roforoiices  to  the  authorities 

u  the  htoruturo  of  the  subject  upon  which  you  base  the 
opuiioii  expressed  iu  your  last  answer? 


A.  One  of  the  earliest  articles  in  which  subdivisia 
a  mcntioiicd,  communicated  to  the  French  Acadeia 
if  Sciences  on  February  27th,  1838.  relates  to  th 
uicandemnl  lamp  of  M.  do  Chaugy.  The  fo 
owing  extracts  from  this  article  are  taken  from  Higg’ 
mnslatioii  of  Chaj,.  XII.  of  the  first  edition  of  Foil 

XdinT877““‘'®‘‘‘‘®“''“™°“ 

“  I  hasten  to  aimounce  to  the  Academy  the  im 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3553 


portant  discovcp-  of  the  dividing  of  an  electric 
cuneiit  for  lighting  jnirposes.  This  current  from  a 
single  sourco  traverses  ns  many  wires  as  iiia  •  li'e 
desired,  aud  gives  a  series  of  lights  rangim-  from  a 
night  lamp  to  a  lighthouse  lamp."  ^ 

“31.  do  Chnngy,  wl  I  ,  echanici-m 

and  physicist,  is  thoroughly  eonversant  vnth  the 
latest  discoveries,  and  has  just  solved  the  problem 
of  ilivuling  the  electric  liglit.” 

ap.  XI.  of  Higg’s  tiansl.itioii  of  Fontaine’s  work  con¬ 
ns  an  article  by  31.  Wild  on  the  Lodygnino  incamlcu- 
!<  c«rim,  lamp  read  before  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
St.  1  etersburg  in  187.1.  The  last  paragraph  reads  as 

“It  is  not  witiiiii  the  province  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences  to  give  judgment  on  the  technical  and 
other  difliculties  which  will  present  themselves  in 
the  extended  apiilieatioii  of  31.  Lodyguiue’s  inven¬ 
tion,  nor,  on  tiio  otiier  hand,  upon  the  numerous 
pmetical  advantages  of  this  mode  of  iigliting  above 
all  others;  it  wiil  suffice  to  the  Academy  to  state 
that,  thanks  to  this  iiiveiitiou,  there  is  resolved  in 
the  simplest  possible  manner  the  great  jiroblem  of 
subdivision  of  tiio  oleotvic  light,  and  of  rendering 
It  constant,  in  order  to  recognize  31.  Lodyguine  as 
worth,-,  in  consideration  of  the  numerous  a,, plica¬ 
tions  of  his  iiiventiou,  to  obtain  the  Lomouossow 
prize.” 

The  preface  of  the  same  work  contains  the  following 
roreneo  to  subdivision  by  menus  of  iiieandesceiit 
nps : 

“  Three  years  ago  much  was  said  about  a  new 
•system  of  electric  lighting,  the  invention  of  a 
Eussian  professor,  which  consisted  in  causing  the 
incandescence  of  a  small  rod  of  carbon.  It  was  for 
■some  time  believed  that  bv  the  aid  of  this  iiiven- 


“  The  roiimikiiblo  offects  of  tho  voltaic  are  wei 
no  sooner  foreseen  than  tho  idea  arose  of  dividin 
tho  elcetric  light,  and  evon  boforo  tho  oxistenco  ( 
a  good  regulator  for  a  single  light,  King  took  o,; 
u  iratent  for  a  lamp  on  tho  divisible  system. 
“  The  merits  of  the  .systems  of  King  in  is'lo  am 
of  Jabloehkotr  in  lS7u,  are  of  an  excei)ti’omi 
chai-aetor,  and  it  would  bo  a  matter  of  dillieultv  t 
decide  which  of  them  approaches  nearest  to  tli 
true  solution  of  the  diflicult  |noblom  of  dividim 
the  electric  light.”  ' 

T  n'“,  ""  “‘candescent  huu,,  am 

Jabloehkoirs  an  arc  lamp  : 

“  It  must  not,  howovei-,  bo  thought  that  in  face 
of  these  obstacles  tho  idea  of  replacing  gas  hv 
electricity  will  have  to  bo  oiitirelv  renounced,  foi 
science  is  far  from  having  attained  the  last  of  its 
conquests  by  moans  of  this  mysterious  fluid,  whicli 
lias  already  aiiiiihilated  distance,  and  mav  also  bo 
said  to  have  siipiirossed  night ;  but  despite  tho  re¬ 
markable  laboi-s  of  M.  Jablochkoffaiid  the  no  less 
roiiiarkablo  initiative  of  JI.  Doiiayrouso,  tl.oro 
exists  at  the  present  time  no  sunieiently  practical 
system  of  so  dividing  tho  light  ns  to  ren.ler  it 
is^usod  ”  “'■“'•“We  for  tho  purposes  for  which  gas 

The  last  paragraph,  I  think,  shows  that  tho  inoblom 
0  subc  ivisioii  related  to  the  production  of  a  lamp 
having  the  advantages  possessed  by  a  gas  jet. 

Extract  from  Chap.  X.  of  Higg’s  own  book,  publislied 
n  ISrO,  and  entitled  “  The  Electric  Light  in  its  Prac- 
:ical  Application.” 

“  The  nearest  approaches  to  tho  practical  sub- 
aivision  of  the  electric  light  have  been  made  by 
Eiush,  Jabloehkotr  nml  irriicn  ” 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


Tho  Brush  and  Jablochkofl’  lamps  were  arc  lamp; 
The  Edison  lamii  refen-ed  to  was  tho  incaiidescei: 
platinum  spiral  lamp. 

In  an  article  jniblished  prior  to  May  15, 1870,  in  Vo 
1,  of  “  La  Lumiere  Electrique,”  Du  Moncel,  in  speakin 
of  tho  properties  of  platinum  when  heated  to  incau 
dcscenco  by  an  electric  current,  sav's : 

“  This  exidaius  why  the  division  of  the  light  i 
effected  with  great  loss,  for,  from  each  diininuitioi 
of  the  current  arising  from  this  division,  then 
results  a  loss  of  light  which  might,  under  eortaii 
conditions,  reach  the  11th  power  of  tho  ratio  ii 
which  tho  current  has  become  weakened.” 

Extracts  from  Prof.  S.  P.  Thompson’s  lecture  on  “  The 
Electric  Light,”  published  December  20,  1S7S,  in  Vol, 
20  of  "  Engiiieeriiig.” 

“  Tho  problem  of  dividing  the  electric  light  is  an 
old  one.  So  far  back  ns  1817  a  patent  was  taken 
out  in  England  for  producing  a  light  by  passing  tho 
electric  current  through  a  thin  rod  of  carbon,  which 
it  heated  to  redness,  like  those  wires  with  which 
wo  experimented.” 

“  Another  attempt  was  made  in  1858,  wiien  M. 
Jobart  announced  to  the  French  Academie  that 
M.  Chnngy  had  solved  tho  problem  of  subdividing 
tho  electrie  light.  Tho  small  lamp  of  M.  Changy 
consisted  of  a  glass  globe  enclosing  an  incandescent 
spiral  of  platinum,  and  small  enough  to  go  into  tho 
pocket.” 


“  Now,  wo  have  heard  a  great  deal  of  late  of  Mr. 
Edison  and  his  discovery  of  a  means  of  indefinitely 
subdividing  the  light.” 


I  cannot  tell  yon  wl.at  Jlr.  Edison’s  pai  licnla 
nietliod  of  distiibnting  tlio  current  to  the  spiral 
>■>"3-  be,  bnt  this  I  can  tell  yon,  as  the  resnlt  It  "t 
exiieiience,  that  any  system  of  lighting  dependiu- 
on  incandescence  will  utterly  fail,  from  an  econo., .i! 

the  mOTptT'r'Tt'' ’"“=<^o'>oiuica 
tlie  moie  the  light  is  subdivided." 


Tho  extracts  quoted  refer 


intandesceiit  lamps 


Tho  former  (referring  to  tho  olectrie  li,-|,t 
rom  an  arc  lamp)  gives  ns  splendid  eo.ieo.i- 
trat.on  of  light  at  a  distinctly  cheaper  rate  than 

gas.  Lilt  tho  loss  in  subdivision  is  so  LTcat  that 
for  doinestie  purposes  the  ..so  of  oloctricitThs  ao 
compan.od  by  such  an  extravagant  expense  as 
It  becoming  geiioral.  I  do  not 
i  that  the  elcotrio  light  will  never  siipi.lai.t  gas 
foi  domestic  pnr].o.ses;  ho  would  bo  bold  who 
^vonld  venture  to  assert  that  anything  is  impos- 

lisei  f  fTT ^  «“3-‘l>at.sof„rastho 
present  state  of  scieiiee  warrants  i.s  in  pronouncing 

wi/rSii 

the  fJ>'°t=‘l  shows  that 

amor.  •  ■•“lated  to  the  product of 

gas  jetl  "‘’'•"“‘■'ges 

The  following  extract  from  Chap.  XII.  of  Higgs’ 
translation  of  Fontaine’s  work  is  to  tho  same  otloet : 
“There  is  no  doubt  that  each  of  tho  svsto.us 
proposed  IS  capable  of  rendering  important  kn  vico 
ni  special  cases,  but  tho  error  that  inventors  have 
fallen  into  has  been  the  claiming  of  too  great  a 
scope  for  their  apparatus  as  leading  immediately  to 
the  supplanting  of  gas.” 

The  followinir  _ 


the  space  is  much  subdivided,  the  adva.itaeo  is 
favor  of  gas.  This  advantage  will  cease  °when 
practical  method  of  subdividing  the  electric  lin 
Jms  been  obtained/* 

Extmgts  from  “  Lecture  upon  the  Electric  Li<-ht  ’’ 
of.  Henry  Morton,  delivered  licforo  the  .Inieric 
s  L.gdit  Assoe.  0.1  October  17,  1878,  and  publish 
lie  American  Gim  Light  Journal,  .Tanuarv  2  and  ' 
bnniry  3  and  17,  1870. 

“  In  this  coiincotioii  it  is  curious  to  notice  tl 
the  latest  accounts  from  Jlr.  Edison  show  that 
gets  a  light  equal  to  about  48  candles  tthe  anti; 
refers  to  Edison’s  inoandeseent  platiiiuiii  lamp) 
three  argand  gas  buriiore,  per  horse  i.ower  with  I 
nou  device,  nnd  witli  similar  inaebincs  for  pj 
duoiiig  tho  electric  current  and  tlie  electric  a 
from  1,000  to  2,000  ean.lles  per  horse  iiower;  th 
showing  roniarkablo  agreement  with  tlieso  earl: 
experinioiits  us  to  tho  loss  of  effect  resulting  fri 
the  subdivision  of  tho  light.” 

“  It  is  certain  that  none  of  these  lamps  (ref. 
ring  to  tho  prior  iuoandesoent  lamps)  have  yet  de: 
onstratod  anything  like  such  practical  success 
can  enable  us  to  see  that  they  can  take  the  pin 
of  gas  in  ordinaiy  illuniination.  They  have 
course  many  advantages  in  certain  respects  over  t 
eleetne  arc,  but  these  are  combined  with  compc 
sating  drawbacks  on  the  jiart  of  eeoiioiu}'.’’ 

“  It  will  bo  noticed  that  here,  as  with  all  oth 


3558 


Chillies  L.  Clarke. 


pnrtieiilar  lamp  referred  to  here  is  Werdernm 
semi-iiicmidesecnt  lamp.) 

“  Heretofore  elcetrie  lights  have  only  been  p 
tiddly  developed  in  their  coneeiitrated  form, 
it  certainly  has  no!  yet  been  shown  that,  when 
vided  there  will  be  an  enormous  loss  of  ellh  iei 
Gas,  on  the  contrary,  has  heretofore  only  I, 
practically  used  in  its  divided  form,  and  there 
bo  no  doubt  that  its  eniciency  is  capable  of  ni 
increase  when  it  is  burned  in  a  concentrated  ni 

It  is  here  where  the  actual  contest  will  ci 
in,  and  the  relative  success  of  the  two  sources 
light  in  each  held  will  doiiend  upon  what  it  i 
accomplish  in  that  held  and  not  in  some  oti 
In  other  words,  'we  must  eominire  the  divided  el 
trie  lights  (.say  Mr.  Edison’s,  when  they  beco 
visible)  with  ordinary  burners,  and  the  electric 
light  with  the  lime-light,  or  some  such  concent 
ted  form  of  gas  burning.” 

The  above  citations  from  Prof.  Morton’s  lecture, 
think,  show  quite  conclusively  that  subdivision  relal 
to  iiicaiidoscent  lighting,  and  the  production  of  a  hu 
iqiphcablo  to  the  same  inirposes  lui  a  gas  jet. 

The  following  extracts  from  the  British  Parliainc: 

'O-  Electricity  ”  published 
loiJ,  I  think  also  point  to  the  sanio  conchisious. 

“  Mr.  C.  AV.  .Siemens,  D.C.L.,  LL.H.,  F.K.l 
called  in  and  examined  :  *  *  * 

259.  Has  your  attention  been  called  to  some 
the  more  recent  exiieriments  of  Mr.  Edison,  and 
the  success  which  ho  is  stated  to  have  achieved 
subdividing  the  light,  and  making  it  applicable  f 
rooms  and  dwellings,  and  so  on.  with  great  cm 
and  cheapness ‘f  I  have,  and  I  think  Mr.  Edisi 
can  no  doubt,  produce  by  this  means  a  very  steal 
and  possibly  an  agreeable  light.”  (Edison’s  inca 
descent  platinum  lamp  is  the  one  ' under  consii 
eration.)  “  200.  And  a  cheap  light  he  claims,  I  h 
lieve  ?  Dynamically  speaking,  I  think  he  has  I 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


prove  hisease  yet.  Our  experience  as  far  ns  I  car 
judge  from  my  own,  leads  me  to  an  opposite  con- 


388.  Have  you  given  attention  to  the  question 
of  obtaining  light  by  means  of  incandescence 
necessitating  a  closed  circuit  ? 

I  cannot  speak  with  any  practical  exiierience  of 


ily  view  of  it  is  that  you  would  have  a  far 
peater  loss.  It  could  be  done  so  cconomicallv, 
Imt  It  would  probably  be  applicable  in  eases  where 
economy  was  not  so  much  of  an  object,  and  where 
there  was  some  special  reason  for  dividing  it. 

•121.  Is  it  not  desirable  that  it  should  be  sub¬ 
divided  V 

It  is  very  desirable,  for  illumniating  ]iurposos, 
that  you  should  distribute  vour  lights  in  a  great 
many  places  ;  but  the  moment  you  divide  vour  cur- 
loiit,  at  each  point  of  division  you  lose  a  certain 
amount.  In  fact,  you  might  almost  compare  it 
to  changing  money  where  you  have  to  p.ay  com- 
mission  at  oacli  change. 

422.  I  suppose  that  the  fact  that  it  cannot  bo 
subdivided  is  one  of  the  dilliculties  in  its  piactical 

lhat  is  one  of  the  great  dilKculties  in  street 
illumination,  and  it  is  the  insuperable  dilliculty  at 
present  as  regards  domestic  illumination;  but  for 
the  illumination  of  largo  halls  and  large  areas  I 
think  that  centralization  is  better  than  sub¬ 
division.” 


no  less  two  Iiiiiidied  lights.” 

Contrary  to  the  oi)inion  of  Prof.  Cross  in  his  answer 
Quevstion  (i!!,  I  think  tl.at  it  is  perfectly  obvions'that 
th  1  recce  ami  Schwemllcr,  in  their  pajrers  there  ro- 
Tcil  to,  considered  the  relation  of  incandescent  lamps 
ho  problein  of  subdivision.  Preeee,  in  niathenmt- 
.lly  considering  the  problein,  nssnnios  throughout  his 
per  that  the  resistaiico  (f)  of  one  hiiiip  repre.seiits 
e  resistance  of  cither  an  are  or  an  iiicaiidosceut  lamp, 

:  Iio  snys : 

“  -1.  Xow  let  us  take  the  ease  of  a  battery  whoso 
olcctro-iiiotivo  force  is  K  and  whoso  internal  re- 
sistanco  is  j).  Let  the  resistance  of  the  connoeting 
wires  bo  r.  Let  us  also  have  a  particular  resist- 
aiieo  I,  which  may  bo  a  wire  heated  to  iiicande.s- 
conco,  or  a  lamp  to  bo  lit  by  thoarc;  then  by 
Joule  s  Law  (1).”  (Hero  follows  the  mathematieal 
formula  on  the  subject). 

“  In  tho  case  of  incaudesconco,  if  the  heat  bo 
distributed  over  two  wires  instead  of  one,  iiias- 
mueh  as  the  mass  to  bo  heated  in  the  one  ease  is 
double  that  in  tho  other,  tho  actual  temperature  to 
which  each  of  tho  wires  will  bo  heated  will  be  unlv 
one-quarter  of  that  obtained  with  one  wire,  and 
the  total  light  emitted  will  bo  half  what  it  was  be¬ 
fore.  In  tho  case  of  the  arc  a  similar  result  proh- 
ably  takes  j)Ince.” 

In  criticizing  Preece’s  paper.  Sehweudlor  says  : 

Ihe  author  believes  that  he  has  demonstrated 


should  not  therefore  be  downhearted.  On  th 
other  hand  investora  in  gas  need  not  hasten  to  gc 
rid  of  their  shares,  for  there  are  many  question 
involving  practical  dilliculties  which  still  remain  t- 
bo  solved;” 

•hwondler  considei-s  that  tho  question  of  subdivi 
relates  to  inenudesoent  lighting,  and  he  attenipti 
low  that,  theoretically,  it  cau  be  acconiplishod. 

1  the  lisht  of  tlio  above  quotations  from  tho  litera- 
upon  the  art,  I  think  it  is  obvious  that  the  problem 
ibdivision  of  tho  electric  light  was  commonlv  under- 
1  to  relate  to  incandoseent  lighting  as  well  as  to 
■ghting,  and  that  its  solution  was  looked  for  in  the 
uction  of  an  olectrie  lamp,  having  advantages  pos- 
id  by  a  gtm  jet,  as  set  forth  more  fully  in  my  au¬ 
to  tho  third  question. 

this  couneetion  I  might  add  that  Prof.  Morton,  in 
iiterview  published  in  tho  New  York  Times  for 
niber  28th,  1879,  stated  that  what  is  commonly 
t  by  the  phrase,  “  dividing  tho  electric  light,”  is, 


nioiit  of  tlie  subdivision  of  tlie  electric  light  ? 

Objected  to  ns  iiimiiiterial  and  int 
new  matter  not  in  rebuttal. 

A.  Prior  to  the  filing  of  the  application  for  tl 
in  suit  on  November  -1. 1879,  scientific  men  wei 
....a..i.„uusly  of  the  opinion  that  snbdivts!... 
electric  light  was  impossible  of  neconi])lislinient, 
sonie  few  men  of  scientific  eminence  were  opti 
their  views  and  thought  that  the  future  mi": 
success,  tlio3-  wore  all  of  the  oiiinion,  so  far  iis 
!oh  d^  I'uinainc 

«  Q.  Please  refer  briefly  to  some  of  the  opii 
scientific  men  upon  this  subject,  of  which  \ 
Ki.o..lods0,  and  state  generally  what  led  then 
press  those  opinions. 

Same  objections. 


A.  The  invention  of  the  Gramme  and  i 
dynamos  gave  to  the  ]nihlic  two  simple  and 
machines  capable  of  generating  largo  (piant 
electricity  with  an  economy  not  lieforo  attained 
led  toil  growth  in  the  interest  taken  in  electric  ai 
mg  which  iiicroascd  as  installations  and  improv 
m  the  details  progressed,  so  that  upon  the  api.i 
of  the  Lodyguiiie  incundoseent  carbon  lamp  ii 
lonowed  interest  was  awakened  in  incandesccni 
mg,  and  it  was  at  once  thought  by  some  tli 
problem  of  subdivision  had  been  solved.  Such 
3vor,  was  found  not  to  bo  the  ease.  But  the  i 
n  the  subject  continued,  and  from  1873  to  tlr 
he  apjJieation  for  the  patent  in  suit  was  filed,  ci 
illort  was  made  to  subdivide  both  the  arc  aiid 


oiiginai  I'rencli  edition  was  published  i 
a  May,  1877). 

‘  *  *  *  there  exists  at  the  present  tiiir 
sufficiently  praetical  system  of  so  dividing  tin 
lit  as  to  render  it  generally  available  for  tin 
•poses  for  which^  gas  is  used.  Bach  decadi 
os  birth  to  a  new  idea,  the  importance  of  whicl 
ixaggerntod  by  rumor,  until,  after  a  few  uiisiio 
3ful  trials,  public  interest  aliates,  and  nothin' 
1-0  is  heard  of  the  matter.” 

13y  the  term  ‘  divisibility  of  the  electric  light, 
do  not  mean  the  production  of  several  intense 
its  by  means  of  one  machine  or  battery,  but 
ply  the  maintaining  of  a  few  small  luminous 
Ires,  each  equal  to  1  to  15  Cared  burners.  It 
been  proved  beyond  doubt  that  several  lamps 
bo  kept  in  action  by  one  niagiioto-electric  ma¬ 
le,  but  the  question  is  whether  the  first  cost 
maintoiiauco  of  such  apparatus  is  not  greater 
1  that  of  a  series  of  small  machines  each  in  cir- 
with  a  lamp.  Wo  have  alwa)-s  favored  the 
ir  method  of  lighting,  although  the  other  iilaii 


suited  to  u  single  light  tinu.  to  a  divisible  systc,,,." 
(These  were  iiicandeseeiit  lamps.) 

“  Last  jear  (187(1)  when  traveling  through  the 
principal  towns  of  the  United  States  we  elide, iv- 
ored  to  discover  what  progre.ss  had  been  niaile  in 
America  in  the  matter  of  electric  lighting,  hut  wo 
u  CIO  unable  to  see  anytbing  of  a  practical  iiatiiie.” 

-laiiv  ph\.si(.iht.s  had  been  ex])orimontiii''  with 
a  view  to  the  division  of  the  light,  but  none  of  them 
uore  in  a  position  to  show  us  an  apparatus  worthy 
of  ovon  noinj'  inciitionotl.” 

By  tl..=  iirraiigument  Mr.  Jablochkoll'lioped  to 
produce  fifty  lights  with  a  .single  magiieto-elcctrio 
niacliino.  The  msiiirations  of  MM.  Kin.',  J.ody- 
Kuine,  Konn,  Kosh.n'and  do  Chiingy  wore  of  a  like 
untum,  and  we  wish  .^f.  Jabloelikoir  better  success 
than  bis  predecessors  obtained.” 

The  second  edition  of  Foiitaine’s  work  was  piib- 
ishei  1.1  Paris  i„  187!).  It  seems  to  me  a  signilie.aiit 
fact  that  in  tins  edition  the  author  omits  the  idiapter 
on  "  Divisibility  of  the  Kloctric  Light,”  wbieh  appeared 
in  the  first  edition  of  1877. 

Extracts  from  the  Preface  of  the  socoad  edit;.."  of 
Fontaine. 

“For  lighting  private  dwellings  gas  oilers  the 
most  tlesirable,  tlio  most  ooiiveineut  anti  the  most 
economical  solution.  Floctrieity  will,  indeed,  be 
able  here  and  there  to  penetrate  into  some  huge 
drawing  rooms  or  info  some  costly  mansions,  but 
this  will  be  an  excej.tion  so  rare  that  it  is  not 
necessary  to  take  account  of  it.” 

“  The  field  for  exiiloiting  this  new  indiistrv  is 
immense,  but  it  certainly  does  not  represent 'the 
one-hundredth  jiart  of  the  general  lighting,  and  it 


larkable  properties ;  it  iirodiices  a  verv 
silting,  resulting  from  its  division  into  i 
umber  of  low-power  lights.” 

“Its  ineoiivoiiiencos  ”  (the  author  is  spea 
re  lights)  “  which  are  especially  the  conse 
r  its  recent  introduction,  and  which  the  ex]) 
sonic  yeais  will  certainly  partly  ovcrcoi 
1  summed  uii  as  follows :  it  loses  much  of 
ns.ty  w-hen  it  is  divided  into  small  foci, 
udera  it  d*filcidt  of  application  to  small 


acts  from  Chap.  Kill,  of  the  same  work,  ei 
ting  b}'  Incantleseence." 

“■\Vhilo,  thanks  to  the  ellbrts  of  .MM.  Gi 
d  Jablochkoir,  lighting  by  the  voltaic  ai 
leived  considerable  development,  lighting 
idoscence  has  likewise  made  rapid  ino 
ieh  has  even  recently  caused  a  great  distur 
the  investments  of  the  gas  industry,  althoi 


_ro.n  U.C  above  quotations  from  the  two  tirste.I; 
Fontaines  book  I  tl.ink  it  is  apparent  that  Font 
5  liad  inquired  into  tlio  state  of  the  art  very 
;  of  the  opinion  that  subdivision  had  not  thJn 
5nii)bshed,  and  that  it  was  to  his  niin.l 

^o  bo  noted  that,  at  the  end  of  the  eeo  /  ] 
“  ®enii.incandeseent  I 
■  ‘O  Manta  uttht  of  lesser  power  than  tin 

•  lie  senii-incandeseent  prineijilo  was  at 

•  a  laiorite  mode  of  atteniiiting  the  siibdivisi, 
K  It.  blit  as  far  as  I  knoiv.  the  use  of  such  la 

“  1  in  this  direction  were  al 

Id  about  the  year  1881. 

ctraet  from  Chap.  X  of  Higgs’  own  work  i 

t  e'd  i  * 

tical  Application 

“■The  division  of  the  electric  light  ’  is  ate 
the  true  rendering  of  which  should  ho  the  ■  divis 
y  the  electric  current,’  to  produce  niimoroiis  sii 
gilt  centres  instead  of  one  or  more  powerful  lig! 
il  ieli  nonsense  has  been  talked  in  relation  to  t 
nbjeot.  .Some  inventoi-s  have  olaimod  the  iioi 
o  indehnitoly  divide’  the  electric  current,  , 
nouiiig  (11  forgetting  that  such  a  statement  is 
onipat.blo  with  the  well-known  law  of  conscr 
ion  of  energy. 

Whether  the  olocti-ic  current  ho  utilized  in  t 
roduotioii  of  light,  either  by  moans  of  the  volti 
ic  or  of  incandcscenco,  the  production  of  a  ci 
"’““’"‘t  of  liglit  depends  upon  the  nnioimt 
luont  passing,  not  directly,  hut  in  such  a  iiroiic 
OH  that  oilers  siieedy  limit  to  the  miniher 
^lits  to  bo  obtained.” 

;s  appariintly  was  of  the  opinion  that  siihdivisit 
ogether  impossible  either  by  arc  or  incaiidescoi 

;  in  his  “  Lecture  upon  the  Electii 

to  winch  I  have  already  referred,  after  meu 


oten  inado  in  tins  inetljod  of  lighting  fortl 
vciirs  iiitorvoiiiiig  botwoeii  tlio  diitos  iibc 
and  tlio  pioscnt  tiiiio,  for  wo  oortaiiily  Iiai 
tom  of  olootrio  ligliting  by  iiioaiidoscoiice 
to  that  abovo  dosoribod,  nor  lias  tin's  old. 
any  of  its  nowor  arrivals  oomo  into  an; 


nil  nine  11 


nsofiil  as  yot,  novortlioloss  sonic  notioo  of  i 
of  lighting  by  inoandosoonco  should  bo  ho: 
historically  for  fiitnro  roforohco  •  *  * 


^  I  think  that  tho  following  quotation  from  Prc 
Thomiison’s  loetnro  on  “  Tho  Elootrio  Light,”  prc 
givon  in  my  answer  to  tho  second  question,  sho 
tho  author  doomed  subdivision  with  inoandosccn 
to  bo  impossible.  Ho  was  not  pro])ared  to  say  t 
problem  itself  oonld  not  bo  solved,  but  aokn’oi 
that  the  state  of  tho  art  did  not  indicate  any  di 
in  which  to  proceed. 

Professor  Thompson  says : 


HH 


“  I  cannot  tell  yon  what  Mr.  Edison’s  pai 
method  of  distributing  tho  current  to  tho 
num)  spirals  may  bo,  but  this  I  can  toll  ; 
the  result  of  all  experience,  that  any  system  of 


•Uter  investigating  the  question  of  siibdivisioi 
y  arc  and  incandescent  lamps,  Preece,  in  his 
heady  referred  to,  says  : 

“  It  is  this  partial  success  in  multiplviii 
light  that  has  led  so  many  sanguine  oxporim 
to  anticipate  tho  ultimate  jiossibility  of  its 
sive  subdivision,  a  possibility  which  this  d 
stration  shows  to  bo  hoiieless,  and  which  e 
mont  him  proved  to  bo  fallacious.” 

In  a  later  paper,  in  which  both  arc  and  incaiidi 
mps  are  considered,  Proeco  says  : 

“  Hence,  tho  subdivision  of  tho  light  is  ii 
solute  iynu  faiiim." 

See  the  Tel.  Jour.  &  Elect.  Rev.,  Vol. 

Pob.  15,  ’79. 

Iho  following  extracts  from  the  editorial  coluii: 
0  English  technical  journals  of  the  best  roput 
■'■e  as  an  indication  of  tho  opinions  from  that  i 

“  It  (referring  to  Edison’s  platinum  lamp) 
be  severely  handicannod  nirninst  nil  Blnni.-i 


iiotl.iiig  of  tlio  kimi  call  bo  dono." 

•See  “Eiigiaeor”  for  Febnmrv  U,  187!), 
Moneel  conol,uk..s  a  papor  entitled  ■■  Coasi.lo 
lowrds  «■ 

ti  e  problem  of  electric  ligbting  is  not  ^ctci 
plote,  tliere  lias  lieeii  made,  in  recent  times  a  ri 

toXll,"''‘rf 

to  wliollj  .satisfactory  results.'’ 

See  “La  Liiiiiiere  Eleetriqna,”  Vol.  1,  X 
1 .  pnblisiieil  prior  to  Jlay  15, 187!). 

^  Conrad  IV.  Cooke  testified  before  tJio  Parliainei 
Committee  ns  follows  : 

‘‘‘122  I  suppose  that  the  fact  that  it  cannot  I 
.nbdividod  IS  one  of  the  practical  difiiciiltics  in  it 

teet  1  hiiinnatioii ;  and  it  is  the  insnpornblc  dilK 
■Ity  at  present  ns  regards  domestic  ilhiniinati.ai 
Z  .  T*ii  •  'f  ef  large  hails  and  langi 

»ens  1  tiiink  that  centralization  is  bettor  than  sab 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


■some  doubt  on  the  subject,  and  stated  that  ho 
thought  It  was  not  ns  promising  as  the  reports 
i..Lcakd,  do  you  know  niiythiiig  about  that? 
We  really  know  very  little  at  all  about  it  V 
few  newspaper  paragraphs  have  appeared  on  the 
subject,  and  I  have  been  very  much  interested 
as  everybody  1ms.  His  nephew  told  me  himself’ 
that  ho  has  .seen,  I  think,  over  200  lights  in  one 
circuit.  I  must  say  I  should  like  to  see  it  myself, 
and  that  is  all  I  can  say.” 


“  313.  Then,  necordiug  to  your  view,  the  electric 
jigJit  IS  reiill}*  econoiniciil  whtMi  it  is  nscil  for  *'iv- 
lug  central  lights,  but  not  when  it  is  used  in  a  .saib- 
divided  form  ?  It  is  only  economical  when  one 
mnchine  is  used  to  produce  a  single  light. 

310.  Any  departure  from  that  moans  waste 
economically  speaking?  Certainly.” 

■Sir  1111118111  Thomson  testified  in  jiart  as  follows: 

“  1780.  But  there  is  nothing  in  the  mathemati¬ 
cal  discussion  of  tlie  question  that  should  render 
that  reduction  necessarily  by  the  square  or  the 
cubes?  Ho;  it  is  quite  possible  timt  a  jilan  of 
using  electric  energy  for  light  might  bo  found  and 
niay  yet  be  found,  in  which  ten  feebler  lights  will 
give  a  sum  of  light  equal  to  that  obtainable  by  the 
same  energy  in  one  concentrated  light.” 

See  Parliamentary  Report  on  “  Lighting  by  Eleo- 
tiicity,  published  in  1870. 

In  his  letter  to  “Hatnre”  on  the  “Divisibility  of 
'  10  Llcctnc  Light,”  already  referred  to,  William  Trunt 
-oncludes  Avith  this  statement: 

“  It  will  be  seen  then  from  what  h.as  been  above 
•stated,  that  the  production  and  the  divisibility  of 
the  light  by  iucundesceuco  is  a  very  wasteful  pro- 


Cliailes  L.  Clniko. 


tliereforc,  nil  Mr.  Edison  has  to  annouii 
world  is  that  lie  Iiils  succeeded  iu  div 
iiicandescent  light  (the  author  has  Edison’s 
'Mie  lamp  iu  mind),  and  the  auiiouucei 
such  IS  so  is  made  on  authority,  ids  , 
nniounts  to  very  little.  Botl.  the  li-dit 
divisibility  were  discovered  long  «°o 
easily  be  seen  that  it  is  not  in  that  dhec 
any  great  practical  results  can  be  obtain, 
voltaic  are  supplies  the  only  divisible  li-l 
utility  and  economy,  and  it  is  in  its  devi 
that  any  real  jirogress  must  be  looked  for. 

A  Moik  uiitton  by  Alev.  Bernstein,  entith 
Electriseho  Beleuchtuug  ”  (Electric  Lighting)  i 

Ijoi,  ISi  J.  riio  author  at  that  time  evidently  c, 
luve  had  knowledge  of  the  invention  containe 
mteiit  in  suit.  Beriisteiu  describes  the  kiioii 
L'““.  lamps,  and  the 

loscci  lamps  of  King  and  Lodyguino  ai 
:,disoii  s  platinum  lamp. 

His  opinion  of  the  possibility  of  subdivision  : 
“  Pussages  tiunslatod  from  Ch 

For  tlieso  reiuons  wo  arrive  at  the  rosi 
«  hmit  to  the  subdivision  of  the  light  is  ii 
by  the  known  forms  of  olectrieal  carbon 
which  cannot  be  overstepped  without  the 
operation  appearing  ns  a  subs 

it.r  the  obje 

turn  •  M  i“l 

futino  in  those  parts  of  the  earth,  in  which 
power  IS  abmidaiitly  and  cheaply  at  hand. 
At  present  we  must  be  content  to  make 
lecfaic  lighting  by  means  of  an  intense  lig 
less  the  properties  of  the  electric  hVht,  wh 
have  considered  in  detail,  yield  additional . 


A.  ^^ido  from  the  reasons  which  related  to  the  d 
uls  o  lamp  construction  and  durability  of  the  burn, 
looretical  considerations  and  experiuients  led  scieuti 
>en  generally  to  believe  that  the  diminution  in  t 
mount  of  light  obtained,  when  oven  a  very  few  biirm 
010  111  circuit,  would  be  so  great  ns  to  make  siibdi’ 
■on  commeroially  impossible.  The  incandosceut  elt 
■10  hght  systems  in  use  to-day  are  a  practical  proof 
10  fact  that  the  reasons  which  led  to  this  conclusi, 
■ore  not  well  founded. 

8  Q.  Pieaso  refer  to  the  literature  on  the  subject,  a: 
■to  instances  where  subdivision  was  pronounced  ii 
ossible  for  the  reason  civoii  iu  voiir  last  answer  ? 


Clinrles  L.  Clarke. 


and  a  Biinsoii  battery  of  48  elements,  of  0.20  i, 
height.  “  *  #  ffIjQ  results  r( 

sent  the  moan  of  more  than  twcntv  series  oi 
porimeuts.” 


Hero  follows  a  tabulated  result  of 
nui  the  battery  arranged  iii  differen 


experiai. 
ys.  he  fc 


lieu  1  lamp  lu  circuit  gave  a  light  of  4  to  5  bmaei 
u  lam|)s  oi  ivncs  were  each  reddish  white  ; 
hen  1  lamp  iu  circuit  gave  a  light  of  11  to  12  ban 
u  lamps  III  nun'es  were  each  cheny-red ; 
hen  1  lamp  in  circuit  gave  a  light  of  40  burnors, 


lieu  1  lamp  in  oirouit  gave  a  light  of  Cj  to  7  Imru 
0  la.ups  III  rn-icn  gave  a  (olal  liyht  of  2^  buruei^  ; 
imii  1  lamp  lu  circuit  gavo  a  light  of  0  btiriier.s 
d  lumps  iu  multlp!c.„rc  gave  a  Mai  liy/,1  of  1  bum 
1011 1  lamp  m  circuit  gave  a  light  of  04  baruer.s, 
u  lamps  III  muUiple  arc  gavo  a  Mai  IhjUl  of  bun 
leii  1  lamp  lu  eirouit  gavo  a  light  of  05  buruei-s, 
u  lamps  i;i  inultipk-arc  gavo  a  Mai  liijhl  of 


i  a  iigni  OI  ts  burnors, 

i  lamps  IU  iiiull!ple.arc  gave  a  Mai  liijlU  of  f  bui 
Uio  results  of  i’outaiiie’s  experiments  as  outli 
ivo  show  that  the  addition  of  a  very  few  lauip 
'  eircuit  either  iu  series  or  iu  multiplo-ure,  was 
upauiod  by  an  enormous  loss  of  light.  Iu  fact,  w 
battery  was  so  arranged  thatasiuglelampiu  cir 
o  n  light  of  from  40  to  (15  buruors,  the  addilioii 
Mamiis  resulted  iu  the  production  of  tmieticallv 


i'outa  0  c  clu  k  1  tl  it— 


“  rroiii  what  precedes,  it  appears  to  result  th 
b.iug  and  Lodyguine’s  system  is  much  more  favo 
Uble  to  large  foci  than  ‘to  the  dirisibilitv  of  tl 
electric  light.” 

See  Chapter  XL  of  Hiec’s  Translation  i 


of  tlie  burner  at  each  lami)  and  the 
t  omitted  by  it.  But.  since  the  heat  de 
burner  decreases  in  a  much  •ueater  rati 
case  in  the  current  (as  the  srpiare;,  am 
:  decreases  much  more  rapidlv  than  the 
3  found  that  the  smaller  lights  were  obt 
n  enormous  loss  of  energy,  which  (no  otl 
ubdivision  being  thought  feasible)  eni 
liisiou  that  subdivision  was  an  impossibi 
his  “Lecture  upon  the  Electric  Ligh 
rod  to,  Profe.ssor  Jfoi’tou  says,  iu  regard 
III-  to  the  Koun  iucandoscent  carbon'lam 
“The  third  characteristic  is  the  maun 
the  light-producing  power  of  the  current 
IS  it  is  distributed  between  a  nnmbei 


Tims,  the  current  from  a  given  battorv, 
oue  lamp,  produced  a  light  between 
humors;  on  two  lamiis,  a  light  of  1 
each ;  ou  three  lamiis,  oiio-third  to  two-( 
humor  each.  From  another  battery,  tl 
on  a  single  lamp  gave  a  light  of  11  to  li 
'lith  two  lamps,  one-half  burner  each 
three  lumps,  one-ninth  of  a  burner  each. 
Iu  another  case  a  given  battery  with 


gave  a  light  of  nine  burners  ;  with  two 
hurners:  and  with  three  lamiis.  one-t 


Clinrles  L.  Clarke. 


have  already  referred,  the  aasa.apTioas  u’pol”  'vl’tk 

pu  a  Lie  based  represent  the  conditions  u  l,;,.], 
esent  in  tlic  experiments  made  by  Foiitainc  ivifl,  the 
ris"  s  f 'll  f*’o»>  ‘l‘oso  assmap. 


'"jV  of  a  ,„„„hr  „/ re 

vivt'i\seli/  as  (he  stjnare  of  iheir  mim-> 

10.  \Vitli  re.speot  to  tlie  light  emitted,  if  the 
ament  of  heat  generated  represented  ox-elly  the 
amount  of  light  emitted,  then  the  above  equations 
won  d  indieate  the  effeets  produced  by  multiplying 
1 10  lights  or  subdividing  the  current  when  !.  Lit 
Stan  battery  is  employed.  But  this  is  not  so. 

proportional  to  tho  heat 
fcenemted.  Below  a  eertain  limit  the  prodaclion 
of  heat  IS  not  aecompanieil  by  light  at  all.  In  tho 
onsoor.ncando.scence.if  the  heat  be  distributed 
u O  MULS  in.ste.id  of  one,  luasintich  as  tho 
nnss  to  be  boated  in  the  one  ease  is  double  that 
m  the  other,  the  actual  temperature  to  M-hich  each 
of  the  wires  will  he  heated  will  be  onlv  one.qimr. 
tm  of  that  obtained  with  one  u-ire,  and  tho  total 

gilt  emit  ed  will  be  half  what  it  M'as  before.  In 
tlio  case  of  the  arc  a  similar  result  probablv  takes 
thoroforo,  tlie  lamps  be  joined 
up  1.  senes  or  in  multiple  arc  the  light  emitted  by 
=neh  lain])  will  vary  iiivei’sely  in  a  greater  ratio 
/.an  the  square  of  tho  number  in  circuit.” 

the  last  part  of  tho  paper.  Preeco  concludes  tliat, 
the  amount  of  energy  developed  in  the  Mlft 
t  is  kept  constant,  tho  light  of  each  lamp  M-iren 
lie  lu  senes  will  diminish  as  the  square  of  tho 
01  in  circuit,  and  as  tho  cube  of  the  number  when 
u*o  uiTauged  iu  imiltiple  me. 

“  With  tho  Wallace-Farmer  machine  the  limit 


machine  and  .Jablochkoff  candles  the  limit  api, ear: 
o  be  five  lamps.  Beyond  these  limits  the  above 
laws  will  be  true.  It  is  this  i.artial  succe.ss  in  mul¬ 
tiplying  the  light  that  has  led  so  manv  saumiine 
e.vperimenters  to  anticipate  the  ultimate' po.ssibilitv 
of  Its  extensive  .subdivision_a  po.ssibility  uhich 
this  .lemonstrationshoMs  to  be  hopele.ss,  and  which 
experiment  has  jiroved  to  be  fallacious.” 

The  experiments  referred  to  by  Preece  are  those 
reeennl?"’''^'’  by  Fontaine.  li  will  bo  seen  that 
i  T“‘i  i"  “'“orosults  which 

oiitaiiio  had  obtained  oxjierinientally. 

The  following  citations  from  various  sources  show  the 
evaleiiey,  among  scientific  men,  of  tho  fallacy  that 
Ubdivision  M-as  necessarily  accompanied  with  an  enor- 
loiis  loss  of  light. 

Ill  Ills  letter  to  L  „  ee  „  u  1878,  on  the  “  Di- 
ibdiihty  of  the  Electric  Light  from  a  Dynamical  Point 
t  '  lOM-,  Prof.  .S.  P.  Thoiiipsoii  says  : 

t  1  eq'ml  in  luminositv 

“  t  I  te  1  to  li  lie 
lint  light  into  ten  smaller  lights.  If  we  introduce 
ton  equal  branches,  each  will  carry  one-tenth  part 
of  the  o^unal  current,  and  the  intensity  otlight  in 
iiLii  Mill  be  one  one-hundredth  part  only  of  the 
oi-iginal  light  or  10  candles.  Me  shall  got  io  lights 
of  ten  candles  each,  instead  of  1  light  of  1,000 
eaiidles.  Clearly  it  might  not  pay  to  subdivide  tho 
Ig  1  a  this  rate,  though  it  might  for  particular 
cases  pay  to  use  the  undivided  current  to  mass  the 
light  in  one  bright  spark  of  1,000  caudle  brilliancy.” 

I  hud  111  Chan.  X.  of  Hieers’  work  on  “The  Electric 


passing  in  eacli  of  tlio  circuits  wlieii  oiilv  | 
isted  u-ill  be  halved  by  the  introduction 
other  lights,  and,  according  to  the  law,  tli 
iiig  effect  in  each  circuit  will  bo  only  oiie-f 
that  occurring  with  two  lights.  Actually, 
lighting  effect  bears  to  the  lieating  effect  ii: 
same  relation  as  the  heating  effect  doc 
anioiint  of  current,  the  decrease  of  li-dit  i 
greater.  With  a  given  current  source” the  . 

is,  therefore,  anyth 

E.vtract  from  “  Eugiiioeriug,”  for  February  21 

It  (rcfemiig  to  Edison’s  platinum  lamp 
nioiits)  will  be  severely  liaiidicajipcd  aga 
electric  arc  systems  by  the  physical  drawba 
moil  to  all  incandescent  systems,  nanielv,  t 
each  addition  to  the  mimbor  of  lights  iii  ci 
enormous  reduction  is  made  in  the  inteiisit' 
light  produced.” 

Extract  from  “  Engineer,”  for  January  10,  IS' 

Electricians  who  wore  not  commcrciall' 
csted  in  any  form  of  electric  laniii  or  i 
showed  that  this  subdivision  could  only  bo 
at  an  enornioiis  expense  of  light  and  mater 
ing  to  causes  which  wo  need  not  stop  to  ox 

Extracts  from  the  Parliamentary  Eoport  on  “ 
girting.” 

131.  It  would  bo  considerably  more  o.\ 
n  .your  light  was  subdivided  into  various 
The  consumption  of  energy  increases  in 
i-apid  ratio,  inversely  as  the  concontrntioi 
liglit.  In  dividing  the  iiglit  into  two  ligli 
will  probably  not  give  more  than  oiie-foiirt 


tions  the  results  of  which  have  been  put  before  us, 
that  the  ellect  of  a  division  must  bo,  in  some  c.a.ses 
to  decrease  the  light  so  divided,  according  to  the 
ti  1.0  ''  °*  the  dis- 

'Vo  iiavo  no  scientific  law  of  the  ecoiioiiiv  of  the 
electric  light  in  ilifforeiit  degrees  of  divis'ioii  ami 
conceiitration  ;  but  p.netice  and  theoretical  giie.sses 
seem  to  agree  in  making  the  cconomv  much  less 
when  wo  siioiid  the  same  fiiiantitv  of  energy,  for 
example,  in  ten  feebler  lights  than  when  we  .^pent 
It  Ill  one  strong  light ;  wiieii  we  do  this  we  do  not 
get  nearly  oiio-tonth  part  of  the  whole  light  by  any 
of  the  plans  hitherto  in  u.so.”  .  ^  ^ 

See  testimony  of  Sir  William  Tlioinpsoii. 

I  m'*""  “  Coosirtoratioiis  on  Public 

aghtiiig  by  Electric  Processes,”  which  was  published 
a  Jja  Lumioro  Eloctritjiio  ”  prior  to  Wav  15,  1870 
■iJii  Jioiicel  suys :  *  ’ 

“  Uiifortiiiiately,  the  processes  of  division  tried 
hitherto  have  .solved  this  problem  only  at  the  price 
of  a  peat  loss  in  the  intensity  of  the"  light  which 
could  be  produced  at  a  single  point.” 


Clinrles  L.  Clark 


Clmrlcs  L.  Clarke. 


of  the  current  arising  from  this  division  there  re 
suits  a  I0S.S  of  light  rvhieh  might,  under  eertai,; 
conditions,  reach  the  llth  power  of  the  ratio  i„ 
winch  the  current  has  become  weakened." 


9  Q.  Did  the  acconi]>lishment  of  the  problem  of  sub¬ 
division  of  the  electric  light,  as  that  problem  wes 
generally  undei-stood  at  the  date  of  the  «i.plicatioa  for 
the  jiatoiit  III  suit,  rciiuiro  the  production  of  an  incui- 
desemnt  lamp  of  a  resistance  of  100  ohms  hot,  and  „n. 
wards,  and  capable  of  use  for  lighting  economic-.liv 
large  areas  comparable  in  size  to  those  then  lighted  b'v 


Objected  to  as  iiitioducing  neu  matter  not  in 
rebuttal.  Also  on  the  ground  of  immatcrialitv, 
since  it  IS  immaterial  what  “scientific  men ”  nnly 
have  thought  regarding  the  matter  stated  in  the 
question,  it  being  only  important  in  this  con¬ 
nection  to  know  that  Jlr.  Edison,  who  in  liis 
deposition  has  disclaimed  for  himself  the  clmr- 
ncter  of  a  scientist,  has  repeatedly  declareil  a  re¬ 
sistance  of  100  ohms  hot  ns  essential  to  the  con¬ 
struction  of  alanii)  that  should  aid  in  solving 
the  iiroblem  of  the  commercial  subdivision  of 
the  electric  light. 

Complainant’s  counsel  objects  to  the  state¬ 
ment  by  defendant’s  counsel  as  not  warranted 
by  the  evidouco  and  not  of  itself  proper  evidence 
of  the  facts  stated. 


A.  I  do  not  think  so.  Those  who  tried  to  solve  the 
problem  experimentally  failed  when  only  a  few  lamiis 
were  in  circuit.  Fontaine,  for  oxaniple,  obtained  nme- 
ticnlly  110  light  at  all  with  five  lamps.  Opinions  based 
on  theory,  some  of  which  have  already  been  referred 
to,  also  led  many  .scientists  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
loss  by  subdivision  would  make  it  altogether  imims- 
sible.  Under  these  circumstances  the  standard  of  s 
^  NovemI 

ISf  J,  if  quite  a  small  number  of  lamps,  each  ala 


ecpial  to  a  gas  jet,  and  having  the  requisite  durabili 
sniiiilicity  and  cheapness,  could  have  been  run  by  c 
generator,  with  rcasoiiablo  econoniv,  when  distribiit 
over  a  limited  area,  it  would  have  been  deemed  a  sat 
factory  solution  of  the  problem.  'To  accomplish  tl 
result,  lamps  having  a  resistance  of  niiieb  le.ss  than  1 
obiiis  hot  could  have  been  used. 

^ .^]*‘“"‘b>'On  .sujn.  III  Ills  lecture  on  “The  Eleeti 

“  By  this  means  .M.  JablochkolT  can  work  si 
teen  candles  with  one  steam  engine  of  IS  lior 
power,  the  lights  being  arranged  in  four  series 
four  lamp.s  each.  AVe  may,  therefore,  say  that 
to  thi.s  point  31.  JablochkolT  has  solved  the  prol 
lem  of  dividing  the  electrie  light." 

^14  1S'-U°™  ""  “  Engineer,"  for  Febri 

3A  ith  all  its  defects  for  domestic  imriioses,  sti 
3Ir.  Edison’s  (iilatiniim)  lanqi  might  be  "sod  t 
much  advantage  for  street  lighting,  and  in  factorio 
or  theatres,  in  fact,  in  any  situation  whore.it  coiili 
be  looked  after  by  a  skilled  attendant.  If  the  cm 
lent  can  be  successfully  divided  among  dozens  0 
such  lumps,  then  may  gas  makers  quake,  but  noth 
mg  of  the  kind  can  bo  done.” 

Extract  from  an  article  by  Du  3roiicol,  entitle, 
■faille  Eefiectious  in  regard  to  the  New  Lamp  of  Sir 
L.b.son,’’  and  published  ■  in  Vol.  II.  of  “  La  Lumiert 
tilectrique,"  January  1,  1889  : 

“In  1875  much  noise  had  also  been  made  on  the 
subject  of  the  lamp  with  iiicandesccnt  carbon  which, 
introduced  in  France  by  3Ir.  KoslolT,  was  tested 
for  some  time  at  3Ir.  True’s,  lamp  maker,  of  Paris 
and  it  was  claimed  at  that  time  that  an  AUianc 
machine  could  illuminate  15  laiuns  of  this  kind 


taine-s  work  on  ■■  Electric  Ligl.tirg”  :  " 

“  By  the  term  ‘  .livisihility  of  the  electric  ii-ht  • 

fch'  sh, 

iigms  03  ineniis  of  one  luncliino  or  hatterv  Imt 
biinply  tlie  maintaining  of  ,  fc  I„„  ,  ,  ,, 

eaeli  equal  to  1  to  lu  Carcol  burneiri.”  ’ 

l-arently  snbdiviHion  wonhl  have  been 
a<l>  aneea  If  not  wl.olly  accomplial.e.l,  wiien  averv 
.imps  could  be  successfully  operated  in  one  ciis 

Q.  Has  the  commercial  development  of  the  Ijusi- 
Jf  0  ectric  ighling  by  incandescent  lamps  since  the 
the  application  for  the  patent  in  suit  I  n 
aaipsofatleastlOO  li  1.  t.csitic  r  re- 
1  to  aa-omplisli  practically  tho  subdivision  of  the 


fti  my  opinion  it  has  not  shown  that  lamps  1 
high  a  resistance  ns  100  ohms  hot  are  at  alt  , 
■  I  behove  that  a  large  number  of  incandese 
a  light  installations  have  been  made  with  la, 
a  lesistaiice  of  considerably  less  than  100  oh 
•stand  that  the  defendant  company  in  this  , 
years  past  instidled  a  considerable  numher 
having  lamps  like  “  Defendant’s  Zi-  Za-  Laa, 
a  hot  resistance  of  7.5  ohms,  and  “  De'enda, 
ap;  which  has  a  resistance  hot  of  onlv-ll  olii 
^pillion  lamps  of  this  character  in  the ‘absence 
'flugher  resistance  would  bo  good  commer 
o-day,  and  I  beliovo  that  tho  business  of  is.,; 
ting  would  not  bo  sensibly  lessened  if  wc  h 
31-  lamps.  I  understand  that  lamps  of  less  ih 
as  lesistaiico  hot  have  been,  in  years  piist,  ai 
I  1  1  nnf  ct  lie  I  anti  sold,  by  the  coinr.iai 
Panym  this  suit,  for  use  on  multiple  arc  ci 


your  attention  to  Answers  5  to  8  of  Pro- 


issessod  off  tho  ,1 

‘opni'agTnph  of  tho  patent  i 
itemonts  ns  to  the  prior  art,  v 
lornbly  by  Professor  Cross,  is 
“  Heretofore  light  by  in 
obtained  from  rods  of  ci 
ohms  resistance,  jilaced  in  c 
the  atmospheric  air  has  b 
that  do  not  eombiiio  clieni 


The  vessel  hohling  tho  bur 
of  glass  comented  to  a  in. 


iiection  between  the  leadi 
bon  has  been  obtained  bv 
to  the  metal.  Tho  lead: 
boon  largo  so  that  theii 


wires  puss  in  ami  are  coniouleil ;  hence  the  ca 
is  consumed  I.ecnuse  there  must  he  almost  a 
feet  vacnimi  to  render  the  carbon  stable,  espee 
when  such  carbon  is  small  in  mass  and  hi-l 
electrical  resistance.  The  use  of  a  gas  in  the 
cenei  atthe  ti  |lu  pesiic  Itl  i 
attacking  the  carbon,  serves  to  destroy  it  in  ( 
by  ‘  air-washing,’  or  tho  attrition  produced  bv 
lapul  passage  of  the  air  over  the  slightly-col,;, 
highly-heated  surface  of  tho  carbon." 

Edison’s  invention  described  in  the  patent  is  a  hi 
employing  a  carbon  biiriier,  and  it  is  eviilent  from 
I’cading  of  the  paragraph  quoted  that  tho  stateme 
contained  in  it  relate  to  inior  incandosceiit  lamps  i 
oinidoying  or  proposing  to  employ  carbon  burners, 
Iho  statement  that  tho  carbon  rods  iii  prior  hin 
bad  a  resistance  of  from  one  to  four  ohms  is  criticii 
ns  inacourate  by  Prof.  Cross  in  answer  7  of  his  dope 
1011.  In  support  of  this  opinion  Prof.  Cross  refers 
tho  patents  of  King  and  Lane-Fox  and  tho  several  pri 
patents  of  Edison.  All  of  these  patents,  in  so  far  as  th 
are  intended  to  disprove  the  accunicv  of  tho  stateinc 
aiado  Ill  the  patent  in  suit,  describe  burners  made  eitli 
Jf  platiuum  or  iridium,  or  a  combination  of  carbi 
nth  other  iiiaterial,  and  do  not  in  any  wav  refer 
nunoi-8  inado  of  carbon,  to  which  alone  thestateiac 
s  intended  to  apiily. 

The  statomont  ill  tho  patent  that  tho  carbon  rods  i 

>nor  lamps  were  placed  in  closed  vessels  in  which  tl 
tmasiihorio  air  has  been  roiilacod  by  gases  that  do  la 
oinbino  chemically  with  tho  carbon,  is  criticized  ii 
niocurnto  by  Prof.  Cross  in  answer  to  5  Q.  of  his  di 
ositioii,  in  which  ho  rofei-s  to  tho  King  and  Eobert 
imps  as  having  carbon  burnoi-s  enclosed  in  glass  globe 
1  .111  almost  perfect  vacniim.  It  is  true  that  thcsi 
nips  were  intended  to  have  as  high  a  vacuum  a 
as  then  obtainable,  although  at  best°it  would.  I  tliink 


■t  in  this  resiiect. 

iiiswor  to  0  Q.  Prof. ’Cross  takes  exception  to 
lent  made  that  the  ves...els  holding  tho  bin 
Joen  composed  of  glass  cemented  to  a  motii 
in  contradistinction  to  lamp  chambers  m 
i’  of  glass.  To  support  his  views.  Prof.  Cross 
I  two  patents  granted  to  .Sawyer  and  -llau  in  wli 
dates  or  stoppens  for  closing  the  lamp  chain 
scribed.  In  my  opinion,  these  devices  are 
way  the  equivalent  of  tho  metallic  base  refoi- 
lie  statement  in  Edison’s  patent.  Eefcrence 
ado  to  throe  British  patents  of  Lane-Fox.  Sii 
'f  these  patents  describe  a  lam])  having  a  bun 
of  carbon,  Prof.  Cross  has  evidently  misiind 
tho  statement  in  the  patent  which  refers  sob 
[IS  having  metallic  bases  in  which  only  carb 
s  wore  used.  Prof.  Cross  further  describes  wl 
siderato  bo  an  “alternative  form  of  tho  Ki 
s  set  forth  in  British  Patent  Xo.  lO.OlU  of  lS4i 


Chillies  L.  Chirke. 


cliainlici^  iihioli  wore  closed  with  metallic  bases 
eqiuialciit.  This  coiisti  iictioii  of  the  lamps  witl 
™ble  par  s  made  it  easy  to  renew  the  carbon 
ivhen  broken.  I  do  not  agree  with  Prof.  Cros 
opinion  that  the  stetenient  in  the  patent  before  r 

entirely 'fii“eef‘‘™‘‘'’’ 

I  cannot  agree  with  Professor  Cross  in  his  am 
o,  Q.  Ill  which  he  states  substantially  that  the  Ki 
amlT.  "s‘th  d“'"  “'o  ’•«<-“  1‘igh 

“the  yaoiiiii  which  would  have  been  used  i 

directions  were  consistently  followed,  wouh 

I'oen  ■alnio.st  a  iierfeet  vacuum.”’ 

The  constriiotioii  of  the.se  lamps  and  the  art  ^ 
mniiig  vacua  would,  in  my  o'pinion,  have  made 
.ossible  to  obtain  and  i.resen-o  a  vacnum  in 
lips  which  would  be  at  all  eomparablo  to  the  a 
eifec  yaeuuni  mentioned  in  the  patent  in  suit:  n, 
oI  think  that  the  inventors  oontomplated  usi 
leeniod  such  a  vacmini  e.ssential. 

In  answer  to  S  Q.  Professor  Cross  takes  o.vcepti 
0  statement  that  carbon  lamps  of  from  one  t. 
Inns  resistance  require  such  huge  loading-in  wii 
3  pioclnde  the  iiossibility  of  making  a  ti<-ht 
I'^'otUjiis  iito  tie  I  ibei  .1  „  s  n 
IS  opinion  refers  to  one  form  of  the  modern  ineai 
nit  lamp  made  after  the  date  of  the  patent  in 
yiiig  n  burner  much  leas  than  four  ohms  resistair 
Inch  the  joint  around  the  platinum  leading-in  wir 
mle  perfect  by  fusion  of  the  ghuss  to  the  wire, 
irnors  of  those  lamps,  however,  are  enclosed  in 
gli  vacua  and  therefore  lose  very  little  heat  bv 
lotion  and  eonveetiou.  If,  ,,rior  to  the  date  Jf 
tent  in  suit,  carbon  burners  of  this  siso  had  I 
n  od  II  tl  I  bcrs  1  iii„  loi  a  ui  i  or  filled  w itl; 
-  gas,  as  was  the  case  with  the  old  lamps,  the  los 
at  by  conduction  and  convection  due  to  the  .'a 
1  globe  would  have  very  greatly  reduced  the  tenii 


It,  ami  ivorc  only  lumlo  possible  I 
ind  oxiierioiico  gained  after  that  i 
Q.  Prof.  Cross,  in  answer  to  qiics 


•presses  tlio  oiniuon  that  there  wa 
itiiting  the  oarbon  burner  of  th 
0  iilatinum  burner  of  Edison’s  jiat 
corresiionding  foreign  patents, 
or  you  agree  with  Prof.  Cross  am 
or  any  opinions  ^vhicIl  you  niav  c: 
t  entirely  disagree  with  the  opiiiii 
Cross,  which  has  apjiarently  been 
:  into  account  the  fact  that,  pric 
jplicatiou  for  the  patent  in  sui 
1  buniera  had  little  diirabilitv. 


Cbnrles  L.  Clarko. 


ti.lesceiit  liuiip  Ibnt  would  bo  capable  of  I 
lit  of  use  as  is  claimed  for  tlio  platiniiiii  1 
lu’s  United  States  Patent  No.  227,22!)  ( 
of.  Cross’  deposition),  lie  would  li’avo  1 
oportions  to  give  to  tlie  carbon  burner.  Ii 
Q.  ill  Prof.  Cro.ss  virtually  states  that  he 
terinined  the  proper  size  of  the  burner  i 
’.  .**  (“S  lia  says,  among  other 

icilic  resistance  of  carbon  and  its  other  ph 
ies.  There  was  no  infoiination  exta 
e  relating  to  the  .specific  resistance  of  a 
t  carbon  burner  or  of  its  jiliysical  prop 
losed  in  a  highly  exhausted  air-tight  oh 
want  of  such  information  would  have  pr 
sibility  of  niathematicallv  determining 
burner  which  should  bo  callable  of  tl,o°« 


ISO  as  the  platinum  burner  of  the  patent 
liow  of  the  fact  that  it  was  generally  sup 
ion,  even  when  iirotectod  from  the  air,  v 
.royed  when  heated  to  incandoseonco,  I  di 
any  one  would  have  thought  it  possibh 
a  carbon  wire  in  place  of  the  platinum 
ed  111  Li.  S.  Patent  No.  227,220,  and  he: 
ndesconce  without  almost  instantly  desi 
Iio.ssibility  of  preventing  the  rapid  dos 
011^  burners  was  not  a.scertained,  so  far  a 
1  Edison  discovered,  ns  stated  in  the  pat( 
even  a  burner  made  of  carbonized  thread 
lo  under  projicr  conditioms,  i.  c.,  when  o 
gli  vacuum  in  an  air-tight  chamber.  I; 
lilted  the  important  bearing  of  this  non 
liro])erty  of  carbon  upon  the  question  of 
lighting,  and  I  am  of  the  opinion  that 
ition  of  a  lamp  which  made  it  possibl 
ntage  of  this  proiierty  of  carbon,  and  to  i 


Iiients  with  the  Konn  lam]i,  he  says"(see 
iiggs’  Tran.slation  of  Eontaine’s  Work) ; 

“  The  vaciimn  never  being  iierfcct  ii 
ors,  the  first  carbon  is  in  greater  part 
It  would  a|)pear  that  conseiiueiitly  uji 
oxygon  contained  in  the  lamp  being 
into  carbonic  acid  and  carbonic  oxide 
should  lie  iiresorved  imlelinitely.  P 
then  tiroduccd  a  kind  of  evaporation 
tinnes  to  slowly  destroy  the  incaiid 
This  evaporation  is  besides  clearly  i 
piilveroiit  deposit  of  sublimed  carbo 
have  found  on  the  interior  surface  of  I 
the  several  interior  ]inrts,  rods,  cor 


On  October  17,  1878,  Prof.  Morton,  in  h 
pqn  the  Electric  Eight,”  .says: 

“Various  slight  modifications  of 
(Konn  lain]))  have  been  made  and  ela 
Iierimentcd  with  ;  but  they  all  show  th 
seiitial  characteristics.  The  first  of  tin 
as  long  ns  any  oxygen  remains  in  tin 
carbon  rods  consnme  rapidly,  the  first 
ally  lasting  only  twenty  luinntos. 
carbon  will,  however,  last  two  hoiii-s 
does  not  exceed  forty  burners ;  but  ev 
active  gas  has  been  removed,  the  carbe 
sort  of  evaporation.” 

“  Another  modification  of  this  .Sti 
lamp  is  found  in  that  which  has  been 
liibited  in  New  York  as  the  Sawyer- 
This  ditlers  from  the  former  apjiamti 


Jiiibofoio  lefoHcil,  tlio  profiico  of  wliich  is  ,Iiii 
ember,  187!).  contains  a  si  to  e  t  co.  co  i 
ibibty  of  carbon  burners  of  incandescent  lam 
-•li  I  translate  as  follows  : 


Ibo  disadvautaaeof  all  those  lamps  (referri 
to  incandescent  carbon  lainjis)  lies  in  the  fact  tli 
Ibo  tbin  carbon  pencil  has  only  a  very  short  1; 
and  soon  breaks  at  the  weakest  point.  It  is  lit 
wise  naturally  obvious  that  the  carbon  pencil 
very  quickly  consumed  iii  the  air. 

To  remedy  this  evil,  the  carbon  pencil  1, 
been  enclosed  in  an  air-tight  glass  bell,  and  later  ( 
tins  has  been  lillod  with  gases  wbieb  prevent  cot 
bustion.  But  it  aiipears  that  at  a  white  heat  tl 
a  octrio  current  causes  small  particles  to  be  throa 
all  from  the  carbon  pencils  obtainable,  and  tin 
I  so,  in  this  case  a  j.retty  rapid  wearing-ont  lak( 


'll  of  Ellison’s  invontioii  : 

"  As  rogiuils  tlio  (Inrnbility  of  Prof.  Eilif 


..ow  nunjis  n-or.  Jlorton  was  not  so  sain'i 
‘  Lamps,’  said  ho,  in  all  cssontial  luspocts  id 
cal  with  those  doscrihud  bv  Hr.  Edison  havo  I 
111^  constant  o.^iiorimontal  nso  for  several  years 
with  one  invarial'le  result,  namely,  that  while 
carbon  would  operate  sncco.ssfHl!y  for  periods  v 
iiig  from  a  few  horns  to  sevond  davs,  it  has  I 
found  utterly  impossible  to  rondo'r  them  relii 
]iormauont.’  " 


bout  this  time  Prof.  Jlorton  wrote  a  letter  to  “  ’ 
tary  Engineer,”  which  was  published  on  Januiii  ' 
’•  ““‘01’  things  the  letter  contains  t 

mient  of  opinion ; 

‘‘  No  one  can  moiu  thoroughly  appreciate  ll 
1  ilo  the  originality  of  conooption,  the  indefati. 
ble  patience  and  immonse  labor  which  have  Is 
involved  in  the  series  of  experiments  of  whirl 
sketch  has  been  given  in  the  ‘  Xew  York  Heial 
of  bnnday  the  21st,  but  when  I  see  the  eonchisi 


At  that  time  Prof.  Ulorto 
to  believe  that  the  high  vac 
would  prevent  the  disintegi 
stroyod  the  burners  of  jirio; 

Extracts  from  an  editoriii 
12, 1880,  entitled  “  Edison  : 

“  The  only  dillcronce 
ferring  to  King  of  184t 
and  that  now  brought  f 
fers  a  difl’eront  and  ap] 
of  prepared  carbou  to  t 
eccssors,  though,  aga 
carbonized  paper  he  Ini 
ticiiiated.” 

‘‘  The  fusible  nature  ol 
his  (Edison’s)  ell’orts,  a 


Clmrles  L.  Clarke. 


oiie-inillioiith  of  an  atmospliero  there  v 
many  millions  of  millions  of  molecules  of 
to  make  the  ilisinti^gration  of  the  iiicaml 
bon  fibre  only  a  (inostion  of  time.” 

The  writ(!r.  from  his  knowle.lgo  of  the  art 
did  not  believe  that  the  high  vacmim  won’l 
1  II  t  m  sufficiently  to  make  the  filamc 
callj  diimblo. 

At  a  meeting  hehl  at  the  Fmuklin  Institute 
ary  21,  1880,  Mr.  Oiiterbridge  read  a  paper 
Edisoj.  Electric  Eight."  In  the  discussion  v 
lowed,  Prof.  Elilm  Thomson  imule  tliese  renm 
"  There  seems  to  bo  little  doubt  that  i 
de.seont  electric  light  of  moderate  perman 
mechanical  possibilih-. 

■Whether  the  lain])  in  ipiestiou  answer 
retpiiremonts  in  this  case  is,  of  course 
future  to  determine.  It  would  seein, 
that  a  eoiisideivition  of  facts  long  iu  the  n 
of  electi'icians  and  others  points  to  the 
tion  of  a  practically  permanent  iucandosci 
as  a  possibility-.  The  earlier  lamps  wei-o  shi 
those  succeeding  were  more  lasting.  The 
of  pormanoncy  seemed  to  have  been  gradi 
Produced,  and  the  results  claimed  by  Jlr, 
point  in  the  same  direction.  'Whether  i 
departures  have  yet  to  bo  taken  to  scem-o 
cal  enduring  lamp  cannot  as  yet  be  doterni 

As  I  understand  it,  Professor  Tltomsoir  was 
opinion  that  in  the  past,  increase  in  dtirabi: 
been  obtained  degree  by  degree,  and  that  aj, 
tdison  s  lamj)  was  another  stop  forward.  At  t 
10  vas  oviilently  not  acquainted  with  the  f 
ilendcr  iilamonts  of  carbon  when  heated  tc 
lescence  in  a  high  vacuum  would  be  stal 
vould  endure  for  several  litindred  hours,  althoi 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


I  a  practical  incandescent  mir 
rical,  delivered  a  lecture  on  “ 
e  the  Literary  and  Philos()|)hic.- 
!.  on  October  20,  1880.  Coiici 
of  the  carbon,  he  s:ivs : ' 

“  In  all  the  various  attcmi 
ii-inciple  of  the  iucamlcseencc  o 
wo  great  difficulties  had  stoo 
latllcd  every  attempt  to  overcom 
'it  rapid  wtarintj  away  and  mnxt 
he  incandcsceid  carhoii,  and  the  c 
on  of  the  lamp  hy  «  kind  of 
uifoniily  did  these  iihenomeim  |: 
lat  the  idea  was  ])ropounde 
-cepted  that  the  blaukcnmg  of 
as  due  to  volatilizatiou  of  the  c 
rtion  of  the  enormous  heat  to  - 
cted.  *  «  « 

If  this  idea  of  the  volatihzatio) 
iinded  in  fact,  any  further  att^ 
candescent  carbon  lamiis  dnrah) 
ciiiini,  would  be  mere  waste  of  I 
oy  tnasl  be,  to  be  of  any  practic 

J  says,  in  substance,  that  it  wai 
burners  were  necessarily  subjoc 
m  when  heated  to  iucandesci 
111  burner  could  not  be  made  uni 
red. 

ly  opinion  the  foregoing  cita 


and  to  the  skeptical  spirit  with 


“  Carbon  i)ossesso.s  at  equal  toniporatur 
greater  power  of  radiation  tlian  ])latiuii 
capaeity  for  bent  of  platinuni  is  siqierior 
double)  tlint  of  the  carlion  in  question,  so  t 


same  quantity  of  caloric  raises  the  tomi 
of  a  small  bar  of  carbon  to  a  degree  near 


that  attained  by  a  platinum  wire  of  tli 


These  pecuiiaritios  of  carbon  are  of  no  p 
ellect  upon  the  question  of  the  superiority  of 
over  platinum  ns  the  material  for  an  inciiui 
burner.  Mr.  "Wild  also  says  that  the  only  im 
ionco  in  the  use  of  carbon  consists  in  the  fact 
is  consumed  in  the  air,  and  that  Lod^’guino  !i 
this  inconvenienco  by  enclosing  it  in  a  sealed  cl 
from  -.vliich  the  oxj-gen  had  been  expelled. 

It  was.  however,  soon  found  that  this  was  n 
solo  iuconvoniouco,  but  that  the  wasting  away 
carbon  was  a  second  and  fatal  iuconvonienco 
subsequent  inventors,  striving  to  improve  Lody: 
lamp,  were  unable  to  overcome. 

Moreover,  Wild  was  wholly  without  appreciat 
the  function  performed  by  the  surface  of  the  1 


proiior  appreciation  of  the  subject  which  ho  undertook 
to  explain. 

Q.  The  statement  of  JI.  Jobart  as  to  the  Do 
Changy  incandescent  lamp  appeals  at  various  iioints 
m  the  record.  I  call  your  attention  to  the  Delgian 
Patent  of  Do  Changy  Ifo.  3211,  dated  .•Viigust  28,  1850, 
which  I  now  hand  you.  What  was  the  construction  of 
Do  Changy’s  iuoandescout  lamp,  as  shown  by  this 
patent,  and  do  you  know  of  any  other  jiatent  or  publi¬ 
cation  except  the  Jobart  article,  describing  this  lamj)? 

A.  Do  Changy’s  incandescent  lamp  consists  in  the 
main  of  a  platinum  wire  burner  in  the  form  of  a  spiral, 
which  is  inclosed  in  a  cylindrical  glass  chamber,  the 
two  ends  of  which  are  closed  by  metallic  discs  held  in 
place  by  metallic  rods.  The  two  conductors  which 
serve  to  convoy  the  eurront  to  the  burner  jiass  through 
one  of  the  metallic  discs,  and  are  insulated  from  it,  and 
have  hook-shaped  ends,  by  means  of  which  the  lamp 

.  Suspended  from  the  conducting  wires  leading 

from  the  battery  or  other  generator.  Another  portion 
of  the  appaiutiis  consists  of  spools  of  wire,  the  ends  of 
which  terminate  in  hooks.  By  first  attaching  these 


Cliarles  L.  Clarke. 


and  the  iateusity  of  tl.o  light.  From  tho  speeiliratio 
I  uiulei-staml  that  tho  lamp  cliamber  is  not  inten.ka  h 
be  air-tight ;  that  its  only  jjarposo  is  to  protect  tli 
•spiral  from  mechanical  injury,  from  mechanical  shocks 
ami  probably  to  prevent  danger  of  explosions  of  fm 
(lamp,  siiico  tho  laini>  is  described  in  tho  patent  as  i 

Although  I  have  made  ipiite  extended  reso.arch  ii 
the  htemtnre  of  electric  lighting,  including  foreign  pat- 
cuts,  I  have  been  unable  to  lind  any  reference  to  1), 
Changy’s  lamp  other  than  that  contained  in  his  Bel 
gian  Patent  and  in  Joba  i  t’s  article  commnnicated  to  tlr 
Pronch  Academy,  or  descriptions  obviously  obtainei 
fiom  the  sumo  sources. 


Adjourned  until  Tuesday,  July  22,  at  11  A.  M. 


July  22. 1S90. 

Met  iMirsuaut  to  adjournment. 

Adjourned  until  Saturday,  July  2(i,  1890,  at  11  A.  M 


July  2(1,  1890. 

Mot  purauant  to  adjourumout. 

Adjourned  until  Monday,  July.  28, 1800,  at  11  A.  M. 


Offers  of  Exhibits.  3001 

Counsel  for  complainant  offers  in  evidence  tho 
following  matters : 

An  extract  from  a  paper  on  “Dynamo  Electric 
Apparatus  ”  by  Higgs  and  Brittle,  published  in 
Transactions  of  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers. 
A’^ol.  52,  Loudon,  1878,  and  tho  same  is  marked 
Complainant’s  Exhibit  Higgs  and  Brittle  paper. 

Objected  to  as  immaterial,  incompetent  and 
inadmissible,  and  more  esiiecially  because  the 
exhibit  purports  to  bo  an  extract  only  from  the 
paper  in  question,  tho  context  being  withheld 
from  tho  Court. 

Complainant’s  counsel  offora  to  defendant’s 
counsel  a  complete  copy  of  tho  paper  rofen-ed  to, 
so  that  he  can  introduce,  by  the  cross-examina¬ 
tion  of  tho  witness,  such  additional  matters  from 
the  context  ns  he  thinks  necessary  to  explain  tho 
ostrnct  put  iu  evidonco. 

.Also  a  letter  by  ’William  Trant  headed  “The 
Divisibility  of  the  Electric  Light,”  jiublishcd  iu 
“Nature”  for  November  21st,  1879,  Yol.  19, 
page  52,  London  1879,  and  tho  same  is  marked 
Complainant’s  Exhibit  Trant  letter. 

Objected  to  as  immaterial,  incompetent  and 
inadmissible. 

Also  tho  translated  extmets  from  Chapter  NHL 
of  Fontaine’s  book  entitled  “Lighting  by  Elec¬ 
tricity  "  2d  Edition,  Paris,  1879,  given  by 
the  witness  in  answer  to  question  (3,  and  tho 
same  is  marked  Complainant’s  Exhibit  Extracts 
from  Chap.  XUI.,  2d  Edition  of  Fontaine. 

Same  objection  as  to  tho  “  Higgs  &  Brittle 
Paper  ”  above. 

Same  offer  by  complainant’s  counsel  as  to  the 
“Higgs  &  Brittle  Paper”  above. 


®  Offei-s  of  Exhibits. 

Complaiimnt’s  Exhibit  Morton’s  Government  li 

Same  objection. 

Same  offer. 

Also  n  translation  into  English  of  Chapter  II 
of  a  work  on  Electric  lighting  by  Alex.  Eeri 
stein,  Berlin,  1880,  and  the  same  is  marki 
Complainant’s  Exhibit  Chap.  III.  Berusteii 
Book. 

Same  objections. 

Same  offer. 

.<Vlso  a  copy  of  the  drawing  and  a  translatif 
into  English  of  the  S|)ecification  of  the  Belgif 
patent  of  De  Chaiigy  Ko.  3244,  dated  Align 
28th,  1850,  and  the  same  is  marked  Complainant 
Exhibit  Bo  Changy  Belgian  Patent. 

Objected  to  as  immaterial,  incompetent  an 
inadmissible. 

Also  a  translation  into  English  of  an  extrai 
from^^  a  paper  cn  “Electricity  in  Belation  t 
Life  by  Dr.  Werner  Siemens,  published  i 
“Elokticitatslehre,"  Munich,  1879,  and  the  sam 
is  marked  Complainant’s  Exhibit  Siemern 
Paper. 

Same  objections.  Also  objected  to  bocans 
the  context  of  the  article  is  not  produced. 

Same  offer  ns  to  “  Higgs  &  Brittle  Paper 


Also  a  paper  “  On  the  Progress  of  the  Electrii 
Light”  read  bj-  li.  E.  Crompton  before  tin 
Eoyal  United  Service  Institution,  January  2Stli 
1881,  and  the  discussion  thereon,  published  ii 
the  “Journal  of  the  Koynl  United  Service  Insti¬ 
tution,”  Vol.  XXV.,  London,  1882,  and  the  saim 
is  marked  Complainant’s  Exhibit  Crompton’.- 
Paper  an'il  Discussion. 

Objected  to  as  incompetent,  immateri.al  and 
inadmissible,  bnfb  nn  ..,„l 


Offers  of  Exhibits. 


3603 


paper  in  question,  which  is  of  later  date  than  the 
patent  in  suit,  without  producing  the  .said  ])or- 
sons  and  submitting  them  to  cross-examination 
under  oath. 

Also  a  paper  by  Professor  H.  A.  Eowland  and 
George  F.  Barker  “  On  the  Efficiency  of  Edison’s 
Electric  Light,”  imblished  in  the  “  American 
Journal  of  Science,”  Vol.  XIX.,  Ajiril  1880,  and 
published  in  advance  in  the  “  Now  York  Herald  ” 
for  March  27th,  1880,  and  the  same  is  marked 
Complainant’s  Exhibit  Eowland  and  Barker 
Paper. 

Same  objections  ns  to  the  last-named  exhibit. 
'Ihe  further  objection  is  made,  on  the  assump¬ 
tion  that,  if  the  George  F.  Barker  who  is  one  of 
the  authors  of  the  paper  in  question  is  tho  Pro¬ 
fessor  Barker  who  has  twice  been  called  as  a 
..itneoo  in  this  case,  the  statements  bv  him 
made  in  tho  paper  cannot  jiroporly  ho  admitted 
in  evidence  unless  tho  witness  is  recalled  for 
further  cross-examination. 

Also  a  lecture  on  “  Edison’s  Electric  Light  ” 
by  Professor  Barker  before  tho  Franklin  Scien¬ 
tific  Society,  and  published  in  tho  “  Now  Y'ork 
Herald”  for  March  25th,  1880,  and  tho  .same  is 
marked  Complainant’s  Exhibit  Barker’s  Lecture. 

Same  objections  as  to  the  last  exhibit. 

Also  an  extract  from  an  editorial  entitled 
“  Gas  vs.  Electric  Lighting,”  jmblishod  in  tho 
“  Tolographie  Journal  ”  for  October  15th,  1878, 
ami  tho  sumo  is  marked  Complainant’s  Exhibit 
'rolegraphio  Journal  Article  of  October  13th, 
1878. 

Objected  to  as  iucompotout  and  immaterial ; 
also  ns  not  admissible  when  separated  from  its 
context. 

Same  offer  as  to  "  Higgs  A  Brittle  Paper  ” 
above. 

Also  an  extract  from  an  article  in  “  Engineer¬ 
ing ’’for  January  2d,  1880,  entitled  “'Xhe  Brush 
Electric  Light,”  and  tho  same  is  marked  Com- 


Offers  of  Exhibits. 


plninnnt’s  Exliibit  Engineering  article  of  .Inn 
arj-  2d,  1880. 

Same  objections. 

Same  offer. 

Also  an  extract  from  an  article  in  “Enmneei 
ing”  for  January  Oth,  1880.  entitled  “Ediso 
Elcctrie  Light,”  and  the  same  is  marked  Com 
plainant’sExhibit  Engineering  Articleof  Jnmmr 
Oth,  1880. 

Same  objootious. 

Siinie  offer. 

Also  extracts  from  an  article  in  “The  Eu 
gineer"  for  February  13th,  1880,  entitled  “  Jlr, 
Edison  on  Electric  Light,”  and  the  same  i. 
marked  Comiilainant’s  Exhibit  Engineer  Articli 
of  Febnmry  13th,  18S0. 

Same  objections. 

Same  offer. 

'Vv  Homy  Morton  entitled 
Elootrieity  in  Lighting”  published  in  Scrib¬ 
ners  Magazine  for  August,  1889.  and  tlie  same 
IS  marked  Complainanfs  Exhibit  Morton's 
Sonbner  Magazine  Article. 

Objected  to  as  incompetent  and  inadmissible, 
especially  on  the  ground  that  Dr.  Morton  Ims 
been  produced  as  a  witness  for  tlie  defeudmit, 
and  when  upon  tlie  stand  miirlit.  1,,.,... 


id  article,  and  presumably  as  to  all  tliat  tl 
mplainant’s  counsel  tleeniod  material  to  tin,- 
BO.  It  is  deemed  improper,  now  that  the  wi 
ss  has  loft  the  stand,  and  has  no  opportunit 
■  explaining  the  other  parts  of  the  said  artieli 
d  notably  his  utterances  which  make  roferom 
the  work  which  Jfr.  Edison  I.ns  e... 


ness.  Dr.  Morton,  in  answer  to  cross-question  7 
of  his  deposition. 

It  is  stipulated  that  typewritten  copies  ma 
be  used  iu  place  of  the  original  publications  c 
the  foregoing  exhibits ;  also  that  the  exhibil 
offered  ns  translations  are  correct  translations 
and  also  that  the  publications  were  in.ade  and  th 
patent  granted  as  stated  in  the  offers  of  the  ex 
hibits ;  this  stipulation  being  subject  to  the  coi 
rection  of  errors  which  may  bo  found  in  an 
of  the  exhibits  at  any  time  before  the  bearing. 

The  same  stipulation  is  made  with  respect  t' 
the  various  paper  exhibits  offered  by  the  Com 
plninant's  Counsel  in  the  cross-examination  o 
the  defendant's  witnossc 


JlXY  28,  1890. 

Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  ns  before. 

CllOSS-EX.\X[I.S-ATIOS  OF  THE  WlT-S'ESS,  Cu.VltLES  L.  Cl.XI!KK 
IJY  GE.NEn.XL  Dl-.nc.xx  : 

13  x-Q.  Are  you  in  the  employment  of  the  Edisoi 

ens'T"^'  in  thi: 

-V.  I  am  retained  by  the  Edison  Company  ns  an  ox 
pert  in  the  patent  litigation  relating  to  electric  iightinj 
and  power  generally. 

19  x-Q.  Ai-e  you  employed  upon  a  salary,  or  how  ? 
A.  I  am  only  paid  for  the  time  I  am  actuallv  em 
ployed. 

1<  x-Q.  I  assume  that  3-011  haxe  made  a  very  thor 
eugh  examination  of  the  literature  uertainin..  tn  the  nr, 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


isted  clo«-n  to  the  date  of  Edison’s  applieation  for  tl 
patent  in  suit  ? 

A.  I  liavo  tried  to  make  myself  familiar  with  the  hi' 

tory  of  the  art  up  to  that  time,  and  believe  that  I  ai 
re.asonably  familiar  with  it. 

18x-Q.  Have  yon  quoted  in  your  direct  testimon 
from  all  of  the  authorities  who  had  written  upon  thi 

subject  pnor  to  the  date  of  Edison’s  applieatimi  ? 

A.  I  hardly  think  so.  That  would  appear  to  me 
very  diflicult  task  to  undertake.  The  literature  on  thi 

Srai-rv^Y  I  liavo  no  doubt  tlm 

tliere  aio  aorks  relating  to  it  of  which  I  have  not  evei 
heard  I  have  merely  done  what  I  could,  bv  miotiiK 

luu  rb:f i”"’ ” 

whth\™"r\"T'"  ?"K“«>>>rreneh  and  Gernian 

1  i  fL  H  'Vith  electric 

lighting  goiiorally,  and  also  found  it  considered  in 
various  periodical  publications  extending  ovei  pcili  i  s 
tHn  thrnri’t  only  occasionally  referred 

Ermn  l>‘omtnre  until  about  the  year  1S7:1. 

5Za  I  "r '“7i  oloetrieinnswiisvery 

gene  djj- directed  to  tho  problem  of  the  subdivision 

in  the  litltareSthe  a!t.’‘ 

tliinVh?;  ““‘liorilies  should  yon 

thnik^hud  treated  on  the  subject  prior  to  November -1, 

eiimJ‘l“‘‘^  "■O-o.vaetdegi-eootiie- 

seattm’eJ  lotto™  and  articles 

w-Jiich  T  Itn  various  periodical  publications  of 

thorn  ^ot  I  Should  say  that 

10  were  perhaps  eight  or  ten  different  authois  who.se 
«  itiiigs  upon  the  subject  attracted  mnd. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3(i07 


A.  I  did  read  other  articles  in  which  the  subject  was 
mentioned  either  incidentally  or  quite  superficiallv,  but 
I  do  not  recollect  anything  coiicoriiing  the  subject  so 
complete  ns  those  articles  which  I  have  in  mind,  to 
which  I  before  referred. 

22  x-Q.  Is  it  not  a  fact  that  in  your  investigations  vou 
found  a  largo  number  of  articles  which  treated  in  a 
more  or  less  complete  inaiiner  on  the  i>robleni  of  the 
subdivision  of  the  electric  light,  and  to  which  you  made 
110  refereiico  on  your  direct  examination  ? 

There  were  quite  a  number  of  other  articles  in 
which  the  question  of  subdivision  was  considered  but 

I  should  say  considerably  less  rather  than  more  com¬ 
pletely  than  in  those  to  which  I  before  referred 
Tho.so  articles  from  which  I  have  quoted  in  my  direct 
CNamiiintion,  in  my  opinion,  give  a  correct  idea  of  the 
slate  of  the  art  prior  to  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit. 

Last  sentence  objected  to  ns  not  called  for  by 
the  question. 

,1  ninny  articles  bearing  upon 

this  subject  did  you  find  ? 

A.  That  is  a  very  hard  question  to  answer,  ns  I  have 
no  memoranda  relating  to  it.  I  may  perhaps  have 
come  across  twenty-five  articles  in  which  subdivision 
was  inciitioncd,  perhaps  more. 

-4  x-Q.^  You  seem  to  have  laid  groat  emidiasis  in 
join  testimony  upon  the  opinion  of  Fontaine,  whom 
yon  have  inoliided  in  your  list  of  “  scientific  men.” 
"  hat  claim  had  Fontaine  in  1878  or  1870  to  be  regard¬ 
ed  as  a  scientific  man  ? 

A.  Personally  I  know  nothing  positive  conceniiiig 
'oiitaiue,  other  than  the  impression  whieh  I  have 
b'lmiod  concerning  him  from  reading  seveml  books 
Which  ho  has  published  and  articles  whieh  he  has  con- 

II  luted  to  technical  journals.  Whether  the  term 
scientific  man”  in  the  broad  sense  applies  to  Fon- 

ame  I  do  not  know ;  but  from  reading  his  book  on 
elec  ric  lighting,  published  in  1877, 1  should  say  that 
the  term  is  entirely  appropriate. 


25x-Q.  Have  you  rcml  any  book  ofhis  publisl.o.l 
prioi  to  Ins  work  on  electric  lighting  ? 

A  Yes.  A  work  descriptive  of  some  of  the  exliibits 

I'la  I 

Adjournment  for  lunch. 


-0  x-Q.  Do  you  know  whether  Fontnine,  at  the  date 
of  the  pubhcation  of  the  first  edition  of  his  work  on 
olectiiiChghtmg.was  a  member  of  any  scientific  society  ? 

?°  .'’“"fiod  any  evidence  on  the  title  page 
1  atT  l>»Wieatiou,  to  show 

that  he  laid  chum  to  being  a  member  of  any  such  so- 
L-i  ty.J 
A.  No. 

^  28  x-Q  Is  the  iimo  true  of  the  second  edition  of 
-'ontarno  s  work  on  oloctrio  lighting  ? 

29  x-Q.  So  far  as  you  know  did  Fontaine  maintain 
ny  other  substantial  relation  to  the  art  of  electric 
Kilting  1,1  the  years  1878  and  1870  than  that  of  a  bu-si- 
OSS  gontleman  as  luanagor  or  suporintendont  of  a  ooni- 
any  engaged  in  the  development  of  tho  art  and  the 
rodiiction  of  dynamo  machines?  And  was  it  not 
•hilo  he  was  so  engaged  that  his  book  upon  electric 
Mred^?*°  *  roforred.ap- 

A.  I  have  understood  that  at  that  time  Fontaine  was 
itively  engaged  in  developing  the  business  of  electric 
,  1  mg,  more  particularly  the  improvement,  manufac- 
10  and  introduction  of  the  Gramme  dvnnmn  An. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3G0! 


tempts  at  subdividing  tho  light,  published  in  the  first 
edition  of  his  book. 

30  x-Q.  As  you  understand  tho  matter  was  not  H. 
Gramme  tho  electrician  of  tho  company  with  which 
Fontaine  was  ivorking  ? 

I  do  not  know  what  M.  Gramme’s  relations  ivith 
the  company  ivere  at  that  time. 

31  x-Q.  Have  j-oii  any  means  of  knowing  whether 
Fontaine’s  book  on  electric  lighting  was  w-ritten  bv  Fon¬ 
taine  himself,  or  (as  is  generally  understood  to  be  tho 
case  with  Prescott’s  book  on  electricity  in  this  countrv) 
written  by  other  persons  than  tho  reputed  author  -biit 
published  under  Fontaine’s  iiamo  ? 

A.  I  have  no  positive  means  of  knowing  other  than 
the  evidonoes  which  tho  books  itself  eoutains.  Tho 
title  lingo  states  that  it  is  written  by  Fontaine.  In  tho 
preface  and  other  parts  of  tho  book  (I  am  referring  to 
tho  1877  edition),  the  author  refers  to  himself  in  tho 
plural  number  ns  “  wo,”  ole.  Tho  word  “  wo,”  I  think, 
expressly  refers  to  Fontaine,  for  I  find  on  page  181  of 
Higgs’  translation  tho  following : 

We  are  about  to  repeat  all  these  experiments 
substituting  for  a  battery  a  Gramme  machine  con¬ 
structed  to  give  tho  best  useful  effect ;  but  tho  im¬ 
perfection  of  tho  lamps,  tho  difliciilty  of  obtaining 
good  coutaots,  tho  too  minute  care  to  bo  taken  at 
the  commeuceinoiit  of  each  operation,  led  us  to 
pieviotisly  design  a  lamp  more  commodious  aud 
slightly  more  practical  than  that  of  II.  Koiiii. 
This  lamp,  which  wo  ropresoiit  in  Figure  48,  is  at 
present  under  construction  by  M.  Bregnet.” 

I'ignro  48  referred  to  in  tho  text  is  entitled  “Foii- 
tame  s  Lamp.”  To  m}-  mind  this  clearly  indicates  that 
I  le  writer  of  tho  book,  who  calls  himself  “  we,”  was 

•il  x-Q.  Would  you  consider  the  mere  fact  that  Pres- 
itt  bad  published  over  his  uaiiie  such  a  hookas  “Pres- 
dt’s  Electricity  and  the  Telegraph,”  but  which  he  had 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


^  A.  I  think  thnt  it  woiikl,  until  I  had  sufficient  evi- 

dence  to  convince  mo  that  he  did  not  write  the  book. 

drf  x-C^.  If  you  knew  tlio  fact  to  bo  that  ho  hail  ]>ro 

cured  other  persons  to  write  the  principal  chapter  of 

that  hook,  would  you  regard  him  as  a  scientific  nmii 
simply  because  he  had  produced  such  a  hook  ? 


Objected  to  as  immaterial,  the  book  not  Imv- 
ing  been  referred  to  by  the  mtuess  on  direct 
examination. 


A.  Is^o,  I  should  want  evidence,  aside  from  the  book 
as  to  his  ability,  before  I  should  consider  him  a  scion’ 
tific  man. 

34  x-Q.  What  do  you  know  about  Higgs  that  justifies 
you  in  calling  him  a  scientific  man? 

A.  At  the  time  that  Higgs  translated  the  first  edition 
of  Fontaine’s  work  and  for  several  years  afterwards,  he 
wrote  several  books  and  articles  upon  the  electric  light 
and  the  dynamo  machine,  which  were,  as  I  underatand, 
considered  to  ho  of  considerable  merit.  I  notice  also 
on  the  title  page  of  a  paper  which  was  read  by  him  in 
apparatus,"  thnt  ho  had  the 
titles  of  L.  L.  D.  aud  Assoc.  Inst.  C.  E.  I  should  sav 
thnt  in  view  of  these  circumstaucos  Higgs  might 
properly  be  called  a  scioutific  mnu. 

Adjourned  until  Tuesday,  July  29, 1890,  at  11  A.  .’H. 


July  29, 189ii. 

Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

Cnoss-iSAjnNATio.v  of  the  Wit.\ess,  Chaeles  L.  Cl.\!1KE, 
BY  General  Duncan,  continued  : 

35  x-Q.  Are  you  aware  of  the  fact,  or  have  you  ever 


Charles  L.  Clarke.  3011 

heard  that  Higgs  was  expelled  from  the  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers? 

A.  1  was  not  aware  that  such  was  the  case. 

.’id  x-Q.  Did  you,  in  your  search,  find  anything  in 
the  writings  of  Becquerel  or  De  La  Rive  or  Kohliaiisch 
bearing  upon  the  subject  of  the  divisibility  of  the  elec¬ 
tric  light  ? 

A.  I  do  not  now  remember  of  having  come  across 
anything  upon  the  subject  written  by  Dc  La  Rive  or 
Kohli-ansch.  But  I  believe  that  I  diii  find  an  article 
written  by  Becquerel  concerning  Lacas.sagno  and  Thiers’ 
lamp.  I  think  that  in  thnt  article  something  was  said 
on  the  subject  of  subdivision,  but  am  not  positive  that 
such  is  the  case. 

37  x-Q.  Would  you  regard  the  persons  named  in  the 
last  question  us  authorities  on  the  subject  of  electric 
lighting,  or  of  electricity  gonorally  ? 

A.  I  should  certainly  regard  them  as  authorities  on 
the  general  subject  of  electricity  from  a  purely  scientific 
standpoint,  but  should  not  necessarily  regard  them  as  at 
all  competent  to  express  an  opinion  upon  the  practical 
application  of  electricity  to  commercial  purposes.  It 
IS  very  often  the  case  that  a  person  of  high  scientific 
attidnment  is  entirely  unable  to  apply  his  knowledge  to 
any  ])ractionl  useful  purpose,  and  I  do  not  know  thnt 
the  ])orsoiis  mentioned  wore  particularly  competent  to 
do  this,  or  to  express  au  opinion  as  to  the  possibility 
of  its  being  done  by  others. 

33  x-Q.  Do  you  consider  thnt  Higgs  was  specially 
competent  to  express  au  opinion  on  the  practical  apiili- 
cidioii  of  electricity  to  commercial  purposes;  and,  if  so, 
p  " [y  career  justifies  that  conclusion  on  your 

From  the  fact  that  Higgs  had  been  a  mcuibcr  of 
th"  Loudon  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  I  should  say 
I  i.it  ho  was  a  man  who  was  considered  to  be  qualified 
"  “"sider  scientific  facts  in  their  practical  application ; 
■uid  1  think  that  what  he  has  written  on  the  subject  of 
c  cctric  lighting  shows  that  he  was  well  acquainted  with 
le  subject  as  it  was  known  to  the  art  at  the  time  that 
*10  wrote  concerning  it. 


Clmrles  L.  Clarke. 


39  x-Q.  Do  you  agree  witli  liis  state 


pi  "*  lieretofore'”by  the  co 

time  the  book  was  wiiti 
(18/J)  this  statement  was  uiulerstoocl  by  the  art  to 

entirely  correct,  as  it  certainly  was.  if  we  a.ssnmo  t 
resistance  of  the  lamps  to  remain  constant. 

40  x-Q.  The  statement  also  assumes,  does  it  not  tl 
the  current  strength  remains  constant  under  theva’rio 
ment  number  of  lights  set  forth  in  the  stai 

A.  Yes. 

•  Understanding  Higg’s  statement  of  the  he 

lUg  e/fect  of  the  cleetrie  current  as  applied  to  oleel 
day  ?  qnalifiod,  is  liis  stutemeut  true 

A.  Yes.  The  law  of  the  heating  effect  ns  stated 
Higgs,  and  tlius  qualified,  is  true  to-day :  but  the  c. 
c  iision  which  Higgs  states  to  bo  a  consequence  of  li 
law  IS  not  at  all  true  to-day.  Higgs  coucludes  that  a: 
Jesuit  of  this  law  there  would  bo  such  a  rapid  falling 
Jn  the  amount  of  light  produced,  when  a  division  of  I 
ouiTent  among  a  number  of  lamps  was  attempted,  tl 
extensive  subdivision  would  bo  impossible.  To-d 
Jiowevor  it  is  known  how  to  prevent  this  rapid  falli 
oil  in  the  amount  of  light,  and  to  make  subdivis 
possible. 

42  x-Q.  Under  the  conditions  of  current  nssumed 
Higgs  statement  of  the  law,  would  there  not  bo  f 
same  rapid  falling  off  which  Higgs  speaks  of,  ovei 
tlio  lamp  used  wore  any  one  of  the  modern  oominci. 
incaudeseeut  lamps  ? 

A.  Undoubtedly,  if  the  current  which  is  to-dav 
quisito  to  heat  a  IG-candlo-power  lamp  up  to  its  ’i, 


current  among  two  or  four  such  lamps,  without  then 
being  a  grc.at  falling  off  in  the  total  illumination  to  wit : 
a  falling  off  equal  to  that  conteniiilatcd  by  the  law  scl 
forth  by  Higgs  it;  chapter  X.  of  his  book. 

A.  Assuming  that  the  question  refers  to  lamps  which 
are  absolutely  identical  in  all  respects,  and,  more  [lar 
ticiilarly,  of  the  same  candle-power,  and  with  burners  o 
the  same  length,  cross-section  and  resistance,  I  know  o: 
no  way  by  which  the  amount  of  ciiiTeiit  required  t( 
bring  one  lamp  to  its  normal  incnndesenco  can  bi 
divided  among  a  number  of  such  lamps,  without  a  grea 
falling  off  in  the  total  amount  of  light  comparable  t< 
the  rapid  decrease  in  the  light  incntioned  by  Higgs.  Bu( 
if  the  question  I’clatos  to  lamps  alike  only  ns  to  tlieii 
candle-power,  tlieii  we  do  know  to-day  how  to  divide 
tlio  amount  of  current  necessary  to  operate  one  IG 
candle-power  lamp,  constructed  in  one  maiiuer,  nmoiif 
a  number  of  lamps  constructed  in  anotlier,  and  siiitaiile 
luaiinor,  each  of  wliieli  shall  also  bo  of  lG-candlo-])owor 
'lids  ability  to  increase  the  number  of  lamps  and  tin 
total  amount  of  light  with  a  small  current  is  one  of  tin 
valuable  features  of  the  modern  system  of  iiicandeseeu 
electric  ligliting,  resulting  as  it  does  in  a  great  saviiq 
in  the  cost  of  the  conductors  leading  from  the  generate: 
to  the  lamps. 


Adjourned  for  lunch. 


Cliai-lcs  L.  Clarke. 


«  x-Q.  I  uuderstand  you  to  indicate  by  the  hi 
part  of  your  last  answer  that  with  the  knouledg 
possessed  by  the  world  it  is  possible  to  .so  utiliL 

aniouut  of  current  which  is  necessary  to  brine  om 
Edison  s  lG-candle-power  lamps  to  normal  h.cand 
cence  as  to  cause  it  to  bring  to  incandescence  seve 
lb-candle-power  lamps,  and  that  this  result  is  to 
ntfamed  by  changing  the  construction  of  the  him 
according  to  the  number  that  may  bo  employ, 
Does  this  correctly  state  your  view  ?  *  ^ 

A.  Yes  I  had  in  mind  IG-candle-powor  lann.s 
low  resistance,  and  also  those  of  low  economy,  whi 
leqiiired  a  certain  amount  of  current.  By'nniki 
lamps  with  burners  of  smaller  diamctoi  and  It  s  s, 

face  and  of  higher  resistance  than  the  humors  of  t 

ernnm  tlj0»l  to  a  high 

tempeiature  the  same  niiiount  of  current  is  sullicient 
Mipply  sovoi-al  such  lamps  at  IG-candlo-powor.  1 
pioceeding  n,  this  inanuor,  instead  of  attempting 
dnido  the  current  among  several  lamps  of  like  co 
striiction  and  of  largo  diameter  and  low  resistance 
was  done  prior  to  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  it  h 
ramo  possible  to  supply  a  number  of  lamps  with 
.mall  ciin-eut  resulting  in  the  diminution  of  size  ai, 
2osfc  of  eouductors. 

I  also  had  ill  mind  prior  lamps  which  had  earbe 
m  ners  of  larp  cross  section,  and  which  required 
•omparativoly  largo  current  to  heat  them  to  incandc 
^enco  as  compared  with  the  filamontaiy  burners  < 

lurmnt 

4o  x-Q.  By  any  of  the  known  methods  of  constriicl 
ug  lamps  or  distributing  the  current,  how  many  111 
’"“P®  ‘='‘“  economical! 
n  ned  with  that  amount  of  current  which  is  requisit, 
^  unng  to  normal  incandescence  one  of  the  Edisoi 
■ompany’s  ordinary  commercial  IG-candlo-powc 


ded  that  the  Edison 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3Glo 


candle-power  lamp  which  is  most  commonly  in  use  to¬ 
day  is  so  constructed  ns  to  require  the  smallest  pos¬ 
sible  quantity  of  current  consistent  with  other  require- 
inonts  which  go  to  make  up  n  jiractically  commercial 
lamp.  But  lamps  made  by  the  Edison  and  other  com¬ 
panies  are  quite  extensively  used  which  require  n  cur¬ 
rent  sufficient  to  supply  quite  a  number  of  lamps  like 
those  most  commonly  in  use.  The  art  of  subdividing 
the  current  has  reached  a  very  high  degree  of  perfec¬ 
tion,  and  has  approached  the  jioint  where  pro'Tcss  is 
exceedingly  slow.  Indeed,  after  the  method  by  which 
subdivision  could  bo  ncconiiilished  was  known,  nothin" 
further  was  done,  so  far  as  I  know,  excoptiug  to  im° 
prove  the  durability  and  the  economy  of  the  lamps. 

The  foregoing  answer  objected  to  ns  not  re¬ 
sponsive. 

^  ^yjoniTied  until  Wednesday,  July  30,  ISOO,  nt  11 


New  Yoiik,  July  30,  ISOO. 
Slot  pursuant  to  adjourumeut. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

CllOSS-E.\AMI.VATIO.\-  OP  THE  WlT.VESS,  CuAIILES  L.  CL.UiKE, 
co.vn.sDED : 

■1C  x-Q.  I  repeat  my  last  question.  By  any  of  the 
known  methods  of  constructing  lamps  or  distributing 
0  current,  how  manj'  IC-candle-power  incandescent 
tamps  can  bo  economically  burned  with  th  at  amount 
of  current  which  is  requisite  to  bring  to  normal  incau- 
I  escenco  one  of  the  Eilisoii  Company's  ordinary  com- 
inercial  IG-candle-power  lamps '! 

Objected  as  immaterial  and  irrelevant. 

A.  If  by  the  “  ordinary  commercial  IG-candle-power 


3C1G 


Clmrles  L.  Clarke. 


lainps,”  referred  toiu  the  question,  is  meant  those  laii 
wliicli  ai'o  most  generally  used  in  Edison  electric  li; 
plants,  I  do  not  know  that  the  art  is  to-day  acqnaini 
with  any  method  by  which  practical  commercial  laii 
can  be  made  so  that  several  of  such  lamps  can 
operated  with  the  same  amount  of  current  as  is 
present  required  for  one  of  the  “ordinary"  lamps  na 
tioned.  ' 

•17  x-Q.  How  many  lamps  of  smaller  illuminafi 
power  than  IG  caudles  and  adapted  for  domestic 
luminatiou  could  bo  run  with  the  same  amount  of  ci 
rent  that  is  required  to  bring  to  normal  incandesce] 
one  of  the  ordinary  commercial  IG-candlo  lamps 
the  Edison  Company  ? 

A.  I  do  not  think  that  it  is  at  the  present  tii 
known  how  to  construct  commercial  lamps  of  le.ss  th 
IC-caudle-power,  so  that  several  of  such  lumps  eoii 
be  operated  by  the  same  amount  of  current  ns  is  r 
quirod  for  one  “  ordinary  "  IG-cnndle-lnmp.  The  offoi 
of  the  art  have  been  continually  directed  towards  o 
taining  lamps  having  burnei's  of  exceedingly  siai 
cross  section,  which  would  therefore  require  the  loii 
possible  amount  of  current  for  their  operation.  A  liri 
seems  to  have  been  roaehed  which  would  make  a  fii 
thor  reduction  in  the  amount  of  the  current  required 
difficult  undertaking.  I  do  not  wish,  however,  to  I 
understood  ns  saying  that  it  is  at  all  impossible  or  ii 
probable  that  this  will  be  done,  if  we  are  to  judge  fro 
what  has  been  accomplished  since  the  art  of  model 
incandescent  lighting  began.  AVitliin  that  time  tl 
iniouut  of  eiirrent  requisite  for  an  ordinary  IG-candh 
power  lamp  has  been  reduced  about  forty  per  cent. 

48  x-Q.  When  was  this  reduction  eOceted,  and  h 
vhat  means  ? 

-A.  This  reduction  in  the  amount  of  current  require 
0  supply  an  ordinary  modern  IG-cnudle  lamp  (by  moi 
irn  lamp  I  mean  one  made  since  the  date  of  the  patoi 
n  suit)  was  not  arrived  at  all  at  once  ;  but  there  hi 
leen  a  gradual  reduction  ns  the  durability  of  the  lain 
ins  been  increased  by  improved  methods  of  maniifai 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


m' 


The  iiicrcnse  in  durability  made  it  possible  to  rediic 
e  cross-section  of  the  filament  and  operate  at 
i:lier  degree  of  incande-scenco  and  therefore  to  rediic 
I!  strength  of  the  current. 

Ill  x-Q.  In  the  actual  working  of  a  large  plant  o 
Klern  incandescent  lamps  is  the  same  amount  of  cui 
lit  used  when  all  the  lamps  are  turned  on  (or  burning 
lich  is  used  when  only  a  single  lamp  of  the  plant  i 

A.  No.  The  amount  of  current  required  is  propoi 
anil  to  the  number  of  lamps  which  are  burniu".  On 
eiisaud  lamps  require  one  thousand  times  the  slrcngt 
current  noce.ssary  for  one  lamp.  ° 

50  x-Q.  In  your  answer  to  Q.  G,  in  which  you  hav 
loted  certain  jiuragraphs  from  Chapter  X.  of  Higgi 
irk  on  the  electric  light  you  say.  in  comiuentbi 
ion  the  quotations : 

“  Higgs  apparently  was  of  the  opinion  that  subdivii 
1  was  altogothor  impo-ssible,  oven  by  arc  or  incandes 
nt  lamps.” 

On  referring  to  Higgs’  book  I  find  that  the  context  i 
e  passages  which  you  quote  is  as  follows  : 

“  The  division  of  the  electric  light  is  a  term  th 
true  rendering  of  which  should  bo  the  ‘  division  r 
the  electric  current  ’  to  jirodiice  iitniierous  snia 
light  coiitora  instead  of  one  or  more  powerfi 
lights.  Much  nousence  has  been  talked  in  relatio 
to  this  subject.  Some  inventors  have  claimed  th 
[lower  to  ‘  indoflnitely  divide’  the  electric  cm 
rent,  not  knowing  or  forgetting  that  such  a  atati 
ment  is  inconqiatiblo  with  the  well-proven  hiw  t 
conservation  of.  energy. 

tv  bother  the  electric  ciiiTont  bo  utilized  in  th 
production  of  light,  either  by  means  of  the  voltai 
arc  or  of  incandescence,  the  [iroductioii  of  a  certai 
amount  of  light  depends  upon  the  amount  of  cm 
rent  jiassing,  not  directly,  but  in  such  a  proportio 
that  offers  speedy  limit  to  the  number  of  lighi 
to  bo  oblaiued.  The  law  is  a  very  simple  one.  ] 


3G18 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


will  bo  proiiortional  to  the  square  of  the  amount  of 
current  multiplied  by  tbo  resisbince,  both  ex- 
pre.ssed  in  couvonioiit  units.  Suppose,  then,  that 
two  lights  exist  of  a  certain  power,  each  on  two 
cironits  derived  from  a  main  circuit,  and  that  two 
more  lights  are  required  to  bo  added,  one  in  cadi 
of  another  two  circuits  again  derived  from  the  main 
circuit.  The  current  formerly  passing  in  each  of 
the  circuits  when  only  two  existed  will  bo  halved  bv 
the  lutrodnctiou  of  the  other  lights,  and,  accoidin’.- 
to  the  law,  tho  heating  effect  in  each  circuit  will  be 
only  one-fourth  of  that  occurring  with  two  lights. 
Actuall}-,  as  tho  lighting  effect  bears  to  tho  hcatiii'- 
effect  much  tho  same  relation  as  tho  heating  effect 
dora  to  the  amount  of  cui-ront,  tho  decrease  of 
light  IS  much  gi-oator.  With  a  given  e.irrent 
source,  tho  division  of  the  electric  current  i.s 
therefore,  anything  but  indefiiiito. 

Even  with  gas,  which  iiossesses  tho  groat  udvau- 
tage  of  yielding  a  largo  number  of  small  lights,  the 
neatest  economy  is  obtainable  with  concentrated 
lights ;  and  it  is  well  known  that  tho  ignition  of 
extra  burners  on  a  pipe  of  small  diameter  mater- 
inlly  reduces  tho  light  in  those  buruore  alrea.lv 
Ignited.  Though  noticeable  in  a  much  less  degree 
because  obeying  a  different  law,  with  a  Bxod  .sup¬ 
ply  of  gas  tho  roduetiou  of  light  arising  from  the 
Ignition  of  fresh  burners  is  appreciable,  and  shows 
that  the  electricians  who  claim  indoanito  subdivi¬ 
sion  exceed  what  is  required  or  possible.” 


ft  It  not  a  fair  inference  from  these  fuller  statonieiits 
Higgs  that  he  did  not  deem  the,  subdivision  of  the 
electnc  light  impossible,  but  only  that  it  was  impossi¬ 
ble  to  carry  the  subdivision  on  “  indeHuitoly  ?  " 

A.  Iso,  I  cannot  dmw  that  inference  from  reading  tho 
matter  quoted  in  tho  question  from  Higgs’  book.  The 
author  in  the  beginning  deHiies  subdivision  ns  ho 
understands  it  as  follows : 


“The  ‘subdivision  of  the  electric  light’  is  a 
term  the  true  rendering  of  which  should  be  ‘  the 


light  produced  by  each  lamp  would  be  very  great,  in 
fact  greater  than  tho  square  of  the  numbor  of  the  lamps 
among  which  the  current  was  divided.  Tho  author,  in 
illii-stration  of  the  effect  of  thus  dividing  tho  current, 
states  that  when  the  amount  necessary  for  two  lamps 
IS  divided  among  four  similar  lamps,  each  will  give  off 
loss  than  oue-fourth  the  amoniit  of  light  before  given 
off  by  each  of  tho  two  lamps. 

fii  view  of  tho  fact  that  Higgs  defines  subdivision  ns 
relating  to  numerous  small  lights  ;  that  he  translated 
the  first  edition  of  Foiitniiio’s  work,  which  contains 
experiments  proving  that  when  tho  current  was  divided 
among  throe  or  four  incandescent  lamps,  the  falling  off 
111  tho  amount  of  light  produced  was  so  great  as  to 
render  subdivision  practically  impo.ssiblo;  and  also 
that  the  matter  quoted  from  his  book  in  tho  question 

ooiitaiiis  a  statement  of  tho  law  from  which  this  groat 

(liminution  in  the  amount  of  light  resulted,  and  his 
■looeptaneo  and  illustration  of  the  correctness  of  this 
opinion  that  when  the  author  says  that 
le  division  of  tho  current  is  “anything  but  indoanito,” 
le  uses  tho  term  sarcastically,  and  actually  intends  it 
0  ho  so  considered,  believing,  os  I  think  he  did,  that 
le  leader  would  understand  from  his  deanitiou  of  sub- 
ihvision  and  his  illustration  of  the  results  which  would 
e  ow  from  attempting  to  acconiplish  it,  that  in  his 
^  'enS )  opinion  subdivision,  either  bj-  arc  or  iucandes- 
i-id  lights  was  altogether  impossible. 


A.  I  think  tlmt  I  Imvo  used  the  expression  in  tl 
sense  in  wliicli  it  liiis  goneriilly  been  used  iu  tlio  nit . 
electric  ligliting  iu  the  jinst.  As  I  underetnud  it.  tl 
expression  has  been  generally  understood  to  relate  i 
the  production  of  small  electric  lights  of  such  a  char.i 
tor  that  quite  a  number  could  be  operated  from  a  sing 
source  of  electricity,  and  at  a  reasonable  distance  fro 
it,  and  which  should  iu  other  respects  bo  practical 
commercial  lamps.  All  of  which  has  been  more  full 
set  forth  iu  my  answer  to  3  Q. 

52  x-Q.  Please  state  what  you  mean  in  your  answi 
by  tho  terms  “small ’’(“small  electric  lights”)  “quit 
a  number”  and  “reasonable  distance.” 

A.  By  “small  electric  lights”  I  moan  those  lighi 
which  would  have  an  illuminating  power  about  equal  t 
an  ordinary  gas-jet,  so  that  they  would  bo  convonientl 
available  for  tho  lighting  of  iuteriore.  By  “quite 
number”  I  mean  such  a  number  of  lights,  each  of 
power  equal  to  a  gas-jet,  as  would  bo  required  to  ligli 
an  ordinary-sized  building  or  factory,  say  fifty  or  on. 
hundred  lights.  By  “  roasoualo  distance  ”  I  mean  tlia 
the  lights  located  throughout  such  a  building  could  b 
supplied  from  a  dynamo  located  in  tlio  basement  or  e] 
of  such  building,  these  being  tho  places  wliere  tin 
dynamo  maehiuo  and  engine  would  bo  most  con 
veniontly  located. 

53  x-Q.  Then  you  do  not  consider  that  it  is  nocessn 
or  that  it  over  was  necessary,  to  the  practical  solut 
of  tho  problem  of  tho  subdivision  of  tho  electric  lig 
that  tho  lamp  used  should  bo  so  organized,  or  that  I 
means  for  generating  tlio  current  should  bo  such. 


that  the  mode  of  distributing  the  current  when  g. 
crated  should  bo  such,  that  the  number  of  lamps  i 
from  a  single  source  of  current-supidy  should  bo  i 
proximately  equal  to  the  number  of  gas-jets  which 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3021 


ordinary  municipal  illumination  by  gas  are  supplied 
from  a  single  gas  works  ? 

A.  Xo.  I  do  not  think  that  it  ever  was  considered 
that  tho  problem  of  subdivision  required  for  its  solu¬ 
tion  that  the  number  of  lamiis  and  their  distance  from 
a  single  source  should  be  comimrable  to  the  number  of 
gas-jets  supplied  by  a  single  gas  works,  and  their  dis¬ 
tance  from  the  same. 

51  x-Q.  'Phon,  'll  your  opinion,  tho  (ibility  to  produce 
fifty  separate  lights  with  current  supplied  from  a  single 
generator,  such  lights  being  distributed  through  dif¬ 
ferent  ])arts  of  an  ordinary  building,  would  be  a  prac¬ 
tical  .solution  of  tho  problem  of  the  subdivision  of  the 
electric  light,  oven  if  it  were  not  possible  to  supply  a 
larger  number  of  lights  from  the  same  source.  Is  that 

A.  As  the  question  stands  it  is  not  entirely  correct. 
If  each  lamp  had  an  illnminating  power  about  equal  to 
a  gas-jet;  if  they  wore  durable,  clieap  and  economical 
enough  to  make  them  comiiiercially  practical,  and  if 
they  were  not  at  all  liable  to  get  out  of  order,  and  were 
so  simple  in  their  construction  that  tho  public  could 
look  after  tlioiii,  and  also  if  they  did  not  require  too 
largo  and  cxpctisivo  conductors,  I  should  say  the 
ability  to  produce  fifty  sueli  lights  with  a  cuiTcnt  from 
a  single  generator  would  bo  a  practical  solution  of  the 
problem  of  subdivision. 

55  x-Q.  Why  do  you  say  that  tho  problem  of  subdi¬ 
vision  of  the  electric  light  requires  tliat  eaeli  light 
should  bo  approximately  of  tlio  same  illumiiiating  power 
as  the  ordinary  gas-jet  ? 

.■\.  Because,  ns  I  understand  it,  tho  art  of  subdi¬ 
vision  has  always  boon  considered  ns  relating  to  the 
I'l'oilnction  of  olectrie  lights  which  should  be  peculiarly 
suited  to  lighting  ordinary  interiors.  Long  experience 
with  gas-lighting  had  resulted  in  tho  general  adoption 
of  what  is  commonly  known  as  a  “  gas-jet  ”  (averaging 
about  l(i-candle-power),  because  it  was  found  to  be,  all 
things  considered,  best  suited  to  lighting  ordinary  in¬ 
teriors. 

Before  the  problem  of  subdivision  w 


solved,  the 


3G-^2 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


public  was  in  possession  of  the  arc  light,  which  was 
entirely  suited  to  out-of-door-lighting,  and  attention 
was  also  turned  to  the  lighting  of  interiors  by  the 
electric  light,  and  it  was  assumed  that  this  could  be 
best  accomplished  with  electric  lights  of  a  power 
about  equal  to  that  of  gas-jets,  which  had  for  many 
years  been  used  with  satisfactory  results. 

Adjourned  until  Thursday,  July  31, 1800,  at  11  A.  It. 


New  York,  July  31, 1890. 
Met  pursuant  to  ndjoiirnineut- 
Present— Counsel  ns  before. 

CU0SS-EX.\.MI.VATI0.N  OP  THE  WITNESS  ClIARLES  L.  CUIIHF. 
CO.NTINUED  : 


1  V,!'  ‘“0  yo'ir  itsiu  Jir.  Edison  had 

made  fifty  iiicnndoscont  lamps  of  the  character  sot 
forth  m  the  patent  in  suit,  having  each  a  power  of  100 
candles,  and  on  trial  had  found  that  ho  could  run  them 

on  a  single  circuit,  and  this  had  boon  all  that  ho  had 
done,  u^uld  you  have  regarded  it  as  a  practical  sobi- 
tion  of  the  problem  of  the  subdivision  of  the  electric 
light? 


'jojectoii  to  as  immaterial,  and  ns  not  war¬ 
ranted  by  the  facts. 

A.  a,  in  1879,  Mr.  Edison  had  made  fifty  inenn- 
desceut  lamps,  each  of  100-candle-powor,  after  the 
method  set  forth  in  the  patent  in  suit,  and  had  found 
that  they  could  bo  operated  by  the  current  supplied 
lom  a  single  source,  I  think  that  the  nccomiilishment 
o  his  residt  would  have  been  regarded  as  a  solution 


07  s-Q.  Then  you  do  not  regard  it  as  at  all  neces¬ 
sary  to  the  solution  of  tho  problem  that  the  lamps 


Charles  L.  Clarke.  3023 

made  should  bo  ns  low  in  illuminating  power  as  the 
ordinary  gas-jet  ? 

A.  I  do  think  that  it  was  necessary  that  the  art 
should  know  how  to  make  jiracticnl  commercial  lamps 
of  an  illuminating  power  about  equal  to  a  gas-jet  be¬ 
fore  it  could  bo  said  that  tho  solution  of  tho  problem 
of  subdivision  was  accomplished. 

Ill  my  opinion,  if  Edison  had  made  lOO-candle-power 
lamps  after  tho  manner  described  in  the  patent,  the 
art,  with  tho  exercise  of  good  skill  mid  jiidgnient  and 
without  further  instruction,  would  have  at  once  known 
how  to  construct  fifty  similar  lamps,  each  having  a 
power  about  equal  to  a  gas-jet,  which  could  bo  sup¬ 
plied  from  a  single  souree  of  electricity.  In  my  opinion 
a  method  of  eonstriictiug  fifty  practically  commercial 
lOO-caiidlo-powor  lamps,  operative  from  a  single  source, 
which  would  likewise  siiflicioiitly  instruct  the  art  how 
to  make  fifty  similar  lamps,  each  of  a  power  about 
equal  to  a  gas-jet,  and  also  operative  from  a  single 
source,  would  bo  considered  ns  a  practical  solution  of 
tho  problem  of  subdivision. 

Adjourned  for  lunch. 


Tho  deposition  of  tho  witness  is  suspended  to  take 
tho  deposition  of  Major  Eaton. 

Adjoiimod  to  August  1,  1890. 


New  Yoiik,  August  1, 1890. 
Mot  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

Cross-exa.mination  of  the  witness  Chaiiles  L.  Clarke 

CO.NTTNCED : 

a8  x-Q.  By  j-our  last  answer  I  should  judge  that  j'on 
hold  the  opinion  that  if  oue  had  devised  a  lamp  of  100- 


Clinrlos  L.  Clarke. 


candle-power,  fifty  of  wLich  could  bo  rnn  on  a  .siiad 
eircnit,  it  would  not  have  involved  invention  to  niak 
fifty  otjier  lamps  embodying  the  same  principles  c 
constrnction,  but  having  a  power  of  only  sixteen  eai 
(Ue»  each.  Is  such  your  opinion  ? 

A.  I  do  not  think  that  it  would  have  required  ii 
vent.on,  providing  the  lOO-candle-power  lamps  wer 
priictically  commercial  lamps,  and  also  providing  tl, 
method  of  constructing  the  100-cnndlo-power  Lai 
would  have  been  instructed  the  art,  with  the  exerei' 
of  skill  and  judgment,  how  to  make  similar  pmetie.ll 
commercial  lamps,  each  of  only  sixteen-candle-power. 

oO  x-Q.  So  far  ns  regards  the  principles  of  constru 
tioii  involved  in  the  lamps,  do  you  nnderstniid  tin 
tliere  is  any  difiereiice  botwoon  a  commercial  101 
candle-power  lamp  iiindo  under  the  Edison  patent  - 
suit,  and  a  sixteon-candle-powor  lamp  made  under  tl 
said  ])ntont  ? 

A.  I  do  not  consider  that  there  is  any  dilicrcm 

involved  iii  the  principles  of  construction  of  com . 

end  100-cnndlo-powor  and  Ki-eaudlo-powor  lamps  nnu 
under  the  patent  iu  suit. 

00  x-Q  Piiictically  can  you  put  upon  a  single  circa 
as  Edison  lOO-candle-powor  lani2)s  as  you  can  < 
tlio  Edison  IG-cnndle-povvor  lamps? 

A.  Xo,  not  if  in  both  cases  the  saiiio  amount  of  cu 
rent  is  to  bo  used,  which  I  take  it  is  assumed  in  tl 
question;  but  the  iiumbor  of  IG-caiidle-powor  laini 
u-liich  can  bo  connected  with  a  circuit  iu  place  of  tl 
lOO-caudle-power  lamps  and  which  cun  bo  operated  I 
ho  same  current,  will  give  the  same  total  amount 
light.  To  illustrate :  If  a  certain  amount  of  ciirici 
wil  operate  1C  lOO-eandle-powor  lamps  the  total  ilhii 
mating  power  will  bo  equal  to  l.GOO  candles ;  tli 
same  amountof  current  will  also  opemto  100  IG-caudl 
power  lamps,  which  also  gives  a  total  illumliiatiL 
power  of  l,G0O  candles. 

G1  x-Q.  IVould  the  electro-motive  force  of  the  cii 
rent  bo  the  same  in  the  two  cases  ? 

A.  It  would  bo  the  same  iu  the  two  cases.  likewi.s 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


ic  amount  of  electrical  energy  supplied  to  the  lam 
id  their  0001101113-  would  bo  the  same. 
i;-2  x-Q.  In  order  that  100  Edi.son  IG-candlo-pow 
nips  should  bo  capable  of  use  on  the  same  circuit 
lich  10  100-cnndlo-))ower  lamps  might  be  used,  wit 
it  change  in  the  quantity  or  electro-motive  force 
e  current,  it  would  be  necessary,  would  it  not,  tli 
c  resistances  of  the  two  sizes  of  lamps. should  be 
ch  other  iiivei-sely  ns  their  illuminatiiu'  powers'' 

A.  ye.s. 

liO  x-Q.  This  substitution  of  100  IG-caiidle  pow 
lips  for  IG  100-candlo  power  lamps,  without  eliau| 
tlio  quantity  or  olectro-niotivo  force  of  the  ciiner 
mid  be  a  practical  illustratioii.  would  it  not  of  wh 
known  and  what  you  have  spoken  of  as  “  the  su 
i  ision  of  the  electric  light  ”  V 
A.  I  should  8113-  that  it  was  an  excellent  iihistratic 
to  how  subdivision  is  accoiiqilished  by  means  of 
table  lamp. 

il  x-Q.  Do  you  moan  in  other  words  to  say  that 
II  have  given  a  suitable  lamp  you  can  subdivide  tli 
lit  by  ohniigiiig  the  rosistaiieo  of  the  burner  used  i 
:  lamp? 

V.  Xo.  Chaiigo  in  rosistnneo  only  would  not  be  sn 
out ;  the  length,  diameter  and  surface  of  the  biiriic 
nid  also  have  to  be  taken  into  consideration. 

'5  x-Q.  In  other  words,  as  I  understand  you,  in  01 
to  subdivide  the  light  of  one  incandescent  lain] 
ling  several  incandescent  lamps  embodying  the  sum 
iiciiilos  of  construction,  it  is  necessary  that  the  burn 
of  the  several  smaller  lamps  shall  differ  from  tha 
he  single  larger  lamp  not  only  in  the  matter  of  re 
mice  but  also  iu  the  matters  of  length,  diameter  am 
face  ? 

••  I'es,  provided,  however,  it  is  a.ssumed  that  iu  tin 
cases  the  lamps  are  to  bo  operated  under  the  same 
itro-motive  force,  and  the  same  economy,  and  tha 
current  required  to  supply  one  lamp  shall  bo  th( 
e  as  the  total  amount  of  current  required  to  supply 
1  a  number  of  the  subdivided  lichts  as  will  irivi 


stncted  to  tlie  use  of  the  same  electro  motive  force  c 
to  tlie  same  quantity  of  current,  in  the  two  cases  wo’iil 
It  still  bo  necessary  to  make  changes  in  the  colistnu 
tion  of  the  burner  in  order  to  divide  up  tlie  light  'nvc 
by  one  large  lamp  among  several  smaller  lamps?  " 

A.  Yes.  I  think  that  for  practical  commercial  reason 

that,  as  wo  divide  a  single  burner  into  several  bmner 

"  ‘>8  1  ii-,  it  "-ould  be  essential  that  wl 

should  increase  the  resistance  and  diminish  the  surfac: 
of  the  buniers  of  less  power  in  order  not  to  iiicreas( 
the  size  and  cost  of  the  conductors  above  what  wouk 
be  requisite  to  siqiply  the  undivided  burner. 

G7  x-Q.  What  rule  do  you  find  laid  down  in  tin 
patent  in  suit  for  enabling  a  person  to  determine  tin 
amount  of  change  which  is  to  be  made  in  the  resistanci 
or  in  the  surface,  or  in  the  length  or  thickness  of  tin 
burner  of  an  incandescent  lamp  in  order  to  subdivhk 
among  several  lamps  that  quantity  of  light  which  one 
largo  lamp  is  capiiblo  of  generating  ?  * 

A.  I  do  not  find  any  specific  directions  on  this  point 
set  forth  in  the  patent  in  suit,  aud  I  do  not  think  that 
they  were  at  all  necessary.  In  my  opinion,  if  a  person 
skilled  in  the  art  had,  at  the  date  of  the  patent,  con¬ 
structed  a  lamp  according  to  the  directions*  therein  .set 
forth,  lie  would,  after  ascortnimSirr  ifa  nntwiiA  . . ,.i 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3027 


ing  power  .should  bo  equal  to  that  of  the  one  lamp  first 

A.  Yes,  I  think  that  ho  would  have  known  how  to  do 
this,  because  ho  would  have  had  something  tangible  in  the 
form  of  a  practically  operative  and  commercial  lamp,  the 
characteristic  features  of  which  are  set  forth  in  the 
pjitent  in  suit,  to  which  to  apply  his  theoretic.al  knowl¬ 
edge  of  eloctrieity,  which,  in  my  opinion,  would  be  suf- 
lieient  for  the  purpose.  In  my  oirinion  the  exercise  of 
ability  in  this  direction  would  hardly  have  been  called 
in  play  prior  to  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  in  the  ab¬ 
sence  of  any  practical  incandescent  lamp  construction, 
or  if  it  were  I  do  not  think  that  it  would  have  accom¬ 
plished  anything  toward  subdivision. 

(I!)  x-Q.  When  you  answered  .54  x-Q.  did  you  assume 
that^  the  fifty  lamps  were  to  bo  arrranged  in  multiple 

.4.  Yes,  I  had  in  mind  lamps  araanged  in  multiple 


Further  hearing  adjourned  to  Monday,  August  4th, 
ISilO,  at  II  A.  M. 


Xew  Yoiik,  Aug.  I,  1890. 
Met  pureuunt  to  adjounimeut. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

Ci;oss  Exajiisatiox  of  Mil.  Cuuke,  contixeed  bv  Ges- 
EIIAL  Dc.voas  : 

<0  X-Q.  Suppose  the  fifty  lights  referred  to  in  your 
imswer  to  54  x-Q.  had  had  an  illuminating  power  of, 
i’liy,  SIX  or  fen  times  the  ordinary  yas-jet — would  the 
production  of  these  lamps  arranged  in  multiple  arc  aud 
operated  on  a  single  circuit,  oven  if  it  had  not  been 
jiossible  to  supply  a  larger  number  than  fifty  from  the 


A.  I  think  that  this  would  have  boon  a  solntion  of 
the  problem  of  subdivision,  provided  the  method  of 
making  such  lamps  would  have  instructed  the  art,  with 
the  aid  of  the  knowledge  already  possessed,  how  to  make 
piactieallj-  commercial  lamps,  each  having  the  power  of 
a  gas-jot,  and  otherwise  so  coustnicted  that  when  a  suf¬ 
ficient  number  of  them  were  connected  to  the  circuit 


as  to  give  a  total  amount  of  light  equal  to  the  total 
amount  produced  by  the  fifty  larger  lights,  the  nmoimt 
of  copper  ill  the  conductors,  the  total  current  the 
electro-motive  force,  and  economv  in  the  two  cases 
would  bo  the  same. 

71  x-Q.  IVith  the  qualifications  sbited  in  voitr  Inst 
answer,  in  regard  to  the  clianictorof  the  lamp,  would  it 
not  in  your  opinion  have  been  a  practical  solution  of 
the  problem  of  subdivision  of  the  electric  light  if  the 
man  first  making  the  lamps  had  iinido  but  fifty,  and  had 
arranged  them  only  /„  senVw,  and  if  the  lamps  had  hiul 
each  an  illuminatiiig  power  of  say  six  to  ton  times  that 
of  an  ordinary  gas-jet  ? 

A.  Of  course,  if  the  character  of  the  fifty  him|is  in 
senes  mentioned  in  the  question,  had  been  such  as 
would  have  instructed  the  art  how  to  construct  laae- 
tical  lamiis  of  the  power  of  a  gas-jet,  so  that  a  siillicient 
number  of  them  could  bo  cuiinccted  in  multiple  arc  on 
a  cimiit  so  as  to  give  the  same  total  amount  of  light  as 
the  fifty  large  lamps,  aud  with  the  same  economy ;  and 
if  each  of  the  small  lamps  had  a  siifficiontly  high  resist¬ 
ance  so  that  the  cost  of  the  conductors  would  not  he 
excessive,  1  should  say  that  that  would  bo  regarded  as 
aecomphshing  the  problem  of  subdivision ;  but  so  far  as 
I  know,  lamps  of  this  character  had  not  boon  made 
prior  to  the  date  of  the  iintent  in  suit,  and  in  fact  not 
until  a  considerable  time  after  it  was  issued. 

72  x-Q.  When  you  say  that  lamps  of  “  this  charai- 
ter’  hadnot  been  made  prior  to  the  date  of  the  pat¬ 
ent  in  suit,  what  do  you  mean  by  the  words  “  of  this 
character  ?  ” 

A.  I  mean  practically  commercial  incandescent  laiiins 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3029 


each  with  an  illuminating  power  of  from  six  to  ten 
bines  that  of  a  gas-jet  of  which  fifty  could  be  operated 


73  x-Q.  Do  you  hold  the  opinion  that  the  invention 
described  in  the  patent  in  suit  is  what  constituted  the 
practical  solution  of  the  inoblem  of  the  subdivision  of 
the  electric  light  ? 

A.  Yes. 


7t  x-Q.  Is  that,  in  your  opinion,  because  the  patent 
teaches  how  to  construct  a  piricticallv  durable  lamp 
which  IS  capable  of  being  made  of  an  illuminatim'  power 
about  equal  to  that  of  a  common  gas-jet,  and  which  is 
capable  of  being  used  either  in  series  or  in  miiltiiile  arc 
according  ns  the  constructor  of  the  iiarticiilar  lamiis  to 
ho  used  may  choose,  or  is  it  because  the  patent 
lays  down  rules  for  determining  the  size  and  pro¬ 
portions  of  the  burner  proper  for  a  lamp  to  be  used 
m  muhplo  arc;  or  is  it  for  both  of  these  reasons 
combined  ? 

A.  Ill  my  opinion  it  is  because  the  patent  describes 
a  method  of  making  a  jiracticully  commereial  electric 
-mp  iiith  a  burner  possessing  characteristics  which 
permit  a  considerable  number  of  such  lamps  to  bo 
operated  in  multiple-arc  on  a  single  circuit,  which 
amp.s  the  art  without  further  instructions  would  know 


ndapted  tobitorior  lighting.° 


Adjourned  for  luncheon. 


7o  x-Q.  Do  you  intend  that  to  be  an  aflirmative 
aiisuer  to  any  one  of  the  three  branches  of  the  ques¬ 
tion,  and  if  so  to  which  ? 

A.  No ;  it  is  a  negative  answer  to  all  three  branches 
mv  as  they  stand,  and  is  an  expression  of 

3  opinion  concerning  the  reason  why  the  invention 


3630 


Clinrles  L.  Clarke. 


(lescriboil  ill  the  patent  in  suit  constitutes  the  practical 
solution  of  tlio  problem  of  subdivision,  which  I  under¬ 
stand  to  bo  the  purpose  of  the  question. 

76  x-Q.  Then  ns  I  understand  you,  you  hold  that 
something  more  was  necessary  to  the  solution  of  the 
problem  of  tbe  subdivision  of  the  electric  light  than  the 
construction  of  a  practically  durable  lamp  which 
should  bo  capable  of  being  made  of  an  illuminatiu.. 
power  about  equal  to  that  of  a  common  gas  jet,  ami 
which  should  bo  cnpiiblo  of  being  used  either  in  series 
or  in  multiple-arc  ns  the  constructor  of  the  p.articnlar 
lamps  to  bo  used  might  choose.  What  more  than  this 
in  your  opinion  was  necessary  ? 

correctly  express  my  views. 
IVheu  the  method  of  making  a  practical  incandescent 
lamp  capable  of  use  in  considerable  numbers  in 
mnltiplo-aic  was  described  in  the  patent  in  suit,  I 
think  the  art  would  have  known  how  to  make  similar 
lamps  of  a  power  equal  to  a  gas  jot  and  that  the  problem 
of  subdivision  was  ncooniiilished. 

77  x-Q.  I  do  not  from  this  answer  understand  what 
you  consider  to  have  been  necessary  to  the  practical 
solution  of  the  problem  of  the  subdivision  of  the  electric 
light  beyond  what  I  have  siieeified  in  my  last  question. 
Please  bo  explicit  on  this  point  ? 

A.  BofeiTing  to  the  exact  langiingo  of  76  x-Q.  I 
would  say  that  in  addition,  the  lamps  should  bo  capable 
of  being  used  in  consldernblo  numbers  in  multiple-arc 
m  order  to  solve  the  problem  of  subdivision ;  but  in  my 
opinion  it  was  not  at  all  iieoessary  that  the  lamps 
should  bo  capable  of  niodilication  so  that  they  could  ho 
used  in  series,  although  it  happens  that  the  form  of 
laiiip  construction  described  in  the  patent  permits  this 
to  bo  done. 

78  x-Q.  Suppose  that  all  which  Mr.  Edison  over  did 
in  the  matter  of  electric  lighting  had  been  to  make,  hv 
the  process  described  in  tbe  patent  in  suit  aud  by  the 
means  known  to  the  art  at  the  date  of  his  application 
for  said  patent,  a  half  dozen  incandescent  lamps,  aud  to 
have  arranged  said  lamps  in  multiple-arc  on  a  single 
circuit,  and  by  experiment  to  have  shown  them  to  be 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


]iracticnlly  durable  lamps,  and  then  to  have  described 
to  the  world  the  process  by  which  said  lamps  wore 
made;  would  that  in  your  opinion  have  been  a  solution 
of  the  problem  of  the  subdivision  of  the  electric  light  ? 

.\.  I  think  that  that  would  have  been  a  solution  of 
the  problem  of  subdivision  and  would  have  been  so 
considered  by  the  art  after  it  had  been  proved  that  the 
lamps  were  durable,  because  the  way  in  which  to  make 
such  lamps  of  a  power  equal  to  a  gas  jet  aud  the 
practicability  of  operating  a  considerable  number  of 
them  on  a  single  circuit  in  imiltiplo-nrc  would  have 
been  at  once  recognized. 

7!)  x-Q.  Suppose  he  had  not  published  to  the  world 
any  description  of  the  process  of  m.akiug  these  six 
lamps,  would  the  actual  making  of  the  lamps  aud  the 
testing  of  them  ns  supposed  in  the  last  question  have 
boon  a  practical  solution  of  the  problem  stated  ? 

Objected  to  ns  immaterial  and  as  not  war¬ 
ranted  by  the  facts. 

A.  I  think  that  this  would  have  constituted  a  solu¬ 
tion  of  the  problem  of  subdivision. 

Adjourned  to  Tuesday,  August  5, 1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


New  Yoiik,  August  3,  1890. 
Met  pursuant  to  adjourunieut. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

CI10SS-ESA.MLSAT10X  OF  Mfi.  CtAllKE  CO.S'TKCED  BV  GeX- 
EBAL  Duncan: 

80  x-Q.  Perhaps  3’ou  observed  that  the  hypothesis  of 
mj  last  two  questions  was  not  limited  by  the  candle 
power  of  the  six  lamps.  Did  you  notice  that  fact  ? 

A.  Yes,  I  did  notice  that,  understanding  that  the 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


lamps  wore  to  bo  made  according  to  the  process 
scribed  in  the  patent  in  suit 

81  x-Q.  Then  the  making  and  testing  by  Mr.  Edi 
of  &..X  incandescent  lamps  of  100-candlo  poiver  oaci 
such  lamps  being  made  by  the  process  described  in 
patent  in  suit  and  arranged  for  the  test  in  multi 
arc,  oven  if  he  never  had  done  anything  more  wo 
linvo  been  in  your  opinion  a  practical  solution  of 
problem  of  the  subdivision  of  the  electric  light,  wo 

Objected  to  ns  iiuinaterial  and  as  not  w 
ranted  by  the  facts  as  they  appear  on  the  roco 

A.  I  think  that  it  would  practically  have  nmoiinl 
to  that,  boenuso  Mr.  Edison  would  then  have  been 
possession  of  a  simple,  diimblo  and  ocoiiomical  lai 
'vhieh  could  bo  operated  in  multiple  arc  with  ei 
diictors  of  reasonable  size  and  cost  ns  compared  wi 
tlio  total  eniidle  power  obtained,  and  I  think  that 
would  at  once  have  known  without  farther  iiiventi 
how  to  construct  other  similar  lamps,  each  having  t 
power  of  a  gas  jet  which  could  bo  operated  practical 
in  consulcrnblo  mimboi-s  in  miiltiplo  nrc,  and  wlii 
would  have  the  other  characteristics  needful  in  pmc 
cal  oonimercial  lamps.  In  short,  for  these  reasons 
think  that  Mr.  Edison,  after  ninking  and  testing  tl 
si.\  lamps  111  the  mannor  mentioned  in  the  qiiestio 
would  have  at  once  recognized  that  he  had  solved  tl 
problem  of  subdivision,  and  I  also  think  that  the  a 
would  have  recognized  the  problem  ns  solved  ns  sor 
IS  1  was  satisfied  that  the  facts  iu  possession  of  51 
bdison  wore  correct. 

82x-Q.  These  additional  lamps  which  you  say  Jl 
bdison  would  have  been  able  “  without  invention  ”  I 
instruct  would  have  required  burners  differing  froi 
hose  of  the  oiiginal  six  lamps,  not  only  in  extent  . 
ndiatiug  surface  but  also  iu  resistance  would  the, 

A.  Ko,  not  unless  we  assume  that  the  total  amoim 
I  light  furnished  by  the  small  l.imn.  tc  i,„  ti, 


.same  ns  that  from  the  large  lamps,  and  that  in 
C.i.ses  they  are  to  be  operated  under  the  same  eh 
motive  force  with  the  same  total  amount  of  ciirren 
at  the  same  economy,  and  that  the  size  of  the 
(limtors  in  the  two  cases  is  also  to  be  alike. 

83  x-Q.  Practically,  do  you  think  that  Mr.  Edit 
any  other  person  skilled  in  the  art  would  have 
the  burners  of  the  smaller  lamps  of  the  same  siz 
proportions  ns  those  of  the  burners  of  the  six  or 

A.  Assuming  that  the  six  largo  lamps  could  be 
ated  at  a  satisfactory  degree  of  ecoiiomv.  I  think 
the  natural  course  of  proceedings  in  making  the  si 
lamps  would,  among  other  things,  have  bo°en  to  r 
the  mdiatiiig  .siiifaco  and  increase  the  resistance  ( 
burners. 

84  i-Q.  Do  you  wish  to  bo  understood  ns  In 
that  other  persons  skilled  iu  the  art,  as  well  a 
Edison,  when  advised  of  his  mode  of  making  th 
largo  lamps  referred  to  in  81  x-Q.,  and  of  his  siicc 
test  of  the  same,  would  have  known,  without  inve 
how  to  change  the  size  and  proportions  and  resii 
of  the  burner  iu  order  to  produce  durable  and  ocoiic 
lamps  of  the  smaller  ilhiminatiiig  iiower  of  the  on 
gas  jet  ? 

A.  les,  I  think  that  the  art  had  the  requisite  1 
edge,  mid  would  have  at  once  apiilied  it  to  the 
nig  of  the  smaller  lamps,  in  view  of  the  fact  tl 
would  bo  in  possession  of  a  practical  incaiidesceui 
constriiotion,  and  would  know  that  the  small  and 
nigly  fragile  buriior  was  durable. 

85  x-Q.  Suppose  that  all  which  Jlr.  Edison  hai 
done  III  the  matter  of  electric  lighting  had  been  t 
struct,  by  the  process  described  in  the  ])ateut  i 
ytli  the  employmeut  of  such  moans  ns  were  kno 
t  ie  art  at  the  date  of  his  application  for  such  j 
iny  or  a  hundred  iiicaiidesceiit  lamiis  having  c 
Juniors  of  the  candle-power  and  resistance  of 
Used  in  the  so-called  “  municipal  ”  lamps,  maniifa 
and  sold  by  the  Edison  Company,  and  on  trial  In 
proved  them  to  be  durable  lamiis  :  would  this,  iu 


3034 


CLarlos  L.  Clarke. 


opinion,  have  been  a  iirnctical  solution  of  tbe  problem 
of  the  subdivision  of  the  eloctrio  light? 

Objected  as  immaterial  and  not  warranted  bv 
the  facts. 

A.  Yes,  I  think  so,  and  I  think  that  it  would  have 
been  generally  so  considered  after  it  had  been  ijrove.I 
and  become  generally  known  that  the  lamps  were  pr.ac- 
tically  durable  and  economical,  because  I  think  that 
the  art  without  further  instruction  or  invention  would 
have  known  how  to  construct  similar  lamps  of  the 
power  of  a  gas-jet  c.apablo  of  being  practically  oper.ited 
in  multiple  arc  in  considerable  numbers  on  a  single 

SO  x-Q.  ■\\  ould  you  make  the  same  answer  to  the 
question,  if  the  “municipal”  lamps  therein  referred  to 
had  been  of  100  candle-power  each,  instead  of  being 
from  fifteen  to  thirty  oandle-powor,  which,  as  shown  bv 
pofondnut’s  Exhibit  “  Complainant’s  List  of  Edisoli 
lamps,”  is  the  candle-power  of  this  class  of  lamiis  as 
made  by  the  Edison  Company? 

Same  objection. 

A.  Yes,  I  do  not  see  why  the  same  answer  is  not 
entirely  appropriate. 

^87  x-Q.  In  like  manner,  if  the  lamps  referred  to  in 
85  x-Q.  had  boon  lamps  like  those  described  under  the 
heading  “  J  C.  P.  small  lamps  ”  of  Defendant’s  Exhibit 
“ Complainant’s  List  of  Edison  lamps”;  would  this 
under  the  condition  of  said  question  have  been,  in  your 
opinion,  a  practical  solution  of  the  problem  of  the  sub¬ 
division  of  the  electric  light  ? 

A.  In  my  opinion  it  would,  because  I  think  tljat, 
tor  reasons  already  several  times  stated,  the  art  would 
at  once  have  known  how  to  make  similar  lamps  of  tlie 
power  of  a  gas  jet,  and  also  having  the  characteristic 
commercial  ndvnntnge.s  before  mentioned.  As  lundc.r- 
stand  it,  the  patent  in  suit  described  a  motbod  of  mak¬ 
ing  a  practically  commercial  incandescent  electric 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3035 


lamp,  possessing  characteristic  features  which  enabled 
tlie  art  without  additional  instruction  or  invention  to 
eonstnict  similar  lamps  of  IG  candle-power,  which 
could  bo  operated  in  considerable  numbers  in  multiple 
arc  on  a  single  circuit,  and  therefore  adapted  to  interior 
lighting. 


-■Vdjourned  for  luncheon. 


Eesumed. 

S8  x-Q.  In  answering  the  last  question  did  you  have 
in  mind  the  fact  that  the  average  resistance  of  the  “  4 
C.  P.  small  lamp  ”  therein  referred  to  is  only  about  Sd,' 
ohms  ?  " 

.\.  les.  I  think  that  the  patent  in  suit  describes  a 
method  of  making  a  laini)  capable  of  wide  variations  in 
resistance. 

All  of  the  foregoing  answer  after  the  liret 
word  objected  to  as  irresponsive  and  irrelevant. 

S3  x-Q.  Suppose  the  number  of  lumps  named  in  the 
liypothesis  contained  in  85,  80,  and  87  x-Qs.,  had  been 
11  lualf  dozen  instead  of  “  fifty  to  one  hundred ;  ”  would 
.vour  answer  to  those  questions  as  thus  changed  bo 
substiuitinlly  tho  sntno  ? 

A.  Yes,  practically  the  same. 

00  x-Q.  Suppose  that  all  Mr.  Edison  had  ever  done 
witli  electric  lighting  had  boon  to  make,  by  tho  process 
described  in  tho  patent  iu  suit,  with  the  employ- 
iiiLiit  of  means  known  to  tlio  art  at  the  date  of  liis  ap- 
plication  for  the  said  patent,  a  single  lamp  only,  and  on 
b'sting  the  same  had  proved  it  to  bo  a  durable  lamp, 
«euld  that  in  your  opinion  have  been  a  practical  solu- 
Km  of  the  problem  of  the  subdivision  of  tho  electric 
hyht? 

Objected  to  as  immaterial  and  irrelevant. 

-k.  Yes,  and  in  general  for  the  reasons  given  in  mv 
iiiiswer  to  the  85,  8G  and  87  x-Qs. 


3C3G 


Clmrles  L.  Clarko. 


91  x-Q.  In  so  niisweriiig  do  you  note  the  fact  that 
niy  question  contains  no  conditions  as  to  the  camlle 
power  of  the  liypotlietical  lamp  to  wliich  it  relates  ? 


A.  Yes. 

92  x-Q.  Did  yon  also  take  note  of  the  fact  that  tin 
question  contains  no  condition  ns  to  the  resistance,  o 
the  size,  or  the  jn-oportions  of  tlio  burner  of  the  hvoo 
thotical  lamp  to  which  it  relates  ? 


A.  I'es. 

93  x-Q.  Assuming,  then,  that  the  illuminating  power 
of  the  lamp  had  been  230  candles,  and  the  resistance  of 
Hie  burner  four  ohms;  would  the  making  bv  Mr. 
Edison  of  a  single  lamp  of  that  character,  and  the*  prov- 
iug  by  him  by  actual  te.sts  that  it  was  a  practicallv 
durable  lamp,  have  been  a  solution  of  the  problem  tha’t 
wo  are  talking  about? 


A.  Assuming  that  such  a  lamp  could  bo  made  ac¬ 
cording  to  the  method  described  in  the  patent  which 
would  bo  a  practically  durable  and  economical  lamp ;  I 
should  say  yes,  for  the  reasons  already  stated  which  it 
does  not  seem  necessniy  for  me  to  repeat. 

94  x-Q.  Suppose  Mr.  Edison  had  made  such  a  lamp, 
a  single  one  only,  by  any  other  process  tliau  that 
described  in  the  patent  in  suit  (if  that  had  been  po.ssi- 
blo),  and  on  tidal  such  lamp  hael  proved  to  bo  “  durable 
and  economical,"  and  that  had  been  all  that  he  had 
done  ;  would  that,  in  your  opinion,  have  been  a 
practical  solution  of  the  problem  wo  are  talking 
about? 

Same  objection  and  ns  idcfiuito  and  uncertain 
in  that  it  calls  for  an  opinion  upon  a  strnctnie 
not  described. 


A.  Not  necessarily  ;  not  unless  the  diameter  of  the 
lamp  and, the  method  of  its  construction  would  have 
been  sunicient  to  instruct  the  art,  without  the  necessity 
of  additional  invention  how  to  at  once  construct  durable 
and  economical  laiiqis  having  the  irower  of  a  gas-jet, 
whieh  could  bo  oiierated  in  considerable  niunbera  in’ 
mnltiplo  arc  on  a  single  circuit,  and  altogether  suited 
to  interior  lighting. 

95  .x-Q.  In  .speaking  of  this  matter  of  the  subdivision 
of  the  electric  light,  you  have  frequently  stated  as  one 
of  the  conditions  of  the  solution  of  the  iiroblem  that 
the  lamp  employed  should  bo  “economical;”  what  do 
you  mean  by  that,  as  distinct  from  the  matter  of 
the  prime  cost  of  constructing  the  lamii,  and  from  its 
durability  ? 

A.  As  I  understand  it,  the  word  “  economy,"  in  the 
sense  in  which  it  is  stated  in  the  question,  refers  to  the 
actual  amount  of  energy  required  to  operate  the  lamps  as 
oompared  with  the  amount  of  light  obtained  from  them. 
M  lionovcr  I  have  referred  to  economv  in  the  general 
sense,  I  have  had  in  mind  the  total  iost  of  keo])ing 
lamps  in  operation,  for  this  is  one  of  the  important 
questions  affecting  subdivision  commorciallv. 

90  x-Q.  In  determining  whether  or  not  agiven  incan¬ 
descent  lamp  is  economical  in  the  sense  in  which  you 
siiy  you  have  used  this  term,  what  has  been  your 
stiindnrd  of  comjiarisou  V 

A.  All  other  methods  of  interior  lighting  other  than 
by  incnndosccnt  lamps. 

97  x-Q.  How  must  the  cost  of  iucandesceut  lighting 
compare  with  these  otlier  methods  of  interior  lighting 
before  it  would  bo  economical,  as  you  would  underetand 
tliiit  term  in  this  connection  ? 

A.  Erom  my  point  of  view,  this  is  a  purely  commer¬ 
cial  question.  I  should  say,  that  considering  the  price 
c  laiged  for  lighting  by  the  several  methods  and  the 
advantages  and  disadvantages  possessed  by  each,  if  the 
coiisumor  prefeired  to  use  and  p.ay  for  electric  light  at 
a  price  which  would  give  a  profit  to  the  producer  it 
"ould  be  because  ho  considered  it  economical  for  his 
purposes  at  least,  and  I  should  say  that  under  these 


Cbnrles  L.  Clarke. 


circumstances  the  electric  light  would  bo  properly 
called  commercially  economical. 

98  x-Q.  Thou,  as  I  nuderstand  you,  you  have  used 
the  term  “  economical,”  as  applied  to  an  incandescent 
lamp,  to  indicate  simply  that  the  lamp  is  one  for  which 
a  commercial  demand  exits  ? 

A.  Yes,  when  I  have  used  that  term  in  a  general 
sense,  understanding  ns  I  ,lo  that  no  other  lamp  would 
be  of  any  practical  value. 

Adjourned  until  August  G,  1890,  at  11  A.  31. 


Xew  Yoiik,  August  0,  1890. 
Mot  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

CI10SS.E.XAJIIXATI0.N  OP  Jill.  Claiike  bv  Ge.veiial  Dl-.n. 

CAN  CONTINUED  : 

Of)  X-Q.  Is  that  what  yon  have  meant  when  you  hare 
stated,  ns  one  of  the  conditions  of  the  solution  of  the 
pioblem  of  the  subdivision  of  the  electric  light,  that 
the  light  must  bo  economical  ? 

inn^'^n °r  created. 

100  x-Q.  Then  in  your  suggestions  heretofore,  that 
the  practical  subdivision  of  the  electric  light  required 
the  production  of  a  small  incandescent  lamp,  which 
should  also  bo  economical,  you  did  not  intend,  did 
jou,  to  impose  the  condition  that  the  aggregate  light 
gl^en  off  by  a  considerable  number  of  lamps  should  be 
l-ioduccJ  at  the  same  cost  ns  an  equal  amount  oi  light 
developed  at  a  single  focus  ? 

"'“P°so  that  condition  sulj- 
stantiaUy ;  having  in  mind  the  fact  that  the  cost  of  pro¬ 
ducing  the  electricity  to  supply  the  lamps  is  bv  far  the 

gienter  part  of  the  whole  expense  of  keopin"-  them  in 

operation,  undei-stnnding,  as  I  do,  that  the  referred 
o  in  the  question  is  intended  to  cover  only  the  cost  of 


Charles  L.  Clarke.  3539 

producing  the  electricity  to  bo  supplied  to  incandescent 
lamps  onh-. 

101  x-Q.  It  is  a  fact,  is  it  not,  that  with  all  the  im¬ 
provements  of  the  present  day  it  is  much  more  expen¬ 
sive  to  produce  a  given  amount  of  light  with  small  in¬ 
candescent  lamps  than  with  largo  arc  lights? 

-A.  By  no  means.  Careful  and  accurate  tests  show 
that  the  difference  in  economy  between  arc  and  incan¬ 
descent  lamps  is  by  no  means  so  great  as  the  public 
genernll3-,  ““d  even  scientific  men,  have  in  years  past 
supposed.  The  popular  idea  that  arc  lights  are  verv 
economical  has,  I  think,  arisen  largely  from  the  jiidg- 
nient  formed  by  the  intensely  brilliant  appearance  of 
the  focus  from  which  the  light  emanates.  Careful  jiho- 
tometric  tests  have  proved,  however,  that  the  popular 
idea  of  the  power  and  economy  of  arc  lights  is  entirely 
erroneous,  and  that  under  most  favorable  conditions  they 
produce  only  three  times  the  total  amount  of  light 
which  is  produced  b}’  inoandescout  lamps  with  the  .same 
nniount  of  power,  and  sometimes  only  one  and  one-half 
times  ns  much  light.  In  the  comincrcial  operation  of 
such  lamps  the  economy  more  often  approaches  the 
lower  limit,  as  just  stated,  and  does  not  on  the  •average 
exceed  twice  the  econom}*  of  incandescent  lamps.  The 
arc  and  incandescent  lamps  are  economienUy  applicable 
each  to  a  special  field  of  lighting,  and  although  the 
arc  lamp  does  produce  light  more  economically  than 
the  incandescent  lamj),  the  impossibility  of  usefullv  ap¬ 
plying  any  considerable  portion  of  a'll  the  light'pro- 
dueed  to  interior  lighting,  would  make  it  far  less  eco¬ 
nomical  for  this  purpose  than  lighting  by  incandescent 
lamps. 

102  x-Q.  How  is  it  as  to  the  amount  of  light  per  horse 
power  produced  respectively  by  largo  incaudeseont 
lamps— say  lamps  of  lOO-oandle  power— and  small  iu- 
enndescont  lamps— say  lamps  of  IG-candle  power  ? 

A.  The  total  number  of  candles  of  light  produced 
per  hoise  iiowor  is  practieally  the  same  in  the  two 

103  x-Q.  In  fact,  is  not  the  amount  of  light  per 
horse-power  produced  by  the  later  incandescent  electric 


light  plants  of  the  E.lison  Company  mnch  greater  tlam 
tto  prodncea  by  that  company  i„  tlio  years  1880  and 

A.  In  1880  anil  1881  tlie  total  number  of  caudles  of 
light  prodnced  per  horse-power  was  about  sixty  „er 
cent,  of  wliat  is  produced  by  the  lamps  now  mannf L 
tilled  by  the  Edison  Company.  Or.  in  other  words  a 
horsepower  now  will  operate  fifteen  IG-candle  power 
1  1  oreas  formerly  it  would  operate  from  eight  to 

Adjourned  for  hinchoon. 


101  x-Q.  Is  this  improvement  in  the  ecoiiomv  of 
operating  the  Edison  lamp  the  result  of  ohanges  made 
ni  the  construction  of  the  lamp  itself,  or  is  it  due  to 
other  causes  ? 

A.  I  do  not  think  that  it  is  due  to  any  changes  in  the 
lamp  constrnction,  but  to  other  causes. 

105  x-Q.  "W  hat  other  ctiusos  ? 

r  ^  1°  ^  snnieiontly  well 

fj.inii.tod  ..ith  the  processes  now  puraiiod  in  the  manii- 
skilled  in  the 

causes  which  have  led  to  this  increase  in  economy.  I 

can,  however,  say  in  general  that  the  burners  made  now 
it  roT°n  “  “‘“O  ‘key  formerly  were,  thus  making 
leand  f  “  '"ekor  temperature  and 

intaudesconco,  with  a  resulting  gain  in  economy. 

,  i-  ’  ‘“O‘'O“S0  of  economy  in  the 

working  of  Edison  incandoscont  lamp  plants  of  which 

}  on  speak  the  result  in  part  also  of  improvements  in 
apparatus  for  generating  the  current,  and  in  the 
iieans  and  method  employed  for  distributing  the  cur- 
leut  to  the  lamps  ? 

A.  Yes,  to  some  extent. 

107  x-Q.  Is  it  not  also  true  that  the  economy  in  run- 

mng  an  electric  light  plant,  including  the  cost  of  re- 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3041 


newals  of  lamps,  depends  to  a  very  considerable  extent 
upon  the  electro-motive  force  of  the  cunent  used  ? 

A.  Not  it  the  lamps  are  operated  at  approximately 
the  electro- motive  force  for  which  they  were  intended. 

108  x-Q.  Is  it  not  a  fact  that  a  change  in  the  eleetro- 
luotive  force  of  the  current  used  with  a  given  plant  will 
work  a  corrcsiionding  change  in  the  life”of  the  lamps, 
and  in  the  co.st  of  niniiitaining  the  plant? 

A.  If  the  electro-motive  force  varies  from  the  normal 
aniomit  for  which  the  lamps  were  intended,  it  will  re¬ 
sult  in  a  change  in  the  life  of  the  lamps ’and  in  the 
economy  with  which  the  light  is  produced,  but  the 
economy  does  not  necessarily  varv  directly  as  the 
electro-motive  force ;  for  oxaiuple,  where  power  can  bo 
obtained  very  cheaply  the  economy  may  ho  increased 
by  reducing  the  electro-motive  force,  resulting  in  an  in- 
crease  in  the  life  of  the  lamps  and  diminished  expense 
for  renewals  ;  on  the  other  hand,  when  power  is  ex¬ 
pensive  tl.o  best  economy  may  be  obtained  bv  increas¬ 
ing  the  electro-motive  force.  In  this  latter  case  the  ex¬ 
pense  of  lamp  renewals  would  be  increased,  but  more 
light  would  bo  obtained  for  the  jiower  consumed,  which 
would  also  result  in  a  gain  in  economy. 

Adjourned  to  Thursday,  August  7th,  at  11  A.  JI. 


Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  os  before. 

Cnoss.EXAMi.NATio.N  OF  Mil.  Clahke  nv  Gexeiial  Dl-xcax 

CONTIXUED  : 

109  x-Q.  In  answering  107  x-Q.,  you  say  that  econ¬ 
omy  in  running  electric  light  plants  does  not  depend  to 
a  very  considerable  extent  upon  the  electro-motive 
force  of  the  current  used  if  the  lamps  are  operated  at 
approximately  “  the  electro-motive  force  for  which  they 
"ere  intended.”  Is  it  not  a  fact  that  practically  it  is 
necessary  to  organize  incandescent  lamps  with  sjiecial 


reierenco  to  tlie  clmrncter  of  tlio  current  with  whicl 
they  lire  to  be  nsc.l,  and  that  the  construction  of  inraii 
aescciit  lamps  will  vary  with  tho  varying  conditions 
the  current  by  which  they  are  run  ? 

A.  It  is  a  fact  that  it  is  desirable  that  the  resistanc( 
of  tho  lamps  should  bo  as  great  as  is  consistent  will: 
the  possibility  of  making  them  practically  durable  in 
order  that  the  cost  of  conductors  and  the  interest  on 
tho  same  which  entere  as  an  clement  in  tho  cost  ol 
operating  the  lamps  may  bo  low.  Increase  in  the  resist¬ 
ance  of  the  lamps  to  attain  this  end  results  also  in  an 
increase  in  tho  electro-motive  force  and  diminution  in 
tho  amount  of  curront  required.  Although  the  art  htus 
been  able  by  tho  e.vporienco  which  it  has  gained  since 
modern  incandescent  lighting  began,  to  increase  the 
resistance  of  lamps,  resulting  in  the  necessity  of  iisiip' 
loss  current  and  a  higher  oloctro-inotivo  force,  with  a 
consequent  saving  in  cost  of  conductors  and  reduction 
in  tho  amount  of  interest  chargeable  to  ojicratiiig  ex¬ 
penses,  tho  increase  in  economy  resulting  from  this 
has  not  been  one  of  vital  iinportanco,  and,  I  tlihik,  does 
not  detract  from  tho  coinmcrcial  value  which  the  iimd- 
ern  incaiidoscent  lamp  has  always  had  from  tho  start. 
Of  course  in  considoriiig  tho  conimcrcial  value  of  a  svs- 
teni  of  incandcsoont  lighting  it  is  necessary  to  take  into 
aocount  tho  cost  of  tho  conductors.  In  answering  107 
s-Q.,  however,  I  understood  that  tho  “economy  in  run- 
ning  an  electric  light  plant,  including  tho  cost  of  renew¬ 
als  of  lamps,”  was  intended  to  refer  to  only  throe  itcnis, 
namely:  the  actual  cost  of  producing  the  electricity 
plus  the  cost  of  renewing  tho  lamps,  said  lamps  being 
those  which  have  been  in  general  use  since  tho  date  ..f 
the  patent  in  suit. 

Q.  110  x-Q.  IVlij-  are  certain  lamps  designated  ns 
“  IG-caiidlo  lamps  ”  and  others  as  “  100-candlo  lamps. " 
etc.,  the  fact  being,  ns  I  uiidei-stnud  it,  that  any  of  tho.-e 
lamps  can  bo  run  so  as  to  develop  either  a  higher  or  n 
lower  candle-power  than  that  indicated  by  their  respect- 


jwor  than  that  indicated  by  their  trade  names  o.xo 
g  witliiu  very  narrow  limits  and  to  a  very  limited 
nt  occasionally-  resulting  from  conditions  given  in 
iswor  to  lOS  x-Q.  These  conditions,  however,  do 
ten  exist,  and  I  think  that  tho  above  .statement  i 
■nei-al  true.  It  might  bo  inferred  from  the  ijiiesl 
at  Iti-candle  lamps  could  bo  practically  operatei 
y  thirty-two  or  fifty  or  one  hniidred  candles,  or  that 
W-ciindlo  lamp  could  bo  practically  operated  at  fl 
at  sixteen  caudles.  In  the  first  case  the  life  of 
ups  would  bo  so  short,  and  in  the  second  case 
loiiiit  of  power  required  compared  with  the  light 
ined  would  bo  so  groat  as  to  prevent  tho  po.ssibil 
eommeroial  operating  lamps  under  such  circi 


HI  x-Q.  I  call  your  attention  to  an  article  imblisl 
the  Electrician  of  January  31,  1885,  on  pa-o  i 


lory  in  France  ;  also 
nips  by  ■Wilhelm  Sion 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


December  19,  1885,  at  pages  514  to  51G  an.l 
eontmued  oo  pages  531  to  533.  Please  state  whether 
the  facts  therein  set  forth  with  reference  to  the  variens 
tests  made  with  the  Edison  lamp  do  not  show  that  it  i.s 
entirely  feasible  to  operate  the  Edison  IG-candlo  I  nnns 
with  either  a  higher  or  a  lower  electro-motive  force 
than  that  which  is  required  to  produce  in  each  laiiii)  a 
bght  of  sixteen  candles.  I  call  yon  attention  especiallv 
to  Table  III.  A.  and  Table  IV.  and  Table  V  of  the 
Siemens’  article,  in  which  it  appears  that  by  iucrcasi.,.. 
the  electro-motive  force  of  the  current  froii'i  niiietv-six 
volts  up  to  one  hundred,  to  one  hundred  and  fifti  eii 
and  one  Inindred  and  twonty-tliree  volts,  in  the  sucees- 
sivo  tests,  the  candle  power  appears  to  have  gone  up 
respectively  to  24  «  -,=r  and  08  candles  ? 

A.  No,  I  don’t  think  that  either  of  the  articles  in 
question  proves  the  feasibility  of  operating  the  lamp.s 
at  a  higher  or  lower  eleetro-motivo  force  than  that  for 
which  they  are  in  tended,  excepting  within  the  limit  of 
the  small  variations  which  are  gonomlly  inseparable 
from  the  practical  operation  of  olootric  light  plant,-. 
The  short  account  of  the  life  of  incandescent  lamps  at 
different  electro-motive  forces  given  by  Foiissat  affords 
no  information  concerning  the  candle  power  or  economy 
of  the  lamps,  which,  among  other  things,  it  would  be 
absolutely  necessary  to  know,  as  well  as  their  durability, 
before  it  could  bo  ascertained  whether  there  was  aiiv 
commercial  gain  in  changing  the  electro-motive  force 
from  Its  normal  amount.  Foiissat  hiinsolf  makes  no 
statement  concerning  the  commoroial  advantage  or  dis- 
advantago  of  so  doing.  As  far  as  the  article  bv 
Siemens  proves  anything  concerning  the  relation  bj- 
tween  the  olectro-iuotivo  force  and  the  commercial 
value  of  incandescent  lamps,  I  think  that  it  goes  strongly 
towards  provincr  that  a  _ 


lamjis,  JL  tliink  tliatitgocs  strongly 
towards  proving  that  a  great  disadvantage  result’s 
from  operating  the  lamps  at  an  electro-motive  force 
greater  than  the  normal.  The  normal  electro¬ 
motive  force  of  the  lamps  which  Siemens  tested  wa,s 
iissumed  as  being  ninety-six  volts,  but  they  gave  a 
s  ightly  better  result  economically  speaking  when 
tested  at  one  hundred  volts  than  they  did  when  tested 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3045 


at  ninety-six  volts.  The  number  of  lamps  used  in 
each  test  however  was  limited  to  ten,  which  was 
.dtugother  too  small  a  number  to  conclusively  prove 
the  advantage  of  using  the  higher  electro-motive  force. 
Such  a  test  in  order  to  be  .satisfactory  should  be  made 
upon  a  great  many  lamps  in  order  to  prevent  defects  in 
individual  lamps  from  producing  an  error  in  the 
average  result  which  would  be  almost  certain  to  occur 
in  testing  only  a  few  lamps. 

Assuming,  however,  that  the  results  of  these  two 
te.sts  made  by  Siemens  correctly  represent  what  would 
have  been  obtained  with  a  largo  number  of  lamps,  then 
I  should  not  ,say  that  there  was  an  advantage  in 
operating  the  lamps  at  a  higher  electro-motive  force 
th.iu  that  for  which  they  were  intended,  but  that, 
having  regard  to  the  best  economy,  they  had  been 
classified  at  too  low  an  clcctro-motivo  force  and 
candle-power.  But  because  a  manufacturer,  acoordiu-' 
to  his  tests  and  standards  of  couiiiarison  and  ideas  as 
to  what  constitutes  the  best  economy,  sees  fit  to 
classify  his  lamps  as  being  best  suited  to  a  certain 
candle-power  and  eleetro-motivo  force,  and  because 
some  one  afterwards  ascertains  that  they  will  bo  a 
little  more  econoniicial  if  operated  with  a  slightly 
different  candle-power  and  olectro-niotivo  force,  I  do 
not  think  that  that  at  all  disproves  the  general  proposi¬ 
tion  that  from  a  coniinercial  standpoint  the  electro- 
motivo  force  and  candle-power  at  which  the  lamps 
should  bo  run  in  order  to  give  the  best  economy  ns 
stated  by  the  manufacturer  is  substantially  correct. 

Adjourned  to  August  8th,  1890,  at  11  A.  JI. 


Clmrles  L.  Clurke. 


New  Yoiik,  August  8, 1800. 
3Ict  pinsuiint  to  luljourmiiuiit- 
Prcsent— Counsel  ns  before. 

Cnoss.Ex.un.VATio.s-  of  Jin.  Clahke  «v  GE.SEnAE  Dexca 

CONTI.NUED  : 


iimt  some  plants  cnn  bo  operated  most  oconomic  illv  b 
Mi.„  tl.o  lamps  at  n  slightly  greater  eleetro-moliv 
force  and  eandle-power  than  that  .lesignated  hv  th 
fetr.  11  tberca.sestho■bestresnlls^vitl 
the  sa.ne  lamps  will  bo  obtained  at  a  lower  electro 

motive  force  and  candle-power,  I  think  that  tim  hes 
obtained  when  the  electro-motive  force  ..mr 

"CIO  intended.  The  unreliability  of  the  tests  of  c 
small  number  of  lamps  which  were  made  at  00  an.l 
100  volts  as  a  basis  upon  which  to  form  an  opinion 
eoucoring  the  best  economy  is  well  illnstrated  by  the 
net  that  at  the  end  of  800  hours,  3  lamps  out  of  a  total 
of  10,  were  broken  in  the  test  at  !IG  volts,  while  onlv 
m.e  lamp  out  of  10  was  broken  in  the  same  time  in  the 
,  ‘  ‘"forobm-  from  this  must  he  that 

>'hou  lamps  are  operated  at  the  higher  electro-inotivc 
oico  they  will  be  more  durable,  which  is  absurd  in 
■m«-  of  the  fact  that  wo  know  that  the  average 
■fo  of  lamps  is  very  greatly  prolonged  wlnm 
'pointed  at  a  lower  electro-motive  force.  The  table 
[ivon  by  Fonssat,  above  referred  to,  shows  that  lainijs 
ipornted  at  00  volts  should  have  a  life  two  and 
iree-fonrths  times  greater  than  when  operated  at  100 
•^Ita,  n  result  directiy  contrary  to  that  obtained  l.v 
iiemcns.  To  my  mind  these  two  tests  cannot  be  relied 
pon  as  going  to  prove  that  a  gain  in  economy  mav  ho 
btamed  by  operating  lamps  at  a  higher  or  loivcr 
lectro-motive  force  than  the  normal.  Tables  IV.  and 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3047 


very  much  greater  than  that  for  which  they  were  iii- 
feiiiled.  When  00  volt  lamps  were  operated  at  115 
volts,  4  lamps  out  of  10  broke  in  100  hours  and  at  123 
volts  no  lamp  lasted  over  13  hours,  a  result  which  is  in 
no  .sense  commercial. 

Defendants’  counsel  offers  in  evidence  the 
articles  refciTcd  to  in  the  foregoing  question  and 
answer  and  the  same  are  marked  respeotivelv 
Defendants’  Exhibit  Fomssat  Article  on  Incan¬ 
descent  Lamps,”  and  “Defendants’  Exhibit 
Siemens’  Article  on  Glow  Lamps.”  ' 

It  is  stipulated  between  counsel  that  the  afore¬ 
said  articles  were  published  at  the  dates  and  in 
the  manner  indicated  in  said  question  and  that 
copies  of  said  articles  may  he  nsed  instead  of 
the  original  publications. 

112  x-Q.  How  is  the  elootro-motive  force  at  which 
any  given  lamp  should  bo  run  determined  ? 

A.  The  resistance  of  the  filament  is  made  ns  high  and 
the  amount  of  its  surface  ns  low  ns  is  consistent  with  suf¬ 
ficient  durability,  at  the  same  time  having  in  mind  the 
production  of  the  required  amount  of  light  with  the 
least  praotioablo  expenditure  of  power,  all  of  which 
have  to  bo  considered  together  in  making  a  lamp  which 
shall  have  the  best  obtainable  commercial  olHcieucy. 
Iho  olectro-motivo  force  at  which  the  lump  should  be 
nui  is  determined  by  measuring  the  amount  required 
to  operate  it  when  jiroduciug  its  normal  amount  of 
light. 

113  x-Q.  I  call  your  attention  to  a  passage  found  on 
page  310  of  Maier’s  work  “Arc  and  Glow  Lamps,” 
published  in  London,  in  1880,  as  follows : 

"The  glow  lamps  may,  therefore,  be  distiu- 
piished  according  to  the  form  of  the  filament ; 
lamps  with  a  long  and  thin  iilament  and  cone- 
Sfiondingly  high  E.  JI.  F.,  and  lamps  with  a  short 
and  thick  filament  and  correspondingly  large  enr- 


section,  wliose  size  deerenses  with  tlie  iiicrc  isT”n 
E.  31.  F.  There  enn  be  no  clonbt  tlmt,  cwleri 
jxiri/jiis,  n  larger  diainotcr  constitutes  n  con 
siderahio  advantage,  namely,  greater  solidity  o 
the  carbon  and  longer  life  of  the  lam]). 

All  the  considerations  which  ought  to  guide  u: 
111  the  choice  of  the  raw  material  for  the  luep 
nratiou  of  the  filament,  and  which  have  beet 
stated  on  page  302  ajijily  with  cciual  force  to  the 
question  of  length  and  cross-section.  A  thickei 
carbon  thread  will  be  more  capable  of  resistin''  the 
shocks  and  conenssions,  as  well  as  the  high  leui- 
peraturo  to  which  it  is  in  turn  exposed,  than  a  thin 
one ;  and  this  latter  circumstance  is  of  importance, 
not  only  from  an  economical  but  also  from  an 
■esthotical  point  of  view,  because  tho  more  intense 
the  heating  of  tho  lilamont,  tho  whiter  is  tho  li'>ht 
obtained.  ° 

It  therefore  follows  that  lamps  of  low  tension 
present  tho  advantage  over  lamps  of  high  E. 
M.  F.,  that  for  a  detinito  illuminating  iiewer, 
their  filaments  are  thicker  and  their  durability  and 
heating  capacity  correspondingly  greater.” 

Do  you  agree  with  tho  statements  contained  in  tlmt 
passage  ? 

A.  While  it  is  true,  I  believe  that  there  is  a  slight 
increase  in  tho  durability  of  lamps  with  thicker  lila- 


the  difference  is  not,  I  think,  so  marked  ns  to  result  in 
such  lamps  having  ns  high  a  commercial  value  as  the 
lamps  with  thinner  filaments.  I  think  that  Maior  him¬ 
self  is  also  of  tho  same  opinion,  for  after  saying  ns 
quoted  in  that  question  : 

It  therefore  follows  that  lamps  of  low  tension 
•'  present  tho  advantage  over  lamps  of  high  E.  .M. 
“  E.  (electro-motive  force),  that  for  a  definite  il- 
“  luminatinc  nowor  thnir 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3G49 


“  their  durability  and  heating  capacity  correspoiul- 
“  ingly  greater," 

“  Against  this  one  advantage  of  lamps  of  large 
current  wo  must,  however,  put  the  serious  drawback 
of  tho  expensiveness  of  the  leads  (meaning  conduc¬ 
tors)  *  »  *  Xhis,  of  course,  applies  to  parallel 
coniioetioii  (meaning  multiple-arc),  which  seems  to 
bo  the  most  rational  method  for  incandescent 
lighting.  »  »  »  From  <f=c  it  will  be  seen  how 
unfavorable  tho  conditions  are  for  lamps  of  lar"o 
cureont,  because  a  current  of  double  strength  ro- 

quires  four  times  tho  quantity  of  wire.  »  *  « 

The  drawback  of  oxponsivoiiess  connocted  with 
tho  employment  of  lamps  of  low  tension  can  be 
partly  overcome  by  having  reoour.so  to  certain 
combinations  of  parallel  and  .series  connection 
(multiple  series  or  compound  parallel),  and  we 
often  find  such  like  arrangements  with  lamiis  of 
largo  current,  even  with  the  Swan  laniii.s.  Two 
or  inoro  Swan  lamps,  for  instance,  are  joined  in 
series,  and  are  arranged  in  jiarallel  with  a  number  of 

otherlamps  singularly  connected;  ortho  installation 

IS  made  to  consist  of  two  or  three  large  groups 
joined  in  series,  each  of  which  gi-oiqis  consists  of 
an  equal  number  of  lamps  arranged  iii  parallel. 
Tho  foHuor  arrangement  Inus  the  disadvantage,  that 
the  extinction  of  one  lamp  brings  about  tho  ex¬ 
tinction  of  those  lamps  which  are  contained  in  tho 
same  series.  In  case  of  the  latter  arrangement 
(although  tho  extinction  of  one  lamp  is  not  accom¬ 
panied  by  that  of  tho  others),  wo  have  to  take  into 
eonsidoration  that  it  is  tho  same  current  which 
Hows  through  tho  individual  groups,  each  of  which 
must  be  iu  a  position  to  dispose  of  this  cunent ; 
now,  on  tho  extinction  of  several  lamps,  the  cur¬ 
rent  would  bo  divided  over  a  smaller  number  of 
lamps,  and  these  lamps  would  be  overworked^ 

An  arrangement  of  this  kind  would  bo  open  to 
objections  unless  the  lamp  of  each  group  were  of 


iCaO 


Clinrlos  L.  Clnrko. 


a  certain  miniber,  and  unless  the  installation  c"'  i 
prised  several  cironits  independent  of  one  anotliei 
It  can  oidy  work  successfully  where  all  the  laijip 
in  circuit  burn  at  the  same  time  (it  works  ver 
well  at  the  Savoy  Theatre,  for  instance),  but  it  i 
not  adinissable  where  an  individual  burning  o 
single  lamps  is  required,  and  where  a  smalle*r  o 
larger  number  of  lam])S  have  to  be  switched  on  o 
off,  ns  the  case  may  require:  and  still  less  si 
(even  if  all  the  lamps  burn  simultaneously)  when 
lamps  of  different  illuminating  ))ower,  and  conse 
(piently  of  different  current  strength  are  cm 

Wo  have  now  to  decide  the  question  as  to  tin 
most  convenient  E.  JI.  F,  to  be  given  to  a  systeii 
of  lamps  comprising  the  most  varied  types,  ’  Tliii 
E.  51.  F.  will  bo  chosen  as  high  as  possible.  ] 
wo  assume  again  equal  material  and  equal  temper 
aturo  of  the  lilamont,  a  surface  of  definite  dininn 
sious  will  correspond  to  an  illuminating  jiower,  .sii_\ 
of  10  candles  (lamps  of  lower  candle  power  will 
hardly  bo  required  for  domestic  purposes).  If  wi 
now  have  a  carbon  of  the  smallest  possible  diaiii- 
etor  consistent  with  the  rcquiremencs  of  durability 
wo  shall  have  to  make  it  of  sudiciont  length  it 
obtain  a  surface  cori-esponding  to  an  illuminating 
power  of  10  candles.  That  current  having  a  suf- 
licioutly  liigh  E.  M.  F.  to  bring  up  the  illuminatin;: 
power  of  the  lamp  containing  a  filumeut  of  the  sniij 
kind  to  10  candles  will  bo  the  desired  curient. 
The  size  of  the  lamp  will  bo  dependent  in  the  lir.sl 
instance  on  the  illuminating  power,  to  be  appm- 
tioiicd  to  the  smallest  typo  of  the  system,  ainl 
secondly  on  the  limit  to  which  the  diameter  of  ilit 
filament  can  bo  reduced,  without  injuring  it.s 
durabilitj’." 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


diameter  ns  jiossible  consistent  with  suflicieut  dnrabiliti 
and  that  the  best  commercial  results  were  not  to  bi 
sought  for  by  increasing  their  diameter. 

114  x-Q.  To  bo  more  specific,  I  call  your  attentioi 
to  the  following  sentence  found  in  my  quotation  from 
JIaier  in  my  last  question,  to  wit :  “  A  thicker  carbon 
thread  will  bo  more  cn])ablo  of  resisting  the  shocks  and 
concussions  ns  well  as  the  high  temperature  to  which 
“  it  is  in  turn  exposed  than  a  tliin  one ;  and  this  lattei 
“  eiicumstance  is  of  importance  not  only  from  an 
economical  but  also  from  an  lesthctical  point  of  view, 
“  because  the  more  intense  the  heating  of  the  filament! 
“  the  whiter  is  the  light  obtained and  a.sk  you 
whether  that  particular  statement  is  true. 

A.  One  would  naturally  suppose  that  this  would  bo 
the  case  and  I  believe  that  such  is  the  fact,  but  I  do 
not  understand  that  the  difference  in  the  abilitv  of  the 
thin  carbou  filaments  of  IG-candle-iiower  lOO-voft-lamps, 
and  tlio  thicker  filaments  of  Iti-candle-power  01-volt- 
lamps  to  resist  shocks  and  concussions  and  the  high 
temperature  to  which  they  are  iu  iiraetice  subjected  °is 
•so  groat  as  to  result  in  n  very  marked  dillerence  in  their 
durability. 

llu  x-Q.  Assuming  that  you  have  referred  in  vour  last 
answer  to  two  classes  of  lamps  named  in  Defendant’s 
Exhibit  “  Complainant’s  list  of  Edison  Lamps  ;  ”  please 
state  what  is  the  relative  temperature  at  which  those 
lamps  are  operated  ? 

A.  The  data  given  in  the  Exhibit  referred  to  would 
nulicnto  that  the  filaments  of  Gl-volt  lanqis  are  operated 
lit  a  somewhat  lower  tomperntnro  than  the  lOG-volt 
lanqis,  because  the  surface  of  the  former  is  somewhat 
greater  than  that  of  the  latter 

Atljourued  for  lunclicou. 


Cliarlos  L.  Cliirko. 


surface  in  each  one  of  the  two  lamps  in  question  i 
nearly  the  same  ns  can  bo  obtaineil  in  the  practical 
strnction  of  lamps.  In  practice  also,  nlthongh  tlic 
lamps  are  operated  at  dilTorent  electro-motive  h 
each  gves  out  practically  the  same  nmonnt  of  light 
requires  the  same  amount  of  power,  and  they 
operated  nt  the  same  tomperntnre.  The  fact  that 
surfaces  of  the  two  lamps  as  fignred  from  the  dii 
tions  of  the  tilnmeids  given  in  the  tables  dilVt 
nmonnt,  I  can  only  account  for  on  the  as.sum])tion 
either  the  dimensions  are  incorrectly  given  tliereii 
are  more  nppro.'cimations  to  the  actual  truth. 

llGx-t}.  From  your  last  answer  it  it  evident 
you  deem  the  desciiplioiis  of  the  Edison  In 
contained  in  “Complainants  list  of  Edison  Ian; 
to  bo  incorrect  and  unreliable,  notwithstain 
the  fact  that  tins  list  was  furni.shcd  by  the  counst 
the  Edison  Conquiny  as  correctly  representing 
Company’s  lam))s ;  can  you  now  give  what  you  w 
regard  as  the  correct  figures  for  the  two  class( 
lamps  to  which  you  have  been  referring,  to  wit, 
“  lC-cnndie-])owor  now  lnmi)s,"  and  the  “  IG-caii 
power  B  now  lamps  also  please  point  out  the  o 
niisstiitemonts  in  said  list  if  such  o.'cist  ? 

Question  objected  to  ns  containing  nu  nssa 
tion  unwarranted  by  the  statements  of 
witness. 

A.  Thus  far  I  have  seen  uo  reason  which  lends 
to  think  that  the  statements  made  in  the  exhibit 
forred  to  concerning  the  candle-power,  volts  (clet 
motive  force)  and  ohms  (resistance)  are  not  subs 
tially  correct.  I  have  doubts,  however,  of  the  n/w 
co.ieetnoss  of  the  dimensions  of  the  filaments  w! 
have  boon  given  and  which  it  would  bo  necossari 
know  in  order  to  accimitcbj  compare  the  relative  t 
peratures  at  which  they  are  operated,  because  I 
that  the  surfaces  of  two  dillerent  filaments,  nccor. 
to  the  dimensions  given,  are  .somewhatdillbreut.  who 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3G53 


smiling  that  these  dimensions  ns  given  are  not  suffic¬ 
iently  accurate  to  give  an  approximately  correct  idea 
of  the  size  of  tiio  filaments.  As  to  the  “  IG  candle- 
liower  new  lamps  ”  and  the  “  IG  candle-power  B  new 
laiiips,”  specifically  referred  to  in  the  question,  the  data 

the  absolute  correctness  of  the  dinionsnms  of  the  tila- 
nient.  I  am  imalile  to  state  what  the  coiToct  dimen¬ 
sions  are  excepting  to  say  that  I  understand  that  they 
are  such  as  will  make  the  surfaces  of  the  two  filaments 
the  same.  -At  this  momoiit  I  do  not  iierceivo  any  other 

117  x-Q.  As  given  in  the-  table  referred  to,  what  is 
the  diflerenco  in  the  external  dimensioiis  or  radiating 
surface  of  those  two  filaments  ? 

A.  The  radiating  surface  of  the  Gl-volt  laniii  is  IG 
per  cent,  greater  than  that  of  tholOG-volt  lamp  accord¬ 
ing  to  the  dimensions  given  in  the  table. 

118  x-Q.  How  does  the  illuminating  power  of  the 
carbon  coiidiietor  of  an  electric  lanqi  change  with 
changes  in  the  temperature  ‘i 

A.  The  illuniinatiiig  power  increases  and  diminishes 
with  ail  increase  or  dimiimtion  in  temperature. 

11!)  x-Q.  IVlmt  is  the  jv/fio  between  the  increase  of 
light  and  the  increase  of  heat  ? 

A.  The  illuminating  ])owor  increases  in  a  very  much 
more  rapid  ratio  thau  the  increase  in  the  heat  devel- 
o])ed  in  the  burner. 

Adjourned  to  August  Dth,  1S!)0,  nt  11  A.  M. 


Kkw  Yoiik,  August  9,  1890. 
Hot  pmsuant  to  ndjournmeut. 

Present- -Counsel  as  before. 

CI10.SS-EXAMI.N-ATI0X  OF  Mn.  Cl-AllKE  IIV  GE.XEnAI,  Dl’.XCAX 

coxrixuED : 

Answer  to  119  x-Q.  continued : 

Ihe  exact  ratio  can  only  be  expressed  by  a  compli¬ 
cated  mathematical  formula.  IVitha  lamp  whose  nor- 


rani  power  is  10  caiiillos,  the  illiiraiimting  power  b( 
tween  five  nnd  twenty  cmulles  inorensing  aiiproxiinntel 
ns  the  cube  of  the  araonnt  of  heat  dovelopod  in  th 
burner. 

120  x-Q.  About  when  was  the  Edison  “  lO-cnudl 
jiower  now  lamp  ’’  substituted  for  the  “  10-candle  powu 
old  lamp  ”  ? 

A.  I  think  it  was  about  two  or  three  years  a-'o. 

121  x-Q.  IVliat  are  the  relative  ainounts  of  li'dit  iie 
horse-power  developed  in  the  Edison  “  10-cnudle'’|)owe 
old  lamp"  and  the  Eilison  “  IG-cnudlo  power  iiov 
lamp”  when  run  with  what  you  call  their  normal  cur 

A.  The  now  lamps  produce  about  00  per  cent,  mon 
light  per  horse-power  than  the  old  lamps. 

122  x-Q.  How  do  the  tempomturos  of  the  carbons  o 
these  two  lamps  compare  ? 

A.  The  temperature  of  the  carbon  of  the  old  lamp  ii 
considerably  lower  than  that  of  the  carbon  in  the  iie« 
lamp  when  both  are  operated  at  IG-caudlo  power. 

123  x-Q.  If  the  old  lamp  had  boon  run  at  the  same 
tomporaturo  at  which  the  new  lamp  is  run,  how  mucli 
light  would  it  have  given  ?  I  assume  that  the  dimoii- 
sious  of  the  burners  of  these  lamps  as  given  in  the  list 
of  Edison  lamps  furnished  by  complainants  counsel 
are  correct  ? 

A.  It  would  have  given  about  32  caudles  of  light,  or 
double  its  normal  amount. 

12'1  x-Q.  If  run  at  that  higher  temperature  would 
the  old  lamp  have  given  the  same  amount  of  candles 
per  horse-power  as  the  new  lamps  give  ? 

A.  Yes,  approximately. 

125  x-Q.  Would  not  the  old  lamps  thou  have  been 
more  economical  when  run  at  this  higher  temperature, 
using  the  word  economical  in  its  technical  sense,  that 


s,  as  liavmg  relation  to  the  ratio  of  light  produced  to 
die  power  consumed  ? 

-4.  Yes,  it  would  have  had  approximately  the  same 


jcouomy  as  the  new  lamp. 

120  x-Q.  Can  j’on  explain  whj’  the  old  lamp  v 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3055 


A.  I  siipiiose  for  the  reason  that  where  the  lamps 
were  operated  at  the  lower  temperature  the  expense  of 
renewing  the  lamps  plus  the  cost  of  sup])lying  them  with 
tlie  iicccssurj’  power  would  be  reduced  to  a  minimum 
anil  the  best  commercial  results  would  bo  thus  ob¬ 
tained,  nnd  also  because  the  lamp  when  run  at  the 
higher  temperature  at  which  they  would  be  of  32-can- 
dle  ])Ower  would  not  be  ndaiited  to  general  interior 
lighting. 

Of  course  similni  lamps  w  hich  would  be  of  10-caudle 
power,  when  operated  at  the  higher  temperature  could 
be  constructed,  but  they  would  have  the  same  disad¬ 
vantage  as  the  32-candle  lamps  because  of  their  short 
life. 

127  x-Q.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  carbon  of 
the  old  lamp  was  of  nearly  2i  times  the 
oros.s-section  of  that  of  the  now  lamp,  how- 
do  you  account  for  the  fact,  which  evidently  you  have 
assumed  in  your  last  answer,  that  it  would  not  bo  pos¬ 
sible  to  run  the  thicker  carbon  at  a  higher  temperature 
than  the  thinner  one  without  reducing  the  life  of  the 
former  below  that  of  the  latter? 

A.  In  my  answer  I  assumed  that  the  thick  and  the 
thin  carbons  wore  both  made  with  the  skill  which  had 
been  required  by  the  art  at  the  time  the  old  lamps 
were  being  made.  If  both  of  those  carbons  are'  run  at 
the  same  temperature  they  will,  I  think,  have  approxi¬ 
mately  the  same  durability  with  perhaps  a  very  slight 
advantage  in  favor  of  the  thicker  carbon,  but  not  a  dif- 
feionco  sullicieutly  great  to  cause  a  practical  diflereiice 
m  their  commercial  efficiency.  Since  the  time  when 
old  lamps  wore  manufactured  the  art  has  accpiircd  skill 
and  oxperlonoo,  and  it  has  become  possible  to 
make  small  carbons  such  ns  are  used  in  new  lamps 
which  have  about  the  same  durability  as  the  large  car¬ 
ious  of  the  old  lamps,  although  the  now  carbons  are 
i-iiii  at  a  higher  temperature. 


Adjourned  foi*  hmclieou. 


3G5(i 


Clmrlos  L.  Claike. 


128  x-Q.  Is  it  not  n  fiiet  tlmt  n  thin  carbon  will  wen 
out  sooner  than  a  thicker  carbon  whicli  has  been  wad 
of  the  same  material,  and  by  the  same  ]>rocess  an 
with  the  same  skill,  if  the  two  are  operated  at  the  saw 
temperature  ? 

A.  I  do  not  know  tlmt  any  snch  thing  as  the  tcatrin. 
out  of  a  carbon  burner  is  recognized  by  the  art  as  liav 
ing  any  bearing  npon  the  cpiestion  of  the  dura'bility  o 
electric  lamps,  undci-standing  lus  I  do  that  the  ipicstioi 
asks  whether  there  is  not  a  wasting  away  of  the  hnrnei 
which  reduces  its  diameter  and  eventually  lends  to  it; 
failure.  Xo  rational  o-vplanation  of  the  reason  why  car 
bon  filaments  break  after  being  in  use  a  certain  nuwbei 
of  hoin^  ha.s,  so  far  as  I  know,  ever  yet  been  pm. 
founded.  All  that  we  know  concerning  this  matter  is 
that  eventually  they  do  break,  and  tlmt  if  made  by  one 
process  and  out  of  one  material  they  will,  on  the  avenige, 
break  sooner  than  if  made  by  some  other  proee.sa  °oi 
.some  other  material.  After  lamps  have  been  in  pro¬ 
longed  use  and  have  failed,  no  alteration  in  their  size 
i.s  perceptible  snch  as  to  warrant  the  assumption  that 
wlmtevor  wasting  away  occurs,  if  there  be  anv,  could 
have  been  the  cause  of  their  lireaking. 

129  x-Q.  I  suppose  yon  are  familar  with  the  paper 
road  hy  John  AV.  Howell,  the  electrician  of  the  Eilison 
Lamp  Compnn3-,  before  the  American  Institiilo  of 
Electrical  Engineers  in  April,  1888,  on  “The  Maximum 
EIHciono^’  of  Incaudc.scont  Lamps,"  and  with  the  dis¬ 
cussion  had  by  the  Institute  on  tlmt  paper? 

A.  I  have  read  the  pnjior,  but  do  not  now  rememlier 
tlie  contents  of  the  same  in  detail. 

130  x-Q.  Do  3-on  regard  Mr.  Howell  ns  an  authority 
on  the  matteis  of  which  that  paper  treats? 

A.  I  should  consider  him  to  bo  an  authority  on  the 
iflicieucy  of  incandescent  lamps,  which  is  the  title  of 
!iis  article. 

131  x-Q.  Also  reliable  in  his  statements  of  fact  ? 

-■V.  I  have  always  considered  him  to  bo  reliable. 

132  x-Q.  In  the  discussion  fnllnw-in^  vnn.lin.r  nf 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


his  paper,  as  reported  on  page  2.54  of  the  transactions 
of  the  Institute,  Mr.  Howell  said,  referring  to  the  use  of 
incandescent  lamps : 

“  In  praetico  you  find  it  univcreal  almost  that 
lamps  are  taken  down  before  they  break.  Of 
eoni-se,  tlmt  afiects  directly  the  cost  of  the  lamps, 
because  a  central  station,  furnishing  lamps  for 
nothing,  gives  a  man  a  lamp  when  it  breaks,  and 
also.when  a  lamp  becomes  so  black  that  you  have 
to  put  a  new  one  in.” 

FliiST.  Do  you  iiadorstaml  that  this  statement  of  5Ir. 

Howell,  tlmt  inennde.scent  lamps  are  generally  taken 
down  before  they  break,  is  true  ? 

A.  I  think  that  it  is  true  for  contrid  stations,  but  I 
behove  that  in  case  of  isolated  plants,  where  the  lamps 
are  iiurchased  by  the  user,  they  are  not  replaced  until 
tliey  break. 

133  x-Q.  AVhy  as  a  rule  are  central  station  lamiis  re- 
Hewed  before  tlio^*  lirenk  ? 

A.  I  believe  it  is  because  the  eoni])any  agrees  to 
furnish  the  customer  with  a  given  amount  of  light  at  a 
stated  jirico  from  lamps  which  the  Com])anv  jirovides. 

In  time  the  amount  of  light  given  out  by'  the  lamp 
diiiiinishes  and  before  this  takqs  place  to  too  groat  de¬ 
gree  new  lamps  must  bo  provided  in  order  that  the 

customer  shall  continue  to  receive  the  amount  of  light  j 

for  which  he  is  l>ftying.  .  j 

134  x-Q.  Is  this  sumo  dimiiiiitioii  in  the  liglit-giving  I 

power  of  the  lamp  observable  when  the  lamp  is  used  in  i 

an  isolated  plant  ?  j 

Yes.  but  since  the  cost  of  lamps  to  isolated  plants  1 

IS  much  greater  than  the  price  for  which  they  are  sup¬ 
plied  to  central  stations  there  is  an  advantage  gained  in 
the  former  case  in  using  them  until  they  break. 

13o  x-Q.  I  suppose  that  you  are  familiar  with  the 
lo.siilts  of  the  tests  of  incandescent  lamps  made  by  a 
eoiniiiittee  of  scientific  gentlemen  selected  by  the 
I'l-ankliu  Institute  in  1885,  are  you  not? 

A.  I  was  at  one  time,  but  fear  that  I  have  forgotten 
some  of  them. 


3G58 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


13G  x-Q.  Is  it  not  established  b}-  those  tests  n 
under  the  uuspieos  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  as  als 
the  various  tests  wliicb  are  reported  by  Sieiiieii 
defendants’  exhibit  “  Siemens  Article,”  and  is  it  n 
fact  of  wliich  you  are  cognizant  otherwise,  that  ai 
caudcscent  lamp  begins  to  lose  efficiency,  that  is,  be 
to  fall  off  in  illuminating  |)owor,  with  a  current  ( 
given  electro-motive  force,  very  soon  after  it  is  pu 
circuit,  and  that  this  decrease  in  efficiency  eoiltii 
gradually,  becoming  greater  and  greater,  until 'the 
of  illuminating  power  becomes  so  great  that  a  now  1, 
must  bo  substitute.!,  or  until  tbo  lamp  fails  bybreal 
of  tho  carbon  ? 

A.  Yc.s,  sucii  is  the  citse. 

137  x-Q.  Is  it  also  a  fact  that  this  falling  off  in  ill 
inating  power  is  accompanied  by  a  marked  iucreast 
the  resistance  of  tho  burner  ? 

A.  I  believe  that  tho  lamps  increase  in  resistii 
about  seven  per  cent. 

138  x-Q.  ■\Vhat  was  tho  l^;grogato  falling  off  in  illi 
inating  power  of  tho  Edison  lamps  in  tho  Franklin 
stitute  tests  ? 

A.  After  tho  lamps  had  boon  burning  one  thoiisi 
and  six  hours  when  tho  test  practically  termi.c.t 
there  was  a  falling  off  in  candle  power,  from  wlmt 
was  at  tho  bogiuuing  of  tho  test  of  about  thirtv-live  i 
cent. 

Adjourued  to  August  11, 1890,  at  11  A.  JI. 


New  Yoiik,  August  11,  1890 
Slot  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  ns  before. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


30.79 


result  in  their  censing  to  be  of  commercial  utility  on 
this  account. 

140  x-Q.  Then  what  did  Sir.  Howell  mean  by  sayin- 
.-IS  in  the  passage  quoted  in  132  x-Q.,  that  “a  centr.ai 

*•  station  ♦  «  »  gives  a  man  a  lamp  when  it  breaks, 
'■  and  also  when  a  lamj)  becomes  so  black  that  you 

•V.  It  is  to  be  noted  tlmt  Sir.  Howell  also  said  “  in 
l.raetico  you  find  it  universal  almost  that  the  lamps  .are 
taken  down  before  they  ■  break,  *  *  *" 
all  of  his  remarks  are  limited  to  lamps  supplied 
from  a  central  station.  I  was  under  the  impression 
when  answering  132  x-Q.,  that  in  centnd  station 
lighting  tho  use  of  tho  new  lamps  having  great 
iluRibility  (although  run  at  a  higher  temperature 
than  tho  old  lamps)  had  resulted  in  tho  necessity 
of  their  renewal  more  generally  on  account  of 
reduction  in  efficiency  from  tho  darkening  of  the 
globe  and  other  causes  than  on  account  of  tho  rupture 
of  the  burners.  Sly  impression  was  also  apparently 
iionlirmed  by  the  statements  made  by  Sir.  Howell,  I 
find,  however,  judging  from  tho  results  which  are  ob¬ 
tained  in  central  station  lighting  in  Now  York,  that 
the  impression  which  I  bad  gained  was  a  somewhat 
exaggerated  one  and  that,  since  using  tho  new  lamps. 
It  has  been  found  that  from  forty  to  fifty  per  cent,  have 
to  bo  renewed  in  central  station  lighting  because  of  a 
.-.l.ict.oii  in  efficiency  and  tho  darkening  of  tho  globes. 
With  tho  old  lamps,  operated  at  a  lower  tomperaturo, 
which  were  in  use  up  to  about  two  or  tiireo  years  ago, 
not  more  than  fifteen  per  cent,  of  tho  total  number  had 
to  bo  renewed  on  this  account.  When  wo  take  into 
account  the  fact  that  b^-  far  tho  greater  number  of  all 
the  lamps  in  isolated  plants  remain  in  use  until  they 
Jieak  and  that  the  number  of  lamps  in  such  plants  is  a 
large  per  cent,  of  tho  total  number  in  use,  it  will,  I 
think,  bo  obvious  that  by  far  tho  greater  number  of  all 
the  lamps  are  replaced  because  they  break  and  not  be¬ 
cause  of  a  reduction  in  efficiency  and  darkening  of  the 
globes. 

141  x-Q.  ■\\hat  causes  this  darkening  of  the  globe  of 
an  incandescent  lamp  ? 


3GG0 


Chftrles  L.  CInrko. 


A.  I  suppose  timt  it  is  caused  by  a  deposit  of  cn 
or  some  compounds  of  carbon  and  other  suhst 
coming  from  the  burner. 

142  x-Q.  IV  hat  is  it  that  causes  an  increase  ii 
resistance  of  the  burner  ns  its  use  is  continued  ? 

A.  I  think  that  it  is  considered  in  the  main  to  h 
to  a  diminution  in  the  mass  of  carbon  in  the  h 
which  takes  place  very  slowly  during  the  operati 
the  lamp. 

143  x-Q.  On  page  271  of  Maior’s  work  on  .Vri 
Glow  Lamps,  in  speaking  of  the  lamps  of  King,  I 
guine,  KoslolV,  Konn  and  Sawyer,  Maior  says 

“In  all  those  lamps,  although  the  a 
does  not  burn,  in  the  true  sense  of 
word,  there  is  yet  a  sort  of  disintegi 
or  evni)omtion,  which  gradually  destroys 
incandescent  carbon.  This  evaporation  is'  i 
over  clearly  proved  by  a  deposit  of  subliii 
carbon,  in  the  form  of  a  very  fine  powder  oi 
interior  surface  of  the  globes,  and  the  diflbrei: 
terior  parts  of  the  ap])aratus.” 

It  is  not  a  fact  that  in  the  modern  incandescent 
moroial  lamps  this  same  operation  which  JIaiorasc 
to  the  old  lamps  takes  place,  although  iu  a  le.ss 
greo  ? 

A.  No,  not  as  Maior  states  it.  In  the  Hrst  place 
author  says  that  the  carbon  does  not  burn  in  the 
sense  of  the  word.  Even  the  densest  carbon  is 
porous  and  will  hold  confined  within  its  pores  a 
amount  of'nir,  which,  if  allowed  to  remain,  will  cans 
carbon  to  burn  hi  the  trite  sense  nf  the  wont  to  ^ 
extent.  The  King,  Lodyguine,  Kosloil  and  1 
l.iinps  all  had  this  defect,  and  in  the  Lodyguine, 


gas  which  the  lamp  chamhers  and  burners  cc 
From  both  of  these  causes  it  resulted  that 
these  lamps  had  a  long  enough  life  to  make 
iny  pmctical  value,  although  the  hiirners  wci 
juite  thick  so  as  to  endure  these  destructive  ae 
ong  as  iio.ssible.  The  thiu  filaments  of  moder 
lescent  lamps  cannot  be  destroyed  by  comhusti 
raiise  all  oxygen  is  removed  fro'm  the  burner  ; 
ami)  chamber,  neither  are  they  subject  to  an 
ition  which  has  any  oflect  in  causing  them '  tc 
or  the  reason  that  the  globe  is  exhausted  of  (dl 
m  exceedingly  high  degree.  This  is-  entirely  , 
o  the  experience  had  with  the  old  lamps  bofoi 
ioned,  in  which  the  evaporation  took  place  very 
nd  to  which  Maior  on  pages  2G3  and  2G4  of  h 
eforrod  to  in  the  riuostion,  calls  attention  ;  the 
ays,  speaking  of  Keynier’s  semi-iucandescent  h 
Beynier  was  led  to  the  construction 
lamp  by  making  experiments  on  ineand 
yvith  some  Kussian  lamps”  (obviously  refe 
the  Lodyguine  lamp  and  its  mod'ilicati 
Kosloffand  Kohn)  “  yvhieh  will  be  mentiom 
after.  All  these  lamps  had  one  and  the  sai 
ions  defect  the  waste  of  the  centrid  part  of 
hon  which  brought  about  its  rupture,  and 
tated  the  substitution  of  a  fresh  carbon.” 

Inasmuch  as  the  slight  evaporation  of  the  f 
Inch  takes  places  in  modern  lamps  does  not  ca 
ime  to  wear  out  or  break,  and  does  not  otherwi 
nit  the  lamps  from  having  a  useful  life  of  luiii 
red  houi-s,  while  on  the  contrary  the  ovaporai 
le  carbon  rods  of  the  old  lamps  took  place  so 
'at  it  \\as  the  immediate  cause  of  theii 
■0  within  a  few  hours,  I  think  that  the 


3CG2 


Cliniles  L.  Clnrkc. 


wlien  wo  consitler  tlie  commercinl  vnluo  of  ole 
liim])8.  In  tlio  former  cnso  an  evaporation  takes  ] 
which  destroyed  the  commercial  value  of  the  lamps 
in  the  latter  cnso  an  evaporation  takes  place  w 
docs  not  prevent  the  lamps  having  a  groat  com 
cial  value  for  several  hundred  hours.  The  so-c 
evaporation  which  takes  place  in  the  the  two  i 
may,  I  think,  bo  well  compared  as  to  commercial 
suits  to  the  loss  of  s]iirits  which  takes  place  on  act 
of  a  defective  and  leaky  cask,  when  compared  witl 
loss  (termed  evaporation)  which  occurs  by  lea 
through  the  pores  of  the  wood  of  a  perfect  cn.k-. 

144  x-Q.  You  say  that  the  “evaporation  of  the 
meat  which  takes  place  in  modern  lamps  does 
cause  the  same  to  wear  out  or  break."  What  then 
cause  the  breakage  or  wearing  out  of  the  filamen 
sinning  the  lamp  to  bo  run  at  its  normal  incai 
cenco  V 

A.^  I  do  not  know  what  causes  the  final  ru])tur 
the  filament,  or  that  any  ouo  has  ns  yet  given 
plausible  e.xplnnntion  of  tho  reason  whj-  it  oc 
But  all  tho  facts  in  our  pussu.ssion  point  to  the  coi 
Sion  that  it  is  not  caused  by  evaporation. 

.•kdjonriied  till  August  12, 181)0,  at  11  A.  M. 


Xew  i'oiiK,  Aug.  12,  IS! 
Met  piii-siiant  to  adjoiirument. 

Present — Counsel  ns  before. 

C110SS-ES.VMKAT10X  OF  Mn.  CL.VI1KE  BY  GE.N-EnAL  Dc: 
COXn.NUED  : 

14.5  x-Q.  Of  course,  you  do  not  wish  to  bo  1111 
stood  that  literally,  as  your  words  in  answer  to  143  : 
would  seem  to  indicate,  “  all  oxygen  is  removed  I 
the  burner  and  tho  lamp  cliamber  ”  of-  the  modern 
candescent  lamp  ? 

A.  Of  course  not.  That  I  think  would  be  a  urt 


Cbarles  L.  Clarke. 


cal  impossibility.  I  meant  all  that  it  was 
remove  in  order  to  prevent  any  practical 
ing  to  the  carbon  burner  on  account  of 
might  remaui,  that  is,  such  an  injury  as  - 
the  commercial  value  of  the  lamp. 

14G  x-Q.  IV  bat  becomes  of  the  o.\ygen 
in  tho  globe  of  tho  modern  lamp? 

k.  I  think  some  of  it  remains  adhorent 
rior  walls  of  the  lamp  chamber  and  within 
connecting  wires  and  carbon  c)amp.s,  but  t! 


The  total  amount  of  oxygen,  liowevcr,  wl 
lamp  is  exceedingly  small,  and  I  believe 
whatever  upon  its  commercial  value. 

147  x-Q.  This  uiiioii  of  the  o.xygen  witl 
burner  is  combustion,  is  it  not  ? 

-■V.  Yes,  but  it  takes  places  oiilr-  to  an 
limited  extent,  and  does  not,  as  I  undorsti 
the  durability  of  tlio  burner. 

148  x-Q.  Aud  you  also  understand,  do 
the  disintegration  of  the  carbon  of  tho  bm 
the  blackening  of  tho  globe  is  due,  is  : 
commercially  to  impair  tho  durability  of  I 

A.  Yes,  undei-stnnding  that  durability  : 
rupture  of  tho  burner.  The  comnierci 
certain  pro])ortion  of  tho  lamps  operated 
ilations  is  limited  by  a  reduction  in  etlic 
blackening  of  tho  globe  duo  to  disiiitegrat: 
ilready  stated  iu  answer  to  140  x-Q. 

149  .x-Q.  Is  not  tho  combustion  wliie! 
joes  on  in  tho  modern  iiicnudcsucut  lamps 
IS  that  whioli  you  Imvo  said  took  plai 

k.  loo,  the  combustion  wliicli  occu'-s 
ases  is  tho  same  sort  of  a  ciicmieai  01 


Climles  L.  Clarke. 


Ljeii  left  iu  the  lamps  does  uot,  so  for  os  I 
iiiisli  their  life. 

50  .x-Q.  Is  there  any  way  of  proving  that  tl 
bastion  in  the  modorn  lamp  does  not  to  sot 
mt  contribute  to  diminish  the  life  and  the  ellicion 

.  I  think  that  there  is  good  reason  for  assumii 
it  does  result  in  a  very  minnto  redaction 
elhciency  of  the  lamp  because  of  a  slight  diniiii 
in  the  mass  of  carbon  and  proportionate  increa 
esistence,  but  I  do  uot  believe  that  the  rediictic 
bcieucy  from  this  cause  is  snflicicutly  great  to  Inr 
pr.ictical  eflect  on  the  commerciaf  value  of  tl 
'•  I  think  that  there  is  on  the  other  hand  a  vei 
1  reason  for  assuming  that  the  olTect  of  th 
Imstion,  e.\ceedingly  small  in  amount,  does  m 
nbuto  to  diminish  the  life  of  the  lamp,  because 
otciu  uith  an  approximate  uiiiforinitv  over  tl 
■0  surface  of  the  burner,  having  the  uniformity  ( 
tiiicturo  nud  strength  unimpaired.  If  combusdie 
bminish  the  life  of  the  burner  it  would  bo  broagi 
it  by  a  prepondornnce  of  this  action  at  som 
cuhir  part  of  the  filament  which  would  result  in 
nnl  diminution  in  its  size  nud  very  porccptibl 
inse  in  the  brilliancy  of  the  light  and  final  rui 
at  that  part.  \o  such  action,  however,  doc 
p  ace  iu  the  practical  operation  of  modern  laiapi 
burners  remain,  so  far  as  can  be  porceivei: 

Il\  u  fo  s  /o  a  1  br  11  I  c)  tl  1 
entire  length  and  until  the  end  of  their  life  when 
-■Illy  and  for  no  known  reason,  they  break  at  .seal 
•  So  far  as  I  know  the  place  at  which  tin 
ire  finally  occurs  eainiot  be  predetermined  bv  air 
u  means. 

I  s-Q.  In  ycjur  answer  to  question  12  you  say  tlm 
ssor  Cross,  iu  the  opinion  of  his  which  you  then 
ise,  did  not  make  proper  account  of  the  dis 
ration  of  the  carbons  of  the  old  lamps  wind 
ded  Edison’s  platinum  lamp.  Do  you  under 
that  It  was  the  l/ackncus  of  the  carbons  iu  those 
nips  that  was  the  cause  of  the  disinteeration  ol 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3*iG5 


.4.  Understanding  that  the  term  disintegration  in 
the  question  refers  to  the  depositing  of  the  carbon  of 
the  burner  upon  the  globe  nud  other  parts  of  the 
lamp,  it  was,  in  my  opinion,  not  due  to  the  thickness 
of  the  burner,  but  the  detrimental  effect  of  this 
disintegration  or  evaporation  was  diminished  by 
making  the  burner  thick. 

Id2  x-Q.  To  make  the  question  more  comprehensive, 
do  you  iinderetand  that  the  short  life  of  the  old  lamps 
was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  carbons  were  compara¬ 
tively  thick  rather  than  thin  ? 

.-Vdjoiirned  for  luncheon. 


A.  With  regard  to  the  matter  of  disintegration  mul 
combustion,  I  answer,  Xo.  With  resiiect  to  the  difli- 
cnlty  of  obtaining  and  preserving  a  durable  contact  be¬ 
tween  the  carbon  rod  and  Icnding-in  wires,  owing  to 
the  largo  amount  of  enrrent  required  and  the  liability 
of  the  burner  to  fracture  on  acconnt  of  its  rigiditv  anil 
inability  to  accommodate  itself  to  the  expansion'  and 
contmetion  which  take  jilaco  when  it  is  heated  and 
cooled,  I  answer,  yes. 

13d  x-Q.  I  do  not  think  that  you  have  fairly  nn- 
•swored  my  lost  question.  I  iinderstand  you  to  hold  that 
tlieold  lamps,  which,  itis  claimed,  had  thick  carbons, 
were  failures  because  of  their  short  life.  I  desire  to 
know  whether  you  consider  that  this  failure  was  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  carbons  were  made  thick  rather 
than  thin.  Another  way  of  putting  it  would  bo  this : 
If  the  carbons  of  those  lamps  had  been  made  voryuiiich 
hinner,  all  the  other  oouditious  remaining  the  same, 
would  that,  in  your  opinion,  have  added  materially  to 
tlio  life  of  the  lamps  ? 

A.  laking  the  last  part  of  the  question,  begiuning 
^vith  the  words, If  tlio  carbons,  etc,”  as  being  the 
sum  .lud  substance  of  the  whole  question,  iu  my  opin¬ 
ion  the  thin  carbons  would  have  had  the  shorter  life. 

loi  x-Q.  Iu  like  manner,  comparing  two  modern  com- 


iiiercinl  Inmps.lmviiig  ciirboiis  of  difforoiit cross-sections 
ns,  for  iiistniico,  one  of  tlio  Edison  “  IG-cniidle-powcr  new 
lamps "  with  one  of  the  Edison  “  20-C.  P.  Municipal 
now  lumps,"  the  former  of  which,  nccoriling  to  “  coin- 
pliiinants  list  of  Edison  lamps,”  has  a  cross-section 
only  about  ono-twclfth  that  of  the  latter,  do  you  under¬ 
stand  that  this  difTcrcnce  in  size  of  the  buriiers  makes 
any  material  difTereiice  in  the  life  of  the  lamps  ? 

A.  Not  any  great  difference,  I  think. 

luu  x-Q.  How  far  do  you  consider  that  the  superior 
durability  of  the  modern  ineandoseent  lamp  over  the 
old  carbon  lumps,  of  date  prior  to  1879,  depemis  upon 
the  fact,  if  it  be  a  fact,  that  the  modem  lamp  uses  a 
burner  of  smaller  cross-section  than  the  old  lamp  ? 

A.  I  think  that  the  smaller  cross-section  which  is 
given  to  the  burners  of  modern  lamps  1ms  the  effect  of 
making  them  more  durable  than  the  carbon  rods  of  tlie 
old  lamps  would  bo  under  the  same  conditions,  because 
they  have  more  flexibility  when  they  are  small’  and  are 
therefore  not  so  liable  to  rupture  in  expanding  and 
contracting  wlien  hold  between  rigid  supports.  They 
would  also  bo  more  durable,  for  the  reason  that  their 
points  of  contact  witli  the  Icading-in  wires  would  better 
withstand  the  eflbcts  of  the  smaller  amount  of  curreut 
required. 

Adjourned  to  August  14th,  1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


New  Yoiik,  Aug.  14th,  ISHO. 

Met  purauant  to  adjournmout. 

Present — Counsel  us  before. 

157  x-Q.  You  have  referred  in  your  testimony  here¬ 
tofore  to  the  King  and  the  Eoberts  lamps  as  having 
vacua  not  ns  high  as  those  of  the  modern  lamps  ;  you 
do  not  uuderatand,  do  3*011,  that  either  ICing  or  Iloberts 


A.  No,  I  think  that  they  deemed  it  desirable  to  re- 
mevo  the  air  from  the  lamp  chamber,  but  only  for  the 
purpose  of  i>reventing  the  oxygen  of  the  air  from  con¬ 
suming  the  carbon.  In  my  opinion  neither  King  nor 
Iloberts  dascribo  an  effectual  method  of  doing  thil 
158  x-Q.  Do  you  think  that  it  would  have  involved 
invention,  after  the  invention  of  the  Sprengel  pump, 
to  have  made  use  of  this  apparatus  for  exhausting  the 
globe  of  a  Roberts  lamp  and  thereby  securing  a  better 
vacuum  than  could  have  been  obtained  with  the  old 
Jiiston  air-pump,  which  presumably  woidd  have  been 
used  i)rior  to  the  iuventiou  of  the  Sprengel  pump'f 
A.  I  do  not  think  that  there  would  have  been  any  in¬ 
vention  in  th'oemi)loymontof  the  Sprengel  pump  in  place 
of  the  old  i)istou  pump  for  the  purpose  of  exhausting 
the  air  from  the  globe  of  the  Roberts  lamp  ;  I  do  iiol 
think,  however,  ns  is  implied  in  the  ciuestion,  that  any 
practically  better  vacuum  would  bo  obtained  with  the 
improved  pump,  because  of  the  leakage  of  the  air  into 
the  lamp  chamber,  which  would  take  place  on  account 
of  its  defective  eonstniction. 

150  x-Q.  If,  on  using  the  improved  n])pnvntus  for 
producing  the  higher  vacuum,  one  had  found  the  lamp 
globe  so  defective  in  construction  as  to  permit  air  to 
leak  in  ns  rapidly  as  it  was  removed  from  the  globe, 
would  not  such  pei-sou,  in  your  opinion,  naturally  have 
resorted  to  some  modification  of  the  construction,  as¬ 
suming  such  to  have  existed,  which  would  have  jire- 
vuntetl  this  Icnkage  ? 

A,  Yes,  I  tliiuk  that  ho  would  have  attcinptod  to  di- 
niiuish  the  leakage.  In  fact  the  history  of  the  art 
showed  that  it  was  attempted  aud  tlie  impossibility  of 
accomplishing  it,  with  the  separable  lamp  chambers 
'Oiich  had  to  be  used,  led  to  the  nbandonmout  of  at¬ 
tempts  to  use  a  vacuum  and  the  substitution  of  a  gsis 
^wthin  the  lamp  chamber,  at  about  atmospheric  press- 
aro,  which  would  not  burn  the  carbon  and  which  it 


Clinrles  L.  Clarke. 


carbon  burner  in  a  sei)arable  chamber  filled  with  sneh 
a  ga.s,  and  it  was,  I  think,  generally  considered  bv  the 
art  that  lamps  of  this  character  held  out  the  most 
promise  of  eventnal  8ucce.ss. 

IbO  x-Q.  In  answer  to  Q.  12,  yon  have  ass.iined  that 
Edison  discovered  certain  new  physical  properties  of 
carhon,  and  that  because  of  such  discovery  the  himii 
which  ho  devised— or,  more  indefinitely,  some  one  of  the 
many  lamps  devised  by  him— is  entitled  to  rank  ns  a 
great  invention.  Will  yon  kindly  indicate  more  fully 
what  these  alleged  new  physical  properties  of  carbon  are 
which  you  say  Jlr.  Edison  discovered. 

A.  In  my  opinion,  Mr.  Edison  discovered  that  car¬ 
bon  when  heated  to  incandescenco  in  a  vacuum,  by  the 
imssage  of  an  electric  current  through  it,  is  stable,  and 
that  this  is  tnie  oven  when  the  carbon  is  small  in  diam¬ 
eter  and  seemingly  very  fragile.  As  I  nnderstaud  it, 
this  discovery  which  was  made  by  Jlr.  Edison  was  en¬ 
tirely  distinct  from  the  instability  which  carbon  would 
have  in  the  presence  of  oxygon.  It  was,  of  course, 
known  when  attempts  wore  first  made  to  make  incan- 
doscont  carbon  lamps  that  tho  oxygen  of  the  air  would 
consume  the  carbon,  and  in  attempting  to  make  durable 
lamps  tho  efforts  of  tlio  art  woro  in  tho  main  directetl 
towards  keeping  tho  oxygen  away  from  tho  carbon,  but 
it  was  well  known  that  in  addition  to  this  dillieulty  a 
very  rapid  \olatih/.ation  or,  as  wo  have  termed  it,  evap¬ 
oration  took  ])lnce,  which  soon  resulted  in  the  dc.struc- 
tion  of  tho  burner.  This  evaporation  was  not  under¬ 
stood  to  arise  from  the  pro.sonco  of  oxygon  or  any  other 
gas  which  might  bo  in  tho  lamp  cbniuber,  but  was  sup¬ 
posed  to  bo  duo  solely  to  tho  combined  action  of  the 
electric  current  and  tho  heat  produced  by  it.  Ami  the 
art  generally  nnderstood  that  this  was  a  dillieulty  which 
could  not  bo  ovorcomo  by  any  means  then  known.  In 
fact,  when  Edison’s  invention  was  first  anuoiiiieod  to 
the  public,  several  scientific  men  hastened  to  pronounce 
tho  iiivontioii  a  failiiro  because  they  bolioved  that  the 
carhon  filament  would  have  no  durability  on  account  of 
this  destructive  action  of  tho  heat  and  current,  aud  ob- 


woiild  be  any  virtue  in  the  use  of  a  liigh  . . 

1(11  x-Q.  It  seems  to  me  that  your  last  answer  pro¬ 
ceeds  upon  a  false  assumption,  vis.,  that  the  carbon  of 
an  Edison  lamp  is  utahk.  I  understand  the  fact  to  be, 
as  abundantly  established  by  the  testimony  in  this  c,ase’, 
that  tho  carbon  of  an  Edison  lamp  gradually  deteri¬ 
orates  in  efficiency,  owing,  in  jiart  at  least,  to  the  re¬ 
moval  of  particles  which  are  carried  over  aud  deiiosited 
upon  tho  glass  and  other  adjacent  parts,  until  at  last  it 
is  iniable  longer  to  endure  tho  stress  of  tho  current  and 
goes  to  pieces.  I  also  understand  that  the  giiarantcod 
life  of  an  ordinary  Edison  lamp  does  not  exceed  (iOO 
hours  of  service.  In  view  of  these  facts,  when  you  say 
that  “  Mr.  Edison  discovered  that  carbon  when  heated 
to  iiioaudesccnco  in  a  vacuum  by  the  passage  of  an  elec¬ 
tric  emront  through  it  is  stable,"  do  you  mean  to  assert 
aiiytliiiig  more  than  this,  viz.,  that  ho  discovered  by 
oxporimont  that  if  carbon  were  enclosed  in  a  bettor 
vacuum  than  had  been  used  in  tho  earlier  incandescont 
lamps  it  ivouUl  liavo  a  longer  life  when  brought  to  in- 
caiidesconco,  and  that  by  niaking  tho  vacuum  suffieiontly 
high  it  would  bo  possible  to  give  the  carbon  sullicient 
durability  for  commercial  purposes? 

Objected  to  as  containing  stateuionts  not  war¬ 
ranted  by  tho  evidence. 

A.  The  facts  are  that  the  lamp  does  gradually  de¬ 
teriorate  in  offieioncy  partly  on  account  of  evapora¬ 
tion  of  carbon  and  darkening  of  tho  globe,  aud  that 
the  carhon  does  finally  break,  unless  removed  from 
the  circuit  before  this  occurs,  because  of  too 
sreat  a  reduction  in  efiicioiicy  and  diminution  of 
hght.  As  I  have  before  stated,  however,  if  the 
lamp  contiiiiios  in  use  until  broken  the  facts  in 
our  possession  lend  to  the  conclusion  that  it  is  not  due 
to  the  evaporation  of  the  carbon.  It  is  also  true  I  be- 
heve  that  the  guaranteed  life  of  the  Edison  lamps  is 
000  hours  which  wo  may  take  as  a  criterion  of  their 
<  mability.  'Wnieu  I  S113*  that  Edison  discovered  that 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


carbou  was  stable  in  a  high  vaoiuim  I  did  not  mean  tl 
wdien  nsed  as  the  bnrner  of  an  incandescent  lamp 
^'onltl  last  forever.  I  eaiinotnou-  recall  niivtliiiur  y,-].: 
IS  nsed  in  the  arts  wl.ich  will  meet  this  definilion 
stability.  I  believe  it  is  generally  understood  as  ; 
abstract  proposition  that  everything  wears  out  Wh 
I  mean  by  stability,  in  the  light  of°Edisoii's  discovel 


is  this,  that,  prior  to  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit 
was  snpiiosed  that  the  carbon  bnrner,  under  the  ii 
tlnence  of  the  heat  and  the  current,  was  necessari 
subject  to  a  very  rapid  evaporation  which  would  I 
the  immediate  cause  of  its  destruction  in  a  few  hoiii 

and  that  this  rapid  ova,)oratioii  would  take  place  i, 
matter  how  much  gas.  there  might  be  in  the  lain 

c  miiiberso  longas  it  did  not  contain  oxygen  wliic 
o  lid  burn  ho  carbon.  Mr.  Edison,  as  I  nn.lendni, 
iMliscoverod  that  by  ronioving  the  gas  within  tli 
globe  until  a  very  high  vaci.um  was  obtahic 
Ins  rapid  evaporation  ceased  and  that  the  sti 
bility  of  the  carbon  bocaino  so  great  that  ho  coni 
make  lamps  with  even  thin  burners  which  would  oiidar 
for  several  hundred  hoiii-s.  Considered  ns  a  matter  i 
common  sense,  and  in  its  effect  upon  the  commercii 
qiiostion  of  electric  lighting,  this  certainly  is  in  in 
opinion,  a  discoveiy  of  the  stability  of  carbon, 
nf  ff ®°"oot  stntcineii 
of  the  inattor  bo  that  Mr.  Edison  discovered  by  his  e.x 
periments  that  with  a  very  high  vacimin  the  carhoi 
won  d  bo  more  enduring  than  with  the  earlier  coini.ari 
i\o  y  on  vacua,  and  siifliciontlj’  enduring  to  be  ol 
value  commercially  ?  ° 

A  Yes  substantially  that,  bearing  in  mind  that  prim 
to  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit  the  art  did  not  sup- 
pose  that  the  amount  of  gas  in  the  globe  (that  is  to  sav, 
he  condition  of  the  vacuum)  had  anything  to  do  with 
-ho  question  of  evaporation  and  durability  so  long  as  it 
loutaiued  no  oxj-gen. 

Adjourned  to  August  loth,  1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


New  Yoiik,  Aug.  loth,  1890. 

Met  pursuant  to  adjonrnmeiit. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

1G3  x-Q.  AVhero,  iirior  to  the  date  of  the  patent 
suit,  do  you  find  any  statement  to  the  effect  that  t! 
aiiioiiut  of  gas  in  tlio  globe  does  not  have  aiivthing 
do  with  the  question  of  evaporation  or  dumbility  : 
long  ns  it  contains  no  oxygen  ? 

A.  I  do  not  remember  of  the  statement  having  bei 
made  in  these  exact  words,  but  at  the  moment  I  recii 
three  instances  of  statements  made  jirior  to  the  date  < 
the  patent  in  suit,  which,  in  my  ojiinion,  are  in  evui 
way  the  equivalent  of  it.  Fontaine,  in  his  book  pul 
lishcd  in  1877,  made  the  following  statement,  which 
read  from  Higgs’  translation  : 

“  Tho  vnciiiim  never  being  perfect  in  the  recoil 
ers  tho  first  carbon  is  in  gi'oator  part  coiisiimed.  ] 
would  appear  that  consequently  upon  the  littl 
oxygen  contained  in  tho  lamp  being  transformc 
into  carbonic  acid  and  carbonic  oxide  tho  carbo 
should  bo  preserved  indefinitely.  But  there  i 
then  produced  a  kind  of  evaporation  which  con 
tiiiues  to  slowly  destroy  tho  incandescent  rods 
This  evaporation  is  besides  clearly  proved  by  i 
pnlveront  deposit  of  siibliniod  carbon  that  we  havi 
found  on  tho  interior  surface  of  tho  bolls  on  th. 
sevM-al  interior  parts,  rods,  contracts.  hammi'r-<i 


It  appeal's  obvious  that  Fontaine  considered  thal 
us  evaporation  was  a  necessary  evil,  and  that  it  was 
1  no  way  duo  to  tho  presence  of  the  gas  in  tho  globe 
ir  ho  practically  saj's  that  inasmuch  as  tho  globe  con- 
lined  only  an  inert  gas  it  would  seem  that  the  carbon 
‘ff/U  to  be  preserecif  tndejinitehj. 


Closed  in  nn  nir-tiglit  glass  bell,  nnd  Inter  on  tl 
lias  boon  filled  with  gases  wbicl.  provont  comb,, 
tion.  But  It  appears  that  at  a  white  heat  the  eh 
trie  current  causes  small  particles  to  bo  throw,,  < 
from  the  carbon  pencils  obtainable,  and  thus  al, 
1,1  this  case  a  pietty  rapid  wearing  out  takes  plac 
At  all  events  the  results  up  to  this  time  do  ii 
sound  very  encouraging." 

Bernstein  apparently  did  not  ascribe  this  ovaporatic 
)  the  nature  or  amount  of  gas  in  the  lump  chamhe 
lit  solely  to  the  aetioii  of  the  current  upon  the  whil 
ot  carbon.  The  preface  of  Boi-nstoin’s  work  is  date 
ovembor,  1870,  and  inasmucli  ns  the  work  contains  i, 
iferonoo  to  Edison’s  carbon  lamp  it  was  obvioiisl 
ritton  without  any  knowledge  of  it.  Prof.  Morton,  i 
IS  ‘Lecture  upon  the  Electric  Light,”  delivered  0, 
^bor  lnii,  1878,  and  published  in  the  “Amoi-ican  Ga 
ight  Journal,”  Jnmiai-y  2d,  1879,  in  speaking  of  tli 
iwyor-Man  lamp,  says : 

“  This  difibi-s  from  the  former  apparatus  (th 
author  is  referring  to  the  old  carbon  lamps  c 
otnrr  luid  Konn)  in  no  important  feature  e.’ccuii 
that  the  interior  of  the  vessel  is  said  to  bo  lilha 
with  pure  nitrogen  at  the  ordinary  pressure.  Th, 
carbon  rods  are  said  not  to  waste  away  in  tin 
lamps.  Without  knowing  anytliiiig  positive  on  th, 
subject,  my  opinion  is  that  this  is  only  becaiis, 
they  have  not  been  subjected  to  strong  currents 
but  have  only  been  heated  to  the  extent  of  yiohl 
ing  a  light  of  one  or  two  burnoi's.  Under  these 
circumstances  the  carbons  of  the  Konn  lamp  will 
last  a  long  time,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  light 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3G73 


ton’s  lecture,  I  think  that  he  was  of  the  opinion  that 
the  amount  of  evaporation  depended  solely  iipoe  the 
degree  of  heat  and  strength  of  current,  aud  in  no  way 
to  the  gas  contained  in  the  globe. 

I  think  that  these  citations  go  to  show  the  substan¬ 
tial  correctness  of  the  statement  which  I  made  in  an¬ 
swer  to  IGl  x-Q.  to  the  effect  that  it  wius  understood  bv 
the  art  that  the  inpid  evaporation  would  take  iilaee  no 
matter  how  much  gas  there  might  be  in  the  lamp 
chamber,  so  long  as  it  did  not  contain  o.xygen  which 
uould  burn  tlio  carbon. 

1G4  x-Q.  Assuming  that  the  art  uiidorsiood  that  a 
rapid  “  evaporation  ”  of  the  carbon  would  take  place 
when  the  lamp  chamber  was  filled  with  nitrogen,  or 
with  a  carbonic  oxide  or  carbonic  acid  gas,  oveiahough 
110  oxygon  were  present,  how  does  that  justify  the  coii- 
clusioii  which  I  nndoratand  you  draw  from  it,  that  the 
art  also  understood  that  this  “  evaporation  ”  would 
continue  to  the  same  degree  if  those  inert  gases  were 
removed  by  making  the  highest  attainable  vacuum  ? 

-V.  I  think  that  the  conclusion  is  fully  justhied  in 
view  of  the  fact  that,  so  far  as  I  know,  none  of  the 
scientists  and  writei-s  uiion  the  subject  of  incandescent 
lighting  eoiisidored  this  evaporation  to  bo  in  any  way 
caused  by  the  gases  in  the  globe,  but  understood  that  it 
was  duo  solely  to  the  combined  action  of  the  lii'di  heat 
,,i„l  the  current.  I  do  not  see  how  the  art  could  have 
been  led  to  the  couclusioii  that  evaporation  would  lie 
.l.iM,i.i,hed  by  removing  the  gas  whieh  lus  far  as  this 
action  is  eoiicoriied  was  supposed  to  bo  harmless. 

IGo  x-Q.  Have  you  any  warrant  in  the  writings  pre¬ 
ceding  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  other  than 
the  quotations  made  in  your  last  answer  but  one,  for 
this  statoment  just  made  by  you,  aud  which  seems  to 
Jc  the  premisG  of  your  whole  urgument,  that  it  was 
supposed  by  the  art  that  the  presence  in  the  lamp 
globe  of  gases  other  than  oxygon  was  harmless? 

A.  I  do  not  at  present  recall  any  other  articles,  pub- 
hslied  prior  to  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  which 
deal  with  the  question  as  completely  as  those  to  which 
4  have  referred.  But  as  an  additional  confirmation  of 


3G74 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


my  opinion  that  it  was  lieUl  that  those  gases  were  liinii 
less,  or  in  other  words  that  there  was  no  virtue  in  tl 
absence  of  these  gases,  I  will  refer  to  the  skeptic 
spirit  with  which  Edison’s  invention  was  first  receive 
by  some  scientists  as  is  fnllv  set  forth  in  my  answ, 
to  13  Q. 

IGG  x-Q.  AVhere,  in  the  writings  which  preceded  tl 
date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  other  than  the  cpiotatioi 
made  in  answer  to  1G3  x-Q.,  do  yon  find  warmnt  fi 
your  position  that  the  art  believed  the  rapid  dissolutio 
of  the  carbons  of  the  incandescent  lamps  of  that  d,i 
was  duo  to  other  causes  than  the  i>reseuce  in  the  lain 
chamber  of  o.xygen  or,  when  that  was  removed  as  con 
pletely  as  po.ssible,  of  the  other  gases  used  in  etVectin 
the  cx])ulsion  of  the  oxygen  ‘t 
A.  I  have  not  said  that  the  art  believed  that  dissoh 
tion  of  the  carbon  was  duo  to  other  causes  than  tli 
presence  of  oxygen  in  the  chamber.  The  art  alwn- 
know  that  o.xygen  woidd  burn  and  destroy  the  carbi: 
Concerning  the  opinion,  which  I  believe  the  art  hel 
that  the  ovaiioration  of  the  carbon  was  not  due  to  t: 
presence  of  other  gases,  in  addition  to  the  roferunc 
given  in  my  answer  to  1G3  x-Q.  I  find  a  statenio 
which  I  think  is  of  similiur  import  in  British  Eotlc 
Patent  No.  I107G  granted  to  Greener  .fe  Staito  in  181 
from  which  I  quote  ns  follows : 

“  Both  carbon  and  platinum  have  been  befo 
employed  as  medio  for  the  development  and  exli 
bitiou  of  electric  light,  but  carbon  oven  in  the  pii 
est  states  in  which  it  has  hitherto  been  obtninalil 
when  ignited,  or  rondorod  luminous  in  an  air-tigl 
glass  vessel  by  means  of  electric  currents  has  but 
found  to  give  out  various  extraneous  matters  whit 
interfere  with  the  continuity  of  the  light  and  whit 
being  precipitated  on  tbo  inside  of  the  glass  ve.-.Si 
obscure  and  darken  the  same;  and  plain  surfact 
platinum  when  substituted  for  the  carbon  in  tli 
air  tight  vessel  has  never  yielded  more  than  a  con 
paratively  feeble  light — now  to  obtain  for  the  inn 
pose  of  our  invention  a  carbon  absolutely  pure  c 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


at  least  more  nearly  approaching  absoluti 
than  any  heretofore  known,  wo  proceed 


With  the  methods  known  for  producing  a  vai 
181(!,  the  inventors  must  have  been  aware  tin 
ivas  gas  witbin  tlic  lamp  ebamber.  They  attn 
iignifieanco  to  this  fact  but  noticing  that  an  ( 
ion  of  the  carbon  took  place  resulting  in  a  bla 
)f  tlio  globe  apparently  assumed  tlnit  it  was  dm 
niritios  in  the  incandescent  carbon  and  that  a 
)f  overcoming  this  difficulty  was  to  use  a  i)urer 
0  the  method  of  manufacturer  of  which  the  pj 
lart  relates. 

107  .x-Q.  Was  it  not  Greener  .t  Staite's  plan 
iiove  all  gases  from  the  lamj)  chamber,  so  far 
imcticablo  with  the  means  then  available  I 
mrposes  ? 

A.  From  the  fact  that  Greener  .fe  .Staito  c( 
iited  the  use  of  carbon  burnei-s  and  mention  tin 
n  air-tight  chamber,  although  they  say  nothing 
low  it  is  to  bo  construeted,  I  suppose  it  wii 
itcntion  that  the  air  should  be  removed  from  tl 
haniber,  ns  far  as  this  could  bo  done  by  the 
lien  known  to  the  art,  but  solely  for  the  ])ur| 
utting  rid  of  the  ox3-gon  of  the  air.  I  think  tl 
iiggestiou  in  the  patent  that  an  air-tight  vessel 
0  used  would  not  have  resulted  in  obtaini: 
otter  lamps  than  that  patented  by  Eoberts  ii 
heady  referred  to,  or  in  revealing  to  the  art  the 
ty  of  i-omoving  other  gases  than  the  ox.vgon,  t 
woiild  have  led  to  the  discoveiy  that  evaporsil 
le  carbon  was  to  be  prevented  by  using  a  high  i 
lid  not  by  the  purification  of  the  carbon  as  wa 
used  by  the  inventoi-s. 

lG8  x-Q.  Still,  was  it  not  the  idea  of  Grei 


mi(i  It  tlie  carbon  used  for  tho  burner  wore  to  bo  fn 
from  impurities,  tlio  lamp  would  Ijo  a  durable  one  ? 

A.  No  ;  I  do  not  think  that  tlmt  is  tho  correct  « 
of  stating  it ;  I  think  in  view  of  tho  state  of  tlio  art 
that  time,  that  tho  inventors  taught  in  their  iiati 
that  tho  carbon  burner  was  to  bo  made  more  dural 
by  preventing  its  evaporation  sohhj  by  iiicreasiii- 
purity  and  that  by  oxlmiistiiig  tho  air  (which  would 
practically  tho  only  gas  in  tho  chamber)  as  far  as  u 
possible  by  any  any  moans  then  known  to  the  art  a 
Imving  the  ohamber  as  air-tiglit  as  was  practical, 
rapid  combustion  and  the  destruction  of  the  carbon  : 
this  accoiint  would  be  retarded. 

Adjourned  to  August  lOth,  1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


-C-  .. uieii  men  inat  uy  purifying  tl 
carbon  sulliciontly,  and  placing  such  carbon  in  an  ai 
tight  clmmber,  from  wliicli  nil  gas  was  exhausted  so  f 
as  practicable,  tho  evaporation  or  volatilization  of  tl 
carbon  would  be  so  far  minimized  ns  to  make  the  i 
candoscoiit  lamp  practically  serviceable. 

A.  No,  I.  do  not  think  so.  Their  idea  seems 
have  been  that,  it  tho  carbon  were  purified,  this  aloi 
would  bosiillicient  to  prevent  the  evaporation  and  tha 
it  there  was  no  oxygen  in  tho  globe  to  burn  the  carlmi 
tho  lamp  would  bo  serviceable ;  I  do  not  think  tin 
they  had  tho  idea  that  all  gases  should  be  remove 
from  tho  lamp  chamber,  but  merely  oxygen,  neither  d 
I  think  that  the  art  would  have  understood  that  mot 
than  this  was  necessary. 

170  x-Q.  Do  they  say  anything  about  oxygen  in 
their  patent? 

A.  No;  neither  do  they  say  anything  about  other 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3077 


171  x-Q.  Isn’t  ail  “another  gas,”  and  don’t  they  in 
their  patent  speak  of  tho  removal  of  tho  air  ? 

^  A.  Air  is  a  mixture  of  gases,  one  of  which  is  oxyrren. 
'I'lie  patent  makes  no  mention  at  all  of  gases  of  anv 
kind,  but  says  that  the  carbon  burner  is  to  be  ])laeed  in 
an  air-tight  vessel.  I  understand  that  at  the  date  of  the 
patent  tins  would  have  been  an  instruction  to  tho  art 
W  oxygen  out  of  the  lamp  chamber 


172  x-Q.  Wasii 
of  tho  chamber  ? 


A.  No  ;  I  think 


oxygen  from  tho  chamber.  The  most  natural  wav  o 
attempting  to  do  this,  at  that  time,  was  bv  piimpiiK 
out  tho  air.  *  ‘  ‘  ' 


1/3  X-Q.  Isn  t  it  true  that  Greener  it  Staito  recog¬ 
nized  tho  fact  ^  that  the  jiresonce  of  air  in  the  lanii) 


cnee  operated  to  injuriously  affect  the'’  carbon  ;  and 
isn’t  It  11  further  fact  that  they  iLssniuod  that  tho  removal 
of  the  air  would  eliminate  this  source  of  danger  to  the 
carbon  ’? 


A-  They,  ns  well  as  all  others  skilled  in  the  art,  knew 
that  the  prosouco  of  air  was  injiirioiis-solely  beeaiise  the 
oxygen  in  it  would  burn  tho  carbon,  and  nssiimed  that 
by  removing  tho  air,  danger  on  this  account  would  bo 
prevented.  I  think,  however,  that  they  did  indicate  in 
the  patent,  and  state  to  those  skilled  in  tho  art,  how 
the  presence  of  air  injuriously  affected  the  carbon,  al¬ 
though  It  was  already  perfectly  well  known. 

17-1  x-Q.  What  is  yoiir  warrant  for  saying  that 
Crooner  it  Staite  know  that  the  air  was  injurious  “solely 
because  of  tho  oxygen  in  it  ”  ? 

A.  I  have  no  means  of  knowing  this,  excepting 
tliroiigh  tho  character  of  tho  instructions  which  tho  art 
loccived  from  tho  specitication  of  the  patent  as 
judged  by  the  subsequent  history  of  electric  lighting. 
Co  far  as  I  know,  prior  to  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit, 
d  was  supposed  that  tho  oxygen  of  the  air  was  the 
ouly  destructive  agent  contained  in  it. 

175  x-Q.  Let  me  see  if  I  understand  j’ou.  Is  this 


30U1  position  :  TImt  Hltliongl.  tHo  Greener  A  Si 
pntent  contemplates  the  removal  of  the  air  from 
globe,  and  does  not  suggest  that  the  dcstr.ictivo  c 
aoter  of  the  oxygen  in  the  air  was  their  sole  reason 
removing  it,  yet  it  is  fair  to  assmno  that  this  row  t 
mil  and  only  reason  for  removing  the  air  inasimicl 
subsequent  to  the  date  of  their  patent,  and  prior  to 
date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  no  one  seems  to  have  f 
gested  that  it  was  necessary  for  the  preservation  of 


A.  Xo  ;  that  is  not  oxactly  my  iiosition.  So  far  i 
know,  after  the  date  of  Greener  A  Staitos  patent  ! 
np  to  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  the  art  siipiio 
tliat  gas  in  the  lamp  chamber,  excepting  oxygen  ( 
not  operate  injuriously.  In  view  of  this  fact,  I  tlii 
It  not  only  a  fair,  but  a  necessary  assiimption  that  I 
tn-eenor  A  Staite  patent  instructed  the  art  merelv 
remove  the  o.xygeii,  which,  lus  I  have  before  stat, 
would  have  been  most  natumlly  attempted  by  punipi 
out  tho  air.  Of  eoiii-so,  I  do  not  protend  to  he  i 
quaiiitcd  witli  all  that  the  inventors  may  have  knov 
but  notwithstanding  that  their  knowledge  was  reveal 
to  the  art  in  their  patent,  it  does  not  appear  that  t 
art  ever  understood  that  Greenor  A  Staite  coiitomplat 
anything  more  than  the  removal  of  the  oxygen,  or  u 
derstood  from  them  that  anything  more  than  tin’s  w 
necessary,  or  that  tho  prcsonco  of  any  other  "as  wi 
dotriinoiital.  “ 

170  x-Q.  I  now  iindoretaiid  you  to  take  tho  positii; 
that  tho  Grooiior  A  Staite  patent  iiistruoted  tho  art  I 
reiiiovo  only  the  oxygen  of  the  air,  and  that  this  is 
“necessary  assumption,"  based,  not  upon  any  doclan 
tions  found  in  the  patent,  but  upon  the  fact  that  everi 
body,  after  tho  date  of  said  patent  and  prior  to  tli 
date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  supposed  that  tho  oxygen  i 
le  lamp  chamber,  and  that  alone,  was  what  operate 
o  destroy  the  carbon.  Is  that  tho  position  which  vo 
hold  as  expressed  in  your  last  answer  ? 

A.  Xo.  I  assumed  that  tho  art  was  uqiiaiiited  wi’tl 
ind  instructed  by  tho  patent,  and  that  in  view  of  tin 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3079 


cITorts  of  tho  art  to  make  a  pi-actical  lamp,  it  was  sup¬ 
posed  that  it  was  only  necessary  to  remove  the  oxi-geu 
from  the  lamp  chamber. 

Adjourned  to  August  18th,  1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


Xew  YonK,  August  18th,  1890. 

Jlet  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

177  x-Q.  Supiiosed  by  whom  ? 

A.  By  Fontaine,  Bernstein  and  Prof.  Morton  as 
cited  in  answer  to  103  x-Q.,  mid,  so  far  as  I  know,  by 
those  who  ondeavored  to  make  or  described  a  method  of 
making  incandeseont  carbon  lamps,  and  by  others  who 
after  tho  appearance  of  Edison’s  lainiis,  hastened  to 
oxpre.ss  their  opinion  that  it  would  not  be  diimble. 

178  x-Q.  Ill  your  answer  to  103  x-Q.  you  have 
quoted  certain  words  of  Prof.  Morton.  Do  you  hold 
that  those  words  constitute  a  positive  theory  on  his 
part  that  tho  presence  in  the  lamp  chaniber  of  other 
ga.ses  than  oxygen  have  no  effect  whatever  upon  tho 
durability  of  the  carbon,  or,  in  other  words,  that  tho 
carbon  would  wear  out  just  ms  soon  if  all  gases  whai- 
over  were  withdrawn  from  the  globe  ? 

A.  I  do  not  think  that  bo  had  a  positive  theory  on 
the  subject,  but  that  his  knowledge  as  a  scieutitic  man 
led  him  to  tho  opinion,  that  as  far  ns  tho  durability  or 
nearing  out  depended  upon  tho  evaporation,  tho  rapid- 
d)  with  which  this  would  take  place  would  not  depend 
upon  tho  amount  of  gas  in  tho  globe ;  for  ho  says  that 

“  Tho  carbon  rods  are  said  not  to  waste  away  in 
these  lamps.  »  *’  *  jpy  opinion  is  that  this  is 
only  because  they  have  not  been  subjected  to 
strong  currents,  *  »  *  " 

Tho  italics  are  mine. 

1<9  x-Q.  'Would  not  these  words  bo  entirely  consist- 


eiit  w.tl.  tho  theory  on  his  part,  tlmt  the  presence 
inertgnses  in  the  lamp  cliamber  is  injurious  to  i 
carbon,  gradually  wearing  the  same  out  by  nieclmni 
nbi-asion  by  the  ciments  setup  in  the  gas  as  the  carl 
be  o  es  1  e  ted,  and  that  these  currents  will  beco 
more  rapid,  and  therefore  stronger  and  more  destri 
five,  the  more  highly  the  carbon  is  heated  ? 

A.  I  do  not  think  so,  when  wo  take  into  account  t 
fact,  as  appears  from  other  parts  of  his  lecture  tint 
was  comparing  a  Konn  lamp,  which  wim  partially  e 
hansted,  witn  a  Sawyer-Man  lamp,  which  was  Idled  wi 
i..t.oge..  at  atmospheric  pressure.  Under  those  cireui 

stances,  I  do  not  .see  how  Prof.  Morton  could  con.sb 

ently  hai^  held  tho  theory  which  is  in  the  cpiestic 
becuisc  m  spite  of  the  fact,  that  tho  two  lamps  coi 
tamed  diireront  amounts  of  gas,  ho  says  that  tl 
eimenf  of  tl 

180  x-Q.  -What  ho  says  is  this— that  ho  is  of  tli 
opinion  that  the  roiiortod  stability  of  tho  carbons  i 

tho  ,Sawyor-Mim  lamp  wiusdno  to  tho  fact  that  the 

imd  not  been  subjected  to  strong  ciirroiits."  Uo  vo 
mtond  to  express  tho  opinion  that  those  words 'ar 
c.j.iM.dciit  to  tho  Statoiiioiit  that  it  is  f/ic  c«it™I  idni 
(when  strong  enough)  that  produces  tho  dostniction  t 
tho  carbon,  and  that  they  oxcliide  tho  idea  that  fli 
strong  current  would  produce  this  result  in  the  .Saw 
3  oi-Man  lamji  by  means  of  tho  movomoiits  which  i 
onid  .sot  up  ill  tho  gases  enclosed  in  tho  globe? 

A.  I  do  not  think  that  Prof.  Morton  could  have  Inn 
he  Idea  that  the  strong  current  would  produce  tin 
ns  mg  away  becauso  of  tho  movomoiits  which  woiih; 
c  SL  up  in  tijo  gases  witliin  the  globe,  beenuso  ho  wtis 
lomparmg  tho  effect  of  tho  current  upon  a  Konn  lamp 
‘'•ith  a  partial  vacuum  and  its  effect  upon  a  Sawyer- 
an  lamp  without  a  vacmim.  Prof.  Morton  seoin.s  to 
lavo  int  no  dofinite  idea  of  tho  real  eaiise  of  this  evaii- 
aatioii,  for  m  speaking  of  tho  Konn  lamp,  ho  says : 

“  Various  slight  modifications  of  this  lamp  have 
een  made  and  olaboratoly  experimented  with ; 


Charles  Ii.  Clarke. 


but  they  all  show  tho  same  essential  cbnmctnr. 
istics.  Tho  first  of  these  is  that  as  Ic 
oxygen  remains  in  the  vessel  the  carbon 
sumo  rapidly,  tho  first  one  generally  h 
twont3-  minutes.  The  second  carbon  wil 
last  two  hours  if  tho  light  docs  not  ex, 
burnei-s  ;  but  even  when  all  active  yae  la 
moved  the  carbon  sufers  a  sort  of  evaimre 
Tho  italics  are  mine. 


V  hile  recognizing  that  strong  currents  pro 
wasting  away  of  tho  carbon.  Prof.  Morton  , 
had  no  definite  idea  of  its  true  cause,  but  asc 
a  “sort  of  evaporation”  just  ns  heat  vaiiori 

181  x-Q.  Inasmuch  as  Prof.  Morton  “  hii 
finite  idea  of  the  true  cause  ”  of  tho  wastiii, 
the  carbon,  and  innsmuch  as  tho  qualified  e 
"  sort  of  ovnporization,"  used  by  him,  indieat 
did  not  positively  regard  tho  operation  lus 
mponzation,  how  can  you  say  that  his  wo 
that  ho  thought  that  the  presence  of  the  gii 
tlian  oxygen  hntl  nothing  wimtover  to  do  witl 
struction  of  tho  cnrboii  ? 

A.  IVliile,  as  I  have  said.  Prof.  Morto 
iil'mioii  had  no  di-finito  idea  of  tho  true  , 
"hicli  I  meant  tho  •  absolutely  exact  ronsoii 
wasting  away  of  the  carbon ;  I  think  that  his  f 
"""cates  that,  in  his  opinion,  tho  wasting  awa' 
to  soiiio  kind  of  a  vaporization,  and  that  he 
I'lea  that  tho  iirosenco  of  other  gases  than  ox 
aiOthing  to  do  with  this  action,  because  ho  s 
tins  takes  place  “oven  when  all  active  gas  has 
moved.”  . 

182  x-Q.  Do  yon  also  think  that  he  had  an 
llie  presence  of  other  gases  than  o.xygcu  did 
mvthing  to  do  with  this  action  ? 

A.  Yes.  From  what  Prof.  Morton  said,  I  tl 
le  was  of  the  opinion  that  other  gases  than  ox 
lot  cause  this  action. 

183  x-Q.  I  understand  you  to  hold  that  th 


Clmrles  L.  CInrke. 


chamber,  not  onlj-  of  the  oxygon  of  the  air,  but  also  all 
other  gases.  Is  it  your  idea  that  Mr.  Edison’s  chief 
merit  as  an  inventor,  so  far  as  concerns  the  inv 
to  which  said  patent  relates,  consists,  not  in  the  re 
of  the  oxygon,  or  in  the  suggestion  of  the  dosir 
or  necessity  of  its  removal,  but  in  the  circiimstanc 
he  was  the  fii-st  to  recognize  the  fact  that  the 
gase.s,  such  its  are  found  in  the  air,  either  as 
stitiients  of  the  same  or  otherwise,  are  in  some  w 
strnetivo  of  the  carbon,  ami  was  the  first  to  instni 
world  that  liecauso  of  this  destructive  action  of 
other  .substances  it  was  e.ssential  to  the  workin. 
good  and  practical  lamj)  that  idl  gases  be  removes 
the  globe  ? 

A.  The  ascertaining  of  the  fact  that  the  earbo 
came  ])nictically  stable  when  all  gases  wore  ror 
from  its  presence  was,  in  my  opinion,  a  discovery 
I  nndorstand  Mr.  Edison  nnido  and  first  ftiinonn( 
the  public  in  tlio  sjmcification  of  the  patent  in  snil 

In  my  opinion  the  lamp  described  in  this  j 
was  the  invention. 


Adjourned  to  August  lOth,  1830,  at  11  A.  M. 


New  Yoiik,  August  19th,  18 

Jfot  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

181  x-Q.  Apparently  you  deem  it  of  moment  to 
n'ominont  a  distinction  between  what  3'ou  regard  a 
Eldison’s  “  discovoiy  ”  and  Mr.  Edison's  “invontio 
vill  thproforo  put  the  matter  before  you  on  this 
u  regard  to  what  j’on  call  his  tUnmvery. 

I  assume  that  j’on  will  agree  with  me  tin 
ho  time  when  Mr.  Edison  took  up  the  prn 
if  electric  lighting  it  needed  no  prophet  risen 
he  dead  to  teach  the  world  that  if  carbon 
o.  be  successfully  used  for  the  burner  of  an 


bon  lamp  that  all  the  other  gase.s,  as  well  as  th 
oxygen,  should  be  excluded,  and  permanontlv  exclude,] 
iiom  the  lump  clmmbor? 

A.  As  far  as  the  durability  of  the  burner  deiiendo, 
upon  the  iirevontion  of  its  destruction  by  combustion 
t  nndorstand  that  the  world  know  that  it  was  neee.ssar 
:o  remove  and  keei)  oxygen  out  of  the  lamp  chambei’ 
•1-1  1  farther  understand  that  with  the  lamps  havim 
.  lamboi-s  hlled  with  inert  gases  it  was  generally  under 
toed  that  this  was  so  satisfactorily  aecomplished  thal 
'Wgen  played  no  part  in  the  destruction  of  the  burn- 
r.s  of  such  lamps  and  that  the  efforts  to  make  a  practi- 
nlly  enduring  lamp,  as  fur  as  avoiding  the  detrimental 
lucts  of  oxygen  was  concerned,  were  successful ;  but 
nu,  m  spite  of  this  difficulty  having  been  successfully 
verconio,  still  other  causes  prevented  the  burners  from 
inng  durable.  So  fur  ns  Mr.  Edison’s  iiiveution  was  the 
uteomo  of  any  .liscovory,  I  think  it  was  the  discovery 
m  a  carbon  burner,  even  when  very  small  in  diameter, 
‘ilofliigh  specific  resistance,  would  bo  practically 
“ble  when  enclosed  in  a  globe,  from  which  all  gases 
'-■lo  removed,  and  from  which  they  could  bo  perma- 
‘■‘tly  exclnded :  I  use  the  word  “dk,.ov«..,.” 


3G84 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


18a  x-Q.  Would  you  tlioii  hold  Hint  Mr.  J’disoa 
would  linvo  made  just  as  great  nn  “invention”  if,  fol. 
lowing  out  the  iiistriictioiis  of  King  and  of  Greennr  .t 
Staito  and  of  Eoberts,  in  regard  to  placing  the  cmlioii 
ofau  incaiidescentlampina  vacuum,  he  had  availed 
liimsolf  of  the  improved  ineniis  known  to  the  art 
in  1879  for  creating  a  vacuum,  and  thus  had 
secured  a  higher  vacuum  than  his  predecessors 
wore  able  to  got,  and  also  had  availed  him- 
self  of  the  improved  inoniis  for  maintaining  such  a 
vacuum  permanent  which  housed  in  the  early  platinum 
lamp  (viz.,  a  seamless  all-glass  globe),  oven  if  he  had 
not  made  the  “discovery,”  which  you  attribute  to  him, 
that  practically  the  stability,  and  therefore  the  utilitv' 
of  such  a  lamp  depends  upon  the  permanent  exclusion 
from  the  globe  of  the  other  gases  as  well  as  the  oxygen 

A.  Assuming  for  the  moment  that  the  statciiioiit  in 
the  tpiestion  of  what  purports  to  bo  the  facts,  is  true 
(which  I  do  not  admit),  I  think  that  it  would  have 
required  iiivoiition  to  bring  together  into  one  combina¬ 
tion  the  all-glass  chamber,  with  platinum  conducting 
wires  fused  into  its  walls,  and  containing  a  cailxin 
burlier  of  siiinll  dinmotcr  in  ii  high  vneiiuni,  the  whole 
being  so  ordered  and  arranged  as  to  result  in  a  practic¬ 
ally  durable  lamp,  like  that  described  in  the  iiatuut  in 
suit,  by  the  use  of  which  the  problem  of  subdividing 
the  light  would  be  solved. 

^  180  x-Q.  Evidently  you  miss  the  point  of  my  ipio.s- 
tion.  Suppose  that  Mr.  Edison  had  constructed  the 
identical  lamp  which  is  shown  and  described  in  his 
patent,  but  had  not  discovered  that  its  durahilitv  or 
eflicieiicy  was  in  any  way  dependent  upon  the  fact 'that 
ho  had  taken  out  from  the  globe  the  other  gases  con¬ 
tained  in  the  air,  as  well  ns  the  oxygon ;  would  yon  say 
that  the  making  of  such  a  lamp,  under  such  cirenm- 
stances,  would  have  constituted  the  invention  covered 
by  the  patent  in  suit  ? 

A.  I  think  that  the  making  of  such  a  lamp,  oven 
although  it  be  assumed  that  Mr.  Edison  did  not  know 
the  reason  why  it  was  durable,  although  .aware  of  the 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3GS5 


fact,  woidd  have  been  the  invention  described  in  the 
jmtont  in  suit.  As  I  understand  it  (as  I  have  often 
said  before)  prior  to  the  date  of  Edison’s  patent  the 
art  supposed  that  a  carbon  burner  would  necessarily 
wear  out  very  rapidly,  even  when  no  oxygen  was  pres¬ 
ent,  and  did  not  ascribe  this  action  to  other  inert  .'ases 
md  in  fact,  considered  that  the  most  promisim'  ivav  of 
miking  the  burner  durable  was  to  keep  out  oxv-en'  bv 
i  hng  the  globe  with  an  inert  gas.  .Seiiarabro  lamp 
ihambers,  with  metallic  caps,  were  also  deemed  essen- 
lal,  so  that  the  burueis  could  be  reneived ;  because 
heir  hfo  was  so  short  that  any  mode  of  construction 
liiich  would  have  made  it  necessary  to  throw  away  the 
imps  when  the  bnrnei-s  failed,  would  have  made  the 

heiiMml*’'''*’"®  "  1’"°*'**''* 

In  view  of  these  facts.  I  think  that  no  one  would 
avo  supposed  that  a  carbon  burner  would  be  durable 
all  the  gases  were  removed  from  the  globe,  but  would 
avo  been  deterred  from  attempting  to  do  this  because 
t  the  recognized  difficulty  of  obtaining  and  preserving 
iigh  vacumu  with  a  separable  lain])  chamber  and  also 
'ecauso  the  air  which  would  leak  into  the  globe  would 
oiifam  o.xygou  and  hasten  the  destruction  of  the 
urner  on  this  account.  I  also  think,  in  view  of  the 
let  tlmt  tlio  carbon  rods  wliich  were  used  in  tlio  old 
imps  wore  out  rapidly  and  endured  for  onlv  a  few 
oure  that  no  one  would  have  had  the  temerity  to 
substitute  carbon  burneiw  of  small  diameter,  like  those 
eseiibod  in  the  patent  in  suit,  in  place  of  the  old  rods, 
itli  the  expectation  of  their  withstanding  at  all  the 
Instructive  action  which  wore  out  the  rods  so  miiidly, 

1  "-ould  have  supposed  that  there  would  bo  any  advaii- 
ige  in  placing  them  in  lamp  chambers  in  which  a  high 
icuuiii  could  be  obtained  and  preserved. 


All  the  foregoing  answer  after  the  first  se 


ciu'bon,” 


’^'Q.  yoi 


some  explnnntion  iu  regerd  to  wlmt  you  mean  by  tl 
assumption.  As  I  undei-stnml  you,  this  now  iiliysi, 
property  of  carbon,  wliicb  you  say  was  discovered 
Mr.  Edison,  consists  in  the  susceptibility  of  carbon 
evaporate  or  wedr  out  when  brought  to  incandc.scen 
in  the  presence  of  other  gases  than  oxygon,  by  reas 
of  the  presence  of  sucli  gases,  even  though  no  o.'i 
gen  bo  present,  wliicli  effect  di.sai)poars  when  the 
gases  are  removed.  Docs  tliis  correctly  dcfbw.  n 
“new  physical  property  of  carbon,”  the  di.scovc 
of  which  you  impute  to  Mr.  Edison,  and  which,  ai)pa 
ently,  in  your  estimation,  lias  much  to  do  with  1 
merit  ns  an  inventor  in  connection  with  the  siibjc 
ninttui*  of  the  patcut  iu  suit  ? 

A.  As  I  umlorstiiiul  it,  Mr.  Edison  discovered  tli 
when  a  carbon  burner  was  enclosed  in  a  high  vacim 
the  destructive  action  (variously  termed  “  ovn])oration 
“  volatiliication  ”  and  “  disintegration  ")  which  tot 
place  when  it  was  surrounded  by  a  gas,  (oven  thoiiij 
containing  no  oxygon)  censed  to  such  an  extent  that  tl 
burner  became  praetically  durable. 

Adjourned  to  August  20tb,  1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


Xew  Yoiik,  August  20th,  1890. 

Mot  pursuant  to  adjouniment. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

188  x-Q.  In  your  last  answer  you  make  a  statemeu 
of  a  fact,  which  you  assume  Mr.  Edison  to  have  lieci 
the  6rst  to  observe.  Does  not  mv  last  question  cot 
rectly  define  the  alleged  “  new  physical  property  o 
carbon  ”  which  depends  upon  or  is  connected  with  tlial 
fact  ?  If  not,  how  would  3'ou  define  the  “  new  phys 
ical  property  of  carbon  ”  referred  to  in  vour  answer  to 


lial  accuracy,  although  I  preferred  to  state  it  in  nnotlr 

189  x-Q.  Is  this  alleged  newly  discovered  physic: 
jiroporty  of  carbon  characteristic  of  one  size  rather  thn 

-V.  I  do  not  understand  that  it  is. 

190  x-Q.  What  other  physical  projierties  of  carboi 
if  any,  do  you  understand  that  Mr.  Edison  discovered 

Objected  to  ns  immaterial,  irrelevant  and  no 
proper  cross-examination,  ns  to  which  the  do 
fondant  makes  the  witness  its  own. 


A.  I  bolivo  that  Mr.  Edison  made  the  discover! 
above  rofoned  to  with  a  burner  very  small  in  diameter 
which  was  quite  porous,  and  consequently  of  hi"! 
spooific  resistance,  and  that  he  was  the  first  lo 
observe  that  such  a  burner  possessed  sufficient 
mechanical  stability  to  make  it  suitable  foi 
piacticnl  use  ns  the  burner  of  an  iiicniideseont 
laiiip  by  which  the  light  could  be  subdivided. 
I  hardly  think  that  the  seiontific  world  would  dignify 
Urn  asoertniiiing  of  this  fact,  that  the  small  and  porous 
-•arbon  had  niochanical  stability,  by  the  term  “discov¬ 
ery.  although  I  suppose  that  the  finding  out  of  nnv 
iiew  fact  whatever  practically  amounts  to  that.  ■ 

^  191  x-Q.  Do  you  regard  this  last-mentioned  so-called 
discovery,”  made  by  Mr.  Edison,  as  the  discovery  of 
>  J>l>Viitcal2>roperty  of  carbon  ? 

A.  In  a  certain  sense,  I  should  say  yes,  for  the  rea- 
011  that  I  do  not  think  that,  prior  to  the  date  of  the 
'atent  111  suit,  the  art  would  liaye  supposed  it  po.ssible 
mt  carbon  burners,  yery  small  in  diameter,  would  have 
a  hcioiit  mechanical  stability  to  make  their  use  practic- 
•Ic.  I  consider  that,  in  a  certain  sense,  to  find  out  that 
cn  a  burner  is  niechanically  stable  would  bo  a  dis- 
^loo’  carbon. 

■  correct  statement  of  the 

[a  er,  that  Mr.  Edison  discovered  the  new  property 
car  on  set  forth  in  187  x-Q.  by  certain  experiments 


3G8S 


Clmrles  L.  Cliirke. 


wliicli  lie  ina.lo  witli  a  voiy  small  carbon  burner 
ami  that  tboso  oxporimonts.  althoiigli  iiiailo  iviti,  a 
small  carbon,  (lomonstnitca  the  oxistenco  of  this  prop 
erty  in  carbons  of  all  sizes?  If  so,  bow  can  yon  bold 
that  the  observation  of  tho  fact  that  carbon,  when  pro- 
tccted  by  a  high  vaciuim.  can  bo  reduced  to  a  dolliiito 
tenuity,  is  the  discovery  of  a  now  “  physical  property 
of  carbon  ?  In  other  words,  what  has  the  size  of  the 
carbon  to  do  with  the  physical  properties  under  dis 


A.  Since  tho  date  of  the  patent  in  suit  it  has  of 
coui-se  beconio  known  that  tho  size  of  the  carbons  of 
incandescent  lamps  has  very  little  to  do  with  the  ipies- 
tion  of  mechanical  stability,  but  before  that  time  I 
think  that,  aside  from  tlu;  idea  that  tho  evaporation 
which  took  place  in  tho  old  lamps  necessitated  the  use 
of  burnei's  of  largo  diameter,  it  would  not  have  boon 
supposed  possible  to  use  burnere  of  very  small  diaino- 
tor  bocanso  of  a  want  of  a  mechanical  stability.  In  my 
opinion  Mr.  Edison  found  out  that  burnel-s  of  small 
dmmotor  did  have  mechanical  stability,  and  thcreforo 
demonstrated  tho  existence  of  this  property  in  carbons 
of  small  size  which,  before  tho  date  of  his  patent,  I  think 
would  bo  ascribed  only  to  carbon  rods. 

193  x-Q.  Granting  that  Edison  proved  by  oxporiinoiit 
that  tho  inochanioal  stability  of  a  carbon  burner  ivhoii 
reduced  to  a  very  small  cross  section  was  much  greater 
than  any  one  would  have  supposed  in  advance  of  tho 
test,  and  so  iniioh  greater  oven  ns  to  bo  serviceable  for 
practical  lighting.  Do  you  think  that  this  can  fairlv  bo 
called  the  discovery  of  a  nao  pAysical  properly  nfmr- 
on  .  la  it  not  rather  tho  ascortaiumoiit — discoverv,  if 
you  plenso-of  tlie  oxtont  to  whicli  a  previously  well 
■nmui  phy-sical  property  of  carbon,  viz.,  mechnnical 
s  a  Jdity,  will  manifest  itself  under  certain  given  eondi- 


A.  Understanding  that  I  am  asked  to  express  an 
opinion  upon  tho  Inst  sentence  of  the  question  I  an¬ 
swer  yes,  with  tho  further  underatauding  that  I  believe 
that  no  one  would  liavo  supposed  that  a  carbon  of  small 
leter  could,  under  any  circumstances,  have  siillicient 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3089 


mechanical  stability  to  make  it  available  as  tho  burner 
of  an  incandescont  lamp. 

194  x-Q.  By  this  answer  I  understand  von  to  admit 
that  this  was  not  a  discovery  by  Mr.  Edison  of  a  new 
physical  property  of  carbon  ? 

A.  All  tilings  considered,  I  tbink  that  it  is  iwobablv 
more  con-ect  to  say,  not  that  Mr.  Edison  discovered  k 
new  physical  ])roperty  of  carbon,  but  that  he  did  dis¬ 
cover  that  carbons  of  very  small  diameter  had  mechani- 
cid  stability  to  an  unsu]>posod  oxtont,  and  suflieieut  to 
make  them  suitable  as  burners  of  incandescent  lamps. 

19o  x-Q.  I  now  repeat  a  former  question,  in  sub¬ 
stance  ns  follows :  What  other  “  phvsical  proiiertv  of 
carbon  "do  you  understand  Mr.  Edison  to  have  dis¬ 
covered  besides  tho  one  which  you  have  alreadv  im- 
puted  to  him  and  the  nature  of  which  is  formulated  in 
my  x-Q.  187  ? 

A.  I  do  not  know  of  any  other,  but,  ns  I  said  in  an¬ 
swer  to  190  x-Q.,  which  is  repeated  in  the  above  qiics- 
1011,  I  believe  that  Mr.  Edison  was  the  fii-st  to  find  out 
that  a  carbon  very  small  in  diameter  possessed  suffi¬ 
cient  mechanical  stability  to  make  it  suitable  as  a  burner 
of  an  incandescent  lamp. 

19(1  x-Q.  He  was  also  the  first,  was  ho  not,  accord¬ 
ing  to  yoiir  theory  of  the  general  subject  under  discus¬ 
sion,  to  find  out  that  a  carbon  of  large  diameter,  or  of 
medium  diameter,  when  used  ns  tho  burner  of  an  in¬ 
candescent  lamp,  had  sufficient  raechnnical  stability  to 
make  it  suitable  for  such  use  ? 

A.  Not  in  every  respect.  I  think  that  the  art  would 

M\e  very  properly  considered  that  tho  carbon  pencils 

01  tne  old  lamps  were  sufficiently  largo,  and  therefore 
•‘’(long  enough,  to  protect  them  from  being  broken  bv 
I'lcclmnical  shocks  and  tho  handling  incidontal  to  theiV 
so  but  owing  to  the  mpid  evaporation,  which  soon  re¬ 
sulted  in  the  destruction  of  the  burner,  did  not  have  an 
opportunity  to  ascertain  whether  it  would  prove  meehan- 
«Uly  unstable  after  prolonged  use.  Tho  construction 
}  -Ur.  Edison  of  a  lamp  in  which  this  rapid  evnpora- 
011  w.is  pi  evented  gave  to  the  art  means  for  ascertain- 
"1^  the  facts  not  known  before,  which,  in  my  opinion. 


lUo  ns  follows  :  First,  tlmt  carbons  of  very  small  dia¬ 
meter  are,  ns  far  ns  meclmuical  shocks  incidental  to  the 
manufacture,  transportation  and  use  of  the  lami.s  J 
concerned,  stable;  second,  that  carbons  which  ‘re  s! 
arge  that  there  could  never  be  any  question '  about 
thou  ability  to  resist  an  ordinary  shock, ,  1  |  „  the 
smal  taibons  before  mentioned,  will  withstand  the 
ollects  of  the  current  without  breaking  for  a  leii.-th  of 
time  siillicient  to  make  lamps  with  such  carbons'’ninp 
tically  durable.  '  ‘ 

.•Vdjoiirued  to  August  21st,  ISflO,  at  11  A.  Jl. 


New  Yoiik,  August  21st,  1S90. 

Mot  pursuant  to  ndjouriiiuout. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

107  x-Q.  Apparently,  you  deem  Mr.  Edison  entitled 
to  mucli  credit  because  of  the  discovery  wliicli  you  im¬ 
pute  to  liiiii,  tlmt  carbons  “of  very  small  diameter”  are 
mcclinmcally  stable,  while  you  admit  that,  prior  to  Mr. 
Edison’s  work,  it  was  well  understood  by  the  art  that 
carbons  of  larger  diameter  (the  size,  howeyer,  not  beiiia 
indicated  by  you)  possessed  this  same  quality  of  ine- 
chunica  stability.  In  order  that  the  Court  may  mider- 
staud  the  nature  of  this  alleged  discoyery  of  Jlr. 
Edison  s,  will  you  please  to  state  the  size  of  the  largest 
carbon  which  would  fall  within  your  designation  of 
“very  small  diameter,”  and  to  which,  therefore,  this 
discoyery  ”  of  Mr.  Edison’s  would  apply  ? 

Objected  to  as  not  proper  cross-oxaiiiinatiou 
as  to  which  defendant  makes  the  witness  its  own. 

I  have  not,  that  I  know  of,  said  or  intended  to  say 
hat,  prior  to  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  the  art 
knew  that  a  carbon  burner  of  large  diameter  had  me¬ 
chanical  stability,  excepting  in  respect  to  its  ability  to 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3691 


resist  oulinary  mechanical  shocks  without  breaking.  As 
stalnhtj  of  the  burner,  I  believe  that  it  was  not 

the  patent  in  suit,  and  with  bimit 
tl  a  thfv  !  "  l7f  ‘■"'t  it  "-as  ascertained 

of  u  hat  their  diameters  might  be  within  the  limits  at 
pieseiit  hxed  by  the  largest  and  sninlle.st  diameters  of 
the  burners  of  the  various  types  of  lamps  in  use  to-day 

■hirM.  Fr  “riion 

ihchMiJlo  f  1  oit  0.111  „ecl  call 
tab  e  under  the  effects  of  the  heat  and  current,  exeept- 
mg  o  say  that,  in  my  opinion,  he  discovered  this  fact  at 
e«.,t  for  some  sizes  of  carbons  and  gave  the  art  tlte 
means  by  which  it  ascertained  that  all  other  sizes  of 
Intnps,  had  this 

same  stability.  As  to  the  ability  of  the  carbons  to  re- 
s  St  moehanicnl  shocks,  I  do  not  know  the  diameter  of 

£  Tfl!r  M  r  r 

arv^nfn  1  ^  successfully  resist  ordin- 

to  do,  I  think  that  every  one  would  have  at  once  reco- 
spect  ^  i"  ‘i'is  re- 

198  x-Q.  It  seems  to  mo  that  you  confuse  the  term 
fo  silvt  tf  ""“S  this  fern,  do  you T 

:  ‘  niamifacturo  of  the  lamp  or  in 

Its  tmusportatiou,  or  sueh  ns  may  occur  in  its  iise 

i,  ‘d  ‘i>S'ategrat.ou,  or  rupture,  under  the  action  of 
t lie  current  and  the  heat  generated  thereby? 

lefe^toitrfu^ff  Earner  I 

the  Ife  of  ;  ‘  ‘°;”‘'*fand  ...eclnn.cal  shocks  and 

Tliis  sn.f  breaking. 

of  evaporation  which  in 
ineton  lamps  does  not,  I  believe,  cause  the  burner  to 

•st:d!iHft'^'i^°  far  thou  as  this  term  “mechanical 
}  has  to  do  with  the  capacity  of  a  carbon 


3092 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


burlier  to  witlistaud  the  effects  o£  the  heat  and  ciiiieut 
was  not  Jlr.  Edison  the  first,  acconling  to  your  miiler- 
stamlimj  of  the  matter,  to  discover  that  carbon  of  ant, 
eke  had  snlBciont  iiiechnnical  stability  to  make  it 
serviceable  for  tlio  burners  of  iucandoscent  lainiis?  In 
other  words,  was  not  this  discovery,  which  yon  impute 
to  Mr.  Edison,  in  fact,  independent  of  the  size  of  the 
burner  ? 

A.  The  facts  are,  as  I  understand  it,  that  Jlr.  Edison 
made  the  discovery  that  caibons  of  very  small  diameter 
had  this  stability,  and  that  others  as  well  as  himself, 
with  the  aid  of  the  e.vperienco  and  skill  which  they 
afterwards  acquired,  ascertained  that  it  was  possible  to 
make  carbons  of  any  diameter  not  larger  than  the 
largest  in  comniou  use  to-day  which  would  possess  this 
stability  sniliciently  to  make  them  practically  durable. 
With  this  undei'standing  of  the  facts  and  the  'liniitatiou 
which  1  have  put  upon  the  diameter  of  the  carbon,  I 
should  say  that  the  discovery  referred  to  in  the  ipies- 
tiou  was  independent  of  the  diameter  of  the  burner. 

200  x-Q.  Don’t  yon  hold  just  this,  and  isn’t  this  a  fair 
summary  of  your  views  upon  this  point,  as  heretoforo 
expressed,  viz.,  that,  leaving  out  of  the  account  mere 
mechanical  shocks,  no  one  before  Mr.  Edison’s  work  in 
the  in-omises  either  know  or  believed  that  a  earbou 
burner,  however  large  or  however  small  it  might  he, 
had  siilhciout  mechanical  stability  to  withstand  the  de¬ 
structive  actiou  of  heat  aiid  the  electric  current 
long  enough  to  bo  praotically  useful ;  that 
Mr.  Edison,  by  experiments  made  with  a  carhou 
burner  of  very  small  diameter  found  that  carbon 
even  when  reduced  to  so  small  a  size  did  posse.ss  that 
degrees  of  mechanical  stability  just  indicated ;  and  that 
thereupon  it  became  apparent,  both  to  him  and  to  all 
others  skilled  in  the  art,  that  this  degree  of  mcchauiral 
stability  was  praotically  independent  of  the  size  to 
which  the  carbon  is  brought  ? 

A.  .1  believe  it  was  understood  by  the  art  that  carbon 
buruei-s,  irrespective  of  their  size,  did  not  have  the 
mochauical  stability  to  withstand  the  action  of  the  heat 
and  current  requisite  to  make  them  practically  useful. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3093 


but  I  think  that  the  art  was  of  the  opinion  that  what¬ 
ever  stability  could  bo  obtained  was  to  be  looked  for 
in  carbons  of  large  diameter,  .-ind  that  the  use  of  small 
carbons  like  those  in  the  ordinary  modern  lamps  would 
not  have  been  thought  of  or  attempted.  1  think  this 
view  of  the  matter  is  substantiated  by  the  fact  that  thi^ 
ellorts  to  make  burnei-s,  which  should  be  durable  in 
every  respect,  were  confined  altogether  to  the  use  of 
carbon  rods  having  a  cross-section  very  much  greater 
than  that  of  the  burners  of  the  common  modern  lanqis. 
In  siqjport  of  this  opinion  that  the  art  eousidei  ed  that 
the  best  results  as  to  mechanical  st.ability  would  be  ob- 
tained  by  using  large  burners  or  rods,  I  <,note  the  fol¬ 
lowing  extracts  from  an  article  entitled,  “  Some  Eellec- 
tions  in  Hogard  to  the  Mow  Lamp  of  Mr.  Eilison," 
winch  was  written  by  Du  Moncel  and  imblished  in 
“  La  Lnmioro  Eleetrique,"  on  February  28th,  1880 : 

“  It  (meaning  Edison’s  now  lamp)  does  not  even 
Oder  the  ingenious  arrangement  of  Mr.  Konn’s 
lamp,  which  prevents  the  extinction  of  the  light 
m  case  of  the  rupture  of  the  incandescent  carbon. 

*.  *.  Edison  takes  us  backwards, 

and  it  is  the  Lodyguine  lamp  which  he  resusci¬ 
tates  under  a  difloreut  form.  ('The  burueis  of 
both  of  these  old  lamps  wore  oarbon  lods). 

■  *  *  It  is  besides  difhcult  to  admit  that 
this  horse  shoe  of  charcoal,  so  slender  and  so 
delicate,  does  not  deteriorate  by  a  prolonged  in- 
candescence ;  for  besides  the  calorific  action  which 
tends  to  disaggregate  the  carbonaceous  particles, 
a  mcchanicnl  action  of  the  current  is  produced 
which  tends  to  carry  them  off  and  deposit  them 
on  tlio  sides  of  the  receiver,  ns  is  noticed  in  the 
tabes  of  Geissler." 

If  would  appear  that  Du  Moncel,  who  was  a  well- 
known  scientist  and  electrician,  held  the  opinion  that 
tlie  heat  of  the  current  would  cause  a  diminution  in  the 
mechanical  stability  of  all  carbon  burners  or  as  he  says 
d  disaggregate  the  carbonaceous  particles.”  Evi- 


Inn  ‘-•'irboii  red  of  the  Lodveeit 

amp  with  what  appeared  to  Iiim  to  he  the^v  i 
s  euder”  and  “delicate”  burner  of  the  Edison  1, 

the'^sdi:  fhat  t'  “‘r  of  ‘I-  latte, 

feet  of  the  heat  would  be  to  cause  it  to  have  ,1, 
much  shorter  life.  "  '*■’ 

Adjourned  to  August  22d,  1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


Xew  loiiK,  August  22d,  18!I0. 


llet  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

lUi  I  think  the  art  held,  prior  to  the  date  of  the  pat. 

b  ri  er'"tl‘!;bl‘fV  "r*  °f  ‘I-* 

.liner,  the  better  it  would  resist  the  calorific  action  il 

"as  found  out  by  iMr.  Edison  that  burners  of  verv  sniall 

iter  mrir  . ! 

later  on,  b^  himself  and  others,  that  an  incronso  in 

’  f  PoHoiifO 'Vhieh  the  art  has  acc, Hired 
M  cc  I  became  known  that  small  biirneis  are  durable, 

h  nei  nr  tr°r  Pioetlcally  durable 

burnera  of  the  largest  size.s  now  iu  use. 

hinViri  this  matter,  I  do  net 

;  '  ‘‘  '’“=““0  '«“0'vn  that  a  small  burner 

I  as  durable,  it  was  apparent  to  Mr.  Edison  and  others 
hat  the  degree  of  mechanical  stability  was  in.le- 
lendentou  the  size  of  the  burner. 

^T‘  ^  hh'lorstand  you  to  hold  that 

thei  Mr.  Edison,  nor  any  other  person  skilled  iu  the 
.  ;  uiscovenng  or  being  made  nenuainted  with  the 


dueed  to  a  different  size,  would  have  the  same  demee 

stab‘iHtt’'t‘»""“‘‘-''-  niecl  % 

•st.ahility  in  the  same  sense  in  which  we  have  more 
aiely  been  using  it,  viz:  the  capacity  of  the  carbon  to 
ui  hstaud  disaggregation  and  deterioration  under  the 
at  10110  t  ie  cm  rent  and  the  heat  generated  therebv. 
A.  J.O  I  do  not  think  that  any  one  is  justified  in  a’s- 

suiniiig  that  because  the  lieat,  operating  accordin.- to  the 

sHbilitv  of""!’  "'ed^aiiical 

sbibil  t3  of  a  burner  of  one  diameter  that  it  will  have 
ius  effect  tothe  s«mt.,/cy™e  upon  a  burner  oflman:: 

.  meter,  upon  the  general  principle  held  by  scientists, 
t^t  nothing  can  be  known  eoncerning  the  effect  of  the 
1.  ns  of  nature  excepting  it  be  ascertained  through  facts 

N  edlti’b'^’“T'‘‘-  Ediso.r  ascet 

tail  ed  hat  a  biirnerof  very  small  diameter  was  mechan¬ 
ically  stable  and  gave  the  art  knowledge  of  the  means 
by  nliich  ho  ascertained  this  fact,  I  think  it  would  have 
been  naturally  inferred  that  other  burners,  not  varyin-r 

i tificSL'“““  ‘bere  would  be  no 

-!  «“;.3 

“  0lV'“  “T”'""*  •baii.r.nn™  yrjr4b.i“ 

aiilhcient  mechanical  stability  to  make  it  Pr..ctic-illv 

i  "dim 

a  iti  rtir "  f-- 

cally  dmtbS  " 

S'lvis  ''tuleretand  your  position.  You 

£M";^.rrn;:r=i3 

ical  sta  ““t^ban- 

wouhl  I „  •  ^.-1°  practically  durable,  the  art 

burner  ^  ‘almring  therefrom  that  another 

ilko  size  from  the  first  one,  would 

Do  you  practically  durable. 

by  this  to  indicate  that  such  an  inference 


Chiirles  L.  Clarke. 


36!: 


which  is  used  in  the  Edison  sixteen-cnndle-iiower  m 
lain]),  or  the  Edison  ten-candle-power  new  lamp,  sui 
carbon  beiiif;  made  from  a  strip  of  paper  by  any  of  tl 
l)roces.ses  of  carbonization  that  were  known  to  the  a 
prior  to  the  3-ear  1879  and  without  being  subjected 
any  of  the  treatments  subseqnent  to  this  carbonizatic 
(such  as  the  hydro-carbon  treatment,  or  electrical  hea 
nig  while  the  lamp  is  on  the  pnmiis)  which  the  art  hi 
fonnd  it  necessaiy  to  adopt  in  the  manufacture  of  con 
mercial  lamps  ;  would  such  a  caibon,  in  3onr  opinioi 
have  sufficient  mechanical  stability  for  jiractical  use  .a 
the  burner  of  a  commercial  incandescent  lamp  ? 

Same  objection. 

A.  ^'o,  not  oven  if  subjected  to  the  hydro-carbo: 
troatnieiit  and  treatment  on  the  pumps  spoken  of  i) 
Ihe  question. 

206  x-Q.  What  else  would  be  nocessarv  to  make  suel 
a  carbon  of  practical  value  ? 


A.  I  do  not  know  of  any  method  of  mnuufacturinr 
.'irbon  burners  from  paper  and  of  the  dimensions  re- 
ciTCd  to  in  the  last  question  which  would  make  them 
iillicioutly  durable  for  iimctical  jim-poses. 

-07  x-Q.  How  large  must  a  burner  manufaetnred 
lom  paper  be  before  it  would  have  sufficient  stability 
)  make  it  practically  useful— assuming  it  to  bo  sealed 
P  m  the  lamp  globe  without  being  treated,  subsequent 
3  I  s  carbonization,  either  by  the  so-called  hydro- 
'iri)ou  treatment  or  by  electrical  heating  on  the 
nmi)  ?  " 


thc-oc  circumstances  the  burner  whether 
'ige  or  small,  would  not  be  practically  durable.  Even 
‘Im  paper  carbon  were  subjected  to  the  hydro-carbon 
catniciit.  It  would  have  no  diirabilitr.  if  it  were  not 
nctrically  heated  on  the  pump. 

Adjourned  to  August  23d,  1890,  at  11  A.  31. 


Clinrles  L.  Clarke. 


New  Yohk,  23d,  1S90, 
Met  pui-siiaiit  to  adjournment  at  H  A  M 
Pro.sent-R.  N.  Dver.  Esq.,  for  complainant ;  ir„ 
OL.\imE,  the  witness. 

At  tlio  request  of  Geiil.  Duncan  the  ONamiintioii  i 
adjonmed  till  Monday,  August  2otIi,  1800,  at  1 


New  Yoiik,  Ang.  25tl),  1890. 

Met  imrsimut  to  adjoumniont. 

Present — Coun.sel  as  before. 

208  x-Q.  For  commercial  work,  bow  far  is  tins  elei- 
tncal  boating  on  tbe  punijis  necessary  when  tlie  earlioii 
burner  is  made  from  otber  material  tbnn  paper? 

Same  objection. 

A.  I  believe  that  while  tbe  process  of  exbanslion  is 
pug  on  tbe  temperature  of  tbe  carbon  is  increased 
from  time  to  time  until  it  is  brought  np  to  normal  in- 
candescence  or  slightly  above  that  point.  At  tins 
tompemturo  the  process  of  oxbnnstiou  is  coutinned  un¬ 
til  a  high  vacuum  is  obtained  which  will  remain  practi¬ 
cally  constant,  thereby  indicating  that  the  gas  in  the 
pores  of  the  carbon  has  been  expelled- 

209  x-Q.  -What  I  wish  to  know  is  this— whether  in 
the  practical  niantifoetiiro  of  carbons  for  commcivial 
laiiqis  out  of  other  materials  than  pajier  it  is  found 
necessary  to  make  use  of  this  electrical  heating  on  the 
pumps  ? 

Same  objection. 

A.  Yes. 

210  x-Q.  Is  that  the  case  irrespective  of  the  size  of 
the  burner  ? 


Same  objection. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3099 


A.  Yes,  at  least  for  all  sizes  between  the  smallest  and 
largest  used  in  modem  incandescent  lamiis. 

211  x-Q.  Is  this  also  the  case  when  the  burners  have 
been  treated  with  the  hydro-carbon  treatment  siibse- 
i|U(;nt  to  their  carbonization  ? 

Same  objection. 

A.  Yes. 

212  .\-Q.  Suppose  the  first  carbon  burner  made  by 
Mr.  Edison  had  been  only  a  liUle  smaller  than  the  car¬ 
bons  jirovioiisly  used  for  incandescent  lamps— say,  if 
you  please,  two  or  three  times  ns  small- and  on  trial  be 
bad  found  it  to  have  sufficient  mechanical  stability  to 
make  a  iiracticnlly  durable  lamp,  what  assurance  could 
ho  have  had  from  this  that  a  burner  of  very  vvich 
smaller  cross  section  than  that,  say  ton  or  twenty  times 
as  small,  would  also  have  been  siifliciontly  stable  for 
luactical  pnriioses? 

A.  Assuming  that  Mr.  Edison  had  been  able  to,  and 
ilid  first  nscortnin  tlmt  the  burner  two  or  tlireo  times 
smaller  in  cross-section  than  those  which  were  used  in 
the  old  lamps  had  sufficient  iiiechanicnl  stability  to 
make  it  practically  durable,  I  do  not  think  tlmt  from 
tins  ho  would  have  assumed  that  a  burner  ten  or 
twenty  times  smaller  would  also  bo  stable  enough  for 
prmdical  piii-poses,  but  in  my  opinion  he  would  at  once 
have  made  the  experimoiit  under  the  same  conditions 
with  the  small  burners,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  facts. 

-13  x-Q.  For  the  same  reason  which  lies  back  of  your 
ast  answer,  do  yon  not  also  think  that  if  Mr.  Edison 
had  made  his  first  carbon  burner  as  large  ns  those  that 
md  leeii  previoiislj’  used  in  iiieandescont  lamps,  and  on 
c.stnig  the  same  under  the  conditions  of  vacuuni  and 
amp  globe  which  characterized  his  first  actual  experi- 
nieiit  with  a  lamp  having  a  carbon  burner,  ho  had  found 
such  burner  to  bo  sufficiently  stable  for  practical  pur- 
pose.s,  ho  would  thereupon  have  made  similar  experi¬ 
ments,  using  burners  ten  or  twenty,  or  perhaps  forty 
‘lines  smaller?  i  i  .» 

I  think  so,  assiiining  that  at  that  time  it  had  been 


I  tiie  m-st  mini)  "“"led  in  either  of  the  last  qnestioi 
lm.1  been  made  by  any  person  other  tlian  Jlr.  Ediso) 
such  a  pei-son,  on  observiiiK  stability  of  the  lain] 
would  at  once  have  proceeded  to  construct  and  experi 
meat  with  the  lnm|)s  haviiiK  the  smaller  burners,  as  s( 
forth  in  said  questions  ? 

A.  Yes,  if  skilled  in  the  art. 

215  x-Q.  IVhy  do  you  think  that  if  the  iirst  practi 
cally  durable  iucandescent  lamp  had  had  a  carbon  burn 
or  ns  larKO  in  cross-section  ns  the  lamps  which  lueccdc. 
the  date  of  Mr.  Edison’s  earliest  work,  the  maker  o 
such  lamp,  whether  Mr.  Edison  or  any  other  persoi 
skilled  in  the  art,  would,  on  ascertaining  its  stabilitv 
have  proceeded  to  make  and  test  other  lamps  will 
burners  ten,  twenty,  and  forty  times  ns  small  ? 

A.  If  the  lamp  referred  to  in  the  question  had  lieei 
made  in  the  latter  part  of  1879,  the  maker  would 
have  understood  that  there  would  bo  an  advan- 
tigo  having  a  high  resistance,  and  this 
I  think,  would  have  led  him  to  attempt 
to  make  a  burner  having  sufficient  surface  to  produce 
the  desired  amount  of  light  and  also  small  in  diameter 
in  order  that  the  requisite  resistance  might  bo  obtained. 
Being  in  possession  of  a  lamp  which  ho  knew  was  prac¬ 
tically  durable  ho  would  have  been  lend  to  make  and 
test  this  burner  of  small  diameter.  'When  in  the  an¬ 
swers  to  the  last  throe  questions  I  said  that  the  maker 
of  the  large  burner  would  “at  once”  have  attempted  to 
make  burnei-s  ton  to  forty  times  smaller  I  did  not  intend 
to  say  that  those  would  bo  the  first  which  he  would  liave 
attempted  to  make.  I  think  that  ho  would  naturally 
have  made  his  experiments  upon  buriiera  of  ono-lialf 
and  oiie-quarter  of  the  diameter  of  the  larger  burner 
and  so  on,  and  by  thus  gradually  reducing  the  diauieler 
would  have  soon  arrived  at  the  smallest  practical  size. 

-IG  x-Q.  Win-  do  j-ou  introduce  into  your  answer 
the  condition  that  this  first  durable  lamn  twith  lame 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3701 


carijon  burner)  should  have  been  made  "  in  the  latter 
part  of  1879  ?  " 

A.  In  order  to  be  certain  that  I  am  correct  in  iinder- 
slanding  that  the  large  burner  referred  to  in  the  last 
four  (piostions  was  assumed  to  have  been  mailo  .n.d 
tested  in  an  absolutely  tiglit  chamber  containing  a  verv 
high  vacuum  at  the  time  that  Jfr.  Edison  invented  his 

Adjourned  to  August  2Gtli,  1890,  at  11  .V.  JI. 


Xew  Yoiik,  Aug.  2(ltli,  1890. 

Met  piirsiiaut  to  adjournment. 

Present— Counsel  as  liofore. 

217  x-Q.  By  this  I  undoi-stand  you  to  hold  that  if,  at 
any  time  after  Air.  Edison  had  made  his  platinum  lamp 
with  the  highly  exhausted  all-glass  globe,  hcor  any  other 
skilled  person  had  substituted  a  carbon  for  the  platinum 
burner  of  such  lamp,  the  first  carbon  so  used  being  as 
largo  in  cross  section  ns  the  burners  used  in  the  carbon 
incaiidesceiit  lamps  that  preceded  Edison’s  platinum 
lamp,  and  on  trial  such  new  carbon  lamp  had  proved 
to  be  a  practically  duraldo  structure,  the  experimeiitor 
would  thoroupoii  have  proceeded  to  make  other 
amps,  using  the  same  globe  and  vacuum,  with  carbon 
hiiriiers  of  diameters  ten,  twenty  and  fortv  times  as 
small  as  that  of  the  first  Ininii.  Does  this  correctly 
state  your  position  ? 

A.  The  assumptions  in  the  question  being,  as  I  look 
at  It,  absolutely  contrary  to  the  facts  (as  wore  also  like 
a.s.suniptioiis  in  the  Inst  few  (piestions),  I  find  some 
I  illiculty  in  forming  an  opinion  under  circumstances 
''  nch  require  such  a  violent  stretch  of  the  imagina¬ 
tion.  For,  besides  the  fact  that  the  art  did  not  know 
mt  there  would  be  an  advantage  in  enclosing  a  carbon 
pencil  in  a  very  high  vacuum,  it  was  not  even  in  pos- 
se.s,sion  of  a  lamp  chamber,  by  means  of  which  the 
experiment  could  have  been  tried.  The  nll-gla.ss  lamp 

c  lumber  with  the  platinum  wires  fused  into  its  walls 


wonicl  not,  in  luy  opinion,  Imvc  nnaweretl  tlie  purpose 
for  tho  reason  timt  the  large  platinum  wires  which’ 
would  have  been  necessary  for  conducting  tlie  la... e 
current  to  tho  carbon  rod,  could  not  have  been  f..se°l 

mto  tho  glass  so  that  the  joint  would  bo  peri” . t 

The  firet  siiecessful  lamp  had  the  all-ghiss  clinini 
her  and  a  burner  of  very  small  diameter,  which  made  it 
possible  to  use  small  platinum  wires,  which  could 
be  iieimianently  sealed  into  the  glass  without  diniculty. 
Since  that  time  the  art  by  increased  skill  and  experience 
has  become  able  to  effectually  seal  in  Inr-^er  wires  and 
thus  to  increase  tho  diameters  of  the  bumoi-s  which  can 
be  used.  The  extent  to  which  this  skill  hius  boon  ac¬ 
quired  IS,  I  think,  represented  by  those  lamps  havin- 
tho  largest  platinum  wires  and  carbon  burners  which 
arc  in  use  to-day,  and  in  which,  I  believe,  the  bimiers 
are  considerably  smaller  than  those  which  were  used  in 
the  old  lamps. 

If,  however,  for  tho  moment  wo  acceiit  tho  assuiiip- 
tions  in  tho  question,  I  think  that  if  Jlr.  Edison  or  aii- 
othor  skilled  person  had  enclosed  tho  large  carbon 
burner  or  rod  in  tho  all-glass  lamp  chamber  containing 
a  iory  high  vacuum  and  with  platinum  couducting 
w  ires  fused  into  its  walls  and  had  found  that  this  lamp 
was  durable  enough  to  bo  useful,  and  if  he  xvero  iic- 
qiianited  with  tho  suggestions  made  by  Mr.  Edison  in 
ns  Freiioh  patent  for  a  platinum  lamp,  to  tho  effect 
that  subdivision  of  tho  electric  light  was  to  be  looked 
for  by.using  burners  of  high  reststaiico  and  of  verv 
sma  1  diameter,  he  would  have  undemtood  that  them 
Mould  bean  advantage  in  making  such  burners  of  car¬ 
bon,  providing  they  would  bo  durable  when  made  small 
enough  to  obtain  tho  advantages  necessary  to  nccom- 
plish  subdivision  and  would  have  attempted  to  make 
such  burners  and  would,  I  think,  have  been  successful 
If  the  method  by  which  the  large  carbon  was  made 
was  also  applicable  to  the  making  of  the  very  small 
carbon. 

218  x-Q.  Is  there  a  minimum  limit  to  tho  size  of  the 
caibon  burner  which  will  remain  stable,  as  against 
meehanienl  shocks  and  the  effects  of  the  electric  cui- 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


2in  x-Q.  Has  this  limit  undergone  any  change  since 
the  lamps  were  first  made  and  sold  commercially? 

.V.  Yes ;  increased  skill  and  experience  has  made  it 
possible  to  diminish  the  minimiim  size 
•220  x-Q.  What  is  it  now? 

A.  I  believe  that  the  minimum  size  is  represented  bv 
the  Imrner  of  the  Edison  ten-candle-power  lamp  roquir- 
ing  an  electro-motive  force  of  102  volts. 

The  burner  of  this  lam))  is  4.2  tnoiisandths  (0.0012) 
of  an  inch  square. 

221  x-Q.  In  1881  what  was  the  smallest  size  that 
could  bo  used  commercial  ly  ? 

A.  1  can  only  sjieak  concoriiiug  tho  Edison  Comimiiy. 

I  believe  that  at  that  time  they  did  not  tiiid  it  practic¬ 
able  ill  their  ordinary  sixteen-candle-imwor  laui))  to 
use  burners  less  than  3.0  thousandths  tO.OO.iO)  of  an 
inch  thick  by  0.5  thousandths  (0.0005)  of  an  inch  wide, 
while  tho  burners  in  similar  lamps  now  in  use  are  1  7 
thousmidths  (0.0047)  of  an  inch  siiuare. 

222  x-Q.  I  find  in  your  answer  to  .x-Q.  200  the  some¬ 
what  siiriu-ising  statement  not  only  that  Jlr.  Edison 
found  out  that  "  buiners  of  very  small  diameter  Mere 
dunible  "  when  subjected  to  tho  calorific  action  of  the 
electric  current,  but  that  ho  and  others  found  out  “  that 
an  mcroaso  in  diameter  resulted  in  the  diminiitioii  of 
mechanical  ability,  to  withstand  tho  heat.”  What  was 
the  minimum  size  of  burner  beyond  which  this  law 
0  dnainutioii  of  stability  with  increase  of  size  ap))lio.s  ? 

A.  I  do  not  know  what  this  minimum  size  was  at 
ail)  one  time,  but  uudci'staud  that  with  skill  and  ox- 
perionee  tho  art  xvas  able  to  gradually  increase  the  size  of 
t  ie  Imrner  without  diminution  of  stability.  I  think 
that  tho  first  serious  difficulty  which  the  art  encountered 
ec.inse  of  a  diminution  of  stabilitx-  with  an  increase  in 
jze  Mils  in  attempting  to  make  burnei-s  of  tho  size  of 
lose  Ill  lamps  of  fifty-candle-pon-er  and  upn-ards,  and 
Of  those  111  lamps  intended  for  use  in  series  like  the 
"  itqial  lamps.  The  art  finallx-  succeeded  in  making 


the  bmners  of  such  Innips  practically  durable,  and  wc 
may  say  that  to-day  the  dimiuiitioii  of  stability  with  in- 
crease  of  size  ajiplies  to  lamps  having  burners  larger 
than  those  above  meiitioucd. 

223  x-Q.  Then,  as  I  understmid  you,  as  you  proceed 
upward  in  the  series  of  existing  commercial  iiicaiides- 
eeut  lamirs,  begiuning  with  the  lamp  haviitg  the 
smallest  sized  carbon,  there  is  no  diminution  in  th" 
stability  of  the  bnnier  as  the  size  increases,  even  up  to 
the  largest  size  ? 

A.  I  understand  that  it  is  now  possible  to  make  these 
burners  so  that  they  shall  have  vor3’  nearh'  or  jiractic- 
idly  the  same  stability  and  that  this  result  is  accom¬ 
plished  in  the  manufaetiiro  of  commercial  lamps. 

224  x-Q.  AVlmtis  the  difiereneo  in  cross-section  be¬ 
tween  the  largest  and  the  smallest  of  the  commei'ciul 
lamirs  now  made  by  the  Edison  Company  ? 

A.  The  ten-candle-power  and  one  hundred-candle- 
power  lamps  have  the  greatest  differeuco  in  cross- 
section,  that  of  the  former  being  one-sixteenth  of  that 
of  the  latter,  or  to  state  it  in  another  way,  the  one 
hundred-candle-power  burner  is  three  times  os  thick 
and  five  and  one-third  times  ns  wide  ns  the  ten-candle 
power  burner. 

Adjourned  to  August  27th,  1800,  at  11  A.  M. 


New  Yoitis,  August  27th,  1800. 

Met  pursuant  to  ndjournmeut. 

Present— Counsel  ns  before. 

225  x-Q.  Given  iu  absolute  figures,  what  are  the  re¬ 
spective  cross-sections  of  these  two  burners. 

A.  The  area  of  the  cross-section  of  the  one  hundred 
candle-power  burner  is  0.00028224  of  a  square  inch, 
and  that  of  the  ten  candle-power  bunier  is  0.000017G4 
of  a  square  inch. 

22G  x-Q.  You  hold,  ns  I  uudei-stand  it,  that  any 
diminution  iu  the  size  of  a  carbon  burner  below  the 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3705 


iny  increase  of  size  above  the  largest  size  now  used  in 
.■onimeicial  lamps,  is  attended  iu  either  case  with  such 
r  falling  off  in  the  stability  of  the  burner  as  to  make 
iiicli  burners  practically  usele.ss— iu  other  words,  that 
he  law  of  stability  which  applies  to  carbons  between 
licsc  two  limits  does  not  apply  when  these  limits  are 
rxceeded  iu  either  direction.  Does  this  correctly  lep- 

.•V.  Yes,  I  think  that  the  largest  and  smallest  sizes 
nark  the  limits  beyond  which  the  art  is  not  able  to  go 
rilhoiit  the  buriiei-s  becoming  so  unstable  ns  to  make 
t  inipi'acticable  to  iiianufacture  lamps  with  such 
airneis  for  general  comiiiercial  use.  In  making  this 
tatouieiit  I  do  not  exclude  the  possibility  of  the  art 
icing  able  iu  the  future  to  make  practically  durable 
airiiei-s,  both  larger  and  smaller  than  those  now  in  use. 

227  x-Q.  And  what  is  the  present  maximum  limit  V 

A.  The  burner  of  the  largest  cims-scction  of  which  I 
ave  knowledge  is  0.045  of  an  inch  wide  and  0.1)22 
f  an  inch  thick  and  the  area  of  its  ci-oss-sectioii  is 
'.(10009  of  a  square  inch,  being  one  of  the  Thomsoii- 
loiistoii  lamps.  My  information  corioerning  the  di- 
iciisions  of  this  burner  has  been  obtained  from  Corn- 
ilaiiiant’s  Exhibit  Schedule  of  Tliomsou-Hoiiston 


228  x-Q.  Ill  answer  to  x-Q.  201,  you  say  that  at  the 
ate  of  Mr.  Edison's  discovery  (referring,  as  I  under¬ 
land,  to  the  discovery  which  is  spoken  of  in  the 
atent  in  suit),  “  the  art  would  have  been  justified  in 
ssiiming  that  if  one  burner  had  sutlicient  nieclianical 
ability  to  make  it  practically  durable,  the  stability  of 
nother  burner  o  little  smaller  in  diameter  would  not 
ilVer  so  greatly  in  amount  from  that  of  the  first  as  to 
■•event  it  also  from  being  practicallv  durable ;  ”  and  in 


cmbou  rod,  wliieli  was  used  in  old  Iniiips  like  thoso  t 
Lodygiiinu  and  Sawyer  .t  Man,  was  stable,  no  on 
would  liavo  been  justifiial  in  assnmiiij,'  that  wlintove 
was  obsoned  to  be  of  utility  in  the  making  or  use  c 
this  burner  would  be  eciimlly  niiplicnblo  and  advanto); 
eons  in  the  making  or  uso  of  the  burners  mentioned  ii 
the  patent  in  suit. 

221)  x-Q.  Is  your  reason  for  this  conelusion  to  h 
found  in  your  assumption  that  carbon  possesses  n  phy 
sical  property  not  known  to  the  world  until  it  was  di’s 
covered  and  revealed  by  Jlr.  Edison  ? 

A.  Xot  exactly.  It  is  founded  upon  lu}*  opiiiii)] 
that,  if  the  art  had  ascertained  that  this  carbon  roil  wn 
stable  under  proper  conditions,  it  would  have  considere( 
that  this  was  due  to  the  fact  that,  being  large,  it  wn 
able  to  withstand  mechanical  shocks  and  the  calorilie  ne 
tion  of  the  heat  tending  to  disaggregate  its  particles  nin 
break  it,  and  would  have  aasumed  that  by  making  it  o 
very  small  diameter  (if  this  could  bo  done)  it  would  no 
in  these  respects  be  stable  enough  to  make  it  of  pnic 
tical  utility  j  the  incorrectness  of  which  assumption 
believe  Mr.  Edison  was  the  firet  to  ascertain. 

230  x-Q.  Of  course,  you  will  not  go  so  far  as  to  assi  r 
that  if,  at  the  time  referred  to  (in  the  year  1879,  piioi 
to  the  date  of  Edison’s  alleged  discovery)  it  had  Ixei 
ascertained  that  n  carbon  “  rod  ”  (which  I  understioii 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


i»-  the  buniei-s  u.sed  by  Lodyguine,  Komi,  .Sawv 
Jbiii,  mid  others)  made  out  of  a  given  iiiateriid  mu 
;i  given  proce.ss,  was  stable  when  used  under  cc 
coiiditions  ns  to  degree  of  vacuum,  character  of  1 
climiibcr,  etc.,  the  art  would  not  have  been  justilii 
.•issiuiiing  tbnt  carbons  of  somewhat  siiinller  dim 
would  also  jirove  to  be  stable  if  made  from  the 
iiialcritd  mid  by  tbe  same  jirocess  mid  u.sed  iiiidci 
smiie  conditions  of  vacuum,  liiiiip  chmuber,  etc.  ? 

A.  No,  not  if  the  word  “  .somewhat  ”  in  the  rpic 
implies  that  the  differenco  is  rpiitc  .small. 

231  x-Q.  If,  under  the  circumstnnce.s  supposed 
m  t  would  have  been  justified  in  nssuniing  that  “  s 
what  sinnller  ”  biinicrs  would  bo  stable,  why  would 
art  not  have  been  justified  in  concluding  that  bin 
still  sinnller,  if  made  of  the  same  material  mid  bi 
same  iirocess  and  used  under  the  .same  conditioii 
vacuum  and  lumii  chamber,  would  be  stable  ? 

A.  Because  I  think  that  the  art  would  have  suiiji 
that  the  possibility  of  making  them  so  that  they  w 
withstand  mechanical  shocks  and  the  action  of  the 
and  current,  would  diminish  in  a  much  greater  i 
th.m  the  reduction  in  their  diameter  and  to  such  m 
lent  ns  to  cause  said  burnere  to  be  iiiiprnctici 
Although  the  art,  with  the  skill  which  it  has  ncqiii 
is  able  to  make  burnei-s  of  practically  eipml  stnbi 
which  vary  considerably  in  diameter,  there  is  a  1 
ayond  which  the  diameter  cannot  be  diminis 
vhich  is  represented  by  a  burner  a  little  more  i 
"iir  thousandths  of  an  inch  squiii-e.  The  hypotli 
"  the  question  would,  I  think,  warrant  the  art  in  ns.s 
ng  that  a  burner  would  bo  durable  no  matter  1 
iim.ll,  nil  nssiiiiiptioii  which  we  know  is  not  true. 


Adjourned  till  August  28th,  1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


^E\V  lonK,  August  28tli,  1S!)0. 
Met  pureuaiit  to  adjournment. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

232  x-Q.  What  is  3-our  warrant  for  saying  tliat  unde 
a  hypothesis  of  tlie  last  quastion  the  art  would  havi 
pposed  that  the  power  of  a  carbon  burner  to  with 
ind  nieehanieal  shocks,  and  the  action  of  the  hc.it  .am 
0  electric  current  would  diminish,  with  a  reductioi 
the  diameter  of  the  carbon,  in  a  much  greater  ratic 
111  such  reduction  of  diameter. 

A.  I  think  it  was  nndei-stood  by  the  art  that  a  dimi 
tion  in  the  diameter  of  the  burner  would  be  disad 
iitageoHs,  because  it  would  reduce  its  stabilitv.  Ii 
lijiort  of  this  opinion  I  find  that  Du  Moncel  coiisid. 
id  that  even  the  carbon  rods  used  by  Lodyguiia 
re  not  large  enough  to  bo  stable;  for  he  .sirs  (1 
nslate  from  pages  102  and  1G3  of  the  second  ed’itioii 
his  work  on  electric  lighting,  luiblisbed  in  Paris  in 
JO,  and  evidently  before  he  had  knowledge  of  Edi- 
I’s  carbon  lamp) : 

“  System  of  Messrs.  Lodygninu  and  KoslolV;  Of 
the  ditrerent  systems  employed  for  obtaining  hiiain- 
ous  un'ccts  Ijy  the  diminution  of  the  cross-section 
of  a  good  conductor,  that  made  by  Messrs.  Lody- 
guine  and  KoslofT  has  given  the  most  interesting 
results.  These  residts,  in  1874,  also  attracted 
much  attention  because  the  effects  wore  soniewlmt 
comparable  to  those  of  which  wo  have  just  spoken 
(the  author  here  rcfei's  to  the  Jnblochkoff  candle) ; 
but  in  order  to  produce  them  a  much  greater  elec¬ 
trical  force  was  required,  aud  the  burners  (h:,'  or- 
ff(tiies)  raised  from  a  red  to  a  white  heat,  which 
were  made  from  gas-carbon  of  small  cross-section, 
did  not  possess  the  requisite  (flesirables)  conditions 
of  solidity  and  stability.” 

7heu  Du  Moncel  first  obtained  knowledge  of  Edison's 
bon  lamp  he  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  ”  .slen- 
”  aud  “delicate”  bnrne,-  1,0  hn- 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


nise  the  action  of  the  heat  would  tend  to  disaggregate 
s  particles.  In  answer  to  200  x-Q.  I  considered  thi.- 
pinion  cxiiressed  by  Du  Sloucel  at  some  length,  am; 
ated  that,  as  I  undei-stood  it,  he  was  comparing  Edi- 
ni’s  Imnier  with  that  of  Lodyguine,  and  believing  that 
1C  elVect  of  the  heat  wouht  be  to  cause  the  former  tc 
•  very  much  le.ss  stable  than  the  latter.  Later  on  Du 
oiicel  again  stated  what  his  imiuessions  were  upon 
ceiving  knowledge  of  Edison's  invention,  in  an  article 
iblishcd  in  La  Lumiere  Electrique,  October  1st, 
iSl.  in  the  folloiviug  words: 

“.411  these  attempts  (referring  to'  the  clVorts  of 
prior  inventors)  had  but  jiartially  .sncceuded,  to  say 
nothing  more,  when,  in  1870,  the  new  incandescent 
carbon  lami)  of  Jlr.  Edison  was  announced,  and 
many  savunU,  and  myself  in  particular,  doubted 
the  exactness  of  the  allegations  which  came  to  us 
from  America.  The  carbonized  paper  hoi-seshoe 
appeared  incapable  of  resisting  mechanical  shocks, 
and  of  supporting  incandescence  for  any  length  of 


The  opinion,  which  iqiparently  Du  Moncel  held,  that 
leduetion  in  diameter  would  result  in  such  a  great 
ainution  in  stability  its  to  cause  the  burner  to  be 
.’less,  would,  I  think,  bo  also  considered  correct  by 
lers  skilled  in  the  art.  L'lion  consideration,  I  think 
ivould  bo  probably  more  correct,  but  equally  to  the 
int,  to  say  in  the  answer  to  231  .x-Q.  that  the  art 
aid  have  supposed  that  the  possibility  of  making  the 
rners  so  that  they  would  withstand  mechanical 
X’ks  and  the  action  of  the  heat  and  eiirrent,  would  be 
greatly  diminished  by  reducing  their  diameter  as  to 
ult  ill  its  being  impracticable  to  make  such  biiriieis. 
J33  x-Q.  Ill  your  last  answer,  in  drawing  your  con- 
sious  from  the  quotations  made  from  Da  Moncel 
lose  claim  to  lie  an  authority  on  these  mattei-s  rests, 
I  andei-stand  it,  noon  his  own  boastful  siieL'estion 


iinswer  to  x-Q.  230  witli  your  lust  luiswer,  cjualif; 
liittor  lir-  saying  that  wliat  Du  Moiicel  iiieaiit 
that  if  tlicdiniuoturof  tliu  carlioii  was  roiluoed  too 
it  would  ceaso  to  l>o  sunicieutly  stalde  for  i)rii 
inuiiosus,  whiuli  I  uudei'stnud  to  bo  iu  uxaot  aooun 
with  existing  facts,  as  adinittod  by  you  wlieu  yo 
tliat  practically  thoro  is  a  niininiuni  limit  below  i 
;ho  reduction  of  the  diameter  of  the  carbon  canm 
■•airied  without  impairing  its  stabilit}'  to  that  exten 
It  becomes  absolutely  useless  ns  a  hunier  ? 

Objected  to  as  indefinite,  and  as  conta 
stateiiiciits  and  assumptions  not  warrnnti 
the  evidence,  in  that,  among  other  thing: 
counsel  attaches  to  a  statement  by  Du  II 
an  unwarranted  assumption  ns  to  the  sta 
of  the  old  carbons,  and  asks  the  witness  to  ni 
the  meaning  of  Du  Moncel's  statement  bv 
assumption. 

Counsel  for  complainant  also  objects  ti 
iiiti.idaction  Into  the  quc.stions  by  coun.s( 
ilefondnnt  of  statements,  such  ns  that  abou 
reputation  of  Du  Moncel,  which  the  witno; 
uot  asked  to  affirm  or  deny,  and  which  are 
dently  intended  to  bo  taken  ns  true  hv  the  ( 
without  being  established  by  proper  evidcli 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3711 


.\.  I  see  no  reason  for  modifying  my  opinion,  given 
ill  answer  to  230  x-Q.,  concerning  what  the  art  (includ¬ 
ing  Dll  Jloncel)  would  have  been  justified  in  assuinim'. 
In  the  light  of  all  the  citations  which  I  have  takmi 
from  the  writings  of  Du  Jloncel  I  think  that  he  was  of 
llie  opinion  that  ns  the  diameter  of  the  burner  was  re- 
dneed  its  stability  would  be  rapidly  dimished  and  that 
improvement  was  to  be  looked  for,  not  in  reducing  the 
diameter,  but,  on  the  contrary,  in  increasing  it,  for  he 
says  that  the  burners  used  by  Lodyguine  and  Kosloti', 
which  ho  considered  to  bo  of  “  small  cross  section,"  did 
not  possess  the  requisite  conditions  of  solidity  and 
stability.  Still,  although  I  believe  as  stated  in  mv  an¬ 
swer  to  230  x-Q.  that  Du  Jloncel  and  others  would  have 
been  justified  in  assuming  that  a  reduction  iu  diameter 
quite  small  in  amount  would  still  result  in  the  burner 
being  practically  stable,  I  think  that  they  would  have 
considered  that  improvement  in  stability  was  to  be 
looked  for  in  the  opposite  direction. 

234  x-Q.  I  still  do  not  understand  your  reason  for 
liohling  that,  if,  under  given  conditions  of  manufacture 
and  use,  a  carbon  as  largo  as  the  old  carbou  burners 
had  lieen  found  stable,  the  art  in  1S71I  (jirior  to  liili- 
son's  invention)  would  have  been  justified  iu  assuming 
that  a  small  reduction  in  diameter  might  bo  made 
without  impairing  the  stability  of  the  burner,  l„u  l/,„l 
<1  /■iiyo-  raluclioii  than  this  miiihl  have  been  xvhMij  I'm- 
jiiaeticnlile.  Will  you,  if  i)o.ssible,  explain  this  niattei 
more  fully? 

Olijeeted  to  ns  immaterial  and  irrelevant  since 
the  witness  has  stated  over  and  over  again  that 
the  old  carbons  were  not  found  stable  and  that 
the  assumption  upon  which  the  question  is 
based  has  no  foundation  iu  fact.  Counsel  for  com¬ 
plainant  feels  it  his  duty  to  call  the  attention  of 
the  Court  to  the  fact  that  the  cioss-examination 
has  been  made  up  largely  of  questions  of  this 
character,  which  are  not  w'arranted  by  the  direct 
examination  and  cannot  result  iu  the  exposition 
of  any  of  the  issues  of  the  case ;  and  to  protest 


Clmrlos  L.  Clarke. 


against  the  further  protraction  of  an  already 
protracted  cross-examination  bj-  questions  of 
this  character. 


Defendant’s  conusol  states  in  regard  to  the 
length  of  the  cross-examination  that  this  has 
been  rendered  iiecossar}-  by  reason  of  the  con¬ 
stant  introduction  by  the  witness  into  his  an¬ 
swers  of  matters  that  wore  not  relevant  to  the 
questions  in  connection  with  which  they  were 
introduced,  but  which,  if  admissible  as  a  part  ol 
the  deposition,  could  irroperly  be  introduced 
only  on  the  direct  examination  :  ns  defendant's 
counsel  views  the  matter,  the  answers  of  the  wil- 
ue.ss  on  cross-examination  are  made  iq)  very 
largely  of  such  matters,  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  informally  the  witness'  attention  has  been 
repeatedly  called  to  the  objectionable  chai-acter 
of  his  answers  in  this  rcganl. 

Dcfeiidant’s  counsel  has  not  considered  it 
necessary  to  enter  these  objections  upon  the 
record,  because  of  the  manifest  intention  of  the 
witness  not  to  coniine  himself  in  his  answei-s  to 
the  scope  of  the  question. 

As  regards  the  argument  made  by  comiilaiu- 
aiit’s  counsel  under  the  guise  of  an  objection, 
dcfeudniit’s  counsel  has  no  other  rejily  to  make 
at  present  than  to  state  that  the  fact  upon  which 
that  argumeut  proceeds  only  serves  to  cnqdia- 
size  the  absurdity  of  the  position  which  the 
witness  has  taken  in  regard  to  the  views  of  per¬ 
sons  skilled  in  the  art  in  1879. 

Counsel  for  complainant  replies  that  if  the 
pui'suit  of  the  witness  by  counsel  for  dofeiidaiit 
as  to  the  views  of  pei-sous  skilled  in  the  art  in 
1879  when  the  witness  is  asked  to  modify  those 
views  by  assumptions  which  the  witness  pro- 
te.sts  are  not  tnio  and  which  are  directly  con¬ 
tradictory  to  the  views  which  he  is  asked  to 
modify,  has  (due  to  the  good  uatured  attempts 
of  the  witness  to  answer  such  absurd  questions) 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


-3713 


counsel  for  the  defendant,  the  position  now- 
taken  by  ^counsel  for  complainant,  that  the 
cross-examination  should  not  bo  further  pro¬ 
tracted  by  the  continuation  of  this  course,  would 
seem  to  bo  sustained. 

A.  Although,  ns  I  understand  it,  the  art  considered 
that  carbon  biirnei-s  would  have  no  practical  stability 
wlieii  tested  under  any  of  the  conditions  which  could 
then  be  thought  of  as  being  at  all  suitable  or  nece.ssarv 
I  believe  that  it  was  considered  that  an  increase  in  the 
little  stability  (that  is,  their  ability  to  last  a  few  hours) 
which  they  did  have  was  to  be  looked  for  bv  increas¬ 
ing  rather  than  by  diminishing  their  diameters.  Xow, 
if  it  he  assumed  that  the  carbon  burners  in  old  lamps 
laid  been  placed  under  conditions  which  did  render 
them  practically  stable,  I  believe  that  under  this  as¬ 
sumption  the  art  would  still  have  considered  that 
greater  stability  was  to  bo  obtained  by  increasing  the 
-size,  and  that  while  it  would  ho  justified  in  assiiining 
that  a  small  diminution  in  diameter  would  not  preven't 
tlie  binnor  from  being  still  stable  enough  for  practical 
purposes  it  would  not  bo  justified  in  continuing  to 
uj'plythis  assumption  to  still  smaller  diameters  in 
view  of  the  iindoi-standing  that  with  a  given  diameter 
the  stability  would  bo  constant  and  sufficient  for  prac¬ 
tical  purposes,  and  that  its  increase  was  to  bo  looked 
for  by  enlarging  rather  than  by  diminishing  the  size  of 
tlHj  burners. 

Adjourned  to  August  30th,  1890,  at  11  A.  M, 


Acoust  30, 1890. 

.Met  pui-siiaut  to  adjoiiiiiment. 

Adjourned  to  Tuesday,  Sept.  2, 1890,  at  11  A.  JI. 


Clmrles  L.  Clnrke. 


New  Yoiik,  September  2,  ISIII). 
Met  pui-suniit  to  iiiljoiinimeiit. 

Present— G.  P.  Lowiiev  nnel  E.  N.  Dvei!,  of  couiisc 
•i  ^coiiipluiiiuut ;  S.  A.  Duxcax,  of  counsel  for  ,k 

iioss-examixatiox  of  the  Witness,  C.  L.  Clahke,  w 

235  x-Q.  In  your  answer  to  47  x-Q.  yon  sav  tliii 
the  elForts  of  the  art  have  been  continnallv  directei 
wards  obtaining  lamps  having  burners  of  exeeediugl 
mil  eross-seetion.”  ete. ;  to  what  period  of  time-tlm 
since  what  date — did  you  intond  that  stateinenl  t 

•ply  ? 

A.  From  the  time  beginning  with  the  date  of  tli 
tent  in  suit.  The  aiisivcr  had  reference  to  laiii| 
-til  carbon  biiriiers. 

23G  x-Q.  Did  you  intend  by  47  Alls,  to  suggest  tin 
iiee  the  ■  date  of  the  patent  in  suit  the  art  hr 
instantly  been  seeking  to  obtain,  and  has  in  fact  ol 
iiied,  carbon  burners  of  smaller  eross-seetion  than 
iis  possible  to  secure  by  the  methods  known  to  tli 
t  during  the  period  imincdiatcly  succeeding  the  gnu 
the  patent? 

A.  Yes ;  uiidei'standiug  that  the  life  of  the  lamps  i 
1  cases  IS  assiiined  to  be  the  same. 

237  x-Q.  Has  this  result,  as  you  uuderstaiid  it,  bec 
cured  by  means  of  inveutions  made,  or  at  least  re 
alcd  to  the  juiblic,  since  the  date  of  the  patent  i 

A.  I  am  not  acquainted  mth  the  details  of  the  |jrii 
isses  piimied  in  the  commercial  mamifacture  of  in 
iiidescoiit  lamps  (I  refer  more  particularly  to  the  man 
■actiiro  and  treatnient  of  the  burners).  Neither  am 
ell  acquaiiitod  with  the  history  of  the  art  in  this  n 
lid  as  revealed  by  patents  for  the  manufacture  of  tl: 
irneis  gi'anted  since  the  date  of  the  patent  in  siii 
ivmg  had  no  particular  occasion  for  inquiring  ini 
lis  subject.  I  am  tborefore  uiiablc  to  saj-  how  mac 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3717 


Imrners  is  due  to  skill  and  experience,  and  how  much 
is  the  result  of  subsequent  invention. 

233  x-Q.  StiE,  without  going  into  details,  I  would 
like  your  opinion  as  an  expert  whether  this  ability  to 
mamifacture  burners  of  a  reduced  diameter  is  in  any 
mcasuie  dependent  upon  the  subsequent  inventions? 

A.  I  think  that  it  is  to  some  extent. 

23t)  x-Q.  From  various  things  contained  in  your 
testimony,  I  judge  that  you  would  akso  say  that  since 
the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit  there  has  been  a  sub¬ 
stantially  constant  effort  on  the  part  of  the  art  to  make 
carbon  burners  of  laryer  crosss-scetion  timu  it  was 
practically  possible  to  secure  by  the  methods  of  maiiu- 
factiire  known  to  the  art  during  the  period  immediately 
succeeding  the  grunt  of  the  imtent.  Do  you  so  hold  ? 

A.  Some  time  after  the  commercial  introduction  of 
the  iinaleni  incandescent  lamp  coniinenced  it  was  ascer¬ 
tained  that  there  was  use  for  similar  lamps,  with 
buriiere  of  largo  diameter.  The  art  has  succeeded  by 
Its  efforts  in  constructing  .such  lamps,  with  Imrners 
imich  hii-ger  in  diameter  than  could  be  made  imme¬ 
diately  after  the  date  of  the  patent. 

240  x-Q.  In  your  opinion  as  an  expert,  is  this  ability 
of  the  art  to  make  burners  of  larger  diameter  also  de¬ 
pendent  iiieaaiirably  upon  inventions  siibseiiiient  to  the 
uiito  of  the  imteut  in  suit? 

A.  I  think  so,  to  some  extent. 

241  x-Q.  Do  you  know  when  first  any  of  these  sub- 
•^eipient  inventions  were  made  use  of,  whereby  the  art 
was  enabled  to  produce  burners  that  were  smaller  or 
uirners  that  were  larger  than  those  which  it  was  possi- 
ae  to  produce  by  any  of  the  methods  known  to  the  art 
inimediately  after  the  grant  of  the  patent  in  suit? 

A.  I  think  that  it  was  in  the  summer,  possible  in  the 
“I’nng,  of  I8S0. 

-42  x-Q.  'What  particular  invention  or  inventions  do 
you  now  have  in  mind  ? 

A.  Mr.  Edison’s  invention  of  a  burner  made  from  car- 
'wiiized  bamboo. 

il.t  x-Q.  lou  do  not  understand,  do  you,  that  this  is 
“e  only  invention  sub.sequent  to  the  date  of  the  patent 


Charles  h.  Clarke. 


Charles  L.  Clark 


..  suit  which  has  enabled  the  art  to  make  carbon  bura- 
irs  botli  smaller  and  larger  than  it  was  iiossiblc  for  the 

mtentT'^*'  of  flir 

A.  That  is  the  only  invention  which  I  had  in  mind 
know  that  burners  are  made  from  other  carboniznble 
imtenals  by  ,,rocc^sses  invented  since  the  date  of  the 
'utent  in  suit  which  also  make  it  possible  to  constnid 
inrners  both  larger  and  smaller  than  conld  be  made 
iiiiaediately  after  the  date  of  the  patent. 

Adjourned  for  Inneli. 


1<  nc  1 

244  .'t-Q.  Are  you  now  able  to  state  either  the  masi- 
imn  or  the  minimum  size  of  burner  that  it  was  inae- 
cable  to  make  by  the  methods  that  were  known  to  the 
rt  immediately  after  the  grant  of  the  patent  in  suit, 
lid  without  the  aid  of  these  subsecpient  inventions 
Inch  the  art  has  since  availed  of  in  order  to  make 
111  smaller  and  still  larger  biirnoi-s  ? 

A.  Tliut  is  a  diflicult  (piostion  to  answer,  for  the  rca- 
m  that  some  of  these  inventions  were  made  soon  after 
le  date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  and  advantage  was  at 
ice  taken  of  them  in  the  practical  coiistructiim  of 
iiniers,  and  later  on  to  increase  and  diminish  their 
ametors,  wliicii  became  i>ossiblc,  not  imniediaielv 
[ion  the  inyentions  being  made,  but  only  after  exiieri-  ' 
ice  and  skill  ^  had  been  accpiired.  Under  these  cir- 
inistaiices  it  is  dillieult  to  state  the  smallest  and  larg- 
it  diameters  which  might  have  been  given  to  biiraei-s 
ade  according  to  the  method  described  in  the  patent 
suit,  it  the  art  had  been  obliged  to  depend  wholly 
)on  the  skill  acquired  in  working  under  the  patent, 
id  had  not  derived  some  advantage  from  subseipieiit 
iprovements.  In  my  opinion,  the  present  ability  of 
e  art  to  coastrnct  burners  of  the  largest  and  smallest 
ameters  now  in  use  has  been  in  a  much  greater  moas- 


IIK'  due  to  skill  and  experience  than  to  inventions  snb- 
secinent  to  the  date  of  Edison’s  jiatent,  and  while  these 
inventions  have  undoubtedly  been  of  .some  ndv.-inta-'e 
still  I  think  that  without  them  the  ai-t  would  have  bism" 
able  to  make  burnei-s  approaching  in  size  the  largest 
ami  smallest  now  in  use.  '' 

Adjourned  to  Sejit.  .3,  at  11  A.  Jl. 


Seite.miieii  3,  ISno. 

Jlet  pui-snant  to  adjournment. 

I’re.sent— Counsel  as  before. 

CI10SS.EXAMIXATI0.V  OF  THE  WlT.XESS,  C.  L.  CLAIIKE  fOX- 

TINCED  ; 

245  x-Q.  You  have  assumed  that  in  the  modern  lamp, 
from  the  ciiamber  of  which  not  only  air  but  other  gases 
are  excluded  until  a  very  high  vacuum  is  attained,  the 
tv.iporation  or  disintegration  of  the  carljon  is  .so  sli-dit 
th.it  foi  tins  reason  the  modern  lamp  ic  essentiallv 
ditlerent  from  any  of  the  old  lamps,  in  which,  voli 
cinim,  there  was  present  either  a  destructive  amount  of 
i-x.vgen  (owing  to  the  imperfect  exhaustion  of  the  air), 
oi  of  other  gases  of  a  doleteiious  nature,  introduced  as 
flic  mode  of  o.xcludiiip  the  oxygeu. 

-Vow,  is  it  not  a  fact  that  the  comparative  absence  of 
c'apomtion  of  the  carbon,  which  you  assume  to  exist  in 
le  nioderu  lamp,  depends  in  largo  measure  upon  the 
"ay  in  which  the  lamp  is  used ;  and  is  it  not  a  fact  that 
J.'  a  slight  increase  in  the  amount  of  the  current  jiassed 
‘iHough  the  lamp  (as  shown  by  tables  II.  A  IV.,  and  V., 
•iinl  the  connected  diagrams,  in  Defendant’s  Exhibit 
•  Hunons  Article"),  the  resistance  of  the  lamp  will  in¬ 
crease  rapidly,  aceompanied  with  a  rapid  falling  off  in 
<-  leiencj  ,iud  in  stabilitj*  and  durability,  so  that  in  fact 

. "•>ieu  nin  at  90  volts  will  last  on  an 

■1  u  1  age  more  than  COO  hours  (running  down  in  efficieucy 
“  th.it  time  some  31  per  cent.),  will  nm  down  in 
'■  icieuey  nearly  one-half  (to  be  more  accurate,  40  per 


cent.)  in  100  lioni-s,  if  tlio  cnnent  be  imt  up  to  i: 
ami  will  not  Ia.st  more  tlnin  about  eleven  hour 
average,  if  the  current  be  inereaseil  to  123  volt.s 
A.  It  is  a  fact  that  the  test.s  made  bv  Sieme 
tlmt  lamps  increase  in  resistance  and  dim 
eOieieney,  and  that  wlien  the  electro-motive  for 
creased  above  the  amount  for  which  the  ian 
teiKk'd,  the  rotlnetion  in  eflicioney  in  a  yiven  ti 
increases,  while  the  stability  and  durability  d 
as  IS  shown  by  the  results  of  the  tests  whi, 
nmde  upon  9(i-voJt  lamps,  a  summarv  of  w 
(,'iven  in  the  ipie.stion.  While  Siemens’  test 
made  upon  ten  lamps)  prove  a  general  truth,  I 
Hunk  that  the  re.sults  obtained  can  be  relied  , 
correctly  representing  the  average  result  wliicl 
lie  obtained  from  testing  a  large  number  of  lai 
im  unable  to  see  from  tlie.se  tests,  however,  as 
i)e  inferred  from  the  (juestion,  that  the  increase 
iistance  and  decrease  in  efficiency  are  related  to 
:he  cause  of  the  shorter  life  of  the  burner. 

210  s-Q.  Independently  of  these  tests  of  Sien 
t  not  a  well-established  fact  that  the  stability  of  a 
)f  a  given  lamp,  or  in  other  words  the  life  of  a  lai 
lends  uiion  the  electro-motive  force  of  the  i 
ised— to  the  ext.ent  that,  with  a  cuiTent  of  ve 
■lectro-inotivo  force,  develoiiing  in  the  lamp  a  ! 
andescence,  the  lain])  may  be  made  to  last  i 
housand  horn's,  while  by  largely  increasing  the  e 
iiotive  force,  so  as  todevelop  a  very  high  incamlei 
he  carbon  would  not  have  sufficient  stability  to  i 
veil  for  an  hour. 

A.  Yes. 


otive  force  which  should  bo  used  in  order  that  t 
uiier  should  be  durable  enough  for  commercial  pi 
i.ses.  In  my  opinion  the  iiatoiit  de.scribes  a  meth 
making  burners  of  widely  varying  resistance  ext( 
nidiating  surface  and  candle-power  which  m'av  ir 
luhe  considci-able  diiroreiico  of  electro-motive 'foi 
I-  their  operation  ;  and  I  believe  that  after  the  pate 
d  instructed  the  art  how  to  make  such  burners,  win 
B  .stated  to  bo  stable  at  very  high  temperature.s,  t 
:  would  have  recognized  that  lamps  having  such  bin 
i  would  have  a  eomiuercial  value,  and  would  bv  tei 
:  them,  determine  the  electro-motive  force  ii ml 
lich  they  should  Ixi  operated, 
i'18  x-Q.  I  undei-stand  you  to  admit  that  the  stahili 
'/iirtihilili/  of  an  Edison  incandescent  lam|)  (using  tl 
m  with  reference  to  pracUciU  results)  deiiends 
•y  largo  measure  ppon  the  electro-motive  force  wi 
ich  the  lamp  is  inn;  also  that  the  patent  in  si 
os  no  instructions  ns  to  the  electro-motive  for 
ich  is  suited  to  lamps  made  under  the  patent.  Und 
ise  circumstances,  do  you  think  it  correct  to  chiii 
might  seem  to  bo  indicated  in  the  jiatent,  that  tl 
•ner  of  the  patented  lamp  is  “  absolutely  stable  '1 
other  words,  so  far  lus  the  superioritv  of  the  ]mtont( 
ip  depends  upon  the  slahilit;/  of  the  carbon,  is  m 
s  a  mere  matter  of  degi'eo ;  and  even  so  is  it'  not  d 
I'lent  largely  upon  conditinns  not  set  forth  in  tl 

V.  Undei-stnuding  that  I  uin  in  reality  asked  to  an: 
‘  tlio  last  sentence  of  the  question,  I  do  not  thin 
t,  considered  from  a  jiracticnl  standpoint,  the  sti 


Cliarles  L.  Clnrke. 


1  x-Q.  WImt  I  wish  to  know  is  this  :  tVhetlior,  wli 

liave  obtaiiicsl  tho  lowest  vaeimm  tliat  will  oivo  v 
icticallj-  durable  carbon,  any  incnsiso  in  such 
nni  will  be  attended  with  a  c  tl 

bility  <ir  the  effieiinicy  of  the  carbon,  and,  if 
her  that  iin])rovement  in  tho  lamp  eontiimes  as  v 
imie  to  increase  the  vacuum  n]>  to  the  highest  atta 
imlnt  of  the  latter  ? 

I  believe  that  the  result  is  to  increase  the  dn 
i-  and  eniciency  of  the  lamp  up  to  the  highest  pr 
ly  attainable  vacuum,  but  nut  in  a  de'Tcc  corr 
ling  to  tho  perfection  of  the  vacuum. 

2  x-Q.  Would  this  be  equidly  true  when  tho  res 
.'as  of  the  vacmini  is  atmospheric  air,  and  when 
10  of  tho  so.called  “ inert”  gases,  such,  forinstan 
itrogen  ? 

I  think  so,  although  I  cannot  call  to  mind  anv  i 
imaits  made  to  prove  it. 

•i  x-Q.  Inch  size  of  carbon  burner  will  admit,  o 
ntly  with  practical  durability,  of  the  employment 
lower  vacuum— a  largo  carbon  (such,  for  instance 
a])loyed  in  the  Edison  100-candlo  i)owor  now  Ian 
small  carbon  (such,  for  instanee,  as  is  nsml  in  ' 
■on  10-eandlo  power  lamp)  ? 

•  I  think  the  larger  carbon  of  tho  lt)0-candle  jioi 

Ix-Q.  Why? 

Tor  the  following  rca-sons.  With  the  lo' 
iini  (no  lower  than  i.s  consistent  with  ])rnctienl  d 
t.v  and  economy)  heat  is  more  nipidlv  taken  av 
the  bnmor  by  convection  and  conduction,  due 
gioater  amount  of  gas  present,  resulting  in 
■‘<«ity  of  increasing  tho  strength  of  current  r 
'lilt  of  heat  supplied  to  the  bnnier,  in  order 


235  x-Q.  If,  for  tlie  reason  just  given  by  you,  a  com¬ 
paratively  laige  carbon  will  have  more  nicclianicil 
stability  than  the  smaller  one,  so  as  to  admit  of  tl'a 
employment  of  a  lower  vacmim  without  practical  ii„. 
pannient  of  the  durability  of  the  lami>,  will  it  not 
follow  that  with  the  same  vaciiiim  the  larger  carbou 
should  have  greater  caiaicity  to  withstand  the  ciinoii 
and  the  heat  than  the  small  one  ? 

A.  I  did  not  say  that  there  would  bo  no  change  oi 
oiipaii  aieiit  of  the  durability  of  the  lamp  with  the  lowei 
vacuum.  What  I  did  say  amounts  to  this,  that  if  tia 
vaciuun  were  lowered,  the  larger  carbon,  when  used  in 
this  vacuuni,  would  have  more  durability  than  tin 
smaller  carbon  when  nseil  in  the  .same  vacuuni.  llotl. 
carbons  would,  in  mv  opinion,  have  their  diirabihti 
diniuii  hed  bi  use  in  the  lower  vacuum,  but  I  assiiiiici 
that  the  vacuum  should  not  bo  so  low  as  to  dimiiiisl 
the  diiinbility  to  such  an  extent  as  to  make  the  lamp, 
impracticable.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  I  believe  that  whili 
the  art  has  become  able  to  make  biirnora  varying  con¬ 
siderably  in  diameter,  which  at  a  given  temjieraturt 
and  degree  of  vacuum  have  on  the  avomgo  the  sanii 
durability  it  is  understood,  us  tho  outcome  of  ])rneticn 
expenonce  with  modern  incandescent  lamps,  that,  whili 
a  lowering  of  tho  vacuum  diminishes  tho  durability  in 
well  ns  the  economy  of  lamps  with  all  sizes  of  burner,s 
the  ellect  is  gioater  upon  the  smaller  sizes. 

25(i  x-Q.  Keferring  back  to  251  x-Q.  and  yoiiranswci 
thereto,  is  it  not  also  a  fact  that  as  you  diminish  the 
vacuum  of  a  lamp  from  the  lowest  vacuum  that  will  give 
a  practically  or  commercially  durable  carbon,  you  wil 
diminish  the  durability  of  the  lamp,  and  that  suci 
deteriorntio’n  of  the  lamp,  attendant  upon  the  diniiim 
tion  of  tho  vacuum,  will  continue  until  tho  lump  ii 
wholly  worthless  ? 

A.  .Since  tho  date  of  the  patent  in  suit  it  has  licei 
ascertained  that  by  diminishing  the  vacuum  to  a  sulli- 
cieut  extent,  the  durability  and  efficieucy  of  a  lami 
which  with  a  high  vacuum  would  be  of  couimeicial 


lived  in  this  deposition.  As  to  the  particular  matt- 
fpiired  of  in  257  x-Q.  I  will  .say  that,  although  I . 
it  know  the  lowest  degree  of  vacuum  which  it  is  po 
lile  to  use  and  yet  have  a  pinctically  commercial  lam 
do  know  the  vacuum  used  in  lam|>s  made  by  tho  Ed 
m  Company,  which,  I  think,  does  not  vary  groat 
om  that  used  by  other  lain])  maimfactureisi. 

251)  x-Q.  What  is  that  vacuum  J 

A.  About  one  thirty-thousandth  of  an  atm- 

ihero. 

200  x-Q.  Do  you  know  what  is  the  highest  vaenu 
Itaiin.blo  by  the  rorriccllian  method  as  at  ineso 
I'lictisod  ? 

Objected  to  as  immaterial. 

A.  With  a  simple  barometer  tube  a  vorv  high  vacua 
^11  bo  obtained,  but  I  am  unable  to  state  tho  oxtren 

201  x-Q.  Can  a  vacuum  bo  obtained  by  this  methc 

-  jugli  asthoonethirty-thou-sandth  of  an  atm- 

-I-  1  think  .so. 

A.lj,„.,,.ed  until  Seiitember  5,  1890,  at  11  A.  31. 


2G2  x-Q.  How  long  Inis  this  lieeu  possible. 

A.  That  I  ciuiiiot  state  iletinitoly,  hat  I  think  tliat  i 
htus  been  known  liow  to  obtain  a  very  high  vaeiiuin  in « 
simiile  baronieter  tube  for  many  years. 

2(i3  x-Q.  With  a  piston  air-immji  how  high  a  vaeiiim 
can  bo  obtained  ? 

A.  That  I  cannot  state  deflnitely,  hut  I  think  that  il 
will  be  very  low  as  compared  with  the  vacuum  obtained 
in  a  barometer  tube  by  the  Torricellian  method. 

2G4  x-Q.  I  find  in  Fanulay’s  “Experimental  lie. 
searches  in  Electricity,”  ])nblishod  in  1834  (on  page  250, 
Vol.  I.,  of  the  reprint  of  1839),  the  following  statoinent ; 

“  The  same  quantity  of  electricity  which,  iiasseil 
in  •>  gi.eii  tiiue,  can  heat  an  inch  of  platina  wire  ol 
a  certain  diameter  redhot  can  also  heat  a  hundred, 
a  thousand,  or  any  length  of  the  same  wire  to 
the  same  degree,  provided  the  cooling  circumst.mias 
are  the  same  for  every  part  in  all  cases.” 

Do  you  understand  this  statement  of  Fanidav  to  he 
true  ? 

A.  les,  but  it  should  also  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
ulectro-motive  force  necessary  to  cause  the  electricity  to 
tlow  through  the  wire  will  inci'citso  with  its  length. 

2G3  x-Q.  Would  this  statement  of  Faraday’s  bo  equally 
true  whether  the  hundred  or  thousand  inches  of  wire 
were  continuous  in  one  length  or  divided  up  into  a  hun¬ 
dred  or  a  thousand  separate  pieces,  assuming  in  the 
latter  case  that  the  sepamte  parts  are  connected  by 
L'ondiictoi-s  of  such  small  resistance  as  to  be  practically 
negligible  ? 

A.  Underataudiug  that  the  pieces  are  to  be  connected 
in  series,  the  statement  is  also  true  in  this  case,  al¬ 
though  a  greater  amount  of  enoiirv  would  be  renuired 


if  the  wire  is  divided  into  short  lengths  than  if  in  one 
continuous  piece,  because  the  large  intermediate  con¬ 
necting  wires  would  conduct  heat  away  from  the 
platinum  wires  at  their  numerous  jioints  of  connection. 

2GG  x-Q.  Do  yon  not  think  that  long  inior  to  1879  a 
pel-sou  skilled  in  electrical  matters  would  have  under¬ 
stood  ])0rfectly  well  that,  by  proportionatclv  increasing 
tile  electro-motive  force  of  an  electric-lighting  circuit 
as  new  lights  wore  added  to  the  circuit,  one  could  keep 
all  the  lamps  at  a  constant  illuminating  power,  and  thus 
with  a  eoiistaiit  amount  of  cuneiit  produce  the  same 
amount  of  light  at  each  one  of  several  foci  as  originally 
he  would  have  obtained  from  one  laui])  onlv’? 

Olijected  to  as  not  proper  cross-examination 
as  to  which  the  defendant  makes  the  \ritiiess  its 


-•1.  Leaving  out  of  consideration  those  characteristics 
which  prevented  electric  lamps  from  being  practieallv 
operated  when  connected  in  series,  it  was,  long  iirior  to 
1870,  uiidcratood  as  a  geneinl  proposition  that  the  elec- 
tio-iiiotive  force  (or,  as  it  was  then  termed,  “intensity”) 
of  the  cim-eut  should  he  increased  as  lamps  were  added 
to  the  circuit. 

2G7  x-Q.  Was  not  a  recognition  of  this  principle  es- 
seiitial  to  the  commercial  subdivision  of  the  electric 
light  y 

A.  I  do  not  think  so.  As  a  matter  of  fact  subdivi¬ 
sion  was  not  accomplished  bv  arranging  lamiis  in  series, 
lilt  m  multiple  arc.  I  think  that  it  was  necessary  to 
Know  that  as  the  resistance  of  an  incandescent  burner 
"as  increased  by  increasing  its  length  the  electro- 
do’n"**  ■J'-'  increased  in  the  same  proiior- 

-GS  x-Q.  Was  it  not  also  necessary  to  know  that  as 
‘yMtnber  of  lamps  was  increased  the  electro-motive 
oi'cc  should  be  correspoudinglv  increased  ? 


Adjomned  for  lunch. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


!smao<l. 

Uuderstaucliiig  that  it  i.s  a.s.si\med  tliat  the  !■ 
rn.ago.l  i.,  serio.s,  I  answer  no.  The  prohle 
ivismn  was  aeoomplishea  by  arranging  tlie  la 
a  series,  hut  in  nmitiple  arc,  and  an  increase  i 
)er  of  lamps  connected  to  a  circuit  in  thelattei 
not  call  for  an  increiuse  in  the  eloctro-motive  f 
3  x-Q.  I  do  not  understand  your  position  at 
n-mcr  parts  of  your  testimony  I  nudei-stand  v< 
taken  the  ground  that  if  fifty,  or  even  a  sni 
jer  of  lamps,  had  been  arinngod  in  series  in  a 
nilding,  and  those  lamps  were  so  constructed  i 
irable,  such  eonstniction  and  arinngemcnt  of  li 
;1  have  been  a  practical  solution  of  the  iiroblei 
iibdivision  of  the  electric  light.  I  also  nuders 
rt  the  present  time  a  very  considemble  part  o: 
ascent  lighting  is  accomplished  by  the  use  of  hi 
les.  Now,  was  it  not  necessary  in  effecting 
vision  of  the  electric  light  by  the  use  of  lanipi 
d  in  series,  to  know  that  as  the  number  of  la 
iicreased  the  electro-motive  force  of  the  cm 
d  bo  correspondingly  iucrensed  ? 

Objected  to  as  iminatcrial,  indefinite  and 
logical,  and  also  ns  misstating  and  confusing 
facts  and  the  testimony  already  given  by 
witness  ;  the  witno.ss  having  testified  that 
problem  of  subdivision  was  accomplished  h 
multiple  are  arrangement  of  lamps,  and 
by  a  series  arrangement,  the  assumption 
the  question  that  the  problem  was  ncc 
plished  by  a  series  nrrangcincnt  is  directly  < 
trary  to  the  accepted  fact,  and  any  answer  of 
witness  based  uiion  such  a  false  assumption 
be  of  no  benefit  to  the  case.  Counsel  for  c 
plaiuant  feels  it  his  duty  to  again  protest  ng.a 
the  further  protraction  of  the  cross-examinnl 
by  questions  of  this  character. 

Defendant’s  counsel  states  that  he  has 
assumed  that  historically  the  problem  of 


subdivision  of  the  electric  light  was  solved  by 
the  arrangement  of  incandescent  lamps  in  .serie.s . 
but  his  question  is  designed  to  refer  oidv  to  thosi! 
instances  of  subdivision  (which  he  undeistands 
are  numerous)  in  which  the  lamps  !ire  ])nt  hi 
.-cries.  He  desires,  however,  to  state  that  he 
does  not  accept  the  declaration  of  eonqilain- 
aut’s  counsel  to  the  efl’ect  that  the  problem 
of  subdivision  was  in  fact  acconi|)lished  by  a 
multiple-arc  arrangement  of  lamp.s.  This  posi¬ 
tion  seems  inconsistent  with  the  te.stimony  of  the 
witness,  in  his  answers  to  t)0-!)2  x-Qs.  (in  which 
ho  has,  in  eflect,  said  that  the  problem  would 
have  bwm  solved  by  the  making,  bv  the  proee.ss 
described  in  the  Edison  patent,  of  a  shirjlc  lamp, 
irrespective  of  l/,c  cniirl/e  puiccr  of  the  lamp,  and 
irrespective  of  the  resistance  and  of  the  she  am/ 
the  proportions  of  the  harner)  and  with  the  fact, 
as  shown  by  the  proofs  hei-ein,  that  Jlr.  Edison’ 
professes  to  have  ascertained  the  practical  dur¬ 
ability  of  a  carlxju  burner  by  tests  which  he 
made  with  a  single  lamp  only,  being  the  first  one 
that  he  made. 

Counsel  for  complainant  replies  that  counsel 
for  defendant  still  confuses  the  historical  fact  as 
to  how  subdivision  was  acoom])lished  with  his 
assumptions  contrary  to  the  fact  which  formed 
the  foundation  of  the  answers  of  the  witness 
referred  to.  Defoudaut's  counsel,  after  having 
repeatedly  made  the  same  assumption,  and  hav- 
lug  ns  often  been  told  by  the  witness  that  the 
assumption  is  incorrect,  seems  unable  to  dis¬ 
tinguish  between  that  assumption  and  the  estab¬ 
lished  and  accepted  facts. 


Ill  answer  to  71  x-Q.,  which  I  understand  is  re- 
<l'r‘r\c“o'“  I  Hbited  that  if  fifty  lamps  of 

o  caudle  power  (assumed  to  be  practically  diir- 
a  lie)  were  connected  only  in  series,  and  if  their  con- 
i  iictiou  had  been  such  as  would  have  instructed  the 
mow  to  constniet  similar  IG  caudle-jiower  lamps,  of 


Clmrlcs  L.  Clarke. 

whifli  ii  sufficient  mimher  coiikl  be  oporutod  in  nniltinl 
arc  on  a  single  circuit  so  lus  to  give  tlie  s,.me  tot- 
auionnt  of  liglit  .-is  tlie  fifty  largo  lamps  ,,,,,1  with  tl'i 
same  economy,  this  would,  in  my  opinion,  bo  reganle 
as  accomplishing  the  problem  of  subdivision.  Xmv 
fifty  largo  lamiis  of  the  chaincter  above  descrihcil,  a'li 
arranged  in  series,  had  been  the  first  practical  lain]i 
which  were  made,  a  certain  electro-motive  force  wouli 
have  been  neces.sary  to  operate  them,  and  it  wont 
have  been  known  that  any  change  in  the  mimher  c 
these  lamps  in  series  would  call  for  a  correspoiidiii 
change  in  the  electro-niotivo  force.  But  I  fail  to  se' 
what  bearing  this  knowledge  would  have  upon  tin 

the  number  of  lamps  arranged  in  series,  each  of  9(1  ti 
IfiO  candle-power,  while  to  accomplish  subdivision  tin 
lanip.s  .should,  in  my  opinion,  bo  of  ahoiit  1(1  caudle 
power,  and  armiiged  in  iniiltiple  arc.  I  cannot  agrci 
with  the  statement  in  the  cjiiestion  as  to  the  amount  o 
.i.tandescont  lighting  now  .loiio  by  iiicans  of  lauip> 
an-angod  in  series,  niidorstanding  as  I  do  that  it  is  ipiiti 
iiisignilicnut  ns  compared  with  nniltiplo  arc  lighting. 

Ro])lying  to  the  last  sentence  of  the  question  ami,  foi 
the  momont,  adopting  your  iLssuniptioii  without  a.hiiit- 
tiiig  its  correctness,  I  think  it  was  essential  to  kiimv 
how  to  eoustnict  dunible  and  economical  lanijis  adapted 
for  use  in  series,  which  should  po.s8ess  such  character¬ 
istics  as  would  permit  the  construction  of  similar  lamps 
of  low  illuminating  power  which,  when  armiiged  in 
senes,  would  i-eqiiiro  the  same  total  current  and  eicctro- 
motive  force  as  a  smaller  number  of  lamps  of  high 
illuminating  power,  the  total  ninount  of  illumination 
and  power  required  being  the  same  in  both  cases. 

Adjourned  until  September  0, 1890,  at  11  A.M. 


Seitemiiei 


•Ifct  pursuant  to  adjoiirnmeiit. 
rresent— Counsel  lus  before. 

:(lSS-EX.\MINATION  OF  THE  AVlTXESS,  ClUS. 

CO.STI.NUEl)  : 

270  x-Q.  I  will  iLsk  you  to  read  carefully  tl 
ice  of  my  former  question,  and  see  if  yoa 
Cl-  it  more  directly. 

r\.  Bearing  in  mind  that  subdivision  was  i 
died  with  the  lamps  arranged  in  series,  ai 
opinion  it  would  not  have  been  considci 
..l.l..,l...d  ....t.l  a  iiiuthod  of  consti-iietiiii 
qis  adapted  for  use  in  multiple  arc  had  hci 
1  in  addition,  assuming  that  a  method  of 
ctical  lamp  ndajited  for  use  in  series,  with 
iiig  power  about  equal  to  a  gas  jet,  were 
lid  be  necessary,  in  order  that  a  niimhet 
ips  might  bo  operated  in  series,  for  the  art 
t,  as  lamps  were  added  to  the  circuit,  th 
live  force  should  bo  coiTespoiidingly  incr 
for  many  years  been  known  that  as  tho  i; 
islating  devices  arranged  in  a  circuit  in  soi 
ised,  the  electro-motive  force  must  bo  iiu 
»imo  proportion.  In  my  iirevioiis  answei 
d  what  I  believe  was  flm  ii...« _ . 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


271  i-Q.  Both  j-ou  ami  the  counsel  for  the  coinplnin- 
ant  seem  to  me  to  go  out  of  your  way  to  emplinsizo  tin 
assumed  fact  that  the  problem  of  the  subdiTisioii  of  tbi 


candescent  lamps  in  multiple  arc,  ns  contmdistiuguialicc 
from  their  arrangement  in  scries? 

IVhat  is  tho  wnrnint  for  this  assumption  V  I  nsk  tlu 
question  especially  in  view  of  your  own  statement  (a- 
contained  in  your  answers  to  90-92  x-Q.s)  to  the  effect 
that  tho  problem  would  have  been  solved  by  tho  nmk- 
iug  and  testing  by  the  proco.ss  sot  forth  in  the  Edison 
patent,  of  a  sinijU  lump,  whalecer  the  candlc-pmcer  oj 
such  lamp,  and  whatever  the  resistance  ami  the  she  and 
proportions  of  the  burner;  and  also  hi  view  of  the  fact 
(as  shown  by  tho  proofs  in  this  cose)  that  tho  iiracticnl 
durability  of  a  carbon  lamp  under  proper  condition  ol 
vacuum  was  ascertained  by  Jlr.  Edison  by  tests  which 
ho  made  with  n  sinyle  lamp  only. 

In  other  words,  I  would  like  to  know  whether  you 
consider  that  Mr.  Edison  (to  whom  uppimmtly  you  at¬ 
tribute  the  solution  of  tho  problem  of  subdivision)  kail 
solved  tho  problem  when  ho  had  made  and  tested  that 
first  lamp,  or  only  after  he  had  made  a  large  number 
and  hod  amrnged  and  tested  them  in  multiple  arc  ? 

A.  1  think  that  when  Mr.  Edison  made  tiic  invention 
described  in  tho  patent  in  suit,  and  mode  a  single  laiu]i 
by  the  process  therein  set  forth,  and  proved  it  to  be 
dumblo,  that  was  a  solution  of  the  problem  of  subdi¬ 
vision,  for  reasons  given  in  my  answer  to  90  s-Q. 

Adjourned  until  Monday,  September  8,  1890,  at  11 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


37.31 


Septembek  8,  1890. 

Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

CllOSS-EXA.>n.VATION  OF  THE  Wrr.NESS  ClI.AS.  L.  Claiikf. 

CO.STIXDED  : 

Answer  to  271  x-Q.  continued. 

In  answering  tho  question,  which  I  considered  was 
virtually  contained  in  tho  lost  sentence,  I  overlooked 
the  fact  that  an  c.ssentinlly  diirerent  question  preceded 
this,  to  which  I  reply  as  follows  :  My  warrant  for  the 
assumption  that  tho  problem  of  subdivision  was  solved 
bynrianging  the  lamps  in  multiple  arc,  as  contra¬ 
distinguished  fioni  their  arrangement  in  series,  is  based 
upon  the  historical  fact  that  after  tho  invention  of  tho 
Innip  made  by  tho  process  described  in  the  patent  in 
suit,  Mr.  Edison  and  others  first  made  such  lamps, 
adapted  for  use  in  multiple  arc,  which  have  been  used 
commorcinlly  in  largo  numbers,  and  with  which  to-day 
by  far  tho  groator  part  of  incandoscont  lighting  is  done. 
It  was  not  nutil  after  lighting  by  means  of  lamjis  ar¬ 
ranged  in  multiplo  are  had  como  into  extensive  use  that 
lighting  by  means  of  incandescent  lamps  arranged  in 
series  was  taken  up.  Tho  amount  of  lighting  done 
'vith  senes  lamps  is  relatively  small,  and  tho  use  of  such 
lamps  has  a  limited  application. 

-'2  x-Q.  'What,  approximately,  is  the  ratio  between 
multiple  and  lamps  arranged  in 

A.  I  cannot  say  exactly ;  but  I  hardly  think  that 
e^'en  five  per  cent,  of  all  tho  lamps  hi  use  are  series 

I'r^  ^he  problem  of  the 

1*11  'division  of  the  electric  light  was  solved  by  the  in¬ 
vention  covered  by  tho  patent  in  .suit?  And  do  voii 

not  also  hold  that  tho  invention  which  is  covered"  by 
•^•iid  patent  is  an  incandescent  lamp,  and  not  any  partic- 
'  »r  mode  of  arranyiny  tho  lamps  in  a  circuit  ? 

The  second  branch  of  tho  question  objected  to 
as  incompetent. 


iiso  it  instructed  tlio  art  Iiow  to  iimko  lamps  n 
r  use  in  multiple  are,  ami  also  possessing  otlie 
tcristic  mlvantages  which  I  have  hereiubefor 
)necl.  I  do  not  think  that  it  was  necessary-,  in 
solve  the  problem,  that  the  patent  shonld  i 
0  art  how  to  make  lamps  adapted  for  use  in 
though  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  patent  did  giv 
dnictious  to  the  art.  As  I  look  at  it,  the  in 
vcred  by  the  patent  is  for  an  incandescent  Ian 
3sing  eharaeteristies  which  make  such  lamp 
ntly  adapted  for  use  in  mnltipile  arc. 
Adjourned  for  lunch. 


Besiimed. 

274  x-Q.  Ill  other  words,  ns  I  iiiidorstami  y 
tent  in  suit  is  a  patent  for  a  lumpi  which,  in  a 
the  “  other  chaructoristiu  advantages  ”  to  whi 
tor,  has  siitlicioiitly  high  resistance  to  make  it  i 
use  in  multiple  are.  Is  this  what  vou  mean '! 


patent.  Coiiiplaimiut's  counsel  gives  n 
defendant’s  counsel  that  if  ho  insists  ii 
question  he  ninkes  the  witness  his  own. 

A.  No.  In  my  opinion  the  invention  coverei 
patent  is  for  an  incnndcscont  lamp  having  certi 
actoristics  which  are  applicahlo  to  the  com 
of  similar  lamps,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  adii] 
for  use  in  multiple  are. 

275  x-Q.  Do  you  mean,  thou,  to  say  or  to 
that  in  your  opiiniou,  the  lamp  covered  by  the  ] 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3733 


A.  In  my  opinion  the  patent  is  not  necessarily  limited 
to  laniiis  having  a  resistance  high  enough  to  make 
them  suitable  for  practical  use  in  multiple  arc. 
Adjourned  to  Seiitembcr  9,  1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


Seitemiieii  9, 1890. 

Met  imrsuaiit  to  Ij  t 

Present — Counsel  ms  before. 

CllOSS-EXAMI.NATIOXOF  HIE  IVlTXESS,  ClIAIil.ES  L.  Cl-AIiKE. 

CO.NTIXUED : 

270  X-Q.  1  suppose,  then,  that  you  would  hold  that  the 
toriii  “filament”  found  in  the  claims  of  the  patent,  has 
no  necessary  relation  to  the  construction  of  a  lamp  for 
use  in  viuUipU  arc  ? 

Same  objection  and  notice. 

A.  lyiiatevcr  relation  the  term  “  filament,”  found  in 
the  claims,  may  or  may  not  bear  to  the  coiistniction  of 
a  lamp  for  u.so  in  multiple  arc  is  a  question  which  calls 
for  the  expression  of  an  opinion  upon  the  technical 
Inaitations  of  the  invention  as  construed  by  the  lan¬ 
guage  of  the  patent.  I  have  not  been  asked  by  the 
complainant  to  consider  the  piateut  in  the  suit,  except¬ 
ing  as  to  the  description  of  the  lamp  and  the  process 
of  lanking  it,  and  have  not  heretofore  expressed,  or  in¬ 
tended  to  express,  an  opinion  upon  the  technical  liiiii- 
atioiis  of  the  patent  in  my  deposition,  understanding 
as  I  do  that  tlie  matter  inquired  of  in  the  question 
and  its  limitations  are  properly  only  for  the  considera¬ 
tion  of  the  Court.  Under  these  circumstances,  I  do 
Hot  fuel  called  upon  to  express  an  opinion  in  answer  to 
thypiestion,  and  must  decline  to  do  so. 

177  x-Q.  Practically  in  the  shops,  and  also  in  the 
litend,u-o  of  the  art,  is  not  the  term  “  filament”  applied 
le.e..tl3  to  the  ciiibon  burners  of  incandescent 
Hnups,  both  those  which  are  designed  for  use  in  series, 


3734 


Chnrlos  L.  Clarke. 


and  tliose  which  are  designed  for  use  in  the  i 
arc? 

A.  Yes. 

278  x-Q.  Was  this  term  “  filament  ”  known  ti 
of  incandescent  lighting  prior  to  the  year  1879; 

A.  Not  that  I  know  of.  I  think  that  the  t 
first  used  in  the  patent  in  suit. 

279  x-Q.  IVlien  you  say  that  in  the  shops  i 
is  applied  to  lamps  huilt  for  series  work,  as  wt 
lamps  for  multi])le-arc  work,  I  presume  that  vi 
no  exception  of  the  Edison  Company’s  shops? 

A.  No. 

280  x-Q.  Assuming  this  term  “filament” 
been  new  to  the  art  at  the  date  of  the  issue 
patent  in  suit,  do  you  know  of  any  way  in  wide 
ascertidn  its  meaning  otherwise  than  by  resort 
shops  whore  the  lamps  are  made,  and  to  the  li 
of  tile  art  ? 

A.  Aside  from  the  shops  and  the  literatim 
art  I  will  refer  to  the  jiatent  in  suit,  which  desi 
method  of  making  incandescent  lamps  with 
which  are  stated  to  bo  “  filamentary.”  As  to  th 
ing  of  the  term  “  filament,”  as  limited  by  any  ti 
construction  of  the  patent,  I  must  decline  to  ex] 
opinion  upon  this  point,  for  substantially  the 
given  in  my  answer  to  270  x-Q. 

Adjourned  for  lunch. 


itesumed. 

281  x-Q.  Do  you  know  of  any  other  way  in 
one  can  ascertain  the  technical  meaning  of  this 
cal  term  “  filament  ”  ? 


Objected  to  as  incompetent  if  the  tc 
legal  meaning  is  inquired  for ;  if  the  n 
applied  by  the  art  to  this  term  is  lusk 
question  has  been  answered  by  277  x-A. 


A.  Besides  the  shons  and  the  lit» 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3735 


will  also  refer  to  the  exhibits  and  the  depositions  of  the 
experts  giveii  in  this  case  for  both  complaiiiaut  and 
dcfendaiit  for  what  they  are  worth.  But  I  mu.st  de- 
cliiic  to  express  an  opinion  coiiceniing  the  technical 
meaning  which  the  above  iiientioned-refercnces  put 
iipoii  the  term  “  filament.” 

282  x-Q.  Do  you  yourself  kiiow,  or  do  you  think  that 
you  know,  the  menning  of  this  new  term  “  filament,” 
which,  as  I  understaiid  you,  makes  its  first  aiipcaraiice 
ill  the  art  of  electric  lighting  in  the  patent  in  suit  ? 

Same  objection. 

A.  Not  having  been  called  upon  in  this  case  to  con¬ 
sider  the  moaning  of  the  term  “  filament  ”  as  coustnied 
by  the  patent,  I  have  no  opinion  to  express  ns  to  what 
cc  st  t  itos  a  filament  ns  technically  defined  therein. 

283  x-Q.  I  did  not  ask  you  to  express  an  opinion  as 
to  what  constitutes  “  a  filament  ns  technically  defined 
tlieroin  ”  (the  patent  in  suit),  well  remembering  that 
you  had  idreadj'  declined  to  express  such  opinion  ;  but 
what  I  asked  you  in  my  last  question  was  whether  you 
know,  or  think  you  know,  what  that  tiling  is  which  is 
s]iokon  of  in  the  patent  (for  the  first  time,  ns  yon  assert, 
in  the  art  of  electric  lighting)  as  a  "  filament.”  This 
question  j-ou  did  not  answer.  Please  do  so. 

Same  objection. 

A.  Inasmuch  ns  I  have  already  declined  to  ox])ress 
an  opinion,  ns  I  believe  for  good  imd  sufficient  reasons, 
as  to  the  technical  meaning  of  the  term  “  filament  ’’ 
made  use  of  in  the  patent,  I  fail  to  see  what  advantage 
can  be  derived  from  merely  knowing  the  fact  ns  to 
whether  I  have  formed  an  opinion  upon  this  point  or 
not.  With  duo  respect  to  counsel  for  defendant,  I  do 
nut  think  that  the  question  is  a  proper  one  to  ask  and 
I  decline  to  answer  it,  nnless  advised  by  complainant’s 
counsel,  or  instructed  by  the  Court  so  to  do. 

Adjourned  untU  September  10th,  1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


Seit.  loth,  1890. 

Mot  piirsiinnt  to  ndjoiiniinont. 

Present — Counsel  ns  before. 

IOSS-EXAMI.S-ATION  OP  THE  'WlT.NESS,  ClIAIlLES  L.  Ct.AllKF 
CONTINUED  ; 

284  x-Q.  Has  coinplniunut’s  counsel  told  you  with!) 

e  pnst  twenty-four  hoiii-s  that  you  ought  to  bo  “  ver 

y  going  into  the  patent,”  meaning  the  iintcii 

Coniiihiinnnt’s  counsel  in  reply  to  the  (luestioi 
states  that  ho  has,  as  defendant’s  counsel  is  wcl 
aware,  and  in  the  presence  of  defendant’s  coim 
scl,  and  as  ho  understood,  with  the  consent  o 
defendant’s  counsel,  supplemented  his  objoetioiii 
of  record  to  the  questions  culling  upon  the  wit 
ue.ss  to  construe  the  patent  in  suit,  with  tin 
remark  referred  to  in  the  question,  and  porlmpi 
other  similar  remarks. 

Dofeiidant’s  counsel  states  In  reply  that  tb( 
remarks  admitted  by  complainant’s  coun.sel  t( 
have  been  made  by  him  have  occurred  suhstiiii' 
tinlly  during  the  last  two  days  ;  the  pnrtieiihu 
remark  above  quoted  being  made,  ns  defeinhuit’i 
counsel  recalls,  immediately  after  the  asking  ol 

275  x-Q.  With  reference  to  the  said  remiirli 
dofondnut’s  counsel  stated  in  tiie  presence  of  the 
witness  and  of  complainant’s  counsel  that,  while 
he  thought  that  jiroperly  it  ought  to  go  down  on 
the  record,  ho  cared  nothing  about  it  and  should 
not  ask  to  have  it  go  down  on  the  record,  unless 
the  witness  refused  to  answer  his  questions.  As 
the  witness  now  refuses  to  answer,  upon  tlni  al¬ 
leged  ground  that  ho  (the  witness)  cannot  see 
the  importance  of  the  question,  defendant’s 
counsel  thinks  that  tho  record  should  show  what 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


285  .x-Q.  Plcn.se  explain  what  you  mean 
ti  chnical  ”  in  your  answer  to  283  x-Q.,  wl 
at  you  have  “declined  to  express  an  opin 
■Imical  meaning  of  tho  term  fdament  mad 
e  ])atent.”' 

A.  I  mean  that  definition  which  would 
!•  term  “  tilnment  ”  ii.sed  in  the  claims,  .as 

•  language  of  the  speeitieation. 

2Hli  x-Q.  Then,  lus  I  understand  von,  voii 
it  form  of  expression  intend  to  refer  to  tl 
lich  is  attached  to  tho  word  “  tilnment  ”  i: 
etric  lighting  ? 

LJsn,  I  had  only  tho  patent  in  mind. 

187  x-Q.  In  your  testimony  heretofore, ; 
1  have  repeatedly  used  tho  word  “  tihimei 
its  derivatives.  In  so  doing  it  did  yon  in 
n  a  meaning  dillorent  from  that  which  at 
die  patent  in  suit  ? 

t.  I  cannot  now  recall  tho  particular  cin 
ioh  may  have  led  mo  to  make  use  of  thi 
-■rover  I  may  have  done  so,  I  made  use  of 
semso  in  whicii  it  is  used  to-day,  as  appl 
nors  of  modern  incandescent  lamiis,  or  as 
nei-s  made  by  the  process  described  in  tin 
1  of  the  patent  in  suit. 

88  x-Q.  So  far  ns  you  know,  are  not  the 
the  incande.scent  lanqis  of  tho  present  da; 
e  process  described  in  tho  speeitieation  of 
"It :’’  and  if  so,  does  tho  distinction  whicl) 
ver  seems  to  draw  between  two  dillbreni 

Id's  really  o.xist  ’2 

•  -So  far  as  I  know,  the  burners  of  all  c 
"descent  lamps  are  made  by  the  iiroce.ss 

siiocilicatiou  of  tho  patent.  I  did  not 
ver  intend  to  imply  timt  there  was  anv  ,lii 


3738 


Clmrles  L.  Cliirko. 


A.  I  tliiijk  so.  miilorstniKluiK  that  in  its  inoclorn  .sense 
tlio  term  “  lilniuoiit,”  ns  used  in  the  nrt  of  electric  light- 
ill",  is  now  s^’iioiiyiiioiis  with  the  word  “  burner.”  I 
might,  therefore,  with  equal  propriety  have  used  the 
latter  term. 

290  x-Q.  Do  you  assert  that  in  the  “  modern  sense," 
in  the  nrt  of  iricandeseent  lighting,  the  terra  “  lilanieiit" 
is  synonyinoiis  with  “burner”? 

A.  If  I  Hill  asked  whetber  the  nrt  to-day  makes  use 
of  both  of  tbesa  terms  in  giving  a  name  to  the  thing 
wbicb  is  heated  by  the  current  and  produces  light,  I 

291  x-Q.  Does  the  art  regard  these  tenns  as  fijiiomj- 


Adjourned  for  Iniich. 

Besiiiiied. 

292  x-Q.  Do  you  know  of  any  time  since  the  27tli  el 
January,  1880,  when  the  nrt  did  not  regard  these  two 
terms  as  synonymons  ? 

A.  No,  I  believe  that  tlie  terms  “  filament  ”  and 
“  burner  "  have  been  used  iiidifferoiitly  by  the  nrt  to 
designate  the  iiicniideseunt  conductor  of  modern  lamps 
siiiee  the  date  mentioned  in  the  question. 

2!)3  x-Q.  In  your  niiswer  to  289  .x-Q.  you  say  that 
you  might  with  equal  propriety  have  used  tlio  tenii 
“  burner  ”  in  your  dopusition  wherever  you  Itave  in  fact 
used  the  term  “  filament."  I  suppose,  therefore,  that 
the  last  sentenee  of  your  answer  to  13  Q.  is  to  be 
understood  ns  it  would  bo  if  the  wonl  “  burner  ”  were 
substituted  for  the  word  “  filament  ”  ? 

A.  Yes. 

2S)4  x-Q.  In  what  sense  did  j-ou  use  the  term  “  fihi- 
ineiitarv  ”  in  the  coiieludiiig  sentence  of  your  aiiswci 
tol2Q. 

A.  Ill  the  sense  in  which  it  is  ordinarily  used  anil  ue- 
fined  in  the  dictionaries,  namely,  as  referring  to  a 
“  thread-like  "  form. 

295  x-0.  The  definition  which  AVebstcr  gives  el 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3739 


by  a  filament.”  When  you  used  the  term  “  filamentary" 
in  your  answer  to  12  Q.  did  you  use  it  in  this  sense?' 

A.  Yes,  with  the  understanding  that  the  meaning  of 
the  word  “  iilnment "  is  to  be  taken  in  the  sense  in 
which  it  IS  defined  in  AVebsfer's  Dictionary  as  being 
a  “  thread  or  thread-like  object." 

29(i  x-Q.  By  this  answer  do  you  wish  to  be  under¬ 
stood  as  intiiiiatiiig  that  you  used  the  term  “  filamen¬ 
tary  "  in  12  Alls,  for  the  luirpose  of  drawing  a  distinction 
between  ditlerent  sizes  of  such  burners  ns  are  usable  in 
ililTerent  sizes  of  coniinercial  incandescent  lanqis  ? 

A.  I  did  not  have  in  mind  burners  of  diflerent  sizes, 
or  of  any  one  particular  size,  so  long  as  tliev  were 
“  thread-like.” 

297  x-Q.  But  did  you  not  intend  by  the  use  of  that 
tiwiii  to  distinguish  between  those  burners  to  which  you 
would  now  apply  the  term  “  thread-like  "  and  burners 
of  a  diflerent  size  ? 

A.  I  had  in  mind  burners  which  were  thread-like, 
and  the  carbon  rods  used  in  lamps  prior  to  the  date  of 
the  ],atent  in  suit. 

Adjourned  to  Soptembor  11,  1890,  at  11  A.  JI. 


Seitemuki!  11,  1890. 

Hot  piirsimut  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

C110SS-EXA.MI.XATI0.N  OK  THE  IVlTXKtSS  ClIAS.  L.  Cl-AllKE 
Co.VIT.NUEI)  : 

298  x-Q.  As  I  understand  you,  when  von  used  the 
‘oiin  “  filamentary  ”  in  your  answer  to  Q.  12,  you  had 
■I*  ■mud  burners  that  wore  “thread-like,”  and ‘intended 
the  use  of  the  term  to  draw  a  distiiictioii  between 
'■"c/i  burners  and  tlio  carbon  buriiei-s,  which  you  desig- 
uate  by  the  term  “rods,"  of  the  lamps  which  preceded 
•  !•  Misoii’s  work.  Does  this  correctly  represent  you  ? 
A.  Yes. 

“  How  small  must  a  carbon  be  in  order  to  bo 

hlameiitary”  (or  “  thread-like  ”;,.m  you  used  this  term  ; 
or,  in  other  words,  how  largo  must  a  carbon  bo  before 


3710 


Clmrlos  L.  Cliirks. 


this  term  would  cens(!  to  be  npplicnble  to  it,  assimiiii.r 
the  term  used  in  tlie  sense  iii  which  you  profess  to  have 
used  it  ill  your  tcstiiiioiiy  ? 

A.  I  cniiiiot  state  in  the  alistniet  what  size  a  hodv 
should  have  in  order  that  it  should  cease  to  bo  a  thread 
and  become  a  rod  or  somothiii''  else.  In  s]ienkiii''  of 
the  burners  of  incaiideseent  Iniiiiis  as  being  thread-like, 
I  had  in  mind  tho  burners  of  incandescent  lamps  wliieli 
have  been  most  commonly  made  and  used  in  nniltiple 
are  for  commercial  lighting  since  the  date  of  the  patent 

300  x-Q.  Tho  ipmlifviiig  words  “  most  eonnnoiilv,” 
found  ill  your  Inst  answer,  load  mo  to  think  that  you  do 
not  eonsidor  the  burnei's  of  all  comniereial  iiicaiaieseciit 
lamps  as  “  thread-like,”  and  therefore  that  you  do  not 
regard  them  all  as  “  filamentary;  ”  is  such  the  fact? 

A.  I  hardly  know  whether  tho  largest  burners  used 
in.commercial  lainiis  can  bo  called  “  thread-like  ”  in  the 
ordinary  ncccptution  of  that  term,  but  I  should  hardly 
call  them  such  myself. 

301  x-Q.  Ill  otlier  words,  you  do  not  regard  them  ns 
“  lilamoiitary  "  lus  you  havo  used  that  term  in  your 
present  examination  ? 

A.  As  I  have  already  stated,  when  I  used  the  word 
“  filanioiitary  ”  in  my  answer  to  12  Q.,  I  had  in  mind 
only  tho  biiniors  of  lamiis  which  havo  been  most  coni- 
nionly  used  since  the  date  of  tho  patent  in  suit,  mid 
did  not  intend  that  it  should  apply  to  tho  buiin'rs  of 
any  other  lamps.  As  to  whether  I  havo  used  this  term 
elsewhere  in  my  deposition  in  any  other  sense  or  not,  I 
shall  bo  iiloased  to  state  if  the  particular  instances  of 
its  use  referred  to  in  tho  iiuestiou  aro  pointed  out  to 

302  x-Q.  I  uiidei-stniid  tho  statoment  of  your  last  an¬ 
swer  to  bo  tantamount  to  a  deelaratiou  that  you  did  not 
use  tho  word  “  filamentary  ”  in  your  answer  to  12  (J.  as 
e,„bi,„;i„^  „ll  sizes  of  thread-liko  carbons,  but  only  as 
relating  to  some  of  tho  smaller  sizes  of  such  carbons. 
-\m  I  right  in  this  intcrjiretation  of  your  last  answer? 


to  avoid  which  I  wish  to  say  that  I  used  the  t. 
being  synouj-mons  with  “  thread-like.”  If  the  ] 
ipiestioii  refers  to  carbons  which  I  consider 
thread-like,  some  of  whieh  are  smaller  than  other 
I  answer  that,  in  using  the  word  “  fihimentarv,” 
not  intend  to  include  some  which  were  tiirea.i-iik 
to  exclude  others. 

303  x-Q.  Then,  when  you  used  that  word  “  lih 
aiy.  ’  y oil  intended  to  lefer  to  of  the  various 
of  burnei-s  in  practical  u.se  to  whieh,  in  vour  jiid} 
tlie  other  term  “thread-like”  would  be  applica 
the  same  time  understanding  that  there  are  mm 
of  burners  in  use  to  whieh  the  term  would  not  i 
plicable.  Is  this  correct? 


if  lamps  which  havo  been  most  commonly  used  ii 
:iple  arc,  because  I  considered  them  to  be  tilaiii. 
ir  thread-like.  I  ,lid  not  have  larger  burners  than 
n  mind,  because  I  considered  it  an  open  ipi 
iVhether  they  could  bo  jiroiierly  called  “  thread 
>'■  tiot,  while  tho  very  largest  sizes  should,  ii 
ipmioii,  bo  cliLssitied  as  “rods,”  although  they 
le  small  as  coinimred  with  the  rods  of  old  lamps. 

x-Q.  JJy  the  use  of  that  term  “  lilamcntar' 
oiswer  to  12  Q.),  you  were  drawing  the  distill 
'ere  you  not,  between  those  burnei's  which  yo 
ended  as  “thread-like ’’and  those  to  which,  in 
'inmoii,  this  toriu  would  not  properly  apjily  ? 

•  •  Not  csiictly.  I  Iiatl  in  mind  Inirnei’s  wliich 
i»y  opinion,  “thread-liko;”  others  which 
'■oils,  and  intenuediato  sizes  which  might  be  el 


3742 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


“roils”  ami  those  wliieh  occupied  an  iiitenncdiate 
ground,  and  lus  to  which  you  were  in  doubt  whether 
more  properly  they  sliould  bo  called  “thread-like”  or 
“  rods  ”  ? 

A.  I  did  intend  to  make  a  distinction  between  Hioi^e 
burners,  which  I  thought  were  undoubtedly  thread-like, 
and  all  others.  I  used  the  term  “  filamentary,”  how¬ 
ever,  as  being  synonomoiis  with  “  thrcad-liko.” 

Adjourned  until  Satnrdav,  September  13,  1830,  at  11 
A.  Jl. 


Seitemiieii  13, 1S90. 


Met  pursuant  to  ndjoiiriimont. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

CltOSS-EXAMEVATIOS  OF  THE  WlI-XESS,  ClIAItEES  L.  Cl-UIKE, 
COSTI.NUEI)  : 

30l!  x-Q.  luiismuch  then  os  you  used  the  tenii  “  lila- 
lueiitary  ”  as  clmmcteriitiiig  those  biimors  only  which 
you  regarded  ns  “  thread-like,"  and  not  ns  iiichidiiig  all 
sizes  of  buniei's  in  practical  use  in  coininercial  luiiips. 
will  you  jilcnso  explain  the  diirerenco  between  burners 
which  are  "  tlirend-liko  ”  and  those  to  which  this  term 
does  not  apply, 

A.  I  think  that  biiniors  small  in  diameter  would  ho 
“  threud-llko,”'nnd  that  this  term  would  not  apply  to 
burners  lai-ge  in  diameter. 

307  x-Q.  ■\Vhnt  is  the  standard  which  determines 
whether  a  bimier  bo  “  largo  ”  or  “  small,”  ns  you  have 
now  used  these  terms  ? 

A.  The  carbon  burners  used  in  the  old  lamps. 

308  x-Q.  If  that  be  the  sbindard,  why  don’t  you  in¬ 
clude  all  sizes  of  burners  in  use  in  luodcni  lamps  under 
the  term  “  thread-like  ”  or  “  filamentary,”  since,  as  you 
claim,  all  of  these  burners  are  materially  smaller  tlmn 
the  burners  of  the  old  lamps  ? 

A.  The  lamps  which  have  been  most  commonly  used 
in  multiple  arc  and  which  have  given  value  to  modern 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


iiicaiide.scent  lighting  have  biiniers  very  much  sma 
in  diameter,  when  compared  with  the  burnei-s  of 
old  lamps ;  while  on  the  other  hand  some  modern  Ini 
have  burners  more  or  less  approaching  the  size  of 
smallest  burner  used  in  any  of  the  old  lamps  of  wide 
have  knowledge,  and  which  are  only  suitable  for  u.si 
series,  and  have  a  very  limited  a])])lieation.  In  vier 
these  facts  it  seems  to  me  entirely  a|)propriate  tha 
all  the  modcin  incandescent  lamps  I  should  con.si 
those  first  above  mentioned  as  “  small,”  and  those 
mentioned  as  “large.” 


303  x-Q.  Do  you  mean  by  this  to  say  that  th 
burners  that  are  adapted  for  use  in  mnltiple 
“  small,"  and  therefore  “  thread-like”  or  “  lilamentai 
as  you  have  used  these  terms,  while  those  that  are  o 
suitable  for  use  in  series  are  “  large,”  and  therefore 
“  thread-like  ”  or  “  filamentary  ?” 

A.  Not  exactly.  I  think  that  the  biiriiors  of  so 
Iniajis  which  are  adapted  for  use  only  in  series 
SHiall  enough  to  be  called  “  thread-like,”  but  burners 
the  same  diameter  can  be  made  suitable  for  use 
multiple  arc.  And  on  the  other  hand  there  may 
humors  not  “  thread-like  ”  which  are  made  so  as  to 
suitable  for  use  in  multiple  arc. 

.110  x-Q.  It  the  capacity  of  being  used  in  multi 
arc  on  the  one  hand,  or  in  series  on  the  other,  is  j 
the  thing  that  in  your  mind  distinguishes  a  “  sum 
carbon  from  a  “  large  ”  carbon,  what  is  the  distinct 
hotwooii  these  two  classes  of  carbons? 

A.  Those  biiriiei-s  which  I  deem  to  be  “  thread-lik 
we  small,  and  are  represented  in  the  biirnei-s  of  Ian 
which  have  been  most  commonly  used  in  mnltiple  a 
Now,  I  believe  that,  as  eomiiared  with  these,  the  bin 
ers  used  in  lamiis  prior  to  the  date  of  the  patent  in  s 
wore  relatively  large  ;  and  because  burners  as  large 
these  would  under  no  circumstanecs  bo  suitable  for  i 
ixeept  in  series,  I  feel  warranted  in  considering  tl 
■he  largest  burners  of  modorii  lamps  (not  greatly  smal 
Uid  likewise  suitable  for  use  only  in  series)  are  also  r 
diicly  ‘large,”  as  compared  with  those  mostcommoii 
ised  in  multiple  arc.  I  do  not  think  that  the  miesti 


Clmrles  L.  Clarke. 


ns  to  whether  n  bnnicr  is  in  realit3-  “  large  ”  or  “  small " 
is  tlepeiulent  upon  the  fact  that  it  can  be  made  suitable 
for  use  in  series  or  in  inultiplo  arc,  but  is  depeadont 
upon  its  size. 

Adjourned  until  September  i.atli,  1800,  at  11  A.  If. 


Seitemiikii,  loth,  1800. 

Met  piii-suaut  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

Ciioss-r..\.\MiNATiox  oi'  Tin:  wn'.\-E.ss  Chaiiles  L.  CunKE 
COXn.NUED. 

311  x-Q.  In  your  last  answer  you  say  that  the  largest 
burners  used  in  modern  lamps  are  “  relatively  large  ns 
compared  with  those  most  commonly  used  in  miiltiplo 
arc."  Did  you  mean  by  this,  taken  with  its  coute.\t,  to 
indicate  that  such  burnei-s  are  "  large  ”  in  the  sense  in 
which  j'ou  have  used  this  latter  term  in  j’our  answer  to 
300  x-Q,  whore  you  use  it  in  the  sense  of  mt  “  tlamd- 
like  ?" 

A.  Yes,  undorstauding  that  in  both  cases  I  had  in 
mind  not  onlj"  their  relative  Imt  also  their  actual  size. 

312  x-Q.  Uow,  ])loaso  exi>lain  wh3-  3-011  regard  the 

burnei-s  of  the  lamps  which  are  most  commouly  used  ns 
“  thread-like  "  or  “  fihimentar3-,”  buruors  of  other 

commercial  lamps  as  not  “  thread-like.”  Is  the  difference 
one  of  size  merely  ? 

A.  Understanding  that  I  consider  burners  to  be 
“  thread-like  ”  because  they  are  small,  and  that  the 
(picstion  refers  to  lamps  most  uommoul3'  used  in 
multi])lo  arc  and  to  other  coiiimorcial  lamps  having  the 
largest  sizes  of  bm-nei-s,  and  considering  these  hurners 
as  things,  I  think  that  the  difference  is  one  of  size 
merel3-. 

313  x-Q.  Inasmuch  then  ns  the  difference  between 


A.  biniply  because  I  think  some  bnniei-s  are  sum 
enough  to  bo  called  thread-like,  while  others  are  s 
l.-irgo  that  this  term  cannot  pro]>erly  be  applied  t 

314  x-Q.  What  is  the  difference  in  size  between 
Imrner  which  is  ”  thread-like  ’’  and  one  which  is  no 
‘  thread-like  '1  ” 

A.  I  cannot  state  definitely  how  large  a  burner  shoiib 
!)o  in  order  that  it  should  cease  to  be  thread-like 
dthough  in  my  opinion  the  term  is  projierly  ai>i)licabl( 
o  the  bnrnei-s  of  all  commercial  lamps  made  by  tin 
Jdison  Compaiy. 

315  x-Q.  What  lamp  is  there  made  commercialb 
vhose  burner  is  not  “  thread-like  ?  " 

A.  I  think  that  some  of  the  lamps  made  by  tin 
dionison-Hoiiston  Electric  Com]iauy  cannot  be  jirop 
rly  considered  as  ‘•thread-like.”  I  am  under  the 
iui)re.ssioa  that  some  of  the  largest  burners  used  iii 
Icisslor  .t  Borusteiii  series-lamps  are  too  huge  tc 
oinc  within  this  definition,  although  I  admit  that  I 
■"e  no  o.xaot  data  relating  to  the  dimensions  of  the 
nrners  last  meiitiondd. 

•lie  x-Q.  What  is  the  difference  in  size  between  the 
hoinsoii-Hoiiston  burners  to  which  you  now  refer  and 
"I  hugest  burner  of  the  Edison  lamps? 

Adjourned  for  huich. 


licsunied. 

-V.  The  smallest  of  the  Thomson-Hoiistoii  burners 
I  had  in  mind  is  one  and  fifteen  hundredths 


374G 


Cliiirles  L.  Cbirke. 


the  cross  section  of  tlio  (orinor  is  two  iiiicl  fifteen  Inin 
(Ircdtiis  (2.15)  times  thiit  of  the  latter. 

Tlic  Tliomson-Hoiistoii  burner  is  0.01059  of  an  incl 
wide  and  0.017  of  an  incli  thick,  giving  an  area  in  eros 
section  of  0.00009003  of  a  H(|narc  inch.  The  Edisoi 
burner  is  0.0217  of  an  inch  wide  and  0.0148  of  an  incl 
thick,  giving  mi  area  in  cro.ss  section  of  0.00032110  of 
sqiimo  inch. 

317  x-Q.  Are  tliere  other  Thomson-Hoiistoii  liiiruer 
whoso  cro.ss  section  is  larger  than  that  of  the  Edisoi 
burner  just  referred  to,  blit  smaller  than  that  of  tli 
Thomsou-Hoiistoii  biimor  j-.ist  referred  to? 

A.  Yes. 

318  x-Q.  What  are  their  cross-sections? 

A.  There  are  eight  diflereiit. sizes  of  Thomsou-Hous 
ton  burners  used  in  fifteen  different  types  of  lamps,  tli 
the  area  of  whose  cross-section  lies  between  the  Eili 
son  and  Thomson-Hoiiston  burners  refoired  to  in  tli 
last  ipicstion.  The  area  of  the  cross  section  of  tli 
largest  is  U.0003932095  of  a  sepmro  inch,  and  that  of  tli 
smallest  is  0.000345870  of  a  square  inch. 

319  x-Q.  Why  do  yon  regard  an  Edison  burner  tin 
cross-section  of  which  has  an  area  of  0.00032110  of  in 
inch  as  “  thread-like,"  and  the  Tliomsoii-Hoiistoi 
burner  having  a  cross-section  of  0.0003458  iO  of  an  incl 
ns  not  ‘‘  thread-like  ”  ? 

A.  I  did  not  know  that  I  had  said  niiytiiiiig  tlia 
would  lead  one  to  suppose  that  I  consider  one  of  thes 
biirnui's  as  thread-like  and  the  other  as  not  thrcad-lik( 
5[y  position  is  this:  I  think  the  largest  Edison  liariie 
is  small  cnongli  to  bo  called  thread-like,  and  that  tlii 
definition  would  not  property  ajiply  to  the  largest  of  th 
Tlioiiison-Hoiiston  biiniers,  one  of  which— the  siiialles 
of  the  lot  which  I  had  in  mind,  is  referred  to  in  iny  an 
swer  to  310  x-Q.  If  we  ussiiino  that  the  differeiic-e  o 
dividing  lino  between  a  thing  which  is  thread-like  am 
a  rod  is  discoverable,  I  think  that  its  position  will  h 
very  ninch  nearer  to  the  size  of  the  largest  Ediso) 
burner  than  to  the  size  of  the  Thomson-Houstoi 
burner  above-mentioned,  although  I  am  really  unahl 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


and  a  rod  begins. 

320  x-Q.  You  say,  “  IJ  tl  t 

line  between  a  thing  which  is  thrciid-lil.e 
discovemble,”  yon  think  it  would  lie  bet- 
points  named.  By  this,  do  you  mean  to 
the  dividing  line  is  not  discovemble? 

.4.  No.  Consensus  of  opinion  might  re 
in  definitely  locating  a  dividing  line,  or  a 
diieing  the  doubtful  region  to  cpiite  inirrov 
1  do  not  see  how  there  can  be  any  doiil 
proper  definitions  to  give  to  biiniers  like  t 
the  Edison  Compan3-,  ‘"‘d  to  other  burners 
in  size  the  rods  used  in  the  old  lamps. 

321  x-Q.  AVhy  do  you  hold,  lus  in  you 
hut  one,  that  the  largest  Edison  burner  is  i 
to  1)0  called  “  thread-like  ”  (althotigli  in  fit 
lieve,  more  than  twelve  times  the  size  o 
used  in  the  Edison  10-candlo  jiower  Inn 
Tlionison-Honston  bnriier,  which  you  say  i 
more  than  twice  ns  largo  ns  the  largest  jjd 
is  not "  thread-like,”  but  a  "  rod  ”  ? 

.4.  Simply  because  the  largest  Edison  bu 
to  me  to  bo  small  etioiigh  to  bo  called  throii 
Ihe  term,  in  my  opinion,  is  not  nppropi 
1  hoinson-Houston  burner  above  referred  : 
he  latter  is  but  twice  the  size  of  the  forii 
nind  tho  fact  that  the  lO-candle-powor  hi 
•|■oss-seetion  about  one-twelfth  that  of  the 
ion  biinior  is  of  no  significance.  If  a  burm 
iizo  IS  small  oiiotigh  to  bo  called  thread-lik 
uiriiers  smaller  than  this  (no  matter  how 
'miller),  also  como  under  tho  sanio  definiti- 


322  x-Q.  Where  in  the  dictionaries,  or  ii 
"le  of  the  art,  or  elsewhere,  do  you  find  wi 
'■niition  of  the  term  “thread-like,”  which 
IIS  word  include  a  burner  whose  cros 
■00032110  of  a  so..„e„  «i... 


Clmrlos  L.  Clnrke. 


1  burner),  and  exclude  n  burner  whoso  cioss- 
1  is  two  and  fifteen-hundredths  (2.15)  times  as 

'he  definition  of  the  term  thread-like  or  filamentiirv 
in  connection  with  the  ordinnrj-  usage  of  these 
and  the  fact  that  the  smallest  iiurners  in  the  old 
wore  called  rods,  is  in  my  opinion  a  sufticieiit 
it  for  the  distinction  which  I  have  made  between 
!wo  sizes  of  burners. 

x-Q.  AVhero  do  you  find  a  single  authority  justi- 
;his  last  statement  of  yours  V 
;  have  used  the  term  ‘‘thread-like"  as  being 
ynions  with  “  lilament.iry.”  'I’lie  hitter  term  is 
1  in  'Webster’s  Dictionaty  as  “  Having  the  clmnic- 
or  formed  by,  a  filament.”  A  filament  is  deliiicd 
L  thread,  or  thread-like  object  or  ap]M.>ndage ;  a 
especially  (Dot.),  the  thread-like  part  of  the 
IS  supjiorting  the  anther."  A  thread  is  defined 
.  vety  small  twist  of  llax,  wool,  cotton,  silk,  or 
librous  substance,  drawn  out  to  a  considonihle 
The  term  ‘‘  thread-like  ”  is  not  defined  in  this 
mry,  but,  as  I  understand  it,  is  generally  aiiplied 
so  objects  whose  diameter  is  comparable  to  that 
inary  thread. 

nirned  to  September  10,  1890,  at  11  A.  JI. 


Seitemiieii  10,  Ib'.lO. 


pursuant  to  adjournment, 
amt— Counsel  as  before. 

•EXAMISATIOX  OF  THE  WlT.VE.SS  CHAIILES  L.  Cl.UlKF. 
COSTIXUED  : 

wor  to  323  x-Q.  continued. 

rcester  defines  a  bodj-  as  “  thread-like  ”  when  “  ro- 
ing  thread  in  size  and  appearance  ’’ ;  and  the  word 
idy,”  which  I  take  to  bo  synonymous  with  ‘‘  thread- 
is  defined  as  ‘‘  resembling  thread ;  slender ; 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


lilamcnious ;  fibrous.”  According  to  the  same  author 
a  “  thread  ”  is  “  A  small  Hue  or  twist  of  any  fibrous 
filamoiitous  substance,  as  tlax,  silk,  cotton,  or  wool,  ji 
tieiilarly  such  ns  is  used  for  weaving  or  for  scwiiio  • 
filament ;  a  small  string.” 

fii  the  light  of  these  definitions,  and  lus  a  nnittci 
eoninion  sense,  I  think  that  the  largest  Edison  hi 
ner  may  be  proiierly  called  thread-like. 

Now,  from  Higgs'  trniislntion  of  Fontaine’s  work 
‘‘Electric  Lighting”  I  think  it  is  <oident  that  I 
author  considered  the  burnei-s  which  he  mentions  In 
ing  used  in  his  experiments  on  incandescent  lightii 
and  which  are  stated  to  have  been  0.0G297(!  of  an  in 
(O.OOUi  metre)  in  diameter,  as  “rods”  for  ho  seve 
tinios  referato  them  as  such.  The  width  of  the  largi 
Edison  carbon  is  approximately  one-third  (J),  and 
thickness  one-fourth  (j-)  of  the 'diameter  of  Foiitaiii 
rod,  and  the  urea  of  the  cross-section  of  the  forii: 
is  nearly  one-tenth  (,>„)  that  of  the  latti 
while,  as  compared  with  the  same  rod,  the  width  a 
the  thickness  of  the  Thoinson-Hoiistoii  burner  nc 
under  eousidoratioii  are  respectively  two-thirds  (<()  a 
threo-teiiths  of  this  diameter,  the  area  of  the  croi 
section  of  the  former  being  between  one-fourth  (i)  a 
one-fifth  (J)  that  of  the  latter.  Taking  into  coiisidei 
tioii  the  definition  of  the  term  “  thread-like,”  in  ci. 
iiectioii  with  what  Fontaine  terms  a  rod,  and  the  fii 
that  the  diirerenco  in  size  between  this  rod  and  t 
I'-dison  burner  is  considerably  greater  than  the  difl’i 
cnee  between  it  and  the  Thomson-Hoiiston  burner 
fold  justified  in  considering  the  latter  as  being  also 

32-1  x-Q.  Even  if  it  bo  assumed  that  the  burnc 
used  liy  Fontuino  were  “  rods  ’’  (and  not  “  threiid-liko  ’ 
I  fail  to  iiiiderstand  how  the  definitions  of  “  filaiuenl 
iiid  “  thread  ”  which  you  have  ipioted  from  the  dictio 
Hies  justify  you  in  the  coucliisioii  that  a  burner  whii 
IS  only  one-fourth  or  one-fifth  the  size  of  the  Foiitaii 
airnor  is  also,  necessarily,  a  “  rod,”  while  a  burn 
''■Inch  is  one-tenth  the  size  of  the  Fontaine  liunier 


a7o0 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


not  a  “  roil",  but  is  “  thread-like.”  Please  make  this 
ini^tter  plain,  if  yon  can  ? 

A.  -All  I  can  suy  is  that  in  the  light  of  the  ilietionaiy 
definitions  and  my  nndersfanding  of  the  general  nse  ol 
the  terms  “  filament  ”  and  “  thread  ”  ns  detining  “  filn- 
montary”  and  “thread-like”,  the  Edison  burner  is 
small  enough  to  bo  called  “  thread-like.”  On  the  other 
hand,  burners  like  that  mentioned  by  Fontniiio  are 
called  “  rods  ”  (defined  in  AVebstor's  dictionary  ns  “  a 
slender  stick  In  my  opinion  the  ThomsonlHoiiston 
burner  is  likewise  largo  enough  to  bo  considered  a 
“  small  stick  ”  and  therefore  a  “  rod.” 

Adjourned  for  lunch. 


Besumed. 

325  x-Q.  Is  the  difTeronce  between  the  burners  of 
the  commercial  iucandosceut  lamps  of  the  present  day, 
by  virtue  of  which,  if  I  have  understood  you  aright, 
you  would  classify  some  of  them  ns  “  rods,”  and  char¬ 
acterize  others  ns  “thread-like”  or  “filamentary,” a 
dificrence  in  size  only  ? 

Objected  to  ns  having  been  already  asked  and 
answered,  and  as  intended  only  for  delnj'. 

Defendant’s  counsel  repudiates  the  last  sug¬ 
gestion  us  unwarranted  by  anything  which  has 
occuiTcd  in  the  case ;  and  adds  by  way  of  esidana- 
tion  of  the  question  that  in  his  own  ojiinion  ho 
has  Iicrotoforo  asked  a  question  of  substantially 
the  same  tenor  as  the  present  one,  but  the  in¬ 
direct  and  qiinliiicd  answer  which  the  witness 
chose  to  make  to  that  question  leaves  it  doubt¬ 
ful  in  the  questioner’s  mind  as  to  whnt  position 
complainant’s  counsel  will  take  ns  to  this  blanch 
of  the  testimonj'.  The  question,  therefore,  has 
been  repeated  in  the  hope  that  the  witnes-s  may 
bo  able  to  find  some  form  of  statement  that  will 
put  his  views  beyond  all  question. 

Complainant’s  counsel  replies  that  as  to  this 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3751 

branch  of  the  inquiry  the  witness  is  the  defend¬ 
ant’s  witness,  and  not  the  comphiinmit’s 
witnes.s,  and  that  the  opinions  expressed 
by  the  witness  may  or  may  not  represent  the 
position  complainant’s  counsel  will  take  upon  the 
argument  of  the  case. 

Defendant’s  counsel  states  that  ho  fails  to  see 
how  he  makes  the  witnc.ss  his  own  on  this  ques¬ 
tion.  On  the  direct  testiiuou3'  Ibe  witness  in 
exiiressiug  his  opinoii  iqion  matters  inquired 
about  by  coiiiidainant'.s  counsel,  made  use  of  the 
terms  “filament”  and  “  filaiiieiitniy."  ’Those 
opinions  are  not  comprehensible  excejit  as  these 
terms  are  understood.  Defendant’s  counsel 
deems  it  entirely  legitimate  to  learn  fiom  the 
witness  himself  in  what  sense  these  words  were 
actually  used— particularly  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  the  word  “  filament,”  ns  stated  by  the  wit¬ 
ness,  makes  its  iqipenrance  for  the  first  time  in 
connection  with  the  art  of  electric  lighting  in  the 
patent  in  suit. 

Complainant’s  counsel  objects  to  the  argiiiiicnt 
by  defendant’s  counsel  ns  having  the  same  ob¬ 
ject  as  the  iiuestion. 

A.  Yes. 

die  x-Q.  Then  the  fact  that  an  Edison  burner  is  bent 
•  into  the  hair-pin  or  hoi-seshoo  form,  or  that  it  is  made 
of  a  matorinl  which  iierniits  of  the  burner  being  brought 
into  the  imir-]iiu  or  horseshoe  form,  has  nothing  to  do 
''•ith  your  classifying  it  among  the  “  thread-like”  or 

“  hlamentary”  burners,  has  it  ?  ; 

A.^Xo.  I 

'l-iT  x-Q.  Ill  like  iiiaiiiioi.^  I  sup])ose.  the  fact  that  the  1 

'Urners  of  the  old  carbon  lamps,  or  at  least  the  most  of  ^ 

lem,  were  straight  and  not  loo))eil,  has  nothing  to  do  i 

"  it  1  3  our  classifying  those  buraers  as  “  rods  ?”  I 

-V.  No.  I 

•>-8  x-Q.  If,  for  the  sake  of  the  aigument,  it  be  as-  i 

.  Hiuul  that  the  term  “filament”  in  the  art  of  electric  £ 

1‘h'litiug  means  a  burner  specially  adapted,  l.y  reason  | 


A.  me  qiiostioii  (loos  not  state  witli  deliiiit.'in- 
those  coiulitions  whicli  I  deem  recjnisitc  to  assist  ii 
foriiiiiij'  an  opinion  as  to  wliethor  invention  wool 
required  in  Huljstitutin;;  tlie  one  Inirner  for  the  ol 
Assmiiiiig  a  lamp  clianiher,  like  timt  used  in  mo 
lamps,  contidning  a  dnrahle  hurnerso  large  and  of 
low  resistance  ns  to  bo  adapted  for  use  only  in  st 
then  I  K.iould  say  that,  at  the  date  of  the  patent  in 
invention  would  not  Imve  beou  required  to  substi 
for  this  burner  a  small  burner  of  higli  resist 

a(hq)ted  for  use  in  multiple-arc  distribution _ prov 

the  method  l)y  which  tlie  largo  burner  was  made 
adapted  to  the  construction  of  the  small  burner. 

Adjourned  until  September  17,  18'JO,  at  11  a.  .m. 


Seitembeii  17, 18!i 

Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

Cnoss-EXAIUXATIOXOPTIIE  IVllXESS,  Chakles  L.  Cu 

CO.STIXUED  : 

Answer  to  328  x-Q.  continued. 

Owing  to  the  vague  and  genond  character  of 
question,  I  feel  .that  mv  answer.  wlii,.l,  nm-ees  n  itli 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


lity  of  siibilivisioii  of  the  eleetric  light,  and  the  way 
liich  its  accomplishment  was  to  be  obtained  if  at  i 
le  Lane-Fo.K  patent  would  have  led  the  art  to  sabs 
ito  the  small  carbon  burners  adapted  for  use  in  im 
plo  arc  in  ])laco  of  tho  largo  earbon  burners  adapt 
r  use  in  series  which  have  been  rcfoiTed  to  in  my  la 

3H0  x-Q.  Please  answer  exidieitly  whether  Lane-Fc 
the  patfjiit  named,  points  out  tho  necessity  of  san 
ze  and  high  resistinco  in  the  bnrnei  f  I  __ 
nips,  when  the  lam])s  are  to  be  arranged  in  imilti|; 
e.  I  call  yonr  attention  particularl}'  to  the  scntciu 

“  In  order  that  the  electric  force  may  be  co 
voyed  at  a  high  tension,  that  is,  haring  liij 
electro-motive  force,  so  that  there  may  not 
very  groat  loss  from  tho  resistance  of  the  co 
ducting  mains  or  conductors,  I  make  tho  lain] 
when  I  use  an  alloy  of  platiunm  and  iridium, 
lengths  of  fine  wires  so  that  I  may  get  a  high  i 
sistance  without  having  a  largo  extent  of  hnui 
ous  surface.” 

A.  As  I  look  at  it,  ho  points  out  the  necessity 
nail  size  and  high  resistance,  when  the  lam]is  aro  ii 
,ngod  in  multiple  arc,  “  so  that  there  may  not  he  re 
•eat  loss  from  the  resistance  of  the  coiidiiclinij  niiiiiis 

Adjourued  for  lunch. 


It  3d. 

331  x-Q.  Docs  not  Lane-Fox  also  lay  special  ei 
lasis  upon  tho  arrangement  of  his  lamps  in  mnllii 
■c,  having  one  or  more  claims  in  his  patent  which  t 
to  especially  to  tl  r  „  n  it  ? 

A.  lies. 

332  x-Q.  In  answer  to  328  x-Q  you  have  said  that 
10  date  of  tho  patent  in  suit  there  would  have  been  i 
vention  in  substitutiuir  a  carbon  burner  so  small  ai 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


sticli  high  resistance  ns  to  adapt  it  for  use  in 
c,  for  a  burner  so  large  and  of  such  low  resii 
he  ada])ted  for  use  in  series  only,  iirovidcd  t 
amhor  of  the  assumed  jirior  him])  were  like  t 
iiioilcrn  lamps,  and  “  provided  the  nielhod  h 
'  tarye  hiiriier  was  made  were  adapted  to  the 
the  small  hnrner  /  ” 

[f  now  the  method  of  making  the  large  bur 
'  been  adn])ted  to  tho  eonstrnetioii  of  tl 
rner,  would  it  in  your  opinion  have  involvei 
II  to  devise  a  method  of  making  a  biirm 
iingh  for  practical  use  in  multi|)le  arc. 

A.  Understanding,  of  course,  that  iiractici 
le  lamps  aro  assiimod  in  both  cases,  I  will 
:!  devising  of  a  method  of  making  the  small 
gilt  involve  invention ;  but  I  do  not  know 
is  assumed  invention  would  relate  to  earbiin 
all  sizes  which  could  bo  made  by  this  iiii 
ly  to  carbon  biinici-s  small  enough  to  be  sail 
i  in  multiplo  arc,  siinjily  because  they  are  sii 
1  be  so  used.  I  think  this  is  a  question  luo 
!  Court. 

133  x-Q.  You  have  repeatedly  S])()kcn  of  Ian 
;  burners  “adaiited  for  use  in  miilti]ilo  .o 
1  also  of  lamps  having  burners  “  adiqited  foi 
•ies  only.”  How,  with  a  given  laiii]),  is  one  1 
lie  whether  it  belongs  to  the  one  class  or  th 
1  can  you  state  tho  limits  either  as  to  si 
taiioe  of  a  burner  adaiited  for  use  in  mill 
!>■.  or,  on  tho  other  hand,  of  one  adapted  f 
les  only ;  or,  to  put  it  in  another  way,  do  i 
>  classes  of  lamps  shade  into  each  other  by 
degrees,  without  any  distinct  lino  of  dem 


'tween  them  ? 

A.  i’he  only  criteria  which  I  have 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


senes  lamps.  As  to  resistance,  that  of  all  of  the  aaill 
pie-arc  lamps  made  by  the  Edison  Company  is  eoasi 
orably  greater  than  that  of  any  of  their  series  lanir 
Of  the  lamps  made  by  the  Thomson-Honston  Elect. 
Company,  a  few  of  the  series  lamps  have  a  resistaiii 
slightly  greater  than  that  of  the  midtiple-arc  lamps 
high  eandlo-i)o\ver,  but  very  mneh  le.ss  than  that  of  tl 
mnltii)le-are  lamps  of  low  candlo-]iowor.  Having  . 
gard  to  size  and  resistance,  therefore,  it  may  bo  sa 
that  the  lamps  of  one  class  merge  into  the  other.  Bi 
eonsideied  in  respect  to  those  lnnii>s  of  which  tl 
greatest  number  is  in  commercial  use,  the  siz/ 
ainl  the  resistances  of  the  two  classes  of  lamns  a 
widely  ai.art. 

Adjounied  until  September  18,  1890,  at  11  A.  Jf. 


Seitoiieii  18, 1890. 


Jfot  pnrsnaut  to  adjonrnmont. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

CltO.SS-EX.\MIXATIOS  OK  THE  WlTSF-SS,  ClIAItLES  L.  CuitK 
CONTI.N-UED  : 

334  x-Q.  Yon  have  ropentodly  spoken  (as  in  yoi 
answers  to  308  x-Q.  and  310  x-Q.)  of  the  “lamps  wl.ic 
have  been  most  commonly  used  in  multiple  arc.”  'Wlii 
lnmi)s  have  you  intended  to  include  in  that  designi 
tion  ? 

A.  In  using  the  expression  in  the  two  answeis  ri 
ferred  to,  I  had  particularly  in  mind  the  biiriieis  t 
midtijilo  arc  lamps  not  larger  than  the  largest  barm 
used  in  lamps  made  by  the  Edison  Company  and  ii: 
tended  for  use  on  circuits  of  high  electro-motive  forci 
the  illmuiuating  power  of  the  largest  of  which,  so  f.i 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


the  last  que-stion  in  this  same  sense  thronghont  yo..,- 
deposition  ? 

Objected  to  as  indefinite,  unlc.ss  the  attention 

of  the  witness  is  called  to  the  several  instances 
which  the  coun.sel  has  in  mind. 

.•V.  I  can  not  saj-  whether  I  have  or  not,  because  I 
cannot  reaUl  the  particular  instances  where  !  have  usc'.l 
this  expression,  if  at  all,  and  the  langua"e  of  the  con¬ 
text  which  might  explain  its  meaning. 

33G  x-Q.  The  Edison  Jfuniciiml  lamps  are  what  you 
call  “  adapted  for  use  in  series  onlv,"  are  they  not? " 

A.  Yes. 

33.  x-Q.  Y'oii,  however,  regard  the  burners  of  those 
lamps  as  “  thread-like  ’’  or  "  filamentary,"  do  you  not  ? 

-V.  Yes. 

338  x-Q.  Are  those  burne.'s  of  substautiallv  the 
same  size  as  the  burnoi-s  of  the  Edison  one  hundred 
caudle  power  lamp  ? 

A.  Understanding  that  the  word  “  size  ”  is  used  in 
the  sense  in  which  wo  have  used  it  all  along,  that  is,  i-e- 
ferring  to  the  diameter  or  cross  section,  these  burners 
are  very  nearly  of  the  same  size  ;  but  the  burner  of  a 
one  hundred  candle  imwer  lamp  has  a  considerablv 
greater  length  and  resistance  than  the  burner  of  a  Jlii- 
nicip.d  lain]). 

339  x-Q.  What  is  the  extreme  dilTerenco  in  length 
between  these  two  classes  of  bui'ncrs? 

A.  The  one  hundred  candle  power  burner  is  very 
ncai'ly.  eight  times  ns  long  as  the  lifteeu  candle  power 
^lunicipnl  burner. 

340  x-Q.  When  you  have  spoken  of  “  size  ”  as  deter¬ 
mining  whether  a  burner  bo  “  filamentary  ”  or  ..  “  rod,” 
you  had  reference,  did  you  not,  to  the  area  of  the  cro.ss- 
section  of  the  burner,  rather  than  to  its  length  ? 

-4.  Yes. 

341  x-Q.  If  the  length  of  one  of  the  Miuiicipal  burn- 
Cis  Were  reduced  to  oiie-quarter  of  an  inch,  the  cross- 


Objected  to  ns  iimiiiiterinl. 


A.  I  do  not  know.  As  I  have  l)eforo  stated,  I  used  Ih 
term  “  tliread-like  ”  or  “  lilanicntarv  ”  in  tlio  sense  i 
wliieli  these  terms  are  eenerally  ns, si,  and  in  statin 
what  sizes  of  hnrnei-s  I  thought  were  i 
this  seiise  “lilameutary,”  I  di.l  not  have  tli 
length  of  liypothetieal  burners  in  mind  bn 
only  that  of  those  in  aetnal  use.  From  my  nndeistand 
mg  of  the  ordinary  use  of  tlie  terms,  I  tlionght  tin, 
some  were  “  thread-like  "  or  “  filamentary  ” ;  and  ii 
giving  this  opinion,  took  into  account  only  the  size  o 
cross-section  of  the  burners  and  not  their  lenglli 
>ow,  if  a  thrcnd-hko  bunier  bo  indolinitily  shortened 
I  do  not  know  whether  this  term,  in  the  ordinary  souse 
will  still  bo  applicable. 

Adjourned  for  lunch. 


Bosumed. 

Also  present  for  complainant— G.  P.  Lowrey,  Esij. 

^  312  x-Q.  If  a  carbon  of  a  given  cross-section  and 
nine  inches  in  length  is  “  filamentary,”  in  your  under¬ 
standing  of  the  term,  and  if  a  carbon  of  substantially 
the  same  cross-section  but  only  about  an  inch  in  length 
also  bo  “  filamentary,”  but  you  are  in  doubt  as  to 
whether  a  carbon  of  the  same  cross-section,  who.so 
length  is  only  one-fourth  of  an  inch  is  “  filamentarv,” 
you  will  admit,  I  suppose,  that  the  meaning  of  tin’s 
term  depends  to  some  extent  upon  the  lewjUt  of  the 
object  to  which  it  is  applied. 

Question  objected  to  ns  being  arginncntntive 
only,  and  as  not  calling  for  an  answer,  since  it 
merely  states  what  Gen.  Duncan  supposes. 

Question  withdrawn. 

343  x-Q.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  vo„  maard  the 


the  hiiriier  of  the  15  candle-power  Jfunicipal  lamp  a 
“  filamentary,”  this  latter  burner  being  of  siibstautiall; 
the  same  cross-section  ns  the  former,  but  only  a  littli 
more  than  one  inch  in  length,  do  you  not  think  that  th. 
meaning  of  the  term  “  filameiitary  ”  is  dependent  t, 
some  extent  uiion  the  knijlli  of  the  burner  to  which  i 
is  aiiplied  ? 

A.  I  do  not  see  that  that  follows  from  the  statomen 
in  the  (picstion,  for  while  I  consider  one  of  the  burner 
to  he  filamentary,  the  other  burner  of  nine  times  tin 
length  is  in  my  opinion  also  hlanient.-iry-  .Standing  le 
itself,  I  think  that  this  would  indicate  that  in  my  opin’ 
ion  the  question  as  to  whether  a  biiriu-r  is  filameiitar 
or  not  is  iiidepeiidoiit  of  its  length.  .\s  a  matter  o 
fact,  I  think  it  does  to  some  extent  ilepend  upon  thi 
Iciigth,  but  that  the  diameter  or  cross-section  is  in  tin 
main  the  controlling  factor. 

314  x-Q.  You  have  said  that  you  do  not  know  whe 
ther  a  bunier  of  the  size  of  one  of  the  Edison  Jluiiici 
pal  burneis  and  one-fourth  of  an  ineh  in  length  is  “  lila 
moutary?”  Would  a  burner  oiie-fourth  of  an  ineh  ii 
length  and  of  a  cross-section  only  one-fourth  or  one 
tenth  that  of  the  Jluiiieipal  burner  be  “  lilamentary  ” ' 

Objected  to  as  immaterial  and  irrelevant. 

A.  I  think  so. 

313  x-Q.  What  is  there  about  such  a  burner  tha 
makes  it  filameiitary  which  does  not  also  exist  in  con 
nectioii  with  a  humor  of  the  same  length  and  having  : 
eioss-sectiou  equal  to  that  of  the  Miiaieipal  bunier  ? 

-V.  A  smaller  cross-section  which  in  my  opiiiioi 
makes  the  tenn  a])plieablo  to  it. 

310  x-Q.  Then  you  think,  do  you  not,  that  the  cross 
section  of  a  carbon  of  the  ki’xc  of  a  Municipal  burner 
piovidcd  its  length  bo  but  a  quarter  of  an  inch,  is  si 
h'leat  as  to  make  it  doubtful  whether  such  a  burner  cai 
properly  be  called  filamentary  ? 

A.  No.  I  should  sav  that  its  loiiuth  is  such  as  t< 


.H/  x-Q.  I  liavo  sniiposed  a  case  of  t\u 
Imviiig  i)rociseIy  tlio  snnio  length  uiid  diirori 
other  resiieut  thnii  ns  to  the  ureas  of  tl 
sections.  One  of  these  yon  have  deelar, 
“  tilninentary as  to  the  other  yon  hav 
.snhstanco  that  you  do  not  know  whetlier  i 
l)erly  be  callcil  lilanientary  or  not.  Now,  wh 
the  f!:e  of  tliis  bust  burner  and  not  its 
makes  you  uneertain  ns  to  whether  or  not  it  1 
tary  y 

A.  IJceause  if  its  size  remains  unnlterec 
length  were  four  times  ns  great— the  leng 
Jlunicipal  burncr-I  should  call  it  filanic 
Hiink  it  jiroper  to  ascribe  a  result  to  that  w 
luces  it. 

31S  x-Q.  You  would  also  call  it  filament 
length  were  not  increased,  jirovided  its  cro) 
ivoro  diminished  to  that  of  the  smaller  one  ol 
Inirnoi-s  that  wo  are  talking  about.  Tlierofore  I 
luestiou  whether  it  is  not  in  fact  the  xhc  of  1 
)f  these  two  burners  and  not  its  hiiyl/i  whit 
■OH  doubt  as  to  the  proju-iety  of  calling  it 
ary?  ^ 

A.  Considering  these  biirnei-s  by  themselvoi 
IS  having  any  i)articular  relation  to  the  size 
d  any  other  burners,  I  answer,  yes. 

3'19  x-Q.  Now  will  you  please  explain  how 
he  (that  is,  area  of  cross-section)  of  i 
diose  length  is  one-fourth  of  an  inch  may  bo 
s  to  make  it  doubtful  whether  or  not  the  c 
lamentary,  while  that  same  sfec,  if  the  lengt 
roused,  will  bo  so  small  as  to  make  the  carbon 
ouably  lilanientary? 

A.  Because  I  think  that  tl  lef  ti  of  t 
ad  the  general  sense  in  which  it  is  used  make 
djle  to  the  last  mentioned  burner,  in  that  it 
id  slender. 


son  JIunicipal  biinier),  and  whose  length  is  one-fourl 
n  inch,  is  not  "small  and  slender,"  while  a  earbe 
le  same  length  and  of  one-fourth  this  cross.sc..etio 
small  and  slender." 

.  I  base  my  opinion  upon  the  dictionary  delinitioi 
he  terms  “  tilamentary"  and  “  thread-like,"  an 
logons  terms,  and  the  sense  in  which  I  nnderstan 

•  are  ordinarily  used.  I  have  not  said  that  the  llrs 
tioned  carbon  is  nut  small  and  slender  enough  I 
ailed  filamentary  in  the  ordinary  sense.  I  simp 
lot  know  whether  it  is  or  not ;  whereas  I  think  tin 
term  is  projierly  applicable  to  the  burner  las 

ilioned  in  the  question. 

il  x-Q.  M'hat  do  you  find  in  the  “  dictionary  di 
■Iin  "  of  the  word  “  small,"  or  the  word  “  filame- 
or  the  word  “  thread-like,"  that  leads  you 
It  whether  the  larger  of  the  two  bnrnei's  siioken  i 
lie  hist  question  is  iiioperly  included  under  the  sai 

•  A  “  filamentary  "  body  is  one  having  the  character, 
ament,  and  a  “filament"  is  a  thread  or  thread-lil 
■et.  A“thread”  isasmufflineortwistofany  libroi 
■tance,  and  both  “  thread-like"  and  “  thready  "  bodi. 
ilefined  as  resembling  threads— and  the  latter 
(letmed  as  being  slmder.  The  word  “  small  "  is  di 
I  as  "not  largo  or  extended  in  dimension;  little  i 
Aity  or  degrce ;  minute  in  bulk  ;  diminutive.”  An 


Cliarlfs  L.  Clnrke. 


I  tlHiilB 


enco  compnred  with  the  length  or  height ;  slii 
om  the  (leiinitioiiK  of  the  words  “  siimll,”  ‘ 
y  and  “  tliread-like,  ’  taken  in  conneetion  ^ 
s  in  the  delining  of  the  words  “  fdanient,” 
hrcad.v  ”  and  “  slender,”  and  from  the  use  < 
these  terms  in  defining  the  others,  ns  well  a 
-standing  of  the  sense  in  whieh  thijy  are  o 
jiloycd,  I  do  not  know  whether  the  terms  ni 
the  question  arc  ijroiwrly  applicable  to  the 


to2  x-Q.  Taking  the  definition  of  the 


will  V 


ml 


i-  whether  the  larger  hnrncr  reforri 
I  x-Q.  falls  within  thctlefinitionV 
V.  I  think  that  the  burner  can  jiroperlv  ' 
mall."  I  notice  that  there  is  an  ap])arent 
tion  between  this  and  my  last  answer,  in 
ave  said  that  I  did  not  know  whether  tin!  bn 
idlornot.  In  giving  that  answer  I  had  h 
consideration  not  only  the  word  “  small,” 
words  “  filamentary  ”  and  “  thread-like ;  ”  a 
ssing  my  opinion  I  had  in  mind  the  term  “  s 
ider,”  made  iiso  of  in  several  previous  ans« 
iiided  to  say  that  I  did  not  know  whether  th 
i  "  thread-like,”  or  “  filmamontary,  or  “  sii, 
ti/er"  enough,  to  come  withiii  these  definition 
Ldjonrnod  for  lunch. 


lesumed. 

33  x-Q.  Will  you  say  that  yon  do  not  know 
larger  of  the  burnere  referred  to  in  330 
i(/cr— the  length  of  such  burner,  if  I  am  rigl 
del,  being  more  than  twelve  times  its  dianiel 
1.  As  defining  throadv  or  thread-like  burin 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


you  tiuablo  to  form  an  opinion  upon  the  subject  ?  It 
sewiis  to  me  that  I  am  entitled  to  a  direct  answer  uimn 
this  question. 

Objected  to  as  irrelevant  and  immatcriiil 

A.  In  the  sense  in  which  I  have  used  this  teim,  as 
apjiliod  to  thread-burners,  I  do  not  know  wh(!ther  the 
Imracr  referred  to  is  slender  or  not. 

3oo  x-Q.  Doesn’t  such  a  burner  come  plainly  within 
the  definition  of  the  term  “  slender,”  which  voii  have 
recently  quoted  from  the  tlictionary  in  support  .if  a 
former  answer? 


Objected  to,  because  it  is  the  province  of  the 
Court  and  not  of  an  expert  electrician  to  ajiply 
the  dictionary  definitions  to  an  object  whose  di¬ 
mensions  have  been  given. 


•mf!  x-Q.  If,  in  applying  the  definition  of  ••  slender  ” 
which  you  have  quoted  from  the  dictionary,  you  cannot 
form  nil  opinion  ns  to  wliethor  a  jiieuo  of  carbon  twelve 
times  as  long,  as  its  diameter,  is  slender,  how  are  you 
;>ble  to  say  that  that  same  carbon  would  bo  slender  it 
Its  length  were  cpiadrupled,  in  the  absence  from  such 
ilclimtion  of  any  o.xact  proiiortion  ? 

A.  I  can  only  say  that  such  is  my  opinion,  based 
iipeii  what  I  uiidorstand  to  bo  the  definition  of  the 
ti'iin,  and  tho.sonse  in  which  it  is  commonly  used,  and 
iin  undurstandiiig  of  its  proper  aiqilication  to  the 
ournei-s  of  incandescent  lamps. 

3!)7  x-Q.  “  Commonly  used  ”  by  whom  ? 

-V.  I  think  that  any  one  ivould  call  a  body  slender  if 
m  length  were  fifty  times  its  diameter,  which  is  about 
«<-■  relation  of  the  length  and  diameter  of  the  burner 
icferrod  to. 


•i.iS  x-Q.  Then  in  your  last  answer, 
tile  words  “  is  commonly  used,”  yon  i 
'>'>1,  the  sense  in  which  j/o,i  think  that 
™  commonly  used  ? 


meant,  did  3'ou 
the  term  should 


A.  Aot  exactly.  I  tliink  that  it  not  only  should  h« 
wotilcl  ho  commonly  so  used. 

359  x-Q.  I  understood  you  in  the  Inst  answer  bn 
one  to  n.sscrt,  impliedly,  that  it  is  in  fact  commonly  s 
used.  Did  3-011  mean  to  so  state  V 

A.  Yes. 

3G0  x-Q.  The  use  of  the  Edi.son  100  cniidle-powe 
lnm])s  and  the  Edison  Munici])nl  Inmp.s,  is  very  limited 
is  it  not,  as  compared  with  the  use  of  the  Edison  1( 
and  10  candle-power  lamps  ? 

A.  I  cannot  say  as  to  the  10  candle-power  lamps 
but  as  to  the  10  candle-power  lamps,  they  ari,-  nsei 
in  much  greater  aumbors  than  the  100  candlc-powe 
and  JIunicipal  lamp. 

301  x-Q.  AVould  you  cln.ssify  the  bunici-s  of  thcs( 
Edison  100-cnndle-powor  and  Municipal  lamps  nmon; 
the  hirgcr  or  the  sniii/lrr  buniors  of  modern  ineandes 
cent  lamps? 

A.  I  should  class  them  among  the  smaller  as  b 
diameter  or  cross-section. 

302  x-Q.  In  answer  to  273  x-Q.,  you  give  it  as  3-0111 
opinion  that  the  "  invention  dc.suribcd  in  the  patent  ii 
“  suit  solved  the  in-oblem  of  subdivision,  beemise  it  in 
“  structed  the  art  how-  to  make  lamps  ada])tcd  for  use  ii 
“  multiple  arc,”  etc.  If  the  patent  had  described  only  1 
lamp  ada]itcd  for  use  in  series,  do  you  think  that  tliii 
also  would  have  been  a  solution  of  the  problem— 
iissiiniing,  if  you  choose,  that  such  lanii)  w-ere  made  hv 
a  process  that  would  have  been  applicable  ccpially  to 
tbe  making  of  iiiiiltiplo-arc  laiiips  ? 

A.  Bearing  in  mind  the  statomciit  above  (pioted 
from  my  answer  to  273  x-Q.  related  to  lamps  made  bv 
the  ju-oeoss  described  in  the  patent  in  suit,  and  ealliiig 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  patent,  coiitrar3-  to  the 
liiiiitiition  imposed  by  the  question,  describes  a  himii 
nda])tod  for  use  in  multiple  arc,  and  also  that  modern 
lanqis  were  first  made  and  ndajitcd  for  use  in  tlih 
manner  and  not  in  series — ns  is  more  fully  set  forth  in 
m3-  answ-er  to  328  x-Q. — I  answer,  3-e.s. 

Adjourned  until  September  20, 1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


3705 


Seitemiieb  20, 1890. 

Ifot  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — B.  N.  Dyeii,  of  counsel  for  comjilniiiant ;  S. 
A.  Dexc.vx,  of  counsel  for  defendant. 

CI10SS-EX.V.UI.N-ATIOXOE  THE  IVn-.N-ESS,  Cn.MlI.ES  L.  Cl.AI!KE, 
CO.NTI.NUEI)  : 

303  X-Q.  What  do  you  mean  by  the  expression  in 
yonr  best  answer,  “  lamps  made  by  tbe  proce.ss 
ileseribed  in  tbe  ])utent  in  suit  ’’—the  same  e.xjiression 
having,  I  think,  been  frequently  used  by  3-011  before? 

-V.  I  mean  the  jiroeess  of  making  lamps  of  high 
resistance  and  small  radiating  surface,  which  consistsln 
reducing  the  burner— made  of  carbonizablo  material— 
to  size  and  shape  prior  to  its  carbonization,  and  its 
siibsuiiuent  ouclosiire  in  a  chamber  made  of  one  con¬ 
tinuous  piece  of  glass,  into  the  walls  of  which  the  con- 
dueting  wires  are  sealed  liy  fusion  of  the  glass  around 
them  ;  and,  lastl3-,  exhaustion  of  the  air  until  a  verv 
high  vacuum  is  obtained,  and  the  iiormanent  sealing  iiji 
of  the  opening  by  fusion  of  the  glass. 

301  X  Q.  Do  you  by  this  answ-er  mean  to  imlieate 
that  the  process  of  the  patent  requires  lamps  to  bo  of 
“  high  resistance,”  and  if  so,  do  you  mean  by  this 
high  specijic  resistance  or  high  total  resistance  ?  ' 

Objected  to  as  iiiconipetent,  as  unw-arranted 
by  the  direct  examination,  and  as  caliing  for  a 
legal  construction  of  the  patent. 

A.  I  do  not  know-  what  the  patent  may  require.  I 
simply  find  in  it  a  description  of  a  iiroccss  of  making  a 
lamp  consisting  in  certain  oiieiiitions  upon  certain 
materials. 

.105  x-Q.  Ill  answ-cring  303  x-Q.,  then,  you  assumed, 
did  you  not,  that  the  lamp  described  in  the  patent  wms 
a  lamp  of  high  resistance  ? 

A.  No.  I  did  not  make  any  lussumption  as  to  the  char- 
m-ter  of  the  lamp  as  technically  construed  bv  the  patent, 
to  which  I  undei-stand  the  question  refers.  I  simple 


L.  Clarke. 


dOG  x-Q.  loii  Gave  repoatetlly  used  the  e.^imssion 
amps  made  by  the  i)ioceBS  deseribed  in  the  patent  in' 
sill  .  u  3G3  x-Q.  I  asked  you  ,vhat  you  meant  by 
at.  loii  aiisiveiod  that  you  meant  “  the  protest  of 
making  lamps  of  hiyh  vuUtmwe,"  etc.  Did  you  hy  that 
L-.\piession  mean  lamps  of  high  »peci>c  resistaneo  or 
lamps  of  liigli  fotul  resisUtici* ;  or,  whs  tho  »so  of  tlie 
”  on 

1  intentionally  made  use  of  this  expression,  hav- 
ng  in  mind  that  the  speeifieatioii  describes  a  luinp  of 
high  resistaneo,  and  likewise  describes  a  inocess  of 
making  lamps  which  is  apiilicable  to  the  iiiamifacturo 
Of  lumps  of  high  resistance. 

ilGG  .x-Q.  I  still  press  tho  question  whether  hv  that 
expression  you  iiitendeil  high  upedfic  resistance  o’r  high 
Mul  resistance  ? 

A.  I  had  in  mind  high  spoeifio  and  high  total  resi.st- 
iiiioo  and  small  mdiatiiig  surface,  without,  however,  in¬ 
tending  in  any  way  to  limit  tho  application  of  this  pro- 
eoss  so  as  to  exclude  the  aeconiiillshmont  of  any  other 
result  which  might  be  obtained  by  its  n.so.  As  there 
seems  to  be  some  confusion  as  to  the  meaning  of  my 
miswor  to  3G3  x-Q.,  I  will  state  that  I  intended  to  say 
that  the  jirocess  described  in  the  patent  in  suit  consists 
in  certain  oiierations  upon  certain  materials  (given  in 
that  answer  in  detail),  and  that  tho  making  of  a  lamp  of 
liigh  specific  and  Iiigh  total  resistaneo  and  small  radi¬ 
ating  surface  with  tho  aid  of  tliis  process  is  described 
in  the  specification. 

Adjourned  until  Monday,  September  22,  1890,  at  11 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


September  22,  1 


Jfet  pursuant  to  adjoiirnmeiit. 

Present— Counsel  ns  before. 

C11OSS-KX.V.VII.XATIO.X  OF  THE  tVlTNE-SS,  CimiL 
C1..VI1KE,  COXTI.Xt'EI)  : 

3G7  x-Q.  Tlien  you  do  not  bold,  do  yon,  that 
process  of  the  patent  in  suit  ”  is  “  a  inocess  of  11 
lamps  of  bigli  resistniiee  and  small  radiating  sii 
Init,  rather,  a  proeoss  of  making  lamps  yaicnilh/, 
wliilo  aiiplicnblo  to  lamps  of  bigb  resistance  and 
riidiuting  surface,  is  also  applicable  to  lamps  of  1 
sistnnee  and  oomparntivelv  large  indinting  unrf..-^ 

Objected  to  lus  incompetent  if  intended 
for  a  legal  constriietion  of  tlie  patent. 

•V.  The  statement  in  tlie  (piestion  does  not  in  1 
speots  correctly  represent  the  position  which  I 
■\Vliile  tho  process  of  making  the  lamps  described 
.speeifieatioii  is  a  process  wliicli  is  iqiplicable  I 
making  of  lamps  of  low  total  resistance  and  of  con 
lively  largo  radiating  surface,  as  well  ns  others  ol 
total  resistance  mid  small  indinting  surface,  I  I 
that  it  is  tlie  only  process  by  wliieli  lamps  iiavii; 
ehninotoristies  last  inontioiied  can  bo  made.  As 
quality  of  the  carbon  of  the  biirnei-s,  I  tliink  tin 
result  of  tills  process  causes  it  to  be  of  Iiigli  si 
resistance. 

308  x-Q.  Do  you  moan  to  say,  tlion,  that  the 
moat  of  my  last  question  misroprcsoiits  your  pos; 
A.  If  in  the  question  referred  to  the  exprei 
higli  resistance  ”  and  **  low  resistance "  p 
°'‘b'  to  tlio  lolal  resistance  of  the  biiriiers, 
so  far  as  it  goes,  tho  statement  in  .slid  question  a 
'Vith  the  position  which  I  take.  But  in  additii 
t  lis,  I  also  hold  that  a  result  of  this  process  of 
idvantage  is  the  production  of 


3G0  x-Q.  3(i7  x-Q.  did  not  iindertiiko  to  cnminnate 
tlio  iTSH/ts  of  “  tho  i)roce.ss  of  tlio  patent  in  suit."  I 
stdl  ask  yon  wlietlier  it  inisropreseiits  yon  ns  to  the 
matter  inquired  alxint  ? 

A.  With  the  nndoi-staiidino  that  tlie  lamps  referred 
in  3(i7  x-Q.  oinhody  in  tliem  tlie  results  which  1  have 
mentioned  of  applying  this  proce.ss,  tlien  tho  statement 
in  .said  question  represents  my  position. 

370  x-Q.  Do  yon  intend  this  as  an  airinnative  ora 
negative  answer  to  my  Inst  cpiestion  ? 

A.  Bearing  in  mind  that  the  jirocess  is,  as  I  under¬ 
stand  it,  only  iipplieablo  to  making  Iinriiors,  the  earhon 
of  which  will  have  a  high  specific  resistance,  niv  answer 
is  a  negative  one. 

Adjonrnod  for  lunch. 


Besumed. 

371  x-Q.  In  yonr  last  answer,  as  well  us  in  yoiir 
niiswor  to  307  x-Q.,  you  take  the  position  that  “  the 
liroccss  of  the  patent  in  suit  ”  neco-ssarily  results  in  tho 
production  of  a  Iniriier  tho  carlioii  of  which  will  have  a 
“  hitjh  sptcijie  resistance."  What  do  you  mean  hy  a 
carbon  of  liiy/i  ajKciJic  resistance  ? 

A.  Pnicticaiiy  I  mean  carbon,  a  cubic  ceutiinutor  of 
wiiich  has  a  iiigii  resistance  as  compared  with  the  re- 
sistuiico  of  a  cube  of  dense  gas  or  uiiplated  arc-light 
carbon  of  tho  sumo  size. 

372  x-Q.  By  tho  words  “  iiigh  resistance  as  coniimred 
with,”  do  you  mean  hiylies-  resiaittnee  than  '/  If  not  this, 
what  do  you  mean  ? 

A.  I  did  not  havo  in  inind  any  exact  lino  of  deniar- 


ore  nientioned.  Pcisonally  I  have  not  made 
ciilatione  of  this  character,  but  a  careful  consii 
ill  of  the  second  deposition  of  Profes.sor  Barker 
ssiiit,  wherein  this  question  of  spedlic  resist.inc 
lit  with,  leads  mo  to  fully  agree  with  him  in 
ition  which  he  takes  in  the  concluding  iiaragrnpl 
answer  to  4  Q.,  in  which  he  states  in  substance  t 
carbons  of  defendant’s  lamps  have  a  high  spei 
istance  as  comparerl  with  dense  and  nnplated  , 
it  carbons. 

Answer  objected  to  ns  not  responsive. 

73  x-Q.  Question  repeated. 

.  I  did  not  use  it  in  the  sense  that  any  spec 
stance  higher  than  this-no  mattor  how  small  i 
■leiice— would  bo  jiroperly  tenned  a  high  siicc 
stance,  but  had  in  mind  a  considerablv  liigl 
iilie  resistance  ;  so  high,  in  fact,  that  a  comparis 
reeii  tho  two  would  porhaps  bo  more  properly  i 
ised  by  ratio  than  by  absolute  diirereiice. 
djoiirned  until  September  23,  1890,  at  11  A.  51. 


SEm:.MDKii  23, 1890. 

ct  pm-suaiit  to  adjournment. 

■osoiit— Coiiiisol  as  before. 

S-EXAJII.\AnoN  OE  THE  Wh'SES.S,  ClIAIlLES  L.  CeAHI. 
CONTINUED : 

1  X-Q.  What  ratio,  then,  would  you  fix  ns  a  mea 
I  that  specific  resistance  which,  in  comparing  tl 
-aiice  of  the  carbons  iirodiicbd  bv  the  orocess  < 


L.  Clnrku. 


iliould  consider  Hint  the  nitic 
3  of  the  denso  imd  iiiiiiluted  are- 
»  I  nndorstand  it,  would  have  ii 
nil  (iOO  to  1,000  microliiiis — a.. 
Iio  carbons  of  inodern  incandes. 
I  it  proper  to  class  the  latter  as 
lisistanco.  The  lowest  speeifie 
■i  of  modem  inciinilescont  laMi|is 
edge  is  3,800  luicrohms,  which 
from  1  to  3.8  in  one  ca.se  ami  ] 

rds,  a  carbon,  in  order  to  have 
ICO,”  as  you  have  used  thi.s  cx- 
•ith  the  carbons  jirodiiccd  hv 
mt  in  suit,"  niiist  have  a  spu- 
ly,  3i  to  0  times  that  of  the  old 


A.  Xo,  I  did  not  have  the  patent  in  mind.  I  simply 
considered  that  the  one  carbon  as  comiiarcd  with  the 
others  could  iirojicrly  bo  considered  ns  of  high  siiccilic 
resistance. 

370  x-Q.  Yon  should  have  had  in  mind  the  process 
of  the  patent,  since  that  is  the  very  matter  which  has 

for  some  time  past  been  under  discussion-  !■ . . 

to  370  x-Q.  you  took  the  isisition  that  Me  //rwrisK 
of  thf  jKileiU  is  “  only  applicable  to  iiiakiiig 
burnei-s,  the  carbon  of  which  will  have  a  higli 
.specitic  resistance.”  The  next  throe  ipiestioiis 
sought  to  luscertain  from  you  what  you  nicaiit  by 
the  term  “  fiUjh  siiecilic  resistance  ”  when  siieakiiig 
of  the  results  Of  “  the  process  of  the  patent  in 
suit and  you  said  in  substance  (in  answering  373 
x-Q.)  that  it  must  bo  a  resistance  so  much  higher  than 
that  of  dense  and  uuiilatcd  arc-light  carbons  that  the 
1  elation  between  the  two  would  more  properly  be  ex¬ 
pressed  by  a  ratio  than  by  absolute  figures.  And  in 
374  Alls,  you  undertake  to  state  the  ratio  between  the 
aredight  carbons  and  the  laiceel  speciiic  resistance  of 
the  carbon  of  the  burners  of  modern  incaudscent  hiiiijis, 
all  of  which  you  have  said  elsewhere  are  produced  by 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


Xow,  please  cx))!  lin  why  you  did  n 
ss  of  the  patent  in  suit  in  mind  in 
lestioii  before  the  last,  and  why  the  in 
4  ipiestion  is  not  to  bo  accepted  ns  yc 
e  ratio  between  the  resistance  of  then 
ferred  to  and  that  of  a  carbon  made  1 
the  patent  in  suit  ? 

A.  It  is  tnie  that  in  answer  to  370  x- 
it  the  speeifie  resistance  of  carbons 
|>ce.ss  described  in  the  ]intent  wilt 
“high,”  but  I  did  not  by  that 
it  carbon  having  a  lower  resistaiu 
obtained  by  this  process  alone  wi 
of  high  specific  resistance.  In 
tlerii  lamps  are  made  bv  the  pro, 
file  iintent,  I  did  not  intend  to  i-x, 
t  in  some  lamps  (one  of  which  I 
III  tlie  comparison  made  in  mv  answ 
I  carbon  is  subjected  to  a  siibseijiient 
■ers  the  specific  resistance.  Neither  d 
that  such  carbons  would  not  bo  of  h 
anco.  For  these  reasons  I  did  not  In 
cribed  ill  the  patent  in  mind  in  answc 
1  referred  to,  and  do  not  think  that  th 
itioiied  is  to  bo  excepted  as  my  stn 
o  between  the  resistance  of  the  arc 
that  of  carbon  made  by  the  procos: 
patent,  but  rather  that  it  is  the  stn 
0  as  between  the  arc-light  carbons  an 
1  ill  modem  incandescent  lainiis  havi 
liiic  resistance  of  which  I  have  knowh 
tljournecl  for  lunch. 


I'sumetl. 

"  1- Q-  oich  as,  under  your  pr 
•  f  the  statements  which  you  made 
answer  to  x-Q.  374,  said  answer  me 


usillo  to  tlio  nttemptcd  (lisoiission  of  iidineroiit  sulnuc 

A.  The  only  data  which  I  have  at  hand  coacJai 
the  spccitic  resistance  of  the  carbon  of  the  lamps  am 
by  the  process  described  in  the  patent  which  have  a 
been  subjected  to  any  other  snhsecpient  process  a 
derived  from  the  diniensioiis  of  the  Edison  lamps,  a  1 
of  wliich  forms  an  exhibit  in  this  suit.  I  timl  that  t 
specific  re.sistanee  of  the  carhoii  of  the  IG-eaudle-pow 
new  hiiiii)  is  -J.nOO  micruhins,  mid  that  of  the  Ki-cainll 
power  old  lamp  is  J,(!00  inierohms. 

Understanding  that  the  si>ecilic  resistaiico  of  tl 
dense  carbons  of  old  lamps  would  be  from  GOO  to  1,01 
....... ..h.i.r..  u...  I  have  already  stated,  in  my  opinion 

the  lutio  of  the  siieeilie  rcsistanee  of  the  Edison  carlii 
last  above  mentioned  being,  as  coinparoil  with  that 
the  dense  carbons,  as  7.7  to  1  in  one  ease  and  I.G  i 
the  other  case— the  Edison  carbon  can  bo  tnily  .said 
bo  “of  high  specitie  rosistance."  I  do  not,  liowcvt 
wish  to  ho  understood  ils  saying  that  this  exprcssii 
would  not  be  applicable  to  a  earboii  of  lower  spocillc  r 
sistiinco  than  that  of  the  otio  referred  to. 

378  x-Q.  If  it  be  applicable  to  carbons  of  lower  sji 
cifie  resistance  than  this,  what  is  the  loiceel  spccil 
resistaiico  which  carhotis  produced  by  tho  process  ( 
the  patent  in  suit  can  have,  and  yet  have  their  resis 
ance  “  high,”  in  the  sense  in  which  you  have  used  tli 
term  when  you  have  set  forth  that  the  process  of  tli 
liatoiit  neces.sarily  produces  a  carbon  of  “  liiijh  specif 
lesistaiice? 

A.  I  do  not  know  tho  loicesl  specific  rosistance  wide 
carbons  produced  by  this  process  could  have,  witboi 
the  application  of  sonio  subsequent  process,  bat  do  iii 
think  that  it  would  be  i>ussiblc  to  make  carbons  by  111 
process,  without  additional  treatment,  which  would  liiiv 
a  spccitic  resistaiico  less  than  3,800  microhms— thosaiu 
being  the  specitie  resistance  of  the  lamp  nieiitioiied  i 

Adjourned  until  September  21, 1890,  at  11  A.  .M. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


377; 


Skitemiieii  21,  1890. 

Met  pursuant  to  ndjoumment. 

I'resent— Counsel  ns  before  and  G.  P.  Lowiiev,  Esq. 
if  loiiiisel  for  comiilainant. 

:ilOSS-EX.VMI.NATIOX  OF  TOE  WiT.NESS,  ClI.\m.ES  L.  C1..UIKE 
CO.NTINUEI)  : 

•379  X-Q.  You  have  assumed  in  your  last  few  answers 
ave  you  not,  that  the  Edison  Inirners,  whose  S]iecifi( 
isistaiice  yon  have  stated,  have  been  made  withiml 
ring  subjected  to  what  you  call  “  any  other  siib.seipieiil 
roeesi  — i  ii  g  tl  r  I  I  understand,  any  pro- 
‘ss  subsequent  to  “the  process  described  in  tin 
atmit?” 

A.  Yes. 

380  x-Q.  Are  not  all  of  the  Edison  hiirnei-s  treated 
eetrieally  subsequent  to  their  carbonizatioii,  and 
bile  the  lamp  bulb  is  being  exhausted  ? 

A.  les.  They  are  subjected  to  this  treatment. 

.181  x-Q.  And  does  not  that  subsequent  treatment 
aterially  reduce  tho  specific  resistance  which  the 
irhon  has  on  leaving  the  carbonizing  furnace  ‘i 
A.  Yes. 


382  x-Q.  About  how  muchV 

A.  That  I  cannot  state  with  exactness.  I  notice  that 
r.  Howell  states,  in  answer  to  79  x-Q.  and  80  x-Q.  of 
IS  deposition  given  in  this  case,  that  the  reduction  in 
lecific  resistance  of  tho  biirnors  of  the  Edison  laiiqis  is 
'out  20%,  and  that  this  fairly  represented  the  rediic- 
'II  by  this  treatment,  as  carried  on  by  the  Edison 
iiiui'auy  in  November,  1888.  Eroiii  what  1  know  of 
0  subject  generally,  I  see  no  reason  to  doubt  the  stib- 
antial  eoiTectiiess  of  Mr.  Howell’s  statement. 

383  x-Q.  Then,  in  stating  the  specific  resistance  of 


Clmrlos  Ij.  Clnrko. 


Clmrles  L.  Clnrko. 


imliiig 


A.  I»o,  I  sceno  rensoii  for  .--o  doing,  umlci-sl 
ns  I  do  tiint  tlio  proc-c.ss  describod  in  tins  pn 
struct.s  tbo  nrt  to  ni)ply  this  elcctricnl  trcntmenl 

cnrbon  burner.  . . 

384  x-Q.  •\Vlmt  Inngnnge  in  tbo  pntont  “  instnid.s 
tbo  nrt”  to  trent  tbo  cnrbons  ob^ctricnllv  during  the 
proce.ss  of  oxlmnsting  tbo  gloljo  ?  '  " 

A.  Till!  spocifiontion  stntos  Hint : 

“  Tbo  invention  fnrtlier  oon.si.sts  in  jibicing  siirb 
burnor  of  grout  resistnnoo  in  n  nenriy  perfect 
vncninn,  to  prevent  oxidntion  niid  injury  to  tbo  loii- 
ductor  by  tbo  ntimispbore." 

And,  in  regnrd  to  binips  inndo  prior  to  the  ibite  of 
the  pntont, 


“  *  *  *  tbnt  owing  to  the  low  rosistiineo  of 
the  Innip  tlio  lending  wires  must  be  of  Inrgo  diiiiou- 
siiins  mid  good  eoiiduotoi's,  nnd  n  glnss  globe  cnii- 
mit  bo  kept  tight  nt  tho  phiee  whoro  the  wires  piess 
in  nnd  nro  eeinonted;  honco  tho  cnrbon  is  con- 
snnied,  beennso  there  must  bo  nlmost  n  perfect 
vnennm  to  innko  the  cnrbon  stnhlo,  ospeoinlly  when 
such  cnrbon  is  sinnll  in  ranss  nnd  high  in  oleetricnl 
resistnncc.” 


It  is  nlso  stilted  Hint : 


“  Thu  use  of  n  gns  in  tho  receiver  nt  ntmos- 
pheric  pressures,  nlthongh  not  nttnekiiig  tbo 
enrhon,  serves  to  destroy  it  in  time  by  ‘nir 
wnshing  '  or  the  nttritiou  produced  by  tho  rn]iiil 
pnssngo  of  tho  nir  over  tho  slightly  oobereiit 
highly  hunted  siirfnoo  of  tho  cnrbon.” 


The  inventor,  nfter  stilting  Hint  ho  bus  “  reversed  this 
pinctioe,”  goes  on  to  snv : 


“  I  hnve  discovered  thiit  even  ii  cotton  tbreiul, 
projierly  ciirbonized  nnd  plnccd  in  n  sealed  glass 
bulb  oxliniistcd  to  unc-iiiillionth  of  an  ntmospbere, 
offers  from  one  hundred  to  live  hundred  ohms 
resistniico  to  tho  jinssnge  of  the  current,  aud 
that  it  is  nli.solutely  stable  nt  very  high  tenipom- 


In  Hie  light  of  the  nliove  quotations 
that  tbo  specificntioii  fully  sets  forth 
having  n  very  high  vacniini  in  tho  him] 
Adjourned  for  lunch. 


To  obtain  such  n  vncuuni  I  believe  tl 
n  cogiiize  the  uece.ssity  of  removing  tin 
ill  the  pores  of  the  cnrbon  burner  by 
candescence  and  pnnqiing  out  the  occh 
of  the  instructions  contained  in  U.  S 
Xo.  210,809  nnd  Xo,  211,202,  griintc 
.Man,  nnd  in  Edison's  French  Paten 
Slay  28,  1879,  and  his  English  Pntont 
cciiibcr  17,  1879 — and  would,  without 
siructions,  cloetricnlly  heat  the  burners 
of  u.vbnustion  and  ohtnin  a  high  vnuinit 
In  regard  to  this  eloetrical  heiiting  in 
that  the  bunicrs  in  tho  Edison  Innipi 
subjected  to  any  process,  subseipicnt  ti: 
scribed  in  the  pntont,  I  u-ish  to  say  tl 
...\l.rea.Mun  subsequent  process”  I  hm 
iidiid  the  so-cnllcd  “  hydro-enrbon  jiri 
carbon  is  oloctricnlly  deiiosited  witliii 
upon  the  siirfiico  of  tho  humor,  nnd  its 
ance  is  reduced. 

38.5  x-Q.  Do  you  then  menu  to  say  tli 
suit  describes  this  electrical  treatment 
so  tbnt  this  trentment  becomes  n  part 
dtsi  nbed  in  tho  patent  ?  ” 

•V.  Yes,  beennsu  I  believe  tbnt  the  poi 
which  tho  necessity  of  a  high  vncuuni  i 
patent  amounts  to  an  in.striiction  to  the 
cally  heat  tbo  burners  on  tho  pumps  ;  t 
uiiderstnud  it,  the  well-known  and  only 
u  high  vacuum  could  be  obtained,  aud  \ 
would  be  at  once  adopted. 

38(j  x-Q.  Evidently,  thee,  you  regard 


Cbnrles  h.  Olurko. 


cntm.Mit  on  tlio  pniiips  ns  n  part  of  tiio  opemtioii 

roclueing  the  high  vnciiuiii.  ami  not  ns  a  i . t  f  | 

rocess  of  carbonization.  How  is  tliis  ? 

A.  I  should  .say  that  in  the  main  it  is  to  he  cnsid,. 
1  a  ])ai  t  of  the  oiieration  of  prodncting  a  hi-h  vaeiii 
ne  result  of  this  treatment  is,  I  believe  tc^  brin- 
uniers  to  a  higher  state  of  carbonization,  tli,.  res 
ig  em  (  t  dtpending  somewhat  upon  the  length  of  t' 

Jnng  which  they  are  kept  in  the  carboniz . . 

id  the  temperature  to  which  they  have  been  .sad-ieel 

387  x-Q.  llegarded  as  a  part  of  the  process  „f  , 
mization,  do  you  find  any  description  of  this  prec 
electrical  treatment  in  the  jjateut  in  suit  ? 

Objected  to  ns  indefinite. 

A.  AVhat  process  of  carbonization,  may  I  ask  ? 

388  x-Q.  The  jirocoss  of  carbonization  referred  tc 
e  ])ntcnt,  of  course. 

A.  Yes.  Thu  specification  states  that : 

"  I  have  discovered  that  even  a  cotton  thri 
properly  carlionized  and  placed  in  a  scaled  gli 
bnll)  oxhmisted  to  oiie-milliontli  of  nii  atiuospl  ' 
offers  from  one  hundred  to  five  hundre.l  eh 
resistance  to  the  jmssago  of  the  cuneut,  and  f. 
it  is  absolutely  stable  at  very  high  tomperalarc 

Under  the  conditions  above  quoted  the  carbon  wot 
'  subject  to  this  extra  carbonization. 

Counsel  for  coinjilainant  states  that  in  inln 
ncing  from  the  McKeesport  case  into  this  ■■■ 
the  depositions  of  Thomas  A.  Edison,  CInr 
Batchelor,  Francis  B.  Upton,  Hugh  B.  Ciai  1 
George  \Y.  Sawyer,  William  Sharp  and  Wal 
K.  Griffon,  various  offers  of  exhibits  on  bch 
of  the  complainant  were  also  introduced,  sin 
of  whicli  exhibits  have  been  lost  or  are  i 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


exhibits  referred  to  as  lost  or  inacecssibh 
are  ns  follows : 

Edison’s  Exhibit  First  Incandescent 
offered  before  Q.  28  of  the  deposition  of  Thoma 
A.  Edison. 

Edison’s  Commcrical  Incandescent  Electric 
Lamp  offered  before  Q.  31  of  the  same  deposi 

Edison’s  Exhibit  Xo.  1.5  offered  before  Q.  2 
of  the  deposition  of  Charles  Batchelor. 

Edison’s  Exhihit  Xo.  10  offered  before  Q.  1 
of  the  same  deiaisition. 

Edison’s  Exhibit  Xo.  17  offered  at  the  .sam 
point. 

Ixdison’s  Exhibit  Xo.  18  offered  at  the  sam 
])uint. 

Edison’s  Exhibit  Xo.  ID  offered  at  the  sam 
lioint. 

Edison’s  Exhibit  Xo.  20  offered  at  the  sam 
point. 

Edison’s  Exhibit  Xo.  21  offered  before  Q.  4 
of  the  same  deposition. 

Edison’s  Exhibit  No.  22  offered  at  the  sam 
point. 

Counsel  for  complainant  gives  notice  tha 
the  following  exhibits  (the  ofl’ers  of  which  wer 
also  introduced  with  the  testimony  frian  th 
McKeesport  cn.su)  being  offered  in  evidence  i 
ether  points  in  the  record,  either  by  the  com 
plainant  or  by  the  defendant,  he  desires  to  with 
draw  the  offers  made  at  the  following  points  i 
the  record : 

Edison’s  Exhibit  No.  8  offered  before  Q.  til  t 
the  deposition  of  Thomas  A.  Edison, 
jriie  several  lettei-s  patent  oflered  before  ( 
3ll  of  the  same  deposition. 

Befeudaut’s  Exhibit  Edison’s  Patent  No.  223 
898,  offered  before  Q.  412  of  the  same  depos 


Dcfeiulant’s  Exhibit  Bnmboo  Patent 
o-lO,  offered  be-foro  Q.  437  of  tlie  sai: 
tion. 

Adjourned  until  September  25,  1890,  at  11 


Sewemiieh  2 

Jfet  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Pre.sent— B.  X.  Dvkii,  of  counsel  for  coi 
and  S.  A.  Du.nc.v.n,  of  eounsel  for  defendant. 

CltOSS-E.X.UII.VATIO.\-  OF  THE  WlT.N-ESS,  ClIAnEES  ] 
CO.NTI.VUEI) : 

389  x-Q.  I  nndor.stand  you  to  say  in  siibsl 
tlio  jKitout  in  suit  describL's  the  eloctriuiil  heat 
carbon  Imrnor  while  the  lamp  globe  is  being  - 
and  describes  this  as  a  neeesajiry  part  of  tl) 
spoken  of  in  the  jiatent  ns  “  carbonization." 
really  bold  any  such  view  as  that  ? 

A.  No. 

390  x-Q.  What,  then,  do  you  understand 
patent  means  by  the  terms  “  carbonized  ”  and 
ization  ”  and  “  carbonizing?” 

A.  I  think  that  where  these  terms  are  ui 
patent  they  refer  to  that  part  of  the  carbonizii 
Avhich  takes  j)hice  in  the  furnace. 

391  x-Q.  Then,  of  course,  you  agree  that  t 
makes  no  direct  reference  to  the  process  ol 
heating  on  the  pumps? 

A.  If  by  the  oxpre.ssion  “  no  direct  referei 
asked  whether  the  initont  refoi-s  to  the  “  ] 
electrical  heating”  in  so  many  words,  then 
yes,  at  the  same  time,  however,  calling  attenti 
answer  to  385  x-Q.,  to  the  effect  that  this 
desLiibed  in  the  patent  in  other  language. 

392  x-Q.  At  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


lescrut  himp  that  the  carbon  burners  should  be  siib- 
I'cted  to  electrical  heating  during  the  process  of  ex- 
laiisliug  the  globe  ? 

A.  I  do  not  think  that  the  question,  if  answered  in 
lie  allirumtivo,  would  represent  the  condition  of  the 
umviedge  which  the  art  had  prior  to  the  date  of  the 
al.  ut.  Ill  my  O])inion,  it  wius  known  that  by  elee- 
■ically  heating  the  carbon  burner  in  the  presence  of  an 
lert  gas  during  exhaustion  the  air  in  the  pores  of  the 
irlieii  would  be  expelled  and  removed  from  the  lamp 
lamher,  and  that  the  durability  of  the  carbon  burner 
oiild  for  this  reason  be  increased.  As  I  uudei-stand  it 
high  degree  of  exhaustion  was  not  eoutemplated  or 
lemed  iieecs-sary ;  but,  on  the  eoutrarv,  the  lamp 
lamher  remained  filled  with  inert  gas  at'  the  end  of 
le  operation. 

-Adjourned  for  lunch. 


Hesumed. 

•)»:i  x-Q.  In  this  you  refer  doubtless  to  the  Sawver 
il  Jiaii  Patents  Xos.  210,800  ami  211,262,  as  most 
lly  representing  the  state  of  the  art  upon”  the  subject 
w  under  discussion  as  it  existed  prior  to  the  date  of 

■  patent  in  suit? 

•A.  I’t-s,  as  representing  the  state  of  the  art  with  i-efer- 
•«  to  the  presence  of  air  in  the  jiores  of  a  carbon 
luer,  and  a  method  of  expelling  the  .same  in  the 
-seiice  of  an  inert  gas  liy  electrical  heating. 

■  in  the  art  prior  to  the  date  of  the 

cut  in  suit  do  you  find  the  best  statements,  or  aiiv 
leuients,  in  regard  to  the  use  of  the  electrical  heating 
tlic  carbon  burner  of  an  incandescent  lamp  during 
'  of  exhausting  the  globe,  either  for  the  piir- 

'c  of  perfecting  the  carbonization  of  the  material 
“l>'>smg  the  burner  or  for  aiding  the  pum,)s  in  per- 
>ug  the  vacuum  in  which  the  burner  was  to  bo 

I  do  not  know  of  any  statement  contained  in  the 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


the  date  of  the  imtont  in  suit,  wliicli  will  conform  t( 
conditions  set  forth  in  the  question.  That  could  ho 
he  expected,  for  the  reason  that  it  was  not  known 
there  would  bo  any. advantage  in  placing  theca 
burner  in  a  high  vacuum,  and  that  the  method  of 
structing  the  old  carbon  lamp  chambei-s  with  sepnr 
parts  and  lai^jo  leading-in  wires  cemented  into  t 
walls  precluded  the  possibility  of  either  obtainin 
preserving  such  a  vacuum. 

I  believe,  however,  that  the  directions  given  in 
specilication  of  the  imtent  in  suit  would,  in  "the  li.-l 
statements  contained  in  the  Sawyer  .t  JIan  and  hi 
Edison  patents  referred  to,  instruct  the  art  to  elccl 
ally  heat  the  carbon  burner  during  the  process  of 
hausting  the  globe  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  tiie  ]u 
in  perfecting  the  vacuum,  and  resulting  akso  in 
additional  carbonization. 

Adjourned  until  Septonilier  20, 1800,  at  11  A.  M. 


Sei'iemueii  2(j,  1S!I( 

Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  us  before. 

CllOSS-E.\AMI.NATIOS  OF  THE  WtTXESS,  CUAIILES  L.  Cull 
CONTINUED  : 

305  x-Q.  Do  the  Sawyer  &  Man  patents  aiiywli 
indicate  that  the  electrical  heating  of  the  carhoii 
which  they  in  part  refer  was  for  the  purpose  of  efli 
iug  what  you  call  “  additional  carbonization,"  or  thii 
produced  this  result  ? 

A.  I  find  no  statement  of  this  character. 

3!)0  x-Q.  Do  you  find  in  the  said  Sawyer  it  I 
patents  any  indication  that  the  electrical  heating  of 
carbon  was  for  the  purpose  of  securing  a  hig' 
vacuum  than  could  have  been  obtained  without  it, 
that  it  in  fact  operated  to  produce  such  a  result  ? 


.1117  x-Q.  Is  it  not  a  fact  also  that  this  process 
clectric.sl  heating  of  the  carbon,  as  the  same  isdescrib 
in  the  two  Sawyer  &  Man  patents,  was  to  take  pin 
alwajs  in  the  presence  of  a  nitrogen  gas  ? 

.\.  Yes. 

31)8  x-Q.  So  far  as  concerns  the  condition  of  t 
iiiaterial  composing  the  burners  to  be  subjected  to  t 
electrical  heating  contemplated  by  the  two  Sawyer 
.Man  i)atcnt.s,  is  there  anything  in  those  ])atciits  win 
indicates  that  such  material  was  not  coiiqiletely  carbo 
ized  licfore  the  electrical  heating  began? 

A.  I  do  not  think  so. 

311!)  x-Q.  Is  there  anything  iu  the  Sawyer  ,t  M 
patents  to  indicate  that  the  electrical  heating  was  to 
iqiplied  to  any  other  form  of  carbon  burner  than 
"  pencil  ?  " 

A.  I  see  no  indication  in  the  patents  that  the  use 
miy  other  form  of  burner  was  contemplated. 

•100  x-Q.  Does  this  term  “  iicncil  ”  iu  these  patei 

.  substiintially  what  you  have  spoken  of  in  tl 

deposition  as  “  rods  ”  ? 

A.  I  think  so. 

Adjourned  for  lunch. 


Ilesumed. 

■101  x-Q.  Y'ou  are  also  of  the  ojiinioii,  are  you  ui 
that  the  lamp  described  and  referred  to  in  the  Sawy 
iV  Man  patents  was  of  no  iiractical  value  forcommerc 

A.  Yes. 

-102  x-Q.  Now,  will  you  exiilaiii  how  it  is  that  the 
»'i'VYor  it  Man  patents,  which  deal  only  with pei.dk 
>oi  sol  carbon,  and  which,  iu  your  opinion,  de.scri 
a  lainp  of  no  practical  value,  justify  the  concltisi 
(winch  I  undorsbiud  you  to  entertain)  that 
10  (late  of  the  Edieou  piiteut  iu  suit  pvliicli  y 

liiit  coutaiub  110  stiitenieiit  in  regard  to  t 
0  cetiical  treatment  of  the  carbon  burner)  a  i)ei*s 


! 


apmotical  lamp  with  a burner  to. 

--U.  b..mor  to  l„b-Ii  electrical  Iicntiim  ,l„ri 
exhausting  of  the  lamp  globe,  in  order  to  secure 
perfect  vacnniuand  one  without  which  the  huriiei 
not  he  sulhcieiitly  stable  for  practical  punioses 
order  to  perfect  the  carbouinatiou  of  »,lh  b. 
specially  1,1  view  of  the  further  facts,  admitted  I 

dieat  M  ‘.“'V' f  ■’.“lonls  eoiitaiii  iiothiii^ 
licatc  that  the  electrical  heating  of  which  //,.  » 
lias  any  useful  fuiictiou  to  perform,  by  way  eil 
produeiug  a  vacuum  (a  thing  not  coutemplated 
hawser  .t  Jlaii  patents)  or  by  way  of  improvi 

carboi,i,atio.i  of  the  burner  (since.  „r  ,  t],  tl 

to  1)0  completely  cnrboiuzod  before  the  elcctrica 
begun)  ? 

Objected  to  ns  iudetiaiU  i  1  irg  in  oi  I 
also  as  contiiiiiing  statements  not  warrani 
the  evidonco. 

A.  I  do  not  hold  the  opinion  that  at  that  dal 
after  reading  the  patent  in  suit,  the  Sawyer  .t 
patents  alone  would  justify  the  conclusion  coiitaii 
tlio  (]ucstl011. 

403  x-Q.  Whore  else,  prior  to  the  date  of  the  t 

■nsmt.  If  not  in  these  Sawyer  .t  Man  patents.  <1 
had  any  description  of  the  use  of  electrical  lieati 
applied  o  the  carbon  biirnor  of  an  iiicnndescont 
daring  the  process  of  exhausting  the  globe  of 
lainp,  either  for  the  purpose  of  perfooting  the  ca 
i/Jition  of  the  material  composing  such  hunior,  orfi 
purpose  of  producing  a  vacmiin  sufficiently  hi 
render  the  carbon  practically  stable? 

A.  ^owhoro.  As  I  iindei-stand  it  the  p 
n  suit  first  instructed  tlie  art  to  make 
>f  electrical  heating  of  carbou  burners  to 
a  the  obtaining  of  a  high  vacuum,  resulting  also  ii 
lerfecting  of  their  carbonization,  and  in  rondi 
lieiii  practically  stable. 

Adjourned  until  Septonibor  97.  nt  11  A  Af 


-Q.  Whore  in  the  art,  luior 
n  suit,  do  you  find  instniet: 
il  heating  of  the  carbon  bun 
ip,  during  the  iiroee-ss  of  exl 
Jiur/iofc  of  pc, •feel!, oj  the  , 
I  composing  the  hurnev  ? 

Objected  to  as  already  aiisi 
Counsel  for  defendant  asks 
Counsel  for  complainant 
iiswer  to  cross-ciuestioa  403. 

'Where. 

Q.  You  regard  this  procc 
the  carbon  Inirncr  of  an  i 
le  exhausting  of  the  globe  a 
10  coiistriiction  of  a  iniiotical 
» ;  I  have  already  stated  tha 
i-s  to  20.5th  to  211th  cross.(, 
Q.  One  thing  in  your  testi: 
•ight  your  premises,  is  sui 
,  to  nseertain  whether  I  di 
)iir  position  on  the  subjee 

istand  you  to  admit  that,  pi 
at  iu  suit,  it  wiLs  not  knov 
lieatiiig  of  the  carbon  burn 
1  while  on  the  pump  was  ni 
srfectiiig  the  carbonization  ol 
iproviug  the  vacuum  ;  but  tl 
>11  as  to  the  value  of  this  ess 
^  making  au  ineaiideseeut  Ian 
id  from  that  part  of  the  pa 
simply  that  the  lami)  cdobo  I 


.  (if  tliese  bo  corroot)  li. 

can  it  follow  that  on  tliu  27tli  of  tTamiar3-,  1880,n  iicrsi 
would  liavo  found  in  tins  siniplo  direction  of  tllo  Edisi 
Iiatent  instructions  to  sn|)plemeiit  tlio  action  of  H 
carlwnizing  furnace  and  tlio  action  of  the  aii-imn 
liy  subjecting  tlio  carbon  burner  of  tlio  lamp  to  ole 
trical  heating  during  the  process  of  exbanslin-  H 
globe?  ■  ° 

A.  In  nrv  opinion  this  would  very  natnndly  folloi 
and  for  tlio  folldwing  reiusoiis. 

As  I  iinderetaiid  it,  jirior  to  the  date  of  the  patent  i 
Sint,  it  was  not  known  that  any  advantage  would  resii 
from  placing  a  carbon  burner  in  a  very  liigi,  vacimm,  c 
that  by  so  doing  a  carbon  burner  could  bo  made  wlik 
would  be  diimblo  eiioiigli  for  jiractical  commercial  pin 
l>osis.  Now,  tliu  patent  in  suit  calls  attention  to  tli 
absolute  necessity  of  exlmusting  tlie  lamp  globe  to 
very  liigb  degree,  not  by  any  Dimple  rofereiico  to  a  hhj 
vitfuum,  ns  intimated  in  tlic  qiiestion,  but,  as  I  bcliovi 
in  a  most  einpliatic  manner,  by  stating  that  tlio  biinie 
IS  to  bo  placed  “  in  a  near/!/  perfect  vacuum,  to  |irevcn 
oxidation  and  injury  to  tlie  conductor  by  tlie  iitiiio 
spliero ;  ”  that  “  tliero  must  bo  almost  a  perfect  vaai'iti 


thread  projicrly  carbonized  and  placed  in  a  scaled  gliisi 
bulb  cxliaiistcd  to  imcmi/Hont/i  of  an  atmosphere  olTcn 
froiii  one  Inindrod  to  live  Innidrcd  ohms  resistance  tc 
the  passage  of  the  cniTent,  and  that  it  is  absoliitel; 
itablo  at  very  high  temperatures."  The  patent  aisc 
dates  that  the  globes  of  the  old  lamps  cannot  be  koiil 
jiglit,  and  that  for  this  reason  the  carbon  is  consnnied 
Itcforoiico  is  also  made  to  the  lamp  chamber  described 
*1  tho  putoiit,  whicli  IK  niadu  of  ono  contimiouK  pirco  ol 
ilass,  as  a  “  vacuum  hull, ;  "  and  that  it  is  hermcticallj 
foaled  whoii  a  **  hujh  vantnm"'  has  been  renclied  ;  also 
hat  platinum  is  tho  only  material  that  can  bo  used  for 
ending-in  wires,  because  its  expansion  is  nearly  the 
nine  as  that  of  glass  ;  and,  again,  that  tho  ciinent  is 
ondneted  into  the  vacimm  bulb  through  these  wires, 
jhich  are  “sca/ed”  into  the  glass,  and  that,  because 
lej  are  small  in  resistance  ns  coinnnrcd  with  the 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


lim  ner,  ./I'ac  wires  may  bo  used  wliicli  will 
crack  the  “sealed  vacuum  hull,." 

I  think  that  these  references  in  the  pate 
solute  necessity  of  Imving  a  very  high  vaci 
the  carbon  will  be  stable,  and  the  partic 
tion  of  a  sealed  chamber  made  of  one  coni 
of  glass,  with  fine  platinum  leading-in  win 
its  walls  for  the  ])articiilar  reason  that  tl 
“crack  the  sealed  vnciiiini  bulb  "  would  lei 
at  once  uuderstnnd  the  necessity  of  electri 
tho  carbon  burner  during  the  jirocess  of  ej 
globe  in  order  to  secure  siicb  a  vacimm,  n 
in  the  additional  carbonization  of  the  |.t| 
the  Sawyer  and  Man  patents  teach  that  th 
the  nuboii,  which  is  expelled  from  it  by  eh 
ing,  blit  which  acts  injuriously  it  allowed  t: 
the  lain])  chamber  ;  and  also  because  the 
English  jiatents  of  Edison  before  mentionei 
a  bnni.a  made  of  platinum  wire  coiibi'n 
pores,  and  that  by  ox|)olliiig  this  air  by  elci 
ing  during  the  proee.ss  of  exhaiisting  tho  g 
high  vacimm  is  obtained,  and  likewise  refci 
that  the  air  contained  in  sticks  of  carbon 
pellod  in  this  manner. 

1  fool  strengthened  in  my  o])iuinn  by  tl 
tion  which  it  receives  from  tho  opinion  e 
Professor  Elihii  Thomson,  ono  of  ilefendaiit 
who,, us  I  undorsbiiid  it,  in  his  answoi's 
inclusive  of  his  deposition  in  this 
that  the  .Sawyer  and  Man  iiatonts  describe  i 
hl•atlng  the  carbon  for  tho  jmrposo  of  driv 
"ii'l  gas  out  of  tho  burner,  and  fl.i.t 


Cliiirles  L.  Clarku. 

Seitkmiieu  2!I,  1S90. 

Mot  piii-siiniit  to  ailjdiii'iiinent 
Present— Counsel  lus  before. 


CltOSS-EXAMINATIO.NOF  THE  WlT.NE.SS,  CllAIlI.ES  L.  C.uiKE 
CONTINUED  : 

•107  x-Q.  It  goes  witliont  tlie  saying,  I  think,  tliiit 
tlie  patent  in  suit  eonteinplatc.s  a  high  vaennni  as  one 
of  the  eonditions  of  a  nsofiil  lamp  :  bat  where,  either 
in  the  patent  or  in  tlie  art  jirior  to  the  patent,  do  you 
find  any  suggestion  that  a  earbonixed  ihrmil,  or  in  fact 
i\i\y  fihiiiieut  of  earbon,  would  occlude  so  niiieh  air  or 
other  gas  as  to  make  it  impossible  to  secure  the  high 

vacuum  by  the  use  of  the  Sprengel  pump  . . .  ami 

without  resorting,  in  addition  thereto,  to  the  use  of 
electrical  heating  of  tho  filament  ? 

A.  I  find  no  statement  of  any  kind,  made  jirior  to  the 
date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  concerning  earbonized  thread 
or  carbon  filament  burners.  Tho  patent  in  suit  stntc.s 
that  “  there  must  be  almost  a  perfect  vacuum  to  render 
the  carbon  stable,  esy»’ci«(%  when  such  carbon  is  «««// 
III  mms  and  high  in  electrical  resistance  "—thus  calling 
particular  attention  to  tho  interdependence  between  a 
very  high  vacuum  and  such  carbon.  In  view  of  this 
.statement  in  tho  patent  in  suit,  and  those  contained  in 
tho  Sawyer  it  Man  patents  before  referred  to,  regarding 
tho  necessity  of  removing  occluded  gases  from  tho  car¬ 
bon  burner  and  lamp  chamber,  I  think  that  tho  art 
would  have  at  once  recognized  that  tho  carbon  would 
not  bo  stable,  unless  tho  occluded  gases  wore  driven 
out  of  tho  burner  by  electrical  heating,  and  withdrawn 
from  tho  lamp  chamber  by  c.vhnusting  it  to  a  very  high 
degree. 

408  x-Q.  I  do  not  ask  vou  whether  the  art  would  or 


I!)  x-Q.  Do  you  also  think  that  th 
patent  in  suit,  would  have  know, 
e  then  pos,se.ssed  by  the  art  and 
to  make  use  of  tho  jirocess  of  e 
lection  with  a  carbon  lilainent  si 
I  tho  ])atent  ? 

.  Yes. 

10.\-Q.  How  do  you  account 
moro  than  two  years  later  M 
lication  filed  in  Deconibor,  1880) 
the  electrical  treatment  of  tho  ca 
..idi,-.ici:nt  lamp  during  the  jiroces 
a  -I  refer  to  the  Edison  Pal 
obor  10,  18827 

Objected  to  as  immaterial  ii 

.  I  know  nothing  about  it,  nor  o 
aition  described  and  claimed  in  th 
I  the  oiiinion  that  at  tho  date  of  i 
Id  not  have  required  invention 
burner  during  tho  process  of  < 
a  very  high  vacuum,  which  i 
nor  being  durable  enough  for  jii 

1  x-Q.  In  the  case  of  a  carbon 
nee  would  it  make  in  tho  dog 
Ud  whether  electrical  heating  . 
Hied  to  duriiu;  tho  exhaustiiur  e 


3788 


CliiirlcB  L.  Cliirke. 


vacuiiin  olitiiiiiiiblo  with  olootrical  heating 
tliat  the  burner  enclosed  in  it  is  durable.  ° 
Adjourned  for  Inneh. 


Ecsnincd. 

412  x-Q.  Will,  electrical  heating  would  it,  in  yot 
opinion,  be  po.ssiblc  to  obtain  a  vacninn  as  high  as  llm 

niillionth  of  an  atmosphere  ? 

A.  I  think  so,  although  I  recall  no  data  based  npo 
experiments  in  this  direction  made  upon  in<  irnlisLLii 
lamps  since  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  lint  I  be 
lievo  that  in  ox|)crimcnts  made  with  vaenmu  tubes  i 
considenddy  higher  vacuum  than  this  has  been  obtained 
and  I  SCO  no  reason  why  the  vacuum  of  an  incandescen 
lamp  could  not  bo  made  as  high  as  that  mcnliuncd  ii 
the  question. 

413  x-Q.  the  electrical  heating  could  tin 

vacuum,  in  your  opinion,  bo  made  one-half  as  high  ni 
icith  the  electrical  licating,  assuming  the  carbon  buniei 
to  bo  of  fllumeutary  size  ? 

A.  I  do  not  think  so. 

414  x-Q.  Could  it,  in  your  opinion,  be  iiuule  onc' 
tenth  as  high  V 

A.  I  do  not  know  whether  long-continued  c.vhaustioii 
of  the  globe  would  produce  this  result  or  not,  nut  being 
n  possession  of  any  experimental  facts  upon  this  point 
;o  assist  mo  in  forming  an  opinion. 

41i)  x-Q.  Let  mo  call  your  attention  to  certain  fads 
vhich,  it  seems  to  me,  ought  to  aid  you  in  foriuing  an 
tpinion.  There  arc  in  evidence  certain  of  the  Edison 
amps,  made  presumably  utidor  the  patent  in  suit ;  also 
hero  is  a  table  giving  the  dimensions  of  the  carbons  in 
hese  lamps.  I  think  that  you  will  find  that  the 
aibic  contonts  of  one  of  the  globes  of  tho  IC- 
andle-power  lamps  is  some  thousands  of  times  the 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


all  the  air  and  oxygen  occluded  iu 
it  were  possible  to  remove  all)  woul 
educe  in  the  globe  a  vacuum  ten 
lit  which  could  be  jiroduced  by  the  p 
1  of  the  electrical  heating,  even  if  w 
ter  case  (contrary  to  what  I  siippoi 
at  the  pump  would  remove  only  such 
surruaml  the  carbon  within  the  gl 
at  which  is  occliiihil  within  the  carbe 

Objected  to  ns  iudetinite  and 

.•V.  I  think  that  this  could  be  re;m<i 
hough  I  caiiuot  state  the  ratio  of  th 
those  two  ways.  AVliile  a  high  vacii 
iced  by  tho  proce.ss  of  exhaustio 
louiit  of  gas  still  remains  occluded  in 
are  by  some  attraction  which  apiiare 
ercomc  by  tho  a]>plication  of  hca 
die  wore  exhausted  without  cloctri 
D  lami)  were  used  in  this  condition,  t 
cx])ellcd  from  tho  bttrnor,  resulting 
vacuum  to  a  considerable  extent  as 
at  of  a  lamp  in  which  these  gases  1 
t  of  tho  burner  and  withdrawn  from 
lativo  volumes  of  the  carbon  burner  i 
ised  in  tho  globe  do  not,  I  think,  hii 
aring  on  this  question,  in  the  absenc 
iioeriiiug  tho  ratio  between  tho  volmi 
d  the  volume  of  tho  gas  contained  in 
■110  x-Q.  Itis,  then,youropiiiiou  that 
oxygen  occluded  in  one  of  the  curb 
lisoii  IG-candlo-iiower  laiiqi,  prior  to 
:o  the  globe,  is  so  great  that  if  th 
listed  to  tho  highest  attainable  vucui 


bnse  nn  opinion  Avitli  the  oxiictitmlo  enlled  for  in  tl 
(piestion. 

417  x-Q.  I  (lid  not  intend  to  tio  yon  down  to 
tignres.  Instead  of  “one-tenth"  (the  figure  nninc 
in  my  Inst  question),  yon  may  make  the  ratio  if  y. 
please,  one-jifth  or  .me.-jifUc„lh.  AVith  this  variatic 
Hare  yon  venture  nn  optmon  upon  tlio  (piastion  ? 

A.  Yos,  in  ftiiothc'r  mnniier,  l>ut  not  in  mtios  as 
have  already  stated  in  answer  to  .(11  i-Q  j.i 
opinion  there  will  he  such  a  reduction  in  the  vac, an 
by  electrical  heating,  that  if  the  burner  is  used  in  tl, 
lower  vacinini,  it  will  not  bo  diimblo  ,ls  compared  wil 
the  life  which  it  would  have  if  after  this  electrical  heal 
mg  the  gases  were  iminped  out  of  the  globe  and  tl, 
vacniim  again  made  high. 

Adjourned  until  September 30, 1890,  at  11  A.M. 


Met  imrsiinnt  to  ndjoiirnment,  ,it  the  ofiice  of  lletls 
Atterbury  &  Betts,  120  Broadw,iv,  New  York. 

Present  Counsel  ns  before. 


418  x-Q.  The  faoU,  then,  ,ls  they  lie  in  your  mind,  seen, 
.0  ho  about  these :  that  with  a  filninont  of  carbon  8neli,i.s 
s  used  in  „n  Edison  IG-cindle-iiowor  lamp,  yon  coiiM 
vitli  a  Sprongel  pump  oxhaiist  the  globe  to  a  high  vacii- 
nil  without  olectrienlly  heating  the  carbon  ;  hut  that 
10  amount  of  gases  occlnded  in  the  carbon  is  siicli 
f  *  e  oe  iica!  licutiiig  bo  applied  after  tlio  vacuum 
foniied  these  gases  will  bo  driven  out  into  the  glol»o 
n  lthns  ower  the  vaciinm.  and,  unless  removed  hv 
uhsequent  pumping,  will  ,.ct  upon  the  carbon  ti. 
mckly  destroy  it.  AVith  this  statement  of  the  facts, 
1  -n  "  <1  “  high  vacinim  ”  the 

nit  o  10  ciirbon  to  endure  the  passage  of  the  om- 


419  x-Q.  And  also  that  a  vaciiiiin  which  would 
VC  diinihility  to  the  burner  would  neces-sarilv  lie  I 
It  would  be  low  in  the  suii.se  in  which  tha 
cssiDi,  is  applied  to  the  vacua  of  modern  incai 

•12(1  x-Q.  Do  yon  then  hold  that  in  the  art  of  ii, 
scent  lighting  it  is  the  diiridjility  of  the  carbon 
riiishcs  the  test  whether  the  vaciinm  Is,  high  or 
d  that  it  is  not  the  ab.solnte  degree  of  exhaiisti, 
? globe  that  constitutes  such  test? 

.A.  Xot  exactlx'  this.  In  iny  ojiinion  the  vjieiiii 
lich  a  carbon  burner  is  pinctically  ilnrable  is 
iiagh  to  be  properly  called  a  "  high  vacuum,"  v 
■acmiiii  in  which  the  carbon  will  not  bo  dniab 
ipcily  called  a  “  low  vaeiinni  "  in  the  sense  that 
low  as  to  prevent  the  carlsjn  from  being  durable 

121  x-Q.  If  you  could  exhaust  the  globe  of  a  cat 
Ip  to  the  one  onc-milliunth  of  an  atmosphere  witi 
ctrically  heating  the  carbon  during  the  operat 
aid  that  bo  a  high  viietititn  or  a  low  vacuum  V 

V.  TIait  would  be  a  high  vaciiitni  so  long  as  it  ho 

122  x-Q.  In  like  inanner,  if  you  .secured  a  vacniti 

I  "iie-hiindied-thoiisiimlth  of  an  atmosphere  witI 
■trically  heating  the  carbon  of  the  laiiip,  would  I 

II  high  vaeiiuni  V 

b  1  think  so,  assuming  this  to  bo  possible. 

x-().  Do  you  think  it  po.ssible  with  such  a  1, 
lie  Edison  lO-eandle-power  lamp '! 

I.  '  ‘'link  that  with  long-coiitiniied  exhaiistion, 
iidditioiml  proeantion  of  keeping  the  lamp  am: 
parts  connecting  it  to  the  pump  at  a  con.stant  t 
I'tiire,  this  vaennin  might  imssibly  bo  obtained  ; 
a  II  method  of  procedure  would,  i  think,  Ik,  eiitii 
aacticablo  to  carry  out,  and  would  not  subserve 
n  purpose,  for  any  rise  in  the  teiniieratnre, 
i<-'ularly  the  lienfc  idi..*.  ♦!.«  . 


Clmrles  L.  Clnrko. 


imeomimroil  with  tlmt  of  the  vacuum  which  the  i 
OHRht  to  jirodiico  hy  electrical  heating  during  the  i>i 
cess  of  exhaustion. 

Adjourned  for  lunch. 


Resumed. 

•124  x-Q.  In  the  jiractice  of  the  electrical  heatiii- 
the  carbon  burner,  is  it  ncce.ssary  that  the  temperatn 
bo  carried  to  a  higher  ]H)int  than  that  at  which  t 
burner  is  to  be  run  in  the  i.ractical  use  of  the  lam,.  ? 

A.  I  lielieve  so. 

425  x-Q.  In  connection  with  this  matter  of  electri. 
heating  of  a  carbon  burner  during  the  process  of  e 
hausting  the  lamp  globe,  you  have  referred  to  Edisoi 
English  and  Irench  jmtents  of  1879;  so  far  as  tlio 
Iiatents  deal  at  all  with  the  electrical  treatment  of  ea 
bon,  do  they  not  speak  of  carbon  “sticks"  m 
“pencils”  (“crayons”);  and  is  it  not  represented  i 
those  Iiatents  that  the  object  of  such  treatment  is,  not  I 
lirodnce  a  bettor  carbonization  of  the  material  of  tl 
stick  or  pencil,  but  to  free  the  stick  or  pencil  from  a 
in  order  to  make  it  “  very  homogeneous  and  hard  ”  ? 

A.  Yes ;  although  one  result  of  this  process  woal 
be  to  jirodnco  a  bettor  carbonization. 

42(1  x-Q.  Do  you  undei-stand  that  the  “carbo 
sticks”  and  “carbon  pencils  ”  referred  to  in  the  Ediso 
British  and  French  patents  wore  made  out  of  fibroi: 
material  which  had  boon  only  partially  carbonized  in 
carbonizing  furnace  ? 

A.  No ;  the  expression  is  a  gonend  one,  not  limitc 
to  the  particular  kind  of  carbou  referred  to  in  tin 
question. 

42 1  x-Q.  If  those  sticks  or  pencils  wore  made  froii 
the  deposited  carbon  of  the  gas  retort,  would  not  tli 
material  composing  them  bo  fully  carbonized  ? 

A.  I  think  so  ;  of  course  I  did  not  moan  to  sav,  ii 
my  answer  to  425  x-Q.,  that  this  nrocess  would  resnl 


Charles  D.  Clarke. 


428  x-Q.  Well,  is  there  anything 
tents  to  indicate  that  Sir.  Edison  in 
ictrical  treatment  of  a  carbon  stick 
lit  matter,  of  carbon  in  any  shajic- 
way  of  jierfocting  the  carbonizatio 
bjecled  to  the  jiroccss  ? 

A.  A|ipareiitly  not. 

129  x-Q.  Is  there  anything  in  thosi 
le  that  the  carbon  sticks  or  |>encils 
-.  Edison  to  be  used  as  the  biiniers 
ii|isy 

\.  There  is  nothing  in  those  |)ateiit 
int :  the  process  is  described  lus  n|>| 
•ks  broadly,  and  I  take  it  that  tin 
any  |)ur|)ose  to  which  they  are  snil 

kdjourned  until  October  1,  1890,  at 


0( 

ilet  imi-suant  to  adjonniinent. 
’resent— Counsel  as  before. 

IS.S-KX.I.MIX.VTIO.S  or  TIIK  WfrSK.SS,  Cll 
COXTISUEI) : 


90  X-Q.  At  various  iilaces  in  yoni 
e  asserted,  or  assumed,  that  “  the  , 
the  j.atent  in  suit”  necessarily  n 
tion  of  a  carbon  of  hly/i  specific  rt 


L'li  the  sjiecific  resistance  of  the  ci 
Inirner  is  hi,jl,  / 

•  I  had  in  mind  the  descri|>tion  in 
he  i,roee.s.s  of  bringing  the  carlKu; 
‘  “s  the  mixture  of  lami.blaek  and 
'I  thread,  wood  splints,  paj.er,  etc., 
and  .sha|>o,  Iicforo  its  carbonization 


3794 


Chnrles  L.  Cliirko. 


course,  until  the  mnterini  was  carbonized.  I  should 
have  nieationcd  that  iu  iiiy  last  answer. 

432  x-Q.  Thou,  as  I  understand  you,  you  consider  it 
to  bo  the  teaching  of  this  patent,  that  shaping  the 
bunicr  /w/oie  carbonization  necessarily  results,  on  car¬ 
bonization,  in  a  high  specific  resistance,  as  coniparcd 
with  that  of  a  burner  formed  by  shaping  o/Zcr  carbon¬ 
ization  ? 

-4.  'Wlint  the  patent  tenches  in  this  rosiioct  I  cannot 
say.  I  simply  hold  the  oi>inion  that  if  this  process  is 
carried  out,  it  will  result  in  the  production  of  a  carbon 
of  higb  specific  resistance. 

433  x-Q.  Do  you  hold'  that  the  high  specific  resist¬ 
ance,  whicli  you  say  necessarily  results  from  the  process 
of  the  patent  in  suit,  is  due  to  lhi-fa,  l  that  the  burner  is 
to  bo  shaped  hefore  carbonization  ? 

A.  Yes ;  because  the  sbapiug  necessitates  the  eni- 
liloyment  of  tho.so  materials  which  will  become  of  high 
specific  resisbince  when  carbonized. 

434  x-Q.  ^\  ould  not  those  same  materials  have  the 
same  high  specific  resistance  if  carbonized  without 
being  first  shaped  into  the  form  of  a  burner? 

A.  Whether  they  would  have  absolutolv  the  mu,,,: 
specific  resistance  or  not,  I  do  not  know";  although 
undoubtedly  they  wotdd  bo  of  high  specific  resistaiuc, 

435  x-Q.  So  far  as  you  know,  might  not  the  specific 
resistance  bo  higher  if  these  nmtorials  were  carbonized 
before  shaping  than  when  the  shaping  preceded  the 
carbonization  ? 

A.  I  am  in  possession  of  no  facU  to  aid  me  iu  foriu- 
lug  an  opinion  upon  this  point. 

43(J  x-Q.  Do  you,  then,  answer  the  question  in  the 
afhrmntivo? 

A.  I  simply  do  not  know,  as  I  have  already  stated. 

•  Adjouraed  for  lunch. 


Besiimed. 

437  x-Q.  Do  you  regard  this  shaping  before  carbon- 


379G 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


A.  I  know  nothing  of  tlie  bearing  of  the  patent  n|)oa 
the  pi>iut.s  iuqnircd  of  in  the  question.  But  as  to  the 
high  speeilie  resistance  whieli  results  from  earrying  out 
the  j)roces8  described  in  the  patent,  it  does  not,  in  my 
opinion,  depend  upon  tho  size  of  the  burner,  in  alldilioli 
to  shaping  before  carbonizing. 

440  x-Q.  Do  you,  then,  hold  that  tho  high  specific 
resistance  of  tho  patent  is  independent  of  tho  size  to 
whieh  tho  burner  is  brought  before  carbonization  ? 

A.  Assuming  that  the  ipiestiou  refers  to  the  iniicess 
described  in  the  patent  of  inanufacluring  n  e,.rl...., 
burner,  in  my  opinion  tho  carbon  of  such  a  burner 
would  bo  of  high  s|)ecilic  resistaiico,  independent  of  the 
size  to  which  it  is  brought  before  carbonization. 

Adjourned  until  October  2,  185)0,  at  11  A.  Jf. 


OcTuiiEIl  2,  185)0. 

Mot  imrsuaut  to  adjournment. 

Present— Counsel  ns  before. 

CllOSS-K.\.tMlXATIO.N  OF  THE  WIT.NFJ«,  CilAELES  L.  CUIIKE. 

CO.NTl.NUED  : 

441  X-Q.  If,  as  your  last  answer  admits,  tho  high 
specific  lesistnuce  of  tho  burner  of  the  patent  in  suit  is 
indoiiondont  of  tho  size  to  which  it  is  brought  before 
carbonization,  how  can  it  be,  ns  you  assert  in  answer  to 
433  x-Q.,  that  this  high  resisbinco  is  due  to  tho  fact 
that  tho  bui-ner  is  to  bo  shaped  before  carbonization  V 
^  A.  Because  tho  patent  directs  one  to  bring  tho  matc- 
eial  to  tho  desired  size  and  shape  before  carbonization, 
which  I  believe  is  the  only  pinctical  method  to  pumue 
in  constnicting  the  burner  for  an  incmidescont  lainii, 
and  refers  to  cerbiin  materials  with  which  this  result 
can  bo  accomplished,  all  of  which  materials,  as  well  as 
any  others  siiibible  for  the  purpose,  would,  I  think, 
upon  carbonization,  produce  a  carbon  of  high  siieeilic 
resistance. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


x-Q.  Do  you  know  of  any  carbonizabh 
on  Isuiig  fully  cnrlioiiized,  would  not  g 
f  high  specific  resistance  ;  nKsnming.  o 
is  not  subjected  to  any  tieatineiit  snbsi 
ization,  whereby  its  speeilie  resistance 

cannot  .state  whether  or  not  there  is  any 
iqion  being  fully  eiirlHinizcd.  would  g 
Inch  would  not  bo  of  high  specifi. 
But  for  tho  mniiufactiireof  ineandescenl 
it  call  to  mind  any  material  which  < 
1  to  size  and  shape,  before  carbonizaitii 
yield  a  carlsm  not  of  high  specific  resist 
t-Q.  I  wish  to  make  my  question  a  lit 
Do  you  know  of  any  carbonizable 
uiion  being  carbonized— whether  for  tin: 
g  used  for  burners  of  incandescent  1 
se,  and  whether  or  not  it  be  first  redi 
ilable  for  the  burner  of  an  iucande.seen 
give  a  carbon  of  “  high  speeilie  resisti 
■e  lieen  using  this  term  in  relation  to  tl 
'  I  of  course  assume,  as  befom,  that 
not  submitted  to  any  proce.ss  subseipie 
Jation  whereby  its  resisbiiice  is  reduced. 
0 ;  understanding  that  the  exclusion  of  i 
treatment  refers  to  either  the  liydn 
It  or  impregnation  with  a  carlsmizabh 
wqueiit  recarlsmization,  or  eleetro-phiti 
ami  that  gas  carlsm  is  also  excluded, 
refers  to  carbon  which  may  result  in  i 
honizitig  a  material,  thereby  including 
111  which  the  burners  of  stuiie  of  tho  earl 
le,  then  I  aiiswec  v..s.  ...I.:..i . .  .. 


HiiH 


445  x-Q.  Ill  thus  using  tliu  word  “  wire,"  you  re- 
irded  a  carbon  iclrc  as  being  “  the  carbon  burner  of 
le  patent  in  suit,"  referred  to  in  Id  Q.,  did  you  not  V 

Objected  to  on  the  ground  that  counsel  bus 
interrogated  tlio  witness  over  and  over  again  as 
to  evety  ])ossibIo  phase  of  bis  answer  to  12  t^. 

A.  No,  if  I  understand  the  question  aright  1  only  bad 
1  mind  carbon  burncis  made  by  tlie  process  descrilicil 
i  the  jmtent  in  suit,  and  the  fact  that  carbon  wires— or 
irboii  burners  of  filamentary  fonn — are  made  by  this 


440  x-Q.  Did  you  then,  in  answering'  iiiterroga- 
ry  12,  express  any  opinion  upon  the  real  question 
ereiii  submitted  to  you,  namely,  whether  there  wa-s 
invention  in  substituting  the  carbon  burner  of  the 
itent  in  suit  for  the  iilatiiiuin  burner  of  Edison’s  pat- 
t  No.  227,221),  and  corresiiondiiig  foreign  patents  V  ” 
X.  Yes ;  as  I  understood  that  question. 

447  x-tj.  In  answering  12  Q.  what  did  you  iindor- 
uid  tile  expression  “  the  carbon  burner  of  the  patent 
suit,”  contained  therein,  to  mean 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


that  expression  standing  alone 
t.  to  burners  made  by  the  procei 
it,  that  being  the  only  practi 
rs  can  be  made,  I  did  not  iiiid 
e  question,  that  it  was  limited 
1  process— assuming  that  other 
naking  them  were  known  or  dis< 
in  that  particular  lefereneo  wa 
1  nnswers  in  Professor  Cross’  di 
1  bunicrs  are  considered  withoii 
>  their  mode  of  construction, 
lis  expression  not  to  bo  limited 
particular  jirocess,  and  answorei 

till  you  do  not  explain  what  y 
>od  that  expression  to  mean.  Pii 
expression  is  used  in  that  quos 
"'itli  the  context,  I  understood 


3800 


Clmrles  L.  Cliirko. 


by  tlio  direct  CMiiiiiiintion  if  the  qiicKtion  is  iii. 
tended  to  cull  for  n  le<;nl  construction  of  tin 
initeiit. 

A.  I  do  not  know  in  what  way  the  patent  in  suit  niaj 
be  limited  or  to  what  extent.  The  process  thcroiii 
described  is  at  least  applicable  to  the  making  of  bur- 
ners  of  the  various  sizes  and  resistances  now  used  in 
modem  lamps. 

452  x-Q.  In  answer  to  440  and  450  x-Qs.,  you  say 
that  yon  understooil  the  expression  “  the  carlsm  Imrnci 
of  the  patent  in  suit,”  contained  in  12  Q.,  to  inunn 
“carbon  burner,  irrespective  of  size,  or  resistance,  ot 
illuminating  laiwcr,  or  proaxe  of  mmmftictHrr  and 
in  answer  to  447  x-Q.  yon  say  that  yon  nndei-stocKl 
the  expression  to  mean  “  carbon  burners  mailr  !,i  l/ie 
iiKimier  lUscrihil  in  l/ir  s/nWitVo/ion "  (that  is,  of  the 
patent  in  suit).  How  do  you  reconcile  these  two  state¬ 
ments  ? 

A.  I  have  already  stated,  in  answer  to  448  x-Q.,  that 
while  I  did  understand  that  the  expression  found  in  12 
Q.  referred  more  particularly  to  carbon  bunicrs  made 
by  the  process  described  in  the  patent,  as  that  is  the 
only  practicable  way  of  making  burners,  I  undu-tood 
from  the  context  of  12  Q.  that  the  expression  was  not 
to  be  limited  to  burners  made  by  this  process,  hut  was 
intended  to  refer  to  carbon  burners  generally.  Now,  in 
answering  447  x-Q.  I  had  in  mind  the  fact  tlnit  the 
only  known  process  of  making  burners  is  that  described 
in  the  patent  in  suit,  and  1  considered  and  intended 
that  my  answer  should  include  till  burners. 

Adjourned  for  luncheon. 


Eesumed. 

453  x-Q.  If  the  fact  be,  ns  you  luiaiime,  that  the 
process  described  in  the  patent  is  the  only  practicable 


Charles  L.  Clarke 


the  carbon  burner  of  the 
,'d  burners  made  by  some  o 
le.scribed  in  the  patent,  n 
ire,  according  to  your  judgi 
al? 

have  already  answered  this 

twice,  to  the  effect  that  thi 
inection  with  its  context, 
i  broailly.  I  considered  th 


1  to  burners  in  geiieml,  bee 
;ed  by  the  epiestion,  and  wiw 


x-().  When  you  say  that  12 
r.s  III  ijrnrrol,"  do  yon  mean  tl 
itood  it  to  refer  to  burners  of/n 
prooe,s.s  dcscrilied  in  the  paten 

Objected  to  as  having  alrea 

Defendant's  counsel  reepn 
counsel  to  point  out  any  place 
tion  has  been  answered. 

Conqilainant's  connsel  calh 
answer  to  452  x-Q. 


understood  it  to  refer  to  bur 
il  idea,  irresiHictive  of  any  pa 
i  the  result  would  bo  a  imictie 
i-ij.  Hut  you  also  understeiod 
I  met,  that  it  wim  impos.sibtu  t 
“  practiciil  burner,”  excop 
ed  in  the  patent '? 


i-Q.  Then  I  press  my  ipiesti 
ereil,  nhether  m  answering 
he  expiussioii  “  the  carbon  bii 
to  refer  to  burners  otIiiT  tin 
cuss  descrilied  in  .said  nateiit 


Chiirles  L.  Clarke. 


say  that  j'ou  understood  Sir.  Dyer,  when,  in  Interro^ 
atory  12,  ho  questioned  you  about  “  the  carbon  1)1111° 
of  the  patent  in  suit,”  to  refer  not  only  to  hnniers  niaii 
by  the  process  of  the  patent  in  suit,  hut  also  to  hiirner 
made  by  some  other  proce.ss  ? 

A.  I  understood  the  expression  to  refer  to  any  pnict 
cal  carbon  burnei-s,  and,  therefore,  made  by  any  ])ne 
ticablo  process  knoini  or  discoverable. 


Adjourned  until  October  4,  1890,  at  10:30  A.  M. 


OcTOiiElt  4,  1890. 

Met  imrsuiint  to  adjoiirniucnt. 

Present— Counsel  ns  before. 

Cll0S8-E.\AMl.V.«'I0N  OF  THE  WITNESS,  CHAItl.ES  L.  ClJIlKK, 
CONTINUED : 

438  x-Q.  Then,  of  course,  you  desire  to  witbdniw 
your  answer  to  447  x-Q.,  do  you  not? 

A.  No;  but  rather  that  it  should  bo  modiricd  tu 
plainly  moan  what  I  intended  it  to  iiienn,  and  to  include 
all  that  I  bad  in  mind,  at  the  time  I  gave  it,  as 
explained  in  subsequent  answers,  to  the  cflect  substan¬ 
tially  that  while  the  exact  words  of  the  expression  siieak 
of  burners  made  by  the  process  descrilied  in  the  patent, 
I  understood  that,  taken  in  connection  with  the  whole 
question  and  the  subject  to  which  it  related,  siiecifieally 
referred  to  tlierobi,  this  exjiression  was  really  intended 
to  refer  to  biirnots  in  general  made  bj’  any  as.suiiied 
practicable  process. 

459  x-Q.  Then,  really,  the  worils  of  your  answer  to 
447  x-Q.,  “  carbon  burners  niiule  m  the  manner  de¬ 
scribed  in  the  siiecitication  ”  (of  the  patent  in  suit), 
mean  carbon  biiniers  imulc  h/  am/  process  whatever.  Is 
that  correct? 

A.  Yes,  assuming  a  practicable  process. 

4G0  x-Q.  Assuming,  as  you  have  said  you  do  assiiiiie, 
that  there  is  no  other  practicable  process  of  making 


Cbnries  L.  Cliirke. 


involved  nn  expense  and  a  consumption 
that  liius  been  onerous  in  the  extreme.  H 
hoped  that  coni])Iainant’s  counsel,  ki 
where  the  real  diflicnlty  lies,  would  have 
hold  from  the  record  suggestions  wide 
plicdly  charge  defendant’s  counsel  wit 
responsibility-  for  the  i)rolougntion  of  this 
illation.  As,  however,  he  has  chosen  to  a 
difTercnt  course,  the  above  explanation  see 
Ix!  in  order. 

Complainant's  counsel  replies  that  he 
agree  «-ith  defendant’s  counsel  that  the  p 
tion  of  the  cross-examination  is  wholly  i 
the  witness,  since  he  believes  that  the 
examination  should  have  Ixicn  closed  week 
judging  from  the  tact  that  dofendaut  s  c 
has  apiiareutly  been  going  again  and  agaii 
the  same  gi'onnd  nixm  which  ho  has  a 
exhaustivolv  eross-examinoel  the  witness, 
plainant’s  counsel  is  therefore  compelled 
Hove  that  the  continuance  of  the  cross-oxi 
tion  will  nut  lead  to  the  further  elneidat 
any  of  the  issues  of  the  ease. 

Defendant’s  counsel  gives  notice  that  In 
poses  to  continue  the  cross-examination  i 
witness  ns  long  as  may  lie  necessary  to 
niiswcts  that  are  responsive  to  the  subjects 
inquiries,  and  if  this  necessitates  the  rccu 
to  branches  of  tiie  case  alroatly  pii 
investigated,  but  where  the  witness  has  i 
making  answers  that  wore  responsive  I 
interrogatories  propounded,  he  knows 
rules  of  evidence  or  of  jiractice  to  jirovent. 


A.  For  the  reasons  given  in  answer  to  45i: 
dch,  as  1  understand  it,  asks  substantially  thi 


Adjourned  for  lunch. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


x-(J.  Yon  liold,  I  believe,  that  “  the  process 
lent  in  suit  ”  involves  the  reduction  of  the  carl 
[le  liofore  carbonisation  ? 

I'liat  is  a  part  of  the  inocess  described  in 
for  making  a  burner. 

x-Q.  Dih-8  the  “  proce.ss  of  the  patent  in  .sii 
volve  the  reduction  of  the  carbon  to  ftluiiHiit' 
lefoie  carbonization 

so,  understanding  that  the  ipiestion  refers 
an  be  done  by  means  of  the  process  de.scnbcil 
•cilication.  Larger  burners  can  be  made  by  t 

s-Q.  I  notice  that  in  your  last  two  answers  \ 
lopted  the  phraseology  “  the  process  'ikscrUKii 
cat."  while  in  my  cpiestions  I  u.sed  the  idiraseoh 
nsce.ss  (/the  iMitent,”  etc.  Did  yon,  in  tlie  1 
iswei-s,  use  tho  modified  form  of  expri‘ssi< 
g  that  it  meant  something  dilTercnt  fi-oni  the  i 
n  used  in  tho  (piestions ’s' 
thought  from  tlio  way  in  whicli  this  expressi 
•il  in  the  cpiestions,  in  connection  witli  the  ci 
at  unless  I  referred  dclinitely  to  the  process  i 
in  the  spocilicatiun,  my  answei-s  might  bo  ci 
as  being  tlio  uxpro.s.sion  of  an  opinion  upon  t 
iiiitations  of  thu  patent  with  respect  to  the  pi 
ferred  to. 

Answer  obocted  to  ns  nut  responsive. 

-Q-  (Question  repeated.) 

-Q.  Do  you  mean  by  tlio  later  portions  of  yo 
ny  to  leave  nimn  the  mind  of  the  Court  t 
ion  that  in  12  Q.,  as  you  understood  it 
2  It  was  asked,  complainnnt’s  counsel  did  n 
'll  you  to  consider  tho  patent  in  suit,  and  to  co 
leciully  the  process  of  making  an  incandesce 
liich  is  therein  described  ? 

's.  I  understood  that  tho  ciuestion  referred  I 


380G 


Cliitrlcs  L.  Clarke. 


platiiuiiii  bitruor  in  an  all-glasH  laiui)  cUamber  coiitnin- 
ing  a  high  vacuum,  irreapectivo  of  anjtliing  contained 
in  tlie  patent  in  suit. 

408  x-Q.  Dill  complainant'a  counsel  in  an3-  otlier 
tban  in  12  Q.  call  uimn  you  to  couaiilor  the  patent  in 
suit,  and  to  consider  specially  tlio  proc&ss  of  making 
an  incaude-scent  lamp  which  is  therein  described  ? 

Objected  to  ns  indefinite,  unless  the  counsel 
calls  the  attention  of  the  witnc.ss  to  some  par¬ 
ticular  question,  the  answer  to  which  ho  desires 
explained. 

A.  No,  not  that  I  remember,  excepting  to  consider 
certain  statements  made  in  the  patent  with  respect  to 
the  ])rior  state  of  the  art  of  incandescent  lighting. 

409  x-Q.  You  refer,  I  suppose,  to  11  Q.  ? 

A.  Yes. 

470  x-Q.  Did  complainant's  counsel  in  11  Q.  call 
upon  you  to  consider  the  process  of  making  a  lamp 
which  is  described  in  the  patent  in  suit  ? 

A.  Not  as  I  understood  the  question. 

471  x-Q.  In  view  of  your  last  four  answers,  please 
explain  what  you  ineant  in  answer  to  270  x-Q.  where 
you  said  :  “  I  have  not  been  asked  by  the  complainant 
to  consider  the  jjatent  in  suit,  excepting  ns  to  the  de¬ 
scription  of  the  lamp  and  the  j>rocces  of  7nakiuij  it  ” 
(italics  mine)  't 

A.  The  use  of  the  expression  “  excepting  as  to  the 
description  of  the  lamp  and  the  process  of  making  it," 
which  appears  in  the  answer  to  270  x-Q.,  was  not  a 
coiTect  statement,  as  evidently  ap])cnrs  from  the  ijnes- 
tious  asked  mu  by  complaiunut's  counsel  upon  my  direct 
examination.  Up  to  this  point  in  my  cross-examination 
I  had  been  asked  many  questions  concerning  lamps 
made  by  the  process  described  in  the  patent,  and  with¬ 
out  reviewing  my  direct  examination,  I  inndvei-tently 
stated  that  the  latter  contained  questions  of  the  same 
limited  character  ns  those  contained  in  my  cross-exam- 
inatiou. 

Adjourned  until  Monday,  October  0,  1890,  at  lOidO 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


OnTOiiEii  0, 

Jfet  jiursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  as  liofore. 

Cl!OSS.KX.UlIN.\TIO.\  OFTUK  wiT.vra.s,  Cit.uiija  L.  ( 
COXTI.NUEU  : 

472  x-Q.  In  your  answer  to  273  x-Q.  yo 
“The  invention  described  in  the  imlent  i 
solved  the  problem  of  sulslivision.  because  it  insi 
theart  how  tomako  lam]i8ada))tcd  foriise  in  inultii; 
etc.  Dill  you  make  that’  as.scrtinn  on  the  assui 
that  the  patent  in  suit  contains  the  earliest  dcscri| 
a  method  of  making  carlMui  burners  whereby  th 
he  made  so  small  that  their  total  resistance  will 
great  as  to  adapt  them  for  economical  u.so  in  m 

A.  Not  exactly,  but  that,  ns  I  believe,  the  pati 
the  first  time  describes  a  practical  incandescent 
the  burner  of  which  is  made  by  a  process  suital 
making  burners  small  enough  and  of  high  enough 
nice  to  adapt  them  for  use  in  multiple  arc. 

Adjourneil  for  lunch. 


Hesnined. 

•17.1  x-Q.  Did  you  iu  iwiut  of  fact  assume,  ii 
mo  you  made  the  imsurtion  quoted  in  the  last 
on,  that  the  patent  in  suit  contains  the  er 
eseiiptmn  of  a  mode  of  making  carbon  bi 
hereby  they  can  bo  produced  of  such  size  and  r 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


burner  to  be  used  in  siieb  lain])  structure.  Is  tli 
rect? 

A.  No.  I  tbiuk  that  it  was  impurtniit  that  the  | 
should  describe  a  method  suitable  for  iiiakiu^ 
burners  of  high  rcsisbince,  and  refer  to  the  fac 
such  burners  would  be  stable  in  a  bigh  vacuum. 

475  x-Q.  Do  you  mean  that  this  was  iiec 
because  there  wius  no  such  method  known  to  the 
the  time  ? 

A.  No. 


470  x-Q.  Do  yon  then  assume  that  such  uieth 
known  to  the  art? 

A.  Yes. 

477  x-Q.  If  a  method  of  making  small  i 
burners  suitable  for  use  in  multiple  arc  was  ku 
the  art  prior  to  Mr.  Edison’s  invention  which 
the  subject  of  the  patent  in  suit,  why  was  it  nei 
for  this  patent  to  describe  such  method,  in  addl 
describing  the  lamp  eoiistritctwii  which,  as  I  now 
stand  you,  constitutes  the  real  incention  of  the  p 

A.  As  to  what  the  real  invention  of  the  jiatei 
be,  I  do  nut  know.  I  simply  find  in  it  a  descrip 
a  lamp  construction,  as  well  as  methods  to  be  p 
in  making  ditlcrent  jmrts  of  the  lamp. 

478  x-Q.  1  am  not  now  asking  you  what  constitu 
invention  of  the  patent ;  but  why,  in  describing  a 
coiwlnirlioii  (which,  from  various  things  oontai 
your  deposition,  I  understand  you  to  regard  ns  tl 
invention  made  by  Mr.  Edison)  you  should  d( 
necessary  for  the  jratent  to  describe,  in  addit 
such  lamp  construction,  an  old  method  of  makii 
bon  burnei's  whereby  burners  could  bo'  protbn 
such  size  and  resistance  ns  to  bo  adapted  for 
mirltiplc  arc? 

A.  Prior  to  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  mor 
one  method  of  making  carbon  burner's  was  know 
I  therefore  think  that  it  was  iui|)ortant  that,  wi 
practicable  methods  in  existcrrcc,  the  praci 
method  should  bo  ascertained  and  nnnourtced. 


Adjourned  until  October  7,  1890,  at  10:30  A.  M. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 


479  x-Q.  Do  yoit  mean  to  intimate  that 
lucre  than  one  ”  method  known  to  the  ii 
'r.  Ellison  s  invention,  whereby  carbon  bu 
Miiiulc  of  .such  size  and  resistance  lus  to  I 
r  use  ill  niiiltiplo  arc  ? 

.■V.  No.  I  lielievo  that  there  was  only  one 
istem  o  by  which  it  would  be  possible  to 
iriieis,  although,  prior  to  the  date  of  the 
it,  1  do  not  know  that  any  such  biirucrr 
ale  by  this  method. 

480  x-Q.  .-Viid  that  one  method  was  th 
scribed  in  the  imtenl  in  suit,  was  it  not? 

181  x-(j.  In  answering  the  last  question  bi 
■Ml  to  lay  sjrccial  oniiihiusis  upon  the  al 
it,  allhoiigh  the  rnethoil  of  rnuking  curia 
lich  is  de.scribed  in  the  ])ntent  in  suit,  wits 
-■  art  prior  to  Mr.  Edison’s  iiiveiition,  yet  i 
I  been  made  by  this  method  which  were 
1  lesistuiice  that  si>eciidly  adapted  them  f 
Iltiple  lire.  Do  you  regard  such  fact,  if 
Sts,  as  a  siKicial  reason  why  it  was  necessii 
•taut  that  the  Edison  initent  should  des 
inoee.sH  ? 

b  Ve.s.  I  consider  that  it  was  iiniHirtai 

Ollllt. 

8?  .\-().  ]for  a  similar  reason  would  you 
'"l"Mtaut  that  the  patentshoiild  describe  tl 
celiieal  heating  of  tbe  carbon  blinier  wb 
"P;  which  i)ioee.ss  I  uiidersbind  you  to 
M  been  old  at  the  date  of  Mr 


Clmrk‘8  I,.  Clarke. 


arc,  nor,  for  tlmt  matter,  to  the  humors  of  any  dun 
ami  ])racticnl  lamii  ? 

A.  No.  ^ 


'*  "I'.V  the  patent  should  , 
attention  to  the  proee.s.s  of  eleelrieal  hoatine  in  , 

more  explicit  way  than  it  him.  There  was  hut . . 

process  known,  and  I  think  that  the  known  de.si,al',il 
of  removing  tlio  occliuluti  gases  from  the  huriier  asv 
as  the  i-eferenees  in  tlie  patent  to  an  almost ’perl 
vaeimm.  wonhl  Imvn  hwT  ih..  ..i  _  . 


483  x-Q.  Did  not  this  alleged  old  i)roce.s,s  of  I 
electrical  heating  of  the  hiirner  differ  from  that  pron 
which  is  actually  used  in  the  practieal  inamifacture 
lamps  in  at  least  one  important  and  necess-irv  p 
tieiilar,  namely,  that  in  practice  it  is  neces.sarv 'tlmt  t 
toinpcnitiire  of  the  luirner  during  the  i>roces.s'he  rais 
to  a  point  very  miieli  higher  than  that  to  which  it  is 
1)0  siihjectod  in  actual  use,  while  in  the  old  lu-oei'.ss 
electrically  heating  a  carbon  this  high  temiieratuie  « 
not  .secured '! 

A.  Assuming  that  it  is  necessaiy  to  carry  this  tei 
perntiire  to  as  high  a  degree  as  is  indicated ‘in  the  qiii 
tioii,  in  order  to  make  a  practically  operatiyo  lau) 
which  I  now  do  not  understand  to  he  the  fact,  I  tliii 
that  the  litoratiiro  of  the  art  prior  to  the  date  of  t 
patent  in  suit  gave  such  instructions.  For  1  tiud 
Sawyer  .t  Jlan’s  United  States  Patent  No.  i>10,8t 
that  :  “To  drive  these  out  (occluded  gases)  we  jiass  i 
electric  current  through  the  conductors  x  x.  'J’lie  ea 
Iran  iiencil  51,  is  fafenw/y  (italics  niino)  heated,  and  co 
siderahio  heat  having  extended  throughout  all  tl 
inclosed  material,  thus  driving  out  occluded  gases,  tl 
operation  of  exhaustion  and  rotilling  with  nitrogen 
continued  until  finally  all  the  elonionts  of  dang.u-  a 
eliminated  from  the  lamp."  Again  Edison’s  Engli) 
and  iTencIi  patents  for  a  platinum  lamp,  before  refom 


Iso  freed  from  air  in  this  iiiannc 
'cratiire  that  the  carbon  hi'come 
1  if  then  allowed  to  cool  is  very 
1  think  that  the  instruct  ioni 
■ids  to  heat  the  carbon  iiilmschi 
I'Cfl'j,  in  order  to  drive  out  oc 
at  a  platinum  hiirner  to  riVi//  im 
■eason,  and  to  obtain  a  high  vai 
ruction  to  bring  the  temperatiir 
gher  degree  than  that  at  which 
opemtod. 

.  Do  you  imdorstaml  that  5Ir. 
d  English  imtents  intended  by  I 
.•ande.scenco,’’  or  anything  else 
indicate  that  the  platimini  bun 
higher  tcmiienitiire  during 
than  that  to  which  it  was  to  be 
I  use?  In  this  conneetion  I 
tion  to  the  Edison  United  f 
of  October  10,  188tJ,  in  w 
necessary  difference  in  the  a 
•■ating  to  a  carbon  burner  and 
aimer,  that  in  the  case  of  the 
e  during  the  treatment  .should  I 
ant  than  that  at  which  the  conii 

ij’ected  to  lus  having  been  alreiu 
!  tliiiii  once  by  this  witness, 
ifendant’s  counsel  desires  to  kn 
miilainiuit’s  counsel  culls  atteii 
cr  to  483  x-Q. 

'■  nothing  concerning  the  natiir 
escribed  and  claimed  in  the  pat 
d  to  in  the  question,  but  hold 
■ending  the  patent  in  suit  gooi 
mid  lead  the  art.  in  vi....-  nf  i 


ClmrlcB  L.  Clarke. 


platinum  lamp  patents,  to  bring  tlio  burners,  cbiring  tlic 
proceas  of  electrical  boating,  to  a  higher  temperatiira 
than  that  at  which  tho.v  would  bo  bronght  when  in 


Answer  objected  to  ns  not  resi)onsive. 

485  x-Q.  (Question  repeated.) 

A.  Tes.  I  believe  that  the  instruction  contained  in 
the  Edison  patent  referred  to,  concerning  the  applica¬ 
tion  of  the  process  of  electricid  heating  for  the  ])tir[)osc 
of  driving  occluded  gases  out  of  tlio  burner,  ami  to 
obtain,  in  connection  therewith,  a  nearly  perfect  vncinnn 
—a  process  which  was  to  bo  continued  up  to  a  point  at 
which  the  btimer  would  bo  at  “vivid  incandescence 
was  an  instruction  .to  heat  the  burner  until  it  had 
attained  the  highest  tomiiomture  possible  without  dan¬ 
ger  of  its  melting,  a  temperature  which  it  would  not  ho 
practically  safe  to  approach  when  the  lamp  is  in  ordi¬ 
nary  itso. 


Adjourned  for  bmeh. 


Resumed. 

48C  x-Q.  Ai-o  Edison’s  French  and  English  patents 
more  explicit  in  regard  to  the  tomi>uraturo  to  which  the 
platinum  burner  is  to  bo  carried  during  the  elect  ricul 
heating  on  the  pttmp  than  is  his  United  States  Patent 
No.  227,229  ? 

Objected  to  on  the  ground  that  the  patents 
show  for  themselves. 

A.  Apparently  not.  The  instructions  in  the  tlirce 
patents  referred  to  seem  to  bo  of  substimtially  the  .same 
import. 

487  x-Q.  Do  yon  think  that  you  are  in  bettor  condi¬ 
tion  to  judge  of  the  temperature  to  which  Mr.  Edison 
designed  to  cany  his  platinum  burner  dnriiig  the  idec- 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


rical  heating  of  it  than  ho  was  himself  when  ho  t< 
lit  his  Patent  No.  205,777,  of  Octolmr  10,  1.S82? 

Objected  to  ns  immaterial  and  irrelevant  i 
ns  a.ssuming  a  constniction  of  Patent  1 
205,777,  which  is  not  suiiimrted 
that  patent. 

A.  I  suppose  not,  although  I  fail  to  .see  what  hear 
Ir.  Edison’s  designs  have  on  the  patent.  .\s  I  nnd 
and  it  the  patent  speaks  for  itself. 

48S  x-Q.  It  is  a  fact,  is  it  not,  that  Mr.  Edison,  in 
dent  for  the  electrical  treatment  of  a  carbon  bun 
I  wit,  the  aforesaid  patent.  No.  205,777.  represe 
lilt  this  proce.ss  of  electrical  heating,  as  n|iplied  t 
irhon  burner,  is  materially  diflerent  from  the  proc 
i  applied  to  a  platinum  burner? 

A.  He  states  that  there  is  a  dilTorence  between  tin 
489  x-Q.  Are  yon  not  aware  of  the  fact  that,  in  on 
bring  a  platinum  wire  to  incandescence,  it  must 
lated  to  a  point  very  near  that  of  fusion  ? 

A.  I  do  not  know  what  is  meant  liy  the  express! 
cry  near.”  I  would  like  to  have  the  question  nn 
ilinite  on  tliis  point. 

491)  x-Q.  .Say  within  200*  Fahrenheit  ? 

A.  ies.  With  only  this-  ditrercuco,  the  platini 
re  would  bo  brought  up  to  a  bright  incande.scen 
y  answer  is  based  upon  the  nssnniption  that  t 
idinuin  wire  has  not  been  electrically  heated  diiri 
e  jiroccss  of  oxhausting  the  lamp  globe,  which, 
dei-stand,  would  result  in  very  materially  niising  t 
aiieratnre  of  its  melting-point 

Ailjoiimod  until  October  8,  1890  at  11  A.  M. 


OcroiiEii  8, 1890. 

Met  pursuaiit  to  adjonmmout. 

Adjourned  until  October  9,  1890,  at  11  A.  M. 


3814 


Clmrlcs  L.  Clarke. 


OcTOiiEii  9,  1890. 

Mot  pm-siiant  to  adjournment. 

Pre.sont — Counsel  ns  before. 


CnO.SS-EXAMI.N’ATIOX  OK  THE  WlT.SFAS,  Cn.AHEE  L.  Cl . Mil 
CO.NTI.NOED : 


491  x-Q.  In  answer  12  von  Hi)eak  of  wlmt  you  n 
“a  newly  discovered  ]>roi)erty  of  carbon,"  wbicli  di 
covery  you  ascribe  to  Mr.  Eklison,  and  tlion  you  c 
to  say  that,  in  your  opinion,  “  tlie  construction  of 
lamp  which  made  it  possible  to  take  ndvanta<'e  of  th 
property  of  carbon,  and  to  u.so  a  burner  of  filamenl'it 
form,  which  made  incandescent  lighting  commereiall 
possible,  was  an  invention  of  great  merit  and  iitilitv. 

By  this  I  understand  that,  in  your  ojiinion  it  wn 
the  originating  of  a /um/i  Untclure  which  would  pel 
luit  of  using  a  burner  of  lihnentary  form  as  well  a 
larger  sizes,  rather  than  the  discovery  of  a  method  (i 
making  bimiers  of  filamentary  fonn,  or  the  introdae 
tioii  of  such  a  burner  into  the  new  lamp  striietiiro,  tim 

constituted  “an  invention  of  great  merit  and  utility,' 
and  “made  iiieaiidescont  lighting  commercially  p..s 
Bible.  Mhat  particular  “ roiwtnictwn  of  lump"  hue 
you  111  mind  in  making  the  statement  above  cpioted? 

A.  In  answoring  12  Q.  I  did  not  understand  tlial 
1  was  called  uiioii  to  consider  one  particular  thing  lu- 
Doing  an  iiiveiitioii  nitlier  than  another,  which  appean 
to  bo  implied  in  the  piaseut  (iiiostion;  but  that  I  wai 
asked  whether  there  was  invention  in  siibstitutine 
carbon  burners  in  genoiid,  in  lamp  globes,  like  those 
ilescribed  in  Edison’s  iilatinuni-lamp  patents,  before 
referred  to,  in  place  of  platinum  burners ;  to  which  I 
jave  an  allirmativo  answer,  at  the  same  time  stating 
;hnt  this  form  of  hinip  construction  lairmitted  the  use 


vhich,  at  the  date  of  the  patent  in  suit,  could,  i 
ipinion,  have  been  siicessfiilly  introduced  inti 


11  tue  laiiii)  chainbere  referred  ti 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


402  x-Q.  In  answer  to  273  x-Q.,  yon  say  as  follows  • 
".48  1  look' at  it,  the  invention  covered  by  the  patent 
(referring  to  the  i.atent  in  suit)  is  for  an  incandescent 
lanip,l)ossc.ssing  characteristics  which  make  such  lamps 
eminently  adapted  for  use  in  iiiultii>le  ..rc  ”  M'hat  are 
the  characteristics  of  the  lamj)  to  which  you  thus  refer? 

A.  In  that  part  of  my  answer  to  273  x-Q.  I  wa.s 
referring  to  the  fact  that  the  patent  describes  a  lamp 
having  a  carbon  biinier  enclosed  in  a  high  vacuum  in 
an  all-gla.ss  globe,  and,  further,  describes  carbon 
burners,  lilamentary  in  form,  arid  of  high  speciti.- 
resistanci'. 


-Adjourned 


for  lunch. 


49.1  x-Q.  Do  you,  then,  mean  tosav  that,  in  using  the 
angnage  quoted  from  273  A.,  you  intended  to  sav 
hat  "  the  invention  covered  by  the  patent  ”  is  for  a 
lamp  having  a  carbon  biinier  enclosed  in  a  high 
'ainniii  in  an  all-gloss  globe,  said  burner  being  lila¬ 
mentary  in  form  and  of  high  specific  resistance?  If 
not  that,  what  do  you  mean  ?  • 


Objected  to  ns  having  been  already  answered. 

was  not  referring  altogether  to  a  lamp  like  that 

ned  in  (hn  ..1*1 . .1.  ,  *■ 


mentioned  in  the  questioil,  although  such  a  lamp  was 
m  L( .  I  had  also  in  niiiid  a  lamp  having  a  carbon 


h,,,,,  ,  ,  .  “  "“"I*  iiig  a  carijon 

ercnclosiMl  III  a  high  vacuum  in  an  all-glass  globe, 
n-l.i '!  lamp  with  a  filamentary  carbon  burner, 

‘*'-’‘*'-''■‘'^'-■'1  >iy  the  patent,  as  I  believe,  for  the 


which 

fiiBt  time. 


A  lj.....„ed  until  October  10,  1890,  at  2  P. 


381C 


Clmrles  L.  Clnrko. 


Met  jiursiiaiit  to  ndjouninioiit. 
PresoBt— Counsel  as  before. 


Cll0S8-EXA.MINATI0.\  O 

co.vri.NUM) : 


494  x-Q.  You  suy  in  your  unswer  to  tlie  12  O  tl„,t 
Irofu^or  Cross  eoul.l  not  in  April,  1879.  lu.v..  lier- 
mined  tlie  proi)ortiou.s  necessary  to  be  given  to  a  eailoa 
burner  of  an  nicaiide-scent  lamp.  I  wish,  bouevc  r  to 


ask  wbetlier  tlie  then  state  of  the  art  was  not  such  tl  t 
Professor  Cros.s,  or  miy  person  skilled  in  the  art,  wouM 
l«»e  known  that,  if  carbon  was  to  be  nsed  as  the 
material  of  the  burner,  it  wouhl  necessarily  have  („  he 
so  sliaped  as  to  give  a  comparatively  high  total  rcvshst- 
aiioe.  If  the  lamii  was  to  be  used  for  multiple-arc  work, 

«hile  for  senes  work  the  carbon  would  have  to  be  so 
shaped  as  to  give  a  comimnitivelv  low  tohd  resistance  » 
A  I  do  not  think  that  the  state  of  the  art,  as  ii 
existed  at  that  time,  would  have  warranted  anv  such 
coiiehisioii  based  merely  upon  a  knowledge  of  the 
l.l..t.,...n,  lamp  structure  alone.  If  it  had  been  sa-- 
gested  to  use  a  carbon  burner  in  this  lamp  globe,  I  he- 
liei.e  that  a  jienmn  would  have  attempted  to  ns.'  a 
carbon  rod  like  tluaui  iiseal  in  lamps  jirior  to  that  tin,,., 

■  1  o  il  1  have  met  with  failure  in  thus  atteinjiting  to 

MiUi  uteaearbonfora  phitiiuim  bunier  and  . . 1 

neeer  have  proccsided  far  enough  to  even  consider  ihe 

question  of  adapting  the  biiniers  to  use  in  multiple  or  in 
senes.  •  i«uiujpil  ut  in 

«5  x-Q.  Ill  other  words,  you  think  that,  at  the  date 
question.  If  It  had  been  suggested  to  a  pemoii  skilhsl 

'*  liui-iier  in  the  lamp  glol . . 

tliHons  l>latinum-lanip  structure,  such  peraoii  would 
‘  1*'  kio  1.  tl  It  the  bunier  would  have  to  be 
i.o'tr'/  ’^''’"'?*^  ‘ko  laiiiii  was  designed  for  ii.s'e  in 
me,  than  if  for  nse  in  series,  so"as  in  the  former 
■  in  H.  1  f  i''''  "  high  total  resistance,  and 

«  comparatively  low  totid  resistance. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


y.  >.  I  think  that  the  history  of  the  state 
ior  t.i  that  date  warrants  this  iLs.suni]itioii, 
in  attempting  to  subdivide  the  electric  lig 
b'se  nt  lamps,  made  his  .ixiieriments  with 
;eil  both  in  multiple  arc  and  in  series,  an 
made  use  of  the  .same  lamps  in  both  ciuse  . 
...ring  to  mlapt  the  resistance  of  the  ban 
.n.litioiis  nii.ler  whi.-h  th..y  were  arram 
.  .And  up  to  tlie  date  of  the  pat..nt  in  s 
nr..  r..|ating  to  the  iio.ssibility  of  the  sub,: 
..|..ctric  light  t.i  which  I  have  alrea.lv  r..f.. 
.■.  I  ...Naiiiinati.m,  in  which  the  ).roblc’ni  w, 
III  r..|ation  to  lamps  which  were  lussuiii,  .! 
is  to  their  resistance,  would,  in  niv  o 

*  ■’  tl  til  April,  1879,  tin*  art 

ivi.  known  that  the  burners  wouhl  liav.. 
.Iiir..reiitly  t.i  adapt  them  for  use  in  multi] 
s.  ries.  5Iormiv..r,  it  being  the  fact  that  .. 
III.TS  hail  been  used  altogether  up  to  tha: 
i'|.ri.  found  to  Ik.  without  .shibility,  and  th. 
miller  which  stability  was  to  be  obtaini.il 
■  unknown,  1  believe,  for  this  reas<m  also,  t 
nlil  have  known  that  the  buni.-r  wouhl  hav. 

1  r...sistaiice  to  adapt  it  for  use  in  multip 
•Il  as  that  would  n.(piire  a  long  ami  thin  I 
‘oiild  have  thou  been  deemed  entirelv  ini| 
1  <'«'  not  think  that  the  idea  of  the  pl,.ssibi 
.1  high  resistance  carlMin  burner  wouhl 
I  to  a  iierson. 

■Q-  AA  oiihl  you  have  aiiswereil  the  last  <pi. 
•'■'•"tly  if  the  date  referred  to  therein,  iiistr 
pril,  187i)  (which  is  the  date  immed  bv  vi 
-"■er  to  12  Q.),  had  Ihicii  a  date  imnii;! 
4  the  imblication  of  Mr.  Kdi.sou’s  Preiich  ji 
l.'‘tiuum  lamii,  to  wit,  .lune.  1879  '! 


3818 


Imve  naturnllv  f.nst  attc.nptcl  to  ,,l„co  a  c.«rl,oa-r,«I 
Imnier  in  tl.o  laini)  cliariiljar.  an  attempt  wliicli.  I  think 
would  have  rcKiiItod  m  failure ;  amt,  further  that 
one  w-ouhl.  .1.  my  opinion,  have  thought  that  there  weal, I 
1.0  any  advantage  in  placing  a  carhon  burner  in  «„  all- 
«las.s  lamp  chamlier.  but  would,  on  the  contrarv,  have 

1  arts  lus  a  supenor  form  of  coirntnietioii ;  I  will  say  that 
If 't  w  «r«  Kuggested  to  a  person  to  place  a  carls.ii  hiiraer 
in  the  all-ghms  lamp  chanila>r  at  the  ilate  mciili->n-l  in 
tbe  question,  he  would,  in  m3  opinion  ki 
matter  of  abstract  reasoning  that  this  burner  should  l« 
of  bigb  resistance.  As  I  look  at  it,  however,  no  „„o 

one'stLrr  to  consider  this 

question  of  snlistituting  a  carlam  biiriior  in  place  of  the 
phdimini  burner,  or  of  making  such  a  carbon  of  hndi 
tobd  resistance. 

Adjourned  until  October  11,  1890,  at  11  A.  51. 


Met  pursuant  to  adjoiirnmeiit. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

CllO.S.S-F.XA.MI.S-.moX  OF  TIIK  WITNFMS,  ClUIlLES  L.  CklMKK 

co.vriNUED : 

„  ‘'“-‘n  liold  that  ill  Jiuio,  1879,  a 

peraon  skilled  in  the  art  of  electric  lighting  would  have 
known  that,  if  carbon  was  to  be  used  ns  the  material  of 
111.  burner  of  an  incaiidcsceiit  lamp,  the  total  resist  uae 
heel  ^  sl-ould  be  comparatively  high  in  order 

best  to  adapt  the  lamp  for  use  in  multiple  a.c,  ...d  ■ 

use  In  ^erira^? 

A.  Yes;  I  thinkthat  his  knowledge  then  would  have 
ect  him  to  understand  that,  aside  from  the  supi.osed 
mipossibihty  of  making  such  burners  which  would  he 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


381!) 


durable,  for  multiple  arc  work  they  would  haye  a  com- 
pnralively  high  riaisbince,  mid  for  series  work  a  com- 
panitively  low  rcHistaiice. 

•198  .v-Q.  And  would  not  such  person  naturally  have 
sought  to  secure  this  dillerence  in  the  burners  (assum¬ 
ing,  of  course,  that  he  had  faith  enough  in  carlxm  t.. 
exiierimei.t  with  it  at  all)  by  making  the  |.roportions  of 
the  burner  dilTerent  for  the  one  cla.ss  of  lamps  from 
those  adaided  for  the  other  chuss  ? 

A.  Xo.  I  think  that  even  if  such  person  had  had 
faith  enough  in  carbon  to  ex|K<i-inient  wilb  it,  he  would 
at  oiao  have  i-ondcmned  its  use  for  burners  of  high  re- 
skstaac,;  .us  Ixdng  manifestly  inipractic.d.h-,  and  would 
inve  been  uaturally  led  away  from  any  experiments  in 
thus  direction,  anil  have  coiitined  his  attention  to  ini- 
liroMiig  the  durability  of  carbon-rod  burners  which, 
tinder  any  circumstances,  would  onlv  bo  suitable  for 
use  III  series  by  improying  the  character  of  the  carbon. 
.Moruauer,  1  believo  that  he  woiihl  haye  u.xperimented 
on  tiese  rial  burners  in  an  inert  gas  contained  in  sep.i- 
rable  lamp  ehanilM.TS8iniihir  to  those  which  had  been  used 
prior  to  lliat  time,  which  would  haye  resulted  in  failure, 
mat  Would  haye  prevented  even  the  suggestion  of  niak- 
US  tlie  btiriiers  of  high  resistmico.  I  feel  strengthened 
inv  opinion  by  tho  history  of  the  art  of  electric  light- 
Ufe  after  Mison  invented  his  ,.h.tinuni  lamp;  for 

ough  the  invention  was  given  world-wide  publicity 
Cl  title  journals,  after  tho  publication  of  his 
resista!  '1"  ’  ‘“''’“ntages  of  a  burner  of  high 

^  uuo  apjmara  to  have  been  led,  in  view  of  this  knowl- 
of  rarl  "  '"b'b  resistance  out 

EdiV.,  ‘■■“"‘‘•“O',  "lien  a  description  of 

"  resist, nice 

cllc  ,‘‘!'l'‘-T  at  once 

49')  V  '(V  't  ubsolutul3-  iuipracticible  laiiqi. 

•  •  i-  A  fair  interiiretation  of  mv  bust  oue-stion 


r 


Clmrlcs  L.  Cliirko. 


MUiltii.lc  arc  work.  Please  answer  the  question  tl 
interpreted  ? 

A.  Even  upon  tins  assumption,  wliiel.  I  ennnot  at 
admit  as  being  justified  by  the  history  of  the  art,  I 
not  think  that  a  person  would  have  nttoiupted  to’seei 
thisdifierence  in  the  re.sistanee of  tho  burners;  beeaii 
as  I  look  at  it,  such  person  would,  at  most,  only  Im 
had  faith  in  gas  carbon,  which  I  believe  the  art  at  t 
time  eoniinonly  held  to  bo  the  most  suitable  kind  ont 
which  to  make  burners.  Burners  had  to  be  made  fr, 
this  material  by  cutting  ami  filing,  a  method  win 
would  have  been  recognized  as  impracticable  for  maki 
burners  of  high  resistauc.-,  and  which,  in  my  oiiinii 
would  not  have  been  attempted. 

500  x-Q.  How,  then,  would  he  have  proceeded  nnil 
tho  a.ssnmption  of  tho  question  to  have  made  a  part 
the  buniers  (to  wit,  those  adapted  for  miiltiph'-ii 
lamps)  of  comparatively  1  „1  rts  t  co  ii  1  the  othe 
(to  wit,  those  adajited  for  series  lamps)  of  comparative 
low  resistance  ? 

A.  If,  as  I  now  understaml  it,  tho  question  assuni 
that  tho  person  had  at  least  faith  enough  to  actual 
make  an  attempt  to  construct  these  burners,  I  think  1 
would  have  tried  to  make  them  out  of  gas  carbon  I 
varying  tliuir  i>roportions. 

uOJ  x-Q.  Making  tho  one  class  of  buruei's  thinne 
and  tho  other  thicker,  I  suppose  ? 

This  lino  of  examination  is  objected  to  h 
counsel  for  tho  complainant  as  being  immaterii 
and  irrelevant,  tho  questions  obviously  bein 
based  upon  assumptions  which  are  contrary  t 
the  facts. 

A.  Yes,  bearing  in  mind  tho  facts,  as  I  believe,  tlm 
tbe  thinner  burners  never  would  or  could  have  bee 
made,  and  that  no  one  would  have  had  faith  in  carbo 
to  attempt  it,  it  being  then  understood  that  it  was  nee 
3ssarily  subject  to  rapid  destruction  when  heated  to  in 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


■ence,  -.ind  tho  conditions  under  which 
le  Is'ing  then  unknown. 

.All  of  the  foregoing  answer  after  t 
yes  isobjectoil  to,  as  is  also  like  matter  e 
in  all  till'  answers  of  the  witness  during  I 
■nt  session,  as  not  lieing  responsive  to  t 
ions,  and  as  involving  an  unnece.s,siirv  e 

hat  phy.sical  property  di«?s  a  f'l 
liavc  by  virtue  of  whieh  it  is  adapted 
aimer  of  an  iiicaude.seent  lamp,  which 
iloes  not  also  have  ? 

imtnisting  the  carlsni  rods  whieh  wen 
lamps  with  the  filamentary  bnmers  of 
the  former  were  rigid,  while  the  hi 
and  elastic. 

•Q.  My  question  did  not  limit  voii  to 
of  the  carbon  rods  “used  in  the  of./ 

-•  so-called  fihiineiits  of  “  imilrrii  lam 
was  broad  enoiigb  to  iiieliide  a  eompi 
iller  Ininiors  used  in  inodeni  lamps 
aimers  used  in  iiiodoni  lamps,  which  y 
a  e  said  were  so  large  as  to  Im  “  rods." 
Ihe  cpiestion  with  referoneo  to  those  tw 
>f  burners. 

Objected  to  as  iiniiiaturiul  and  irrelevai 


o  not  iindorstaud  that  tho  rods  and  Ii 
modem  lamps  liiivo  any  diflerent  ] 
■s,  but  only  that  the  .short  and  thick 
oiiie  of  tho  scries  lamps  are  very  mii 
ml  elastic  than  tho  loirg  luid  thin  bur 
»  eoinmonly  used  in  multiple  arc. 

lied  until  October  13, 18'JO,  at  11  A.  M. 


Charles  L.  Clarko. 


Met  inirsimiit  to  ailj»iii-i<|.w.iit 
Pivsent — Counsel  ns  Iiefore. 


OcTouEU  13,  1890. 


CaOSS-EX.lJtlSATIO.N-  01 
■  •o.nti.nued  : 


XESS,  ClIAItLES  L.  Ct.ll 


504  X 


-Q.  Befemug„uoe.uureto  Fontaine's  ex,,eri. 
inent.s,  to  winch  yon  have  mad.,  frequent  referene..  i.s  it 
not  a  fact  that  ho  n.s.'(l  a  battery  |H„ver  that  was  in 
snflieient  to  bring  the  five  lanq.s  with  which  ho  evneri 
...entea  up  to  a  vivid  incandescence  at  the  sa.ae  tin.eV 
A.  les.  Ho  pnrposelv  did  that. 

505  x-Q.  Suppose  at  tin-  pre.sent  tin.e  a  pers,a.  were 
to  employ  a  battery  cq, able  of  supplying  jU  enonel, 
uiiTent  to  bring  one  of  the  modern  Edison  lamps  iqUo 

Its  normal  ineaiulescenco,  but  wore  in  fact  to  put  live 

such  lainps  upon  tho  circuit  of  such  battery,  would  not 
he  resu  t  bo  a  .smaller  aggregate  amount  of  light  from 
ho  hNt  lamps  than  ho  would  get  f.„m  one  of  them,  if 
used  alone  on  said  circuit 

A.  That  would  deimnd  entirely  upon  the  cireum- 
stainos.  If  wo  mismne  that  the  battery  is  capable 
o  ««Pl>lyn.g  to  a  single  lamp  just  the  amo'mt 
of  current  Inquired  to  oimrate  it  at  normal  iiicaiides- 
etneo  and  that  tho  rosistaneo  of  tho  lamp  is  high  eom- 
imrod  with  tho  intornal  i-esistanco  of  tho  battery,  then 
hve  siicl.  lamps  cmi  bo  connected  in  iiiiiltiplo  arc  to  the 
Liiciiit  of  this  battery,  and  the  amount  of  eiirront  will 
nri  ““If  1'b'l‘t  ‘o  be 

s  ifelo  himp  when  alone  eonnectod  to  tho  circuit.’  If, 
u  tho  other  hand,  the  lamps  are  connected  in  serie.s, 
.0.1  he  same  results  as  to  tho  amount  of  light  j.ro- 
l«ml  will  bo  obtained,  if  the  resistance  of  tlit  lamp  is 

hat  ery.  1  will  siiy  this,  however,  that  by  making  use  of 
ern  aiiipso  low  resistence  iiormidly  intended  for  u.so 
111  seric.s  a  battery  can  bo  readily  arranged  in  such  a 

lui^ier  that,  while  it  will  bring  one  of  these  laiiijis  up 
o  normal  iiicandesceuco,  tho  total  light  obtained  from 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


lailar  lnm|)s  connected  either  in  series  or  in  mu 
re  to  the  same  battery  will  not  be  equal  to  tl 
irodiiced  by  tho  single  lamp,  and  that  a  result  ca 
ained  comparable  to  that  shown  by  Fontaine 

x-Q.  Eo  you  not  think  that,  long  prior  to  187! 
)ii  familiar  with  tho  laws  of  cleidricity  woiil 
iderstood  [lorfectly  well  that,  given  a  good  iiicai: 
I  lamp,  by  proiiortionntely  increasing  the  eleetre 
force  of  the  cunciit  as  new  binqis  were  added  t 

-ait,  one  could  keep  all  the  lamps  at  a  coiistai: 
ating  power,  and  thus,  with  a  constant  amouii 
rent,  produce  tho  same  amoiiiit  of  light  at  eac 
the  several  lamiw  that  he  would  obtain  with 
lectro-motivo  force  if  he  were  to  put  but  asimd, 
I  circuit 'll  " 


es.  I  believe  that  1  have  answered  siibstantiall 
ae  question  before.  King,  in  his  English  paten 
,  speaks  of  regulating  the  number  of  armature 
aigneto-electric  machine  or  cells  of  a  voltai 
so  that  the  current  may  have  an  electro-motiv 
density)  corrosimnding  to  the  numlmr  of  lamp 
d ;  and  Loidin,  about  1877,  I  think,  oimrate, 
ighU  in  series,  and  had  his  electric  machine  si 
ded  that  the  oloctro-nudive  force  could  be  madi 
oual  to  the  number  of  lamps  in  circuit ;  and  : 
that  Fontiduo  recognized  that  this  was  ahsi 
1.  for  I  lind  it  stated  on  page  185  of  Higgs 
on  of  his  work  on  electric  lighting,  that  "  it  hai 
'ved  beyond  a  doubt  that  several  lamps  can  la 
iction  by  one  magneto-cloctric  machine.” 

Q-  In  your  answer  to  4  Q  (p.  35(11  of  the 
record),  you  have  made  a  quotation  frou: 
lloi  siiaiHir  of  March.  1870,  introducing  stars 
‘lint  to  indicate  the  omission  of  .some  matter, 
I'e  tho  language  of  tho  paragraph  thus  omit- 

«  paragraph  rcfeireil  to  reads  as  follows: 
a  number  of  lights  are  connected  in  series  the 
ICO  of  each  must  bo  diminished,  ami  wl„.n 


of  end.  must  bo  i.mrease.l  iu  ,,ro,H,rtio»  to  tl.oiru,„„. 
be.-  so  ns  to  mn.utniu  fl.e  total  external  rosista.ae 

y°"  «'“l«rt..ke  to 

state  .wtl.  ni)pnre..t  exactness  the  poicontage  of  la..,„s 
in  central-statio..  ligl.ti.  „  hi,  rt  re,  1  ce  1  1  f 
breakage-on  acco...,t  of  loss  of  enicie..ey,  arisbin  f.oia 
mcreieie...  tl.orosista..cuof  tl.e  burner  n..d  from  tlm 
blaeken.ng  of  tl.e  globe.  Where  <11,1  yo..  get  yoar 
informnt.o..  upon  this  poh.t  ? 

A.  From  a  go..tlei.,a..  al.o  has  bee.,  for  a  ....mho,-  ,.f 
years  e.ther  ...i.nagor  or  si.pori..tei.<lei.t  of  one  of  the 
Fibso..  ce.it.1.1  stj.tio.ia  i.i  Xew  York. 

oxfd 

A.  I  .so  ....(lerstood  it. 

510  x-Q.  How  exact  is  your  information  to  tl.,. 

concerning  the  i.rac 
ce  followed  ...  all  insoh.ted  pl„..t8.  b..t  my  impreLion 
b.-n  ™l>l“C0d  until  they 

d<i  /*"*:■, iH  tlic  CSC  i..  isol,.tc:i 
plu..ts  of  wb.cl.  I  have  particular  knowledge. 

A<ljo...i.ed  for  lu..cL. 


licsmucd. 

y°''  “  coming 

mth...  your  own  k.iowledgo  ? 

loit'n  “1  tlio  Equitable  Building,  at 

1.0  Broadway,  Aldrich  Court  at  do  Broadway,  the 
ii  di..gat  ^40  Broadway,  and  the  Gallatin  Bank 
Building  at  30  A\  all  street,  all  in  the  City  of  Now  York, 
this  practice  is  followed. 

012  x-Q  Take  the  single  case  of  the  Equitable  Build- 
f  I 1  ”  "c''cr  replace  lamps 

there  till  breakage  occurs? 

A.  Oiilj-  npoii  inforniatioii. 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


Q.  What  kind  of  information  ? 
im  an  engineer  in  the  dynamo  room. 

Q.  You  never  iinpiirod  then  of  the  iimnngor 
i-nt  of  the  building  ? 
t  in  that  particular  instance. 

(J.  When  ,lid  you  make  the  inquiry  of  the  < 


Q.  Was  it  to-day  that  you  got  your  inforn 
i-.siiect  to  the  other  buildings  yon  have  name, 

1).  What  knowleilge  had  you  in  relation  to  tl 
to  wit,  the  percentage  of  hiniiis  in  isohil 
lat  an:  n-placed  before  breakage,  at  the  ti 
vensl  MO  x-Q.? 

new  at  the  time  that  I  li-ft  the  employ  of  t 
Conipany,  in  1881,  that  ns  f,.r  lus  the  isohil 
r  that  company  were  concerncl,  the  lamps  w, 
seed  until  broken,  and  undi-rstoo,l  that  tl 
was  still  followed  when  I  answercil  MO  x- 
tmie  f  had  positive  inforination  i-onciM-ni 
tice  followed  at  the  .\hlrieh  Court  Bnildi 
trengthened  me  in  my  general  unilcrstandi 

Q.  Beferring  to  the  blackening  of  the  glola- 
^ial  incandescent  lamps,  you  haye  sai<l  (in  . 
Ml  x-Q.)  that  it  is  caused  by  “a  ilepe 
'■1  or  some  comiK.iinds  of  carbon  anil  oti 
:es  coming  fro.,,  the  burner.”  What  is  it  tl 
le  i-aibon  of  the  burner  to  be  depositeil  .ip 
'■  in  the  commercial  lamps  ? 

In  not  know  what  all  the  causes  may  be,  but  ( 

Is  show  that  when  the  burner  is  heated  to 


Clmrlos  L.  Cliirko. 


a20  x-Q.  ■\Mmt  is  the  supposed  reason  of  this  us 
lies  Ill  your  own  mind  ? 

A.  That  they  tend  to  go  in  straight  lines,  and 
liigh  vaeuuni  pennits  it. 

j-  'Whence  this  tendeney  to  go  in  strai 


Objected  to  as  immaterial  and  irrelevant. 
A.  I  do  not  know. 

522  x-Q.  Have  yon  any  theory  about  it  ? 

Same  objection. 


A.  No. 

5_3  x-Q.  Haven  t  you  said  in  conversation,  since  ti 
oxanniiation  began,  that  it  was  probably  duo  to  the 
pellcnt  action  of  tho  electric  current? 


Same  objection. 


A.  I  do  not  remember  havingmudo  any  such  positi 
statement. 

524  x-Q.  Not  that  it  was  probably  duo  to  this  causi 

Same  objection. 

A.  I  have  no  recollection  of  it. 

525  x-Q.  Haven’t  yon  in  convorsation  with  tho  il 
fondant's  counsel  since  this  uxaininaiion  began,  sii 
gestod  any  explanation  of  the  obsen-od  fact  that  tl 
particles  of  carbon,  which  in  use  are  found  upon  tl 
interior  wall  of  tho  globe  of  an  incandescent  lamp,  a 
carried  from  tho  burner  to  tho  globe  in  slraighl  line«/ 

Same  objection. 

A.  I  do  not  remember  making  any  such  explanatiei 
I  have  a  faint  recollection  of  some  convei-sation  in  n 
prd  to  the  deposit  upon  the  globe  and  the  fact  of  thei 
being  no  deposit  opposite  one  side  of  tho  carbon  luo] 


520  x-Q.  Du  you  suppose  that  this  movement  of  tho 
carbon  particles  in  straight  lines  is  tho  result  of  “air 

washing?" 

Hume  objection. 

A.  Whether  “  air  washing  ”  has  a  jiart  to  i)lay  in 
causing  the  carbon  imrticles  to  move  in  straight  lines 
or  not  [  (In  not  know. 

527  x-Q.  You  understand  my  question  to  relate  to 

modi  r  1  s  mt  lamps,  did  you  not  ’ 

A.  Yes. 

528  x-Q.  AVhat  do  you  understand  “  air  washing " 
to  mean,  as  aiiplied  to  modem  incando.scent  lamps? 

A.  The  mechanical  action  of  tho  gas  in  the  lamp 
chamber  moving  over  tho  surface  of  the  burner  and 
leniling  to  wear  it  away. 

Adjourned  until  October  14,  18!)0,  at  11  A.  M. 


OcToiiKit  14th,  1890. 

Met  ]>ui'sunnt  to  adjonminent. 

Pres,.nt_Counsol  as  before. 

Cros.s-i;xa.mix„io.v  ok  toe  WITXtaiS  ClIAIlUtS  L. 

Cl.AltKI!  CO.VTI.N'tlEt): 

Q-  y°'>  >»»■..•  criti- 
J-«M\d,ls  .lescriptioii  of  tho  Jiliysical  properties  of 
of  in’..'  "*“  of  value  to  the  art 

cities  ‘-'“fvic  lighting.  What  physical  prop- 

ailant  't  ’f "  '  "1“  not  named  by  Wild,  which 

1  !  or  use  in  incande.scent  lamps? 

a  is  due  to  tho  dimger  of  combustion  by  the  oxy- 


«r-i  1  ,  .  .  "Jiiel 

M  lid  was  speakin*;  was  oiiclosad  in  a  globe  filled  wit] 
nil  inert  gas  in  order  to  keep  oxygen  nwnv  from  th, 
burner,  and  did  not  have  stability. 

330  x-Q.  Some  referenee  Ims  been  iimde  in  voiii 
tiinony  to  tliu  Torrieellinn  motliod  of  prodiieii'ig  i 
ninni  m  jmuUced  al  the  prcmU  day.  'Wliereiii  (bici 
-J  1’'irricellian  metliod  as  unyhmili, 

I  do  not  know  wlietlier  tln.-ro  is  any  dinbreiico  m 
t.  I  lielii've.  Iiowever,  timt  tlie  method  |)insue,l 
lay  IS  substantially  tlio  same  as  that  made  use  of  for 
ny  years,  at  least  before  tbe  electric  light  was 


x-Q.  I  lind  on  page  7-1  of  Gordon’s  Hook  on 
ictric  Lighting  (published  by  Apjilcton  in  1881)  the 


owing  statoment : 


“In  comparing  the  amount  of  light  per  horse- 
])ower  given  by  dilTercnt  iiicandosceiit  lamps  we 
iiiiist  remember  that  wo  can  increase  it  up  to 
almost  any  ainonnt  we  please  by  working  the  lamp 
at  a  higher  tom]M>rattire,  only  by  so  doing  we 
reduce  the  life  of  the  lamp  from  six  months  to 
perhaps  three  inunths,  or  a  few  weeks,  days,  hmns 
or  minutes.  Only  experience  can  show  us  what  is 
the  most  eeononiieal  totn])craiuru  to  work  at,  having 
regard  both  to  the  cost  and  trouble  of  renewing 
the  lainiis,  and  to  the  cost  of  the  electric  current 
which  works  them.  This,  ‘  tbo  toiiiperatiire  of 
niaxinium  economy,’  will  vary  with  the  price  of 
coal,  being  highest  in  places  where  coal  is  dearest, 

•on  agree  with  Gordon  in  these  statements  ? 

The  statement  is  correct  as  far  as  it  goes,  but 
IS,  interest  and  depreciation  upon  tbo  entire  prop- 
and  Illant,  and  all  other  oxnenses  eliio-eenble  to  the 


the  discovery  w,s  made  that  carb.m  would  bo  stab], 
a  high  vaciuim  did  it  become  known  tliat  the  prcsc 
of  be  inert  gas  was  detrinienbil.  Taken  in  colinccl 
mth  the  knowledge  of  this  discovery,  I  think  that 
quotations  referred  to  warrant  the  conclusion  stated 
the  question. 

Adjourned  for  lunch. 


o3a  x-Q.  Aside  from  the  qiiotatioim  made  by  von 
your  answer  to  13  Q..  what  authorities  or  fact.s  ha 
yo  r  com  i  1  al.j,  ,  ,,  „  ^  ^ 

that  the  iircsenco  of  tlie  inert  gases  i,,  the  lamp  globe  n 
fatal  to  practical  durability  in  a  carbon  burner? 

-ac  n'ly  others  at  the  moment. 

0.1b  x-Q.  How  do  yon  know  that  in  tho  Sawyer 
-  an  Iniiips,  the  disintegration  of  tho  carbon  was  due  1 
lie  action  of  the  inert  gases,  and  not  to  the  presence. 
H  o  oxygen  left  m  the  globe  when  the  lamp  was  eon 

tect^ointV"^’*'’''^"'’"*'^  "“l>e' 

Objected  to  ns  an  incorrect  statonieut  of  th 
witness’  testimony,  and  counsel  for  tho  defen.l 
ant  IS  asked  to  jioint  out  tho  parts  of  tho  wit 
ness  deposition  which  lie  thinks  express  thi 

OpllllOIJ. 

A.  I  do  not  romenibor  having  made  any  statement  t.i 
n.  n  i*'*’^'  ^  ‘'‘■'‘‘‘■'‘'-■t'oii  of  the  carhoii 

ould  bo  brought  about  both  by  tho  action  of  the  inert 
as  and  by  combustion  with  oxygen 
3J7x-Q.  The  inert  T  . . .  . .... 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


8  x-Q.  Is  it  not  your  understanding  that,  prior  t 
hit.-  at  which  Mr.  Eilison  began  working  upon  incan 
Jilt  lamps,  the  ofTect  of  difTeront  degrees  of  hea 
1  the  i-ondiictivity  of  carlKin  had  lieen  observed  an. 
ally  studied  by  the  .sciontilic  mon  ? 

I  believe  that  tests  had  been  mad.,  within  .piih 
ml  ninges  ..f  tem|>erntures,  but,  so  far  iw  I  know 
t  t.'iiiii.iratiires  whi.jh  w.iul.l  .mablc  one  to  deter 
till-  eonibictivity  of  .airb..n  when  incanilesicnt 
)  x-Q.  By  your  answer  to  -ITti  x-Q.  you  assiiin. 
priia-  to  tho  date  of  tile  patent  in  suit,  th.T. 
nown  t.i  tiieart  a  iiiethod  ndnpte.1  for  the  making  o 
earlam  burners  of  high  r.siistance— .so  small  ami 
■1|  high  resistance  as  to  adapt  them  f.ir  us.i  in 
pie  ar...  What  pri.ir  pn)ee.s.s  had  you  in  iniii.l  in 
ig  that  answer? 

J  hail  in  mind  Caudoin’s  jirocess  of  redii.-ing 
ily  selected  Mood  to  the  delinito  form  which  the 


x-Q.  Being  the  process  as  de.scrilMsl  in  the  third 
ur  of  I'ontaino's  book  on  “  Eleetric  Lighting,"  first 

Yes. 

x-Q.  Uo  you  also  n-gard  Caries  earlier  iiietliod 
king  carbons  as  one  a.hqitcd  for  proilueing  car- 
if  such  size  and  resistance  ns  to  be  suitable  for 
multiple  arc  ? 

I  doubt  whether  this  process  could  be  practically 
d  in  iiroiliicing  such  carbons.  Inasinnch  as  they 
have  to  bo  very  small  in  iliaiiieter  anil  relatively 
t  w.mlil,  I  think,  be  exceedingly  dinieiilt  to  make 
iirbons  from  the  niixtiire  useil  by  CaiTc— forced 
ill  a  dniM’-phito  anil  subscipiently  corlsinizeil— 
would  be  sullicicntly  homogenisius  anil  nniform 
•  .Moreover,  it  wonl.l  be  difliciilt  to  put  such 
carbons  through  the  several  subseipient  processes 
legnatioii  with  syrup  and  reearlHiiiizatioii  which 
■eeiiis  essential. 


'arned  until  October  15.  ISilO.  at  11  A.  Af. 


Clmrles  L.  Clarko. 


Octoiikii  15,  ] 

Met  parsaniit  to  adjoiiniiiieiit. 

Presoat— ComiKcI  as  before. 

CllO.S.S-KX.\.MIXATIOX  OK  THE  WITXK>iS,  ClIAItI.ES  L.  C 
CO.NTIXUKD : 

542  x-Q.  You  have  refemal  quite  frcqtieiitlv  to  c 
Klitorials  in  The  Kmjmccr,  aii.l  to  others  in’  En, 
mj.  Have  you  any  means  of  knowing  what  iiar 
lerson  wrote  tliose  artieliwV 

A.  I  believe  that  Jlr.  Conrad  W.  a.oke,  wrol 
irticles  upon  eleetrie  lighting  wliicl.  appeare,!  i 
-mra-iay.  althongh  I  eaunot  state  definitelv  wli 
;ot  that  impression.  I  notice,  however,  that  i 
estimony  given  before  the  Parliamentary  Conn 
n  Lighting  by  Electrieity,  Jlr.  Cooke  states  tli 
lail  lieen  a  eontrihntor  to  the  literature  of  the  sti 
ml  wrote  the  articles  wliieli  aiipearcd  in  “Engine.' 

•ith  one  or  two  exei-ptions.  I  do  not  reeollce 
ameof  the  author  of  the  articles  which  app.'ar 

Mmi'it'T’  ^  of  1' 

543  x-Q.  Yon  have  quoted  from  Dr.  Morton's 
mnient  Ileport  which  is  an  appendix  to  the  Go 
lent  Lighthouse  Board  Beport  for  1879.  What 
lat  report  show  to  he  the  average  eandle-powei 
lined  in  the  various  are  lights  which  weretcsto.l  h 
immittee  for  each  horae-power  of  enemy  oxpc 
I  rnmiiiig  the  lamiis  ? 

A.  I  find,  from  Table  27,  which  is  to  he  fonni 
igo  50  of  this  report,  that  the  average  light  jier  h 
)wcr  of  energy  obtained  as  tho  result  of  eleven 
IIS  equal  to  1,211  eamlles.  As  I  nuderataiid  it,  1 
0^  this  docs  not  show  tho  average  illnmim 
iwcr  in  ali  directions,  hut  is  the  result  which  win 
Hied  by  measuring  the  intensity  of  tho  light  enii 
a  horizontal  diicctiou  only,  which  is  much  greater 
an  the  average  ;  in  fact,  about  twice  as  great. 

544  x-Q.  In  your  answer  to  13  Q.,  you  have  made 
rtaiii  quotations  from  a  lecture  by  J.  W.  Swan, 


ts,  that  jr/ieii  the  viiawm  wUhin  i/.c  l,ii„p  ,,l„. 

an, I  the  contaet  fn  ticeen  the  earh.u  an', 1 1, 
'",l,a-  which  nap/nwte,/  it  wa.  fnilwhnt,  the 
<‘0  IM-eniny  of  the  yMn-n,  an, I  a,,pre,-i„h 
Umj  awa,j  of  the  carlmw.  Thus  was  sw..| 
V  a  peniicious  .•rr.ir,  which,  like  a  mislea.lii 
iT-l»'«t  proelaimiiig  •  No  roa.i  this  wav,’  tend, 
or  progress  along  a  go.al  tliomughfare." 

■ver  resulU  may  have  Isioii  at  first  obtid...;.!  I 
II,  they  wore  apparently  not  very  llattering,  f. 
>11  to  state  that : 

Jt  ..i.ly  remained  to  ]K;rfoct  tho  .letails  of  tl 
l>,  to  find  the  best  material  from  which  to  for 
carlsm,  and  to  fix  this  material  in  the  h.nip  i 
best  inanner.  These  points,  I  think,  I  ha. 
■tabes  mine)  satisfactorily  settlc.l  ;  aii.l  v. 
‘lie  result  in  tho  iainp  before  me  on  the  table 

was  umo  months  after  the  ])ublic!.ti..n  of  tl 
I  suit. 

Q-  I  asked  von  wl.nthor  tho  niiotati.ms  fr.. 


olG  x-Q.  Tlmt  tlio  Court  may  uiulorstaiKl  tlie 
raluo  of  tlie  qnotntion.s  wliicli  you  Imvo  made  I 
Swan’s  lecture,  I  will  ask  you  to  quote  all  tliat  he  i 
311  the  subject  of  iiicaudcscciit  lighting  ? 

Objected  to  ns  imumlcrinl,  iiTolcvaiit  and 
competout. 

A.  The  following  are  the  parts  of  the  Swan  led 
o  which,  as  I  understand  it,  the  question  relates  ; 

“  I  said  that  there  is  iinnlher  icn;/  of  jirodnc 
oloetrie  light,  iinmely,  by  liicmilenceiwe.  fjighl 
by  lucandesceuco  is  a  branch  of  the  subject  wli 
hasii  speeiul  charm  for  mo,  Ixicmiso  I  have  bestia 
upon  it  much  thought  and  labor;  and  it  i> 
believe,  the  branch  which  will  yield  the  laigestc 
of  fruit.  Electric  lighting  by  incandescence  is  j 
as  simple  as  arc  lighting  is  dillicult ;  all  tha 
required  is  a  material  which  is  not  a  very  gi 
conductor  of  electricity,  highly  infusible,  and  wh 
can  bo  formed  ii.to  a  wire  or  lamina,  and  is  eiti 
uon-oombustil)lo  in  air,  or,  if  combustible,  ih 
not  undergo  change  in  a  vacuum.  There  arc, 
far  as  I  know,  just  two  substances  that  posse.ss, 
any  sullieiunt  degree  for  the  purpose  in  quests 
the  qualities  I  have  specified.  Thotwosubstain 
are— jilatiuum,  or  an  alloy  of  ])latinum  with  iridiu 
and  carlKin.  rhitiiiiim  has  the  advantage  oi 
carbon,  that  it  is  not  combustible  in  air;  it  d. 
not,  like  carbon,  bum  awaj-  if  you  make  it  wh 
hot ;  but  it  is  very  inferior  to  carbon  in  the  dcgi 
of  heat  it  will  bear  without  fusion ;  and  for  pi 
dnciiig  light  by  iueandcsceuce  it  is  essential 
economy  tlmt  the  incandescent  material  should 


It  emits  almost  no  light ;  but  double  its  temp 
by  sending  a  double  quantity  of  current  t 
it,  .iiid  it  will  yield  much  more  than  twi 
light  it  did  before.  It  is  therefore  evidei 
the  hotter  the  iucaiide.sceiit  luiiti'rial  can  be 
the  less  the  light  will  cost  per  unit  of  i>m 
pended. 


Iridio-platiiiiim,  comparatively  with  other  i 
nay  he  called  extremely  iiifnsi'ble,  but  con 
vith  carbon  it  is  nowhere.  Carbon  has.  i 
•esisted  without  fusion  the  verv  highest  de 
leat  brought  to  bear  upon  it ;  and  ivhat  that! 
if  heat  is  I  can  hardly  estimate,  it  is  so  enoi 
hit  carbon  has  been  found  so  dillicult  todea 
11  account  of  its  ready  combustibility  (ami 
tiler  troiible.somo  projiurties  which  f  will  nr 
fterwaids),  that  ex]icrimunters  have  lies 
inch  attention  upon  platinum  and  iriilio-pla 
<  the  iiicandesceiit  material  for  electric  lam|] 
.Mr.  Ellison  was,  I  think,  the  la.st  who  attei 
I  utilize  platinum  in  an  electric  lamp  ;  and 
11*  l)f  no  doubt  tlmt  ho  obtained  better  r 
itlj  platinum,  and  came  nearer  luakint,'  a  i 
atitiiim  lamp  than  any  experimenter  in  the 
lick  who  had  gone  before  him. 

Here  is  a  view  of  Edison’s  platinum  lamp, 
"lo  lamp  of  which  so  much  was  promised 
pected  in  October,  1878,  and  which  led 
'""inber,  to  the  panic  in  gas  shares.  This 
'I  tint  realize  the  hopes  of  the  inventor. 

'  I  "ill  not  rekindle  Mr.  Crompton’s  Electric 
‘■iiiise  I  hope  presently  to  show  you  some  i 
lips,  whose  light  would  bo  absolutely  drie 
that  tierce  radiance  as  stars  are  by  the  ligl 

'Vhilst  Mr.  Edison  was  . . . i. 


tlio  iiicaii(1eKv(‘iieu  of  carbon.  I  Lad,  loiijr  | 
tlio  tiino  to  wliicL  I  am  referring,  attoinpted  t, 
der  tin's  idea  iimcticablo.  As  a  matter  of  Id: 
I  wdl  briefly  describe  an  experiment  wbicL  1 
about  twenty  years  ago.  I  bad  a  number  of  i 
of  pa])cr  and  card  of  various  forms  and  sizes  li 
111  cliarcoal  in  a  cnicible.  Tin's  criicible  I  .si 
be  Iieated  wliite-liot  in  one  of  the  pottery 
bidonging  to  Mr.  tVallace,  of  Forth  Hanks.  ' 
the  ineces  of  carbonized  card  wliieli  I  flni 
biiiied  I  selected  a  long  s))iral.  The  ends  o 
I  clipped  between  small  blocks  of  carbon  ci 
by  niirights,  and  counccicd  with  condiicling 
A  small  glass  shade  was  cemented  over  this  iiiii 
carbon  spiral,  ami  the  air  was  exhausted  by  i 
of  a  very  good  air-pump,  lent  to  mo  for  the  pii 
of  this  oxporinient  by  the  llov.  lloliert  Cire 
Longliorsley.  A  good  vacnnin  (according  t 
ideas  that  tlieii  pievailcd)  having  been  prodii 
applieil  the  wires  of  my  battery  (consisting  i 
cells  of  Callan’s  modification  of  Grove’s  ba 
with  groat  exiiectation  of  a  brilliant  result ;  ii 
of  this,  there  was  the  must  absolute  nogativi 
seated  to  me;  not  a  vestige  of  heat  or 
appeared  in  my  long  ringlet  of  carlionized  j 
It  was  evident,  and  I  immediately  recognize 
fact,  that  the  electric  cun-ent  of  the  strength 
using  would  not  go  in  sutlicicnt  (piuntity  th 
so  long  a  piece  of  carbon  as  I  had  taken.  I 
fore  repeated  the  experiment  with  shorter  c 
and  a  creator  number  of  cells,  and  I  obi 


air-imnip  having  been  worked,  I  had 
ileasiiro  of  seeing  that  when  contact 
the  battery  of  forty  or  liftv  cells 
completed,  my  carbonized  paper  arch 
•  red-hot,  and  it  was  evident  that  nothing 
was  wanted  than  a  still  stronger  enrient  to 
■t  give  out  a  brilliant  light;  bat  I  had  used 
the  battery  power  at  my  ilisposal,  and 
:  reacheil  this  limit,  I  contended  myself  will 
ng  the  behavior  of  the  arch,  the  engrossing 
ui  being— how  long  will  it  endure';'  I  noticc.i 
10  inner  part  of  the  arch  was  hotter  than  tin 
part,  and  that,  perhaps  in  eonseipiiMiee  o{ 
he  arch  became  betit  on  one  siile,  Tlll^ 
ig  gradually  itiereased,  until  at  last  the  iircli 
'  far  curled  down  that  the  top  was  on  a  level 
lie  clamps,  and  on  coming  in  contact  with  tin 
f  the  lamp  it  broke  in  two,  atni  the  experi 
'ollapsed. 

I  I  contidently  believe  was  the  verv  tirsi 
CO  in  which  carbonized  paiier  was  ever  used 
construction  of  an  iticandu.scent  carbon  lamp 
now  speaking  of  twenty  years  ago,  and  at 
lime  tl  o  voltaic  battery  was  the  cheapc.sl 
■  of  electricity  ktiowti,  and  the  means  of  pro 
;  liigh^  vacua  were  very  much  less  perfec 

dd  my  eleutriu  light  experimcnls  aside  iinti 
three  years  ago,  when  two  things  coiienrri'i 
•  me  to  jittrstto  the  subject  afresh.  The  dis 
of  the  dynamo-electric  machine  had  entireli 
I  the  position  of  the  (ptestion  of  electrii 
W,  shifting  it  out  of  the  region  of  thing.- 
lically  interesting  into  that  of  things  prac- 
useful.  The  Sprengel  air-pump,  too,  Innl 


to  ,.mIueo  it.  ifl-.  .Steam,  of  Birkenlic..! 
ardent  scientific  anmtenr.  ivns  so  attracted  l.v  t 
extraordinaij  results  Mr.  Crookes  l,„d  oI,i:„m 
ly  means  of  liigl,  vacua,  as  to  go  with  '„r, 
tnt  uisiasm  into  tlio  saino  lim*  of  experiment  ai 
lio  soon  aciiuired  such  a  knowledge  of  the  .Spr.’i,. 
I«nnp,  and  siieli  cxpertiiess  in  its  nianipiilation  ' 
perlinps  wius  only  equalled  l.y  Mr.  Crookes  hiiu.e 
I  Inid  the  g.s,d  fortune  to  make  Mr.  Stear, 
acquaintance,  and  that  was  the  other  one  „f  , 

(  ctermiuing  eaii.ses  of  niy  second  attempt  to  .sol 
tlie  prolileni^  of  electric  lighting  hy  the  incand. 

In  the  interval  between  the  first  and  sitoi 
pernsla  I  have  mentioned,  many  attonipfshad  he 
iinnle  by  various  exiieriinenls  to  render  practical 
inoamlescent  carbon  lamps,  but  none  were  entin 
successful.  Hero  is  repre.seiited  a  variety  of  t 
most  notable  of  those  attonqils.  Some  are’vacni 
hmips  and  some  have  air  admitted.  Sawver 
JIanns  lainii  is  tilled  with  nitmgen.  AVln'n  1 
'  '<■  c  t  t  1  I  ,s  r  It  burns  awav  a 

imist  consi-quontly  be  renewed  just  ’as 
candle  must  be  renewed;  it  must  also 
tbicker  than  would  be  nece.ssarv  in  a  vaenn 
««<!  being  thicker,  it  requires  a'  proportiona 
greater  current  to  reiiderit  ineandesceut ;  both  the 
oircumstaiices  are  obviously  against  economy.  T 
Andre  lamp  is  one  of  the  best  of  this  type.  In  tl 
the  supply  ofair  is  limited;  still  this  ianip  and 
those  laniiis  are  lacking  in  simiilicity  and  in  eci 

In  all  the  various  attempts  to  utilize  the  princi| 
of  the  incandescenoe  of  carbon  in  vacuo,  two  gr! 
difliciilties  had  stood  in  the  way  and  bafllcd  cv, 
atteiiipt  to  overcome  them.  One  was  the  raj 
wainiig  iiwmj,and  cannequenl  hretd-iiw  of,  theino 
c«rio„,.  and  the  .  other  the  ob.caraliou 
t  So  iiniforn 


C(1  within  it,  and  also  that  it  w„nld  leak  Tliei 
had  never  I.ee..  any  tlua.fjl.t  given  t,.  the  g„',’ 
led  in  tlio  carbon  itself,  and  which,  when  the 
'll  became  bot  by  the  paKsage  of  the  <..,irreat 
Iftli  It,  would  be  evolved;  nor  laid  snllicient 
icon  taken  t.,  nmh'.  the  renhUmoe,  at  the  p„!„U 
'lire  „r  the  curhm,  /e,s  than  in  the  cn  ij, 

/  to  ineamlesccnre.  It  w,ls  evi.Iont  to 
liefore  any  detinile  concinsion  could  be  arrived 
ithe  (jncstion  of  the  volatility  of  carbon  the 
;  of  the  blackening  of  the  globes,  and  ’  the 
mg  away  of  tl  i  1  sc  t  rods,  ,«,ot 
nj  the  exjirnnienl  of  hea/inij  the  nirfmi  In  a 
nf  extreme  wcam/ereeme  in  a  Ihnromjhli, 

»«  (such  as  Jlr.  Crooks  had  taught  I'ls  how  to 
ii-e).  mill  miller  morefn-ornhle.  coinlilinne  ,mtn 
'Iiliiel  iehreen  the  we„n,leiiee„l  earlu,,, 
lolorr  riip/iorlimj  it,  than  h,„/  hitherto 
cordingly,  in  OctolH.r,  1877.  I  sent  to  Mr. 

11  11  number  of  carl . .  made  from  <•,•01,011- 

eanlhoard,  with  the  re(|iiest  that  he  woahl  get 
niounted  for  me  in  glass  globes  bv  a  glass- 
or.  ami  then  oxhanst  the  air  as  coniidetelv  as 
lilo.  1  Ins  delicati-  oiieration  Mr.  Stoarn  ’verv 
y  niid.-rlook,  and  very  skillfully  carried  out. 
•dor  to  jiroiluce  a  gooil  vaeiiiiin,  it  was  found 
isary  to  heat  the  carbon  to  a  very  high  ilegrce 
leans  of  the  electric  current  ifuriiiff  the  jirnms 
hiimilion,  so  as  to  expel  the  gas  oechidod  by  the 
'll  in  its  cold  state  ;  for  otherwisi-,  however 
the  vaciiiim  was  before  the  carbon  was  healed, 
Mlintoly  the  current  passed  and  made  it  whito- 
tho  vacmiin  was  destroyed  by  the  out  rush  ol 
pis  pent  up  in  the  carbon  in  its  cold  state.  In 

r  to  make  a  good  contact  between  the  carbon 

the  clips  supporting  it,  the  ends  of  the  carbon 
;  ‘*‘'|'K''n<''l,  and.  in  some  of  the  early  experi- 
-s,  electrotyping  and  hard  soldering  of  the 
of  the  carbon  to  phitiniini  was  resorted  to. 

"ill  not  weary  you,  however,  with  dofail.s, 
simply  .say  that  the  prescribed  conilitioiis 


ng  lieen  rigorously  complied  with,  it 
,  after  many  troublesome  experiments, 
'he  riieiiiiiii  within  the  tump  ijlnhe  icns  ij, 
„■  eonliiet  Iwtween  the  carhoii  <im{  the  einiili, 
siijijmrleil  it  mijlicient,  there  leoe  no  hlitele, 
ijloher,  iinil  no  iijipreeiahle  wimlinij  uiettij  „/ 
».  'J'hiis  was  swi'pt  away  a  pernicious  er 
,  like  a  misleading  linger-post  pnadain 
md  this  way,’  temle<l  to  bar  progress  al 
I  thoroiighfari-. 

Illy  remained,  to  i>erfect  tbe  d.^tails  of 
lo  find  tbe  best  mat.-rial  from  which  to  fc 
rbon,  and  to  fix  this  material  in  the  laini 
■st  manner.  These  points,  I  think,  I  h 
lisfactorily  si^ttlod ;  and  you  see  the  re, 
lamp  before  me  on  the  table.  It  is  a  v 
-IiKiking  afTair,  but  its  performanci-  g 
I  its  apiiearance.  The  carbon  is  .•xtrein 
I  mere  hair,  ami  how  womh^rfiilly  stn 
astic  it  is  I  will  emleavor  to  show  von 
ns  of  the  lantern.  This  carbon,  unlike  I 
spoken  of  by  Fontaine  in  the  l•xtrael 
>  you,  is  quite  homugeneoiis  and  aliin 
1  hardne.ss,  and  it  bocoim^s  hariler  bv  use 
p:  the  longer  and  the  hotter  it  is  ’hcati 
•dor  it  bocomes.  What  <legr.-e  of  hardm 
ultimately  arrive  at,  is  an  interesting  ipu 

is  a  luagiiilicd  view  of  the  (•arbon  ring  in 
incamlo.sceiico.  Ob.serve  how  absolute 
ill  brightnp.ss  it  is ;  that  proves  it  to 
neons  and  foretells  its  durability. 

I  will  show  you  how  easily  lamps  of  tl 
I  lighted,  and  how  conipleiely  this  form 
light  can  bo  divided  and  ilistributeil. 
lot  a  plciisant  light  '>  It  is  not  so  white  1 
liyht,  but  yet  a  whiter  light  than  ga 
ire  correctly  seen  by  it,  as  this  pictiii 
But  the  groat  merit  of  this  licdit  coiisis 


imssrs  tlin.iigl,  tliu  -l.-iss  not  only  Inivin-  the 
fnsc<1  nronnd  it  wlnno  tlio  wiio  and  glolL  mwi 
Init,  in  addition  to  thin,  tlio  win-  is"  coat.d  «• 
fjlass  almost  np  to  the  oarhon.  In  tliis  way  I 
vacnnm  is  preserved  very  eireetindlv. 

Yon  Iiavo,  of  ooni-se,  all  l.oard  that,  after  : 
hdison  aliandoiied  Ids  platinum  lamp  as  imniac 
cal)le,  lie  invenlod  a  now  lamj>  in  wliicli  carlioni^ 
eardl.oar<l  is  nsod.  Here  is  a  diagnim  of  : 
h.lison  s  earl.on  lanip.  with  its  horseshoe  of  e 
honized  pai)or.  It  is  in  some  resjicels  like  mi 
hat  latterly  I  have  given  np  the  use  of  earhoni; 
eardhoard,  and  am  now  using  a  material  as  mi 
better  than  carhoidzed  cardboard  as  carhuni. 
cardboard  was  better  than  the  material  jirovioi; 
used.  In  an  article  which  appearo.l  in  the  l'^ 
rnary  nnmher  (d  “Scribner’s  Magazine,"  antliei 
cated  by  a  letter  from  Sir.  Edison  in  the  same  |- 
lication,  it  is  stated  that  Mr.  Edison  was  the  ; 
to  Hso  carbonized  paper  ;  that,  however,  is  ine 
rect.  And  this  also  occurs  after  a  description 
the  Sprongel  pnmp  used  in  o-vliansting  lli 
lamps:  ‘Mr.  Edison’s  nso  of  earhon  in  sne: 
vacinini  is  entirely  new.’  Now,  I  dare  say  111 
are  niany  here  who  will  remember  this  little  lai 
"  liieh  I  sliowetl  horn  two  vearango  in  action.  T 


rent  tlirongli  100  indies  of  my  earlion  lilu.n,.nt  as 
lull  render  it  ineiiiidese,.nt,  yon  nniy  eithe  r  have 
the  100  inches  in  one  eontiniioiis  leiieth  ell  in  one 
lamp,  or  yon  may  ent  up  the  100  inches  into  1(HI 
pieces  and  place  each  piece  in  a  separate  lamp,  anil 
the  100  lamps  in  100  dilTerent  places,  withont  any 
dinereiice  in  the  ageregate  ainoiint  of  light  froin 
the  one  undivided  light  and  from  the  100  separate 
lights.  Von  may  even  contemplate  on  this  prin¬ 
ciple  the  ceononiical  production  of  an  electric 
light  as  small  as  a  riish-liglit. 

With  regard  to  distribution,  I  believe  that  it  ivill 
prove  to  he  pnictieahle  to  light  any  large  town— 
all  Newcastle,  for  instance — hy  means  of  wires 
laid  in  the  ground  as  gas  pipes  are  laid,  and 
all  hraiiehiiig  from  one  coiitre,  and  conveving  the 
electric  current  to  lamps  like  this.  ThJ  lanip.s 
now  lighted  are  supplied  by  the  current  coming 
from  generators  working  at  the  far  end  of  Mosley 
street  (a  (piarter  of  a  mile  away) ;  and  it  would  ho 
just  as'  easy  by  using  a  more  energetic  current— a 
current  as  it  were  undei- higher  pressure-to  main- 
bun  thc.so  several  miles  away  ;  and  for  this  pur¬ 
pose  the  conductoi-s  need  not  be  large-not  so 
large,  certainly, -as  to  mako  the  distribution  of 
electric  current  more  costly  than  the  distribution 


lam  III  the  lamps.  Mr.  lidis 
poses  to  make  his  lamps  of  a  v 
lie  pioposes  to  use  for  the  ii: 
1  form  of  carbon  which  olTers 
then  simple  carbon  in  its  co 
carbon  pure  and  simple  is  us 
had  better  be  in  ns  stable  and 
possible,  becaii.si'  in  process  of 
solidate,  and  it  is  iindersiral 
sboiild  take  place  in  the  lamp 
laeiit  of  carlmn  iii  its  best  sb 
lamps,  as  thin  as  it  is  safe  to  n 
1  hmgth  siithcicnt  to  give  a  lig 
liurner,  or  ten  standard  cainf 
which  I  think  wo  must  not  go 
111  extensive  system  of  town  li| 
so  high  a  resistance  lus  that  w 
iiiade  the  basis  of  his  sche: 
"ith  lamps  of  this  resistance 


from  one  sourco.  I  tliiiik  tiio  .l!|li..nitv 
of  heiiig  siirmoiiiitod  in  tins  ivuv  •  I-  le  ,', 

gnmping  tlio  lumps  ns  Mr.  E  I  »nn  , . ,.o  .'1,"  . 

lump  lining  ns  it  wcro  a  loop  or  liri.l.s.  Ii.  i,' 
two  mains,  I  propose  to  string  tl  pi 

or  iierlinps  100  lamps  being  alii  t  ri  1 

the  same  line.  In  this  way  ev  r  1  |,| 

to  the  resistance  of  the  line,  instead  of,  as  h, 
Edison’s  idan,  its  resista’ii.e 

waste  of  energy  in  the  condneting  wire  would 
be  avoided.  .-V  copper  wire,  less  than  one-.  i..] 
of  an  inch  thick,  would  supply  current  foiM 
such  senes  of,  say,  from  ten  to  one  hundri'd  l.ua 
at  live  miles  distance,  with  a  very  small  pereciit 
of  loss;  while  to  supply  at  the  same  distaie' 
corresponding  iininber  of  lamps  on  Mr.  E.lis.i 
jdaii  would  demand  copiier  conductors  nf  .  • 
thickness  as  would  certainly  make  the  plan  far 
e.\iiensi\o ;  or,  if  .sueh  thick  conductor  was 
used,  thei-e  would  be  an  impracticable,  extrava- 
waste  of  energy  in  the  wire.  If  even  lirtv 
cunt,  of  the  energy  wore  expended  in  the  wiiv, 
size  of  the  conductor  reipiired  to  Iraiisiuit 
current,  say,  even  two  miles,  would  be  far  I 
groat. 

Ihere  is  no  way  of  escape  that  I  know  of  fr 
this  dilomnm,  viz.,  th.vt  either  we  must  make  , 
unit  of  light  larger  than  necessary  for  a  viua 
■umiy  purposes,  and  so  give  up  the  idea  of' 
sivu  division  mid  extensive  distribiitioii, 
order  to  gain  thc.so  points,  wo  must  group  the  la 
III  the  inaunor  I  have  proposed.  There  are, 
doubt,  difficulties  in  the  carrying  out  of  my  i 
lilt  none  that  are  not  easily  surmountable, 
uxaiuple,  if  twenty,  tifty  or  a  hundred  lights 
Ill  a  series,  a  break  in  any  part  of  the  line  « 

extinguish  all  the  lights.  This  danger  can  he 


uit  I  would  iiiako  such  a  mishap  extrenw.ly  u-lik-  l 

o  .M-cur,  by  placing  along  with  each  lamp  an  auto 
n.ilie  circuit  closer.  This  would  so  act  as  t 
u  idge  over  the  gap  made  by  the  accidental  break 
iig  or  failure  of  a  lani]i,  and  so  pnoent  th 
extinction  of  the  rest  of  the  lamps  in  the  scrie' 
vliile  a  fresh  lamp  was  pnt  in  the  place  of  tl, 
iroken  one— a  thing  no  more  difficult,  and  probabi 
lot  more  costly,  than  the  replaceniciit  of  a  broke 
'as  burner  chimney,  or  globe. 

1  hero  is  another  difficulty,  occasioned  bv  th 
aiiation  of  the  current  in  proportion  to  the  nun 
■er  of  lamps  in  action.  What  is  reipiired  in  tlii 
■use  is  to  maintain  a  iiiiiforin  current  in  the  line  i 
amps,  whether  one  or  a  hundred  are  a-light.  Thi 
•1"  lie  accomplmhed  by  self-acting  apparati 
siiiieuhat  on  the  principle  of  the  governor  of  th 
Iteaiii  engine,  and  which  would  automaticallv  rai.- 
ir  lower  the  eUcIro-woticf /,.rc,-  by  steps  of  itiitth 
lecordiiig  to  the  tinmber  of  lamps  in  use. 

I  have  ahso  considered  the  ipii.-stion  of  nieasiirin 
ilie  current,  and,  if  time  allowed,  I  could  show  yo 
that  that  can  lie  done  as  easily  as  the  nieasuring  i 
-as.  Similarly,  all  other  practical  difficulties  ari 
lug  out  of  this  iiiethod  of  distribution  can  be  me 
''-ilia  mot,  are  at  liberty  to  eontemplate  grci 
u'utml  works,  producing  electricity  by  largo  steal 
iigine.s,  and  distributing  it  by  means  of  wires  to 
wliole  town,  exactly  as  gas  is  now  distributed  I 
gas  works. 

I  liave  already  referred  to  the  cost  of  eleetr 
light  produced  on  the  arc  principle,  and  .shoe 


'3848 


Swaii'.s  lajctiiro. 


/•/  It  «ill  bo  less  cosily  timn  gas  ligliting.  TImt 
IS  foi>cliisively,lem<.i,slrafo.l  by  tlio  fact  that  1  000 

foot  of  gas  employed  in  working  «  gas . 

(lovelop  an  electric  current,  ami  nsed  ^1^.0^,!,!; , 
"ill  yield  more  light  than  1,000  feet  of  '..as  edm 
Slimed  in  tbo  ordinary  way  in  gas  biirneis.  This 
room  is  now  ligbted  by  twenty  of  niy  l■l^•.■lric 
lamps,  and  to  produce  tbo.  current  which  fi^eds 
them  nuder  1(50  cubic  feet  of  gius  per  hour  is  bcian 
biiriit  in  a  gas  engine  ;  before  my  lamps  were 
kindled  tbe  room  was  lighted  by  70  gas  jets,  con. 
Sliming,  I  am  told  on  good  aiithoritv,  alaait  ’W 
feet  per  hoar.  It  is  very  evident  that  we  have  got 
more  light  out  of  the  gas  through  the  111010010" 0) 

electricity  than  w, us  got  from  the  larger  .pianlitv 
of  gas  which  those  biirnei-s  consumed.  Onr  eon’, 
ditioiis  here  are  somewhat  unfavorable  to  mv  Ih-ht 
for  a  fair  comparison,  but  from  mciusiiremenrs  c."re. 
fully  made,  lx)th  of  light  produecd  and  carieni 
reijiiired  to  produce  it,  I  am  warranted  in  saving 
that  at  least  twice  as  much  light  will  bo  prodned 
by  a  cei-tain  cjiiantity  of  gas  used  to  generate  an 
olectric  cun-ont  emi.loycd  in  my  lamps  as  woahl 
be  obtained  from  the  same  (piantity  of  gas  burni 
in  gas  biinicrs  in  the  usual  manner.  If  that  is  .so, 
then  it  is  evident  that  when,  instead  of  the  motive 
power  of  gas,  that  of  steam,  produced  in  the  im., ' 
ouonomical  manner,  is  umi>loyed,  this  method  c 
electric  lighting  will  be  very  much  less  costly  than 
gas  lighting.  I  reckon  that  40  iioiinds  of  coal 
employed  in  niising  steam  to  goncrato  olectrieitv 
IVnn  "  i"  '".V  lamps  the  etrecl  o'l 

1,000  feet  of  gas  burnt  in  gas  burners  in  the  ordi- 
miry  manner.  The  economical  view  of  the  .picstioa 
IS  therefore,  in  my  opinion,  very  favorable  to  dec 
trie  lighting,  and  I  think  fully  warrants  me  in  ar 
titillating  an  extensive  substitution  of  olectric  ligl 
for  g, us  light. 

The  great  difficulty  which  till  now  has  comiihdel 
blocked  the  way  to  any  geneiid  use  of  olectric  ligl 
W.US  (/,e  difficulty  of  di vMou.  That  difficulty  is  m 


3850 


CImrIos  L.  Cliirko. 


Lamps”  „,„1  •• 

Inljit  I'raukln,  Institute  Report  on  Iia  naln,; 
Lumps.’*  “»iitsceiit 

ClIOSS-EXAJIINATION  CLOSED. 

Adjourned  until  October  IG,  18!)0,  at  10  A.  M. 


OcTOIlEll  IG,  IS'lO. 

Adjourned  to  Ocdober  17tb,  at  10  A.  31. 


OcroiiKli  17,  ISflO. 

3Iet  piiranant  to  adjournment. 

I’rcsent — Connsel  as  before. 

Re-DIIIELT  EXA.MI.VATIOS  OK  THE  wrr.NEss,  Chakles  L 
Claiike,  IIY  Afii.  Dveii  : 

d17  Re-d.  Q.  In  answer  to  512,  513  and  514 
x-Qs.  joii  say  tlint  your  information  about  the  iinic- 
tico  of  not  ronowing  laniiis  in  the  Efpiitable  Build- 
ing  «:ls  obtained  from  an  engineer  in  the  dvnniiio 
room,  and  not  from  the  anporintondent.  Have  voii  since 
made  similar  euqnirios  of  the  superintendent,  .onl,  if  so, 
"itli  wlmt  result? 

Objected  to  ns  calling  for  lioarsay  testimony. 

same  impiiries  of 

^  f  1'  ***  sapoi'iiitendeut  and  chief  engineer 

o  le  Lqnitnble  Building,  and  bo  informed  mo  that  tho 
lamps  are  not  taken  from  the  circuit  and  discarded 
until  broken. 

•el8  Re-d.  Q.  I,,  yo„r  cross-examination  at  several 
I'omts,  and  o.specially  in  answer  to  205  to  211,  405, 

.  42,4  and  124  x-Qs.  and  iierlmps  elsewhere,  you 


ho  carlMnis  .luring  this  b.mting  shouhl  1. 

I  that  at  which  th.‘  carbons  will  be  heated  ii 
the  laiuiis.  In  answ..riug  4, S3  x-Q.  y,,,,  stab 

II  not  iifiii?  understan.l  that  it  is  n.-eessarv  t. 
iniers  .luring  exhaustion  t.)  a  higher  temper 
I  that  at  which  the  buruei-s  w.ml.l  siil.se 
e  h.>ate.l  in  the  use  of  the  huups.  What  .1 
iin.l.a^tan.l  tin-  fact  t.i  !..■  with  re,sp...'t  t.>  th 
of  electrically  heating  the  .•arbon  burn.T 
milstion  in  order  to  pr...lu.  e  |.raetieally  .lur 

isweritig  the  (pi.-stions  first  . .  I  wa 

that  electrical  heating  wius  nir.'ssarv  in  or.!.' 
lamp  which  would  Ik,  of  any  pra.’tieal  use 
•son  that  the  imp.irtaiiee  of  the  pi-.K'.-s,s  ha. 
It  prior  1.1  the  .late  of  the  pat.-iit  in  suit,  an. 
lus  I  kti.iw,  b.,en  nniv.Tsidly  empl.iy.al  in  th 
e  of  iiiian.l..'s(.!nt  lamps  since  that  .hit. 
swering  ItCl  x-Q.,  however,  I  cam.-  in  [k.s 

facts  which  convinc. . .  that  1  was  ii 

the  absolute  nevessity  of  electrical  limiting  ii 
'tain  a  lamp  which  w.uil.l  have  b.'en  .liimld 
•  practical  iiiir]K,se«  at  the  dale  of  the  pat.?nl 
11  tho  contrary,  electrical  Inciting  woiihl  n.i 
iiecessaiy  with  a  lamp  like  that  .leserilHsI  i, 

"I  suit,  havinga  carlKui  burner  of  small  ilia.s, 
iving  huge  metallic  parts  inclosed  in  tlm  glas 
Ithoiigli  good  skill  ami  jii.lgment  w.ml.l,  ii 
prior  state  of  th.,  art  and  the  inslnnlioii 


Clmrlus  L.  Clarke. 


sueJ  ii,  .Irivian  air  fr„.„  tile  Hiirfaee  of  tl.e  ela.s,s  as 
isei  foi  iiiiii^  M-ara  in  the  Iiiaiiiiraetiiru  of  vii 
„Ia,s-«ere  foiual  to  have  a  life  of  early  live  hn 
lioun.  when  mil  iin.ler  normal  eomlition.s;  Before 
.lame.1  Ji.s  info. niat.on  tests  were  hegnn  at  inv  n 
it.-\Ir.B,l,sonslahon.t  n  n|  n  hni,srxhui  t  I 
aamier  above  mentione.l,  ami  althongh  for  wanto 
Jey  have  at  .late  been  nm  hut  112  hours,  their 
lition  at  the  iir,!sent  time  promises  a  nsefiil  life. 

•)  .  Be-il.  Q.  In  vonr  ero.s,s-oxaniination  at  s 
lioints^  ami  espeeialh-  in  answer  to  5(i  to  y.J  x-0 
to  217,  328  ami  3(i2  .x-Q.s.,  ami  iHnhai.s  els,e 
>oii  .sr-eni  to  have  expres.se.1  the  opinion,  in 
S  am-e  that  while  the  solution  of  the  prohl.. 
.e  snh,hv.s.on  .,f  the  eha-trie  lieht  was  in  faet  a 
'l'>l‘a.l  by  the  lamp  ,Ieseril...,l  in  the  patent  ii 
miiif;  a  hlamentary  earbon  l.nrnur  ami  adapted  t. 

.Ut  that,  had  there  Iieen  in  oxisteneo  prior  to  the  ] 
111  Hint  a  durable  lamp  having  a  earbon 

"lit  many  times  the  light  of  a  pisjet,  provid 
earbon  Imnier  had  lK;un  made  by  a  method  whieh 
be.sneees«fnl|y  used  to  prod, tee  filamentarv  I.nrne: 
lamps  of  the  eharaeter  just  deseribe.l  would  hav.' 
prodneed  ami  the  proble.n  would  have  been  solv 
be  eniphiyment  of  tbe  thou  existing  knowhale 
itliont  the  exereise  of  invention.  l)o  von  d.s 
modify  or  ehango  this  opinion  ? 

.V.  After  a  earefnl  eonsideration  of  the  piesont 
tain  and  of  tin  t  n  st  i  s  n  1  ir  whieh  I  was 
express  the  .ipinion  i-efeiTed  to,  I  feel  that  the  pi 
takiin  ly-  nie  was  not  a  projior  ono,  and  I  d.'.. 
laonify  It  1  l,e  imsnniption  upon  whieh  it  was  fo, 
namely,  that  the  dnnibility  of  earbon  bnriieis  w,i 
a«ee,  tamed  for  those  of  large  size  ami  high  illnmj 
powei,  was,  as  I  have  often  stated,  eontrarv  to  wl 
Imstory  of  the  develoinnent  of  the  art  shows  to 
Keen  the  fact,  or  to  what  I  iKilieve  would  hav, 
poKsili  e,  the  diseoveiy  having  been  actually  mad. 
respiiet  to  very  small  bnniem  of  low  illuminating 
winch  directly  solved  the  problem  of  subd.usn 


Charlas  L.  Clarke 


file  stability  of  carbon  had  been  iliscovered  for  .  arlion 
-  would,  1  think,  have  Is 
ance  in  the  art  of  electric  Ii; 
i  liile  denning  .subdivision  to 
aiTompIisb,  wonld  have  c. 
e  lanijis  having  rod  hiinier 
'  til.’  ailaptability  of  anythin 
ion  to  the  making  of  small  1 
f  all  the  facts  relating  to  tin 
light  have  .•xi.sle.l  iiml.-r  tl 
in  eventually  making  tin- 
'inl  at  a  practi.-al  r.•.sult  wit 
ir.'  matters  whi.di  I  ilo  mil 
'll.  iK'can.se,  lus  1  now  l.sik  i 
ilant  st.'p  in  the  actual  his 
d  the  art  hail  U’en  chang. 
io  know  how  this  might 
led  it  from  the  eonrse  whi 
IMissihly  have  clmng.'d  the. 


bnijilainant's  couns.d  ofl 
le-hook  eopy  of  British 
ed  17th  .Iniie,  187!),  and  g: 
bdison  for  improveniinits 
I  in  nppnrntus  for  ilev.dopi 
1  regulating  the  action  of  I 
le  is  marked  "  Coniplainani 
tish  Platinum  Lamp  I’aton 
’lie  introduction  of  the  foi 
I'cted  to  by  the  defomhinti 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


.  VC-  ,>uu  know  Whether  any  of  tlioin 

been  nm,..s  long  „stl.r,.oln„ulro,l  hours  ? 

A.  I  ,lo  not  know  for  a  f„et  wl.othor  any  of 
hayo  heen  in  nso  for  that  length  of  time  or  nof^ 

pin.lahle  Bnih  .nK  the  enrrent  is  tnmod  off  from  I 
hinips  at  SIX  o  clock  in  the  afternoon  ? 

A.  That  I  do  not  know. 

5.03  lie-x-Q.  Would  yon  have  any  ohjcction  tea, 
record?^"'* 

A.  Not  the  slighte.st,  if  it  is  desired. 
o;.i  Bo-x-Q.  Yon  have  referred,  in  answ,-r  to 
•\r"  r?-’  “boge.!  oxperinionts  made 

Mr  Edison  ...  1884.  in  which  ho  is  s..id  to  1 
made  use  .,f  the  ext  inal  ,,  phentu...  of  he  .t  t 
lamp  htilh  to  aid  ...  scottring  a  vacinni.  Yon  do 

.l.!!'  rT.  ’ :  l.as  . 

Iiiiii|)h'?  ^  process  i]i  the  manufacture  of  ti 

A.  I  do  not  know  whether  the  coiiipanv  ever 
maylc  a  commercial  ..se  of  exactly  that  proJess  of 
;btaS  the  heat  externally.  At  the  present  time,  1 
Imye.  tins  process  is  not  made  nse  of. 

o»5  Ite-x-Q.  Don’t  y„,i  heliove  the  fact  to  he  tha 
bu  .na....fact,.re  of  their  commercial  lamps  the  JCdi, 
Unipany  hms  always  .....do  nse  of  electrical  heating 

b.e  ln.rner  while  the  lamp  was  on  the  pnmp? 

A.  I  so  nndurstami  it. 

u;>(i  Bo-x-Q.  Did  yon  take  jiart  in  the  alleged  Edis 

’i'e'TrQ''""  ^ 

A.  I  did  not. 

-mJ  ^P‘-x-Q.  Personally,  then,  yon  do  not  know  t 
luiails  of  those  experiiiieiits  ? 

A.  No. 

■>58  Be-x-Q.  Did  yon  yontself  make  and  exhaust  t 
imps  winch  yon  say  have  lately  heen  treated  at  tl 
apm.pihoratory,  in  which  external  heating  was  mm 

I  did  not. 

55!)  Be-x-Q.  I  snnnose  tlo.t  vo„  ....o 


Charles  L.  Clarke. 


that  tlie  defendant  claims  to  have  made  reo 
iliscovery  that  sotne  twenty  years  or  more 
fsiuic  Adams  made  incandescent  lamps,  alleg 
[iractii  ally  dnrahle,  which  were  ...ade  hv  seal 
liiii  strip  of  carhon  (stated  to  he  son.ethi.ig  li 
liitceiiths  of  an  inch  it.  width,  from  0.0U5  to  0 
t.  thickness  and  an  iticlt  or  thcreahonts  in  len 
lighly  .  xhan.sted  idl-glass  chamber,  with  plati. 
iig-in  wires,  atid  that  dofet.dat.t  has  proenred 
:oart  ati  ot<ler  enlarging  its  ti.ne  to  take  evi 
egard  to  such  alh’ged  tnattnfacltirc  of  latttps 

A.  1  .'lilt  aware  of  the  facts  stated  in  the 

iceptiiig  as  to  thuilititutisions  of  the  lairners _ 

have  niiderstood  that  their  size  was  sonietl 
roximating  the  dimettsiotis  given. 

SIX)  Be-x-Q.  How  lo.tg  have  yott  know.,  thei 
A.  Several  days,  possibly  a  week. 

5(il  Be-x-Q.  Would  yott  regard  the  hurtier 
«ve  described  it.  the  last  <]nestioti  ht.t  one,  in 
e/d  of  carbon,  or  wottld  yon  classify  it  as  a 

-•C  I  think  that  it  slionld  ]iropuilv  bo  called 
atW  lle-x-Q.  Why  so? 

A.  1  think  that  I  can  best  ut.swer  that  quci 
ferrmg  to  the  variot.s  parts  of  my  former  tei 
Imre  the  ipiestioii  of  rods  and  fila.neiits  has  1 
issed,  and  it.  which  I  expressed  tiie  opinion  t 
rgest  h.irners  made  by  the  'riiuinson-Hoiiston 
"iipimy  for  ttse  it.  series  are  rods.  The'  b.i 
rred  to  in  the  present  (p.estion,  if  its  thick 
Ken  as  11.005  inch,  inns  a  cross-sectioti,  the 
Hell  is  considerably  larger  than  that  of  the  Tl 
mstoii  bnniers  referred  to,  and  nearly  as  ling 
gest  series  burner  made  bv  this  (-'ompaiiv. 


ned  until  October  IS,  1890,  at  11  A.  J1 


Present— R.  N.  DyEij  for  cuniplainniit  and  S 
CAX  for  defendant. 

S.!Kl.nun.NE  B.  EATO.v.a  witness  produced  on  I, 
oon^dainant,  being  d.dy  sworn,  in  answer  to 
by  Mr.  Dyer,  testified  ns  follows : 

1  Q.  AVIiat  IS  your  name,  ago,  re.sidonco  an, 
pation  ? 

A.  .Sherburne  B.  Eaton  ;  a”o  50  •  resid . 

lorkCity;  lawyer. 

2  Q.  Have  yon  at  any  time  been  an  orticer 
Edison  Eleetrio  Light  Company,  and  if  so,  b 
length  of  time  y 

A.  I  was  vice-president  and  principal  o.'ceciitiv, 
from  January  lltli,  1881,  to  October  •Jotli,  181 

50tli,  1881.  Ever  since  that  last  date  I  have  b, 
^oiieral  counsel  of  tlio  Conipanv,  and  still  am. 

3  Q.  Mr.  George  AV.  Hebard,  the  jiresident 
lefendant  Company,  lias  testified  that  the  def 
Jompany  wiLS  not  notified  that  it  was  iiifrimdi 
>»teMt  in  suit,  No.  223,S!)8,  prior  to  the  bringing 
dll  in  tins  Sint;  Mr.  Hebard,  however,  n.lmits  I 
^oipt  by  tlio  defendant  Company,  in  Jiiiio  and  N 
ler,  1882,  of  notices  to  desist  infringing,  to  wliici 
ittacliod  lists  of  patents,  including  the  patent  i 
Jo  yon  agree  with  Mr.  Hebard  that  the  defeinhn 
lot  notified  of  its  infringement  of  the  patent  in  si 

A.  I  do  not  agree  with  Mr.  Hebard  in  this  n 
Jesides  the  notieos  to  which  Air.  Hebard  refci 
lliccrs  and  agents  of  the  dofondant  Conipanv  hai 
neiit  notice  that  the  incandescent  lamii  nmde  1 
efendant  Company  was  claimed  by  the  Edison 
liny  to  bo  an  iiifringoment  of  the  patents  of  the  Ji 
ompaiiy,  and  especially  of  the  patent  in  suit.  D 
10  yeam  1880  and  1881,  while  I  was  vice-prcsidi 
lo  Edison  Company,  I  had  several  interviews 
fr.  Charles  R.  Eli„t.  at  that  time  incsidci 
10  (lefendant  Company,  in  which  Mr.  Flint  nr 


mps  fieiiig  made  by  the  Ciiited 
ng  Comimny  infringed  this  |>al 
it.s  owned  by  the  Edison  Coni| 
1  Electrical  Ex|M)sitioii  in  Paris 
inidesceiit  lamp,  which  was  be 
>y  the  dofondant  Conipanv 
was  made  the  basis  of  a  suit 


iho  owners  of  the  Edison  Patoi 
ling  to  oiir  Filainent  patent  in  I 
ct  that  the  Alaxiin  lamp  inade  li 
iipiiny  nils  claimed  lo  be  an  iiil 
nit  patent,  was  made  known  by 
s  suit,  and  throngli  newsjmper 
o  to  it,  both  in  Europe  and  thh 
interview  published  in  the  •*  Xi 
August  13,  1881,  had  with  myi 
ioining  the  Alaxiin  Lamp  ”  ;  am 
ilishcd  in  tin,  “  New  York  W'e 
ititlcd  “  The  Maxim  Light  at 
was  brought  upon  the  Englisl 
with  oiir  “  Filament "  patent  ii 
iiiaiinfactiirers  of  the  .Swan  i 
^  igland.  As  fniiher  showing  tl 

‘  Company  that  all  the 


(.1  Jlav  -SZ,  IHH.),  ciititlu.!  “  Edison-a 
'liy  was  not  .suit  hroiiKht  in  this 
le  clcfondant  C(.ni]>any  hy  tin-  Edison 
II  weri!  vi«..i,rc.sid.'nt  and  inosidoi 

luasoii  is  statod  in  niy  report  to  t 
the  Edison  Company  at  the  annua 
her  ‘is,  1883,  vvliicli  report  Inis  hoi 
by  the  defendant.  It  is  there  stat 
if  suits  a(,'ain.st  infringers  of  the  Ed 
nbjeet  whieh  lias  frequently  ouenpie 
ring  tlie  year.  *  *  *  , 

■int,  in  order  to  fully  jircsen'o  onr  hifi 
served  upon  the  various  oleetrie  U 
it  are  clearly  and  uudonlitcdly  infrin 
for  infringement  have  thus  far  bee 
i  yet,  having  injured  us  enough  ti 
while  to  go  to  the  trouble  nud  great 
While  a  number  of  eompanies  were 
10  ill  the  business  of  eleetrie  lighting, 
seeption  of  the  Edison  Gnniiany,  w 
iling  are  light  ajiparatiis,  the  dofenih 
^  also  engaged  to  a  limited  e: 
id  selling  iueandcsecnt  eleetrie  lam 
led  bringing  suit  upon  the  “Fi 
1  other  patents  against  the  defendi 


ail  an  investigation  made  of  all  tl 
rie  liglit  plants  put  out  by  the  def 
JO  coiii  liision  we  reaehed  from  till 
lat  the  eomiH-tition  by  the  defend 
iiclied  that  point  where  it  won 
ring  suit.  The  fact  that  we  had  i 
on  was  given  more  or  le.ss  |>nbliei 
;  press,  as  well  as  through  annoi 
le  Ijlison  Company  or  its  age 
iiteineiit  eontaiiied  in  the  arti 
I’alerson  Daily  Fre,ss  "  of  .Septoii 
lulled  to,  in  whieh  T  am  ipioted 
e  Swan  light,  whieh  the  Hiiisli 
It  to  put  upon  the  Amerieiin  ii 
lo.  the  Edison  Company  will  begi 
•Id  ;  and  also  against  the  Unil 


w  l■;ngland  agent  of  the  Edison' C 
tiding,  and  dated  Iloston,  Xov 
ii's,  in  addition,  that  ns  a  result  i 
‘'■'1  to  .filly,  1883.  there  were  3l)i. 


rofcrriiig  to  u  circular  issued  b3-  the  Edison  Comi.ai 
that  111  August,  188G,  tlic  companr  Imd  in  ontrnti 
fifly-eiglit  central  station  |)Innfs  ;  these  central  slati 
plants  are  0|ieratod  liy  coiiipaiiics  wliicli  rrcei 
licenses  under  the  Edison  patents,  including  the  n  il.. 
Ill  suit,  eacli  for  a  limited  territoiy. 

to  the  hulletins  of  tl 
i^i-son  Electric  Light  Coin|)any,  niiinhers  1  to  22incl 
sive,  portions  of  which  have  heen  put  in  evidence  I 
the  defendant ;  were  these  hulletins  issued,  lus  appea 
oil  their  face,  hy  the  Edison  Company,  and  on  the.lat, 
given? 

A.  They  were.  These  hulletins  were  originally  issiii 
hir  circulation  among  the  agents  of  the  eoniiiauv  la 
later  on  the  circulation  was  o.vtended  so  as  to  incliiil 
stockholders  and  others,  interested  in  the  operations  . 
the  company. 

7  (J.  Are  the  statements  eoiitaincd  in  these  hiilletii 
regni-ding  the  progress  of  the  husiness  of  inean.h'scei 
electric  lighting  correct  ? 

A.  So  far  as  I  know  they  are  suhstantially  cerrc'ct. 

8  Q.  I  call  j-oiir  attention  to  a  paper  marked,  “  Ex 
tracts  from  Edison  Bnllelins."  Are  these  e.\lmcl 
correct  copies  of  the  corresponding  portions  of  the  lad 
lotins  themselves  ? 

A.  The^-  are. 

y  Q.  The  defendant’s  coiinsel  have  offercl  in  evi 
loiicoa  paper  entitled,  the  “Swan  Lamp  Patents,’ 
oriuing  a  part  of  Bulletin  Xnmhor  21,  from  wlail 
iom-ce  did  the  statonionts  containod  in  this  pnpei 
imanato  and  how  did  it  come  to  he  pnhlished  ? 
ir  •'  to  was  a  report  prcjiareil  hi 

lajor  M  ilhor,  who  was  at  that  time  the  solicitor  of  pat- 
uts  for  the  Company,  and  the  statements  contained  in  it 
re  expressions  entirely  of  his  own  personal  views.  'J’lio 
iulletni  Eumher21  is  composed  of  several  papew, 
ach  of  considomhlo  length,  taken  from  dilleicnt 
oiirces,  and  is  different  in  this  respect  from  the  other 
ulletins  puhlishcd  hv  me  whi.-l.  ent.hii.. 


oherhume  B.  Eaton. 


roin  various  sources,  such  matter  heiiij 
lie  husine.ss. 

Complainant’s  counsel  offers  in  evidi' 
vritten  copies  of  the  following  new.sp. 
ieations  referred  to  hy  the  witni-ss  in 
pa-stion  8,  ami  the  same  are  marked  as 
'J’he  interview  with  the  witness.  | 
lithe  “New  York  'I'rihiine"  for  August 
lid  the  same  is  marked  “  Coniiilainant'i 
iaton  Trihiine  fiiterview  of  August  l:i,  1 
The  interview  with  the  witness  piil 
lie“Xcw  York  World  "  for  August  21, 1 
le  same  is  marked  “  Coniplainant's 
jiton  World  Interview  of  August  21,  II 
The  puhlieatioii  in  the  “  New  York  T 
pril  27,  1882.  and  the  same  is  marke, 
lainanfs  Exhihit  ’Times  Article  of  / 
i82.’’ 

The  imhlication  in  the  "Kew  York  Coi 
dvertiser"  of  August  8,  1882,  and  the 
Hiked  “Complainant’s  Exhihit  Coi 
dvertiser  Article  of  August  8,  1882." 
The  imhlication  in  the  same  paper  foi 
M882,nndtho  same  is  marked  “C. 
t  s  Exhihit  Cunimercial  Advertiser  A 
igiist  10,  1882.’’ 

'The  puhlieatioii  in  the  “  Paterson  Daih 
Septemlicr  2,  1882,  and  the  same  is’ 
Complainant’s  Exhihit  Paterson  Pre.si 
Septonilier  2,  1882.” 

'The  puhlieatioii  in  the  “Davenport 
Illy  Gazette  ”  of  May  22,  1888,  and  the 
irked  “Complainant’s  Exhihit  Daveiim 


piiblieatioim  as  ini.aalerinl  aial  as  i,m.In 
beh,g  of  tl,0  ..ature  of  l,..a.,,ay  testimony. 

Coinplainant’s  coiiii.sol  also  offers  in’e 
a  jn-iiitccl  copy  of  tin;  amiomiecmont  i.ss 
Spencer  Borden,  the  New  England  ng,.nl 
Edison  Company  for  Isolated  Lighting,  : 
Ijer,  1883,  and  the  same  is  marked  Cm 
ants  Exhilnt  Borden  Annonneemcnt  of  ' 
her,  1883. 

Defendant’s  counsel  objects  to  the  intro, 
of  this  exhibit  as  immaterial  and  as  Ix-iii" 
nature  of  hearsay  testimony  only,  anil  bee 
docs  not  apiiear  that  any  imbliaition  of  tl 
nment  was  oyer  made. 

Complainant’s  counsel  also  offers  in  ei 
the  extracts  from  Edison  Bulletins  ri-ferre 
question  8  and  the  same  is  marked  Con 
ant’s  Exhibit  Extracts  from  Edison  Bii 

It  IS  stipnlnted  that  defendant  may  tinot 
the  Edison  Bulletins  such  further  .ixtiii 
they  may  choose ;  notice  of  such  extract.- 
giyen  befora  the  closing  of  complainant’s 


Clt0S8-ra.l.MI.VATI0.N  OF  S.  B.  E.UOS,  E.SQ.,  IIV  CiFX 
UEL  A.  Du.noax  : 

in  answer  to  (piestion  3  that  II 
ealled  F.  ament  patent  was  always  considered  “  b 
(by  which  I  suppose  you  mean  the  Edison  Coni' 
w  jour  most  controlling  and  most  important  j 
upon  incandescent  cleetric  lamps.  Can  you  re 
inj-  of  the  Bulletins  or  ......i. 


11  x-Q.  In  this  particular  exhibit 
have  mentioned  in  connection  with 
ll•.•l^t  two  othei-s  as  Iming  ••  fiinih 


1’2  x-(^  That  exhibit  is  a  mere  nee 
rently,  a  small  portion  of  which  [ 
hstanc..  of  an  interyiew  with  yours, 
A.  lint  the  claims  are  set  forth  , 
:oll,'cti,in  is  that  thej-  were  prepare 

13  x-t^.  lou  at  the  time  regardcl 
rruct  slatomeut  of  what  is  foiiml  i 


A.  J  hey  wore  inteiidml  to  be  subsl 
ll  And  you  iutemlcd  that  t 
'H'l  a.s  an  ollicial  interprotation 
Itch  this  statement  related  ? 

A.  .N,j,  .sir ;  in  fact  I  am  not  cer 


A.  I  adopt  tJ.cm  substantially  as  printed  «• 
cnee  to  tins  patent. 

17  x-Q.  Wliich  one  of  the  four  claims  set 
bat  newspaper  article  do  you  consider  as  re 
tlio  patent  in  anit  ? 

Saino  olijectioii. 


A.  Neither  one  of  the  claims,  as  stated  in  tl 
v.e«^  corresponds  with  the  claims  of  the  patent 
but  .No.  3  of  the  nowsiiaper  statement  resemhle; 
tJie  claims  of  tiio  patent  in  suit.  Xo.  2  also 
rather  close  resemblance  to  one  of  the  claiii: 


18  x-Q.  Which  claims  of  the  )iatont  do  you  i 
arc  fairly  embodied  in  the  claims  2  and  3  of  tir 
paper  statement  ? 

A.  No.  3  of  the  newspaper  statement  is  an  in 
statement  of  the  third  claim  of  the  patent.  .N 
ho  newspaper  statement  is  an  imperfect  statei, 
tlaini  No.  2  of  the  patent. 

iiieiit?'^  ''**''*  “""I"-’'**;! 

''-hole  subject  matter  of  tin 
as  sot  forth  iii  the  patent  is  not  set  forth  in  the 
paper  interview. 

St  ““i  Vi^^;  "'•‘-wow,  did  you 

stand  that  you  were  uinkiiiK  an  imperfect  stateii 
the  scope  of  your  company’s  patents  ? 

A.  I  do  not  remember. 

21  x.Q.  Do  you  find  that  the  statomont  of  the 
'fthi^e  patents  m,  contained  in  that  newspaper 
■lew  IS  substantially  the  same  the  statement  o 
■cope  found  on  paoe  00  of  the  Twenty-first  Biilh 


Sherburne  B.  Eaton. 

sle  of  preparation,"  but  the  general  statemci 
lim  No.  I  of  the  newspaper  interview  closely  re 
5i  clniiii  No.  1  of  Patent  No.  227,220. 

23  x-Q.  It  was  intended,  was  it  not,  by  that  for 
temont  to  ro|)resent  to  the  world  the'interpreti 
lich  you  at  that  time  put  upon  tliat  patent, 

1.  lly  recollection  is  that  these  four  sbiteinenl 
inis  set  forth  in  the  newspaper  interview  wen 
(led  to  be  a  fair  statomont  of  what,  in  our  opii 
■  patents  covered,  and  my  recollection  is— althou; 
not  for  the  moment  ]K.int  to  any  reference  to  sie 
statement— that  the.se  claims  were  carefully  prep 
I  were  used  on  diirereiit  occasions.  Jfy  reeollec 
hat  they  were  iireimred,  though  not  |)erhaps  in  tl 
et  ivords,  by  .Major  IVillter,  who  at  the  time  Innl 
n  charge. of  the  patent  matters  of  the  companv. 
i  x-ti.  And  it  is  a  fact,  is  it  not.  that  the  scopi 
I  lirst  claim,  as  set  forth  in  this  newspaper  puhl 
I,  is  broader  than  that  of  either  one  of  the  tl 
■wing  claims  ? 

•  That  speaks  for  itself.  1  could  not  tell  will 
fully  ciMiiimriiig  tbuiii. 

I  x-(^.  Will  you  kindly  examine  the  ducument 

•  I  will  read  the  claims  and  you  can  jiiit  vour  i 
Ti-tation  on  them.  (Witness  reads  .iaims 
isel|. 

'X-Q.  At  the  time  when  you  prepaivd  this  sti 
of  the  salient  features  of  voiir  three  sn.e.il 


c-onii)roheiisive  as  tlio  first  ? 

A.  rile  first  claitii  Is  as  follows : 

“1.  An  elect,  i,;  In,,,,,  having  „  eontinu... IK  c,m„I„cI, 

(without  regard  to  its  iiiatorial,  resistanee  or  lao.I,. 
I>roparation)  and  an  exhausted  glass  enelosing  ..lolto." 
Ihe  other  three  elainis  are  as  follows; 

“  2.  An  electric  I,,,,,,,  having  „  continnens  .  m,!  ., 
<!o„(l„ct<>,-  (,rreKpcctivo  of  its  material,  and  „ 


3.  A  hhnnent  of  carbon  of  high  ,e.sistnncc  sccinv 
to  nictaihe  uircK  (,.  c.,  the  leading  in  wi,c.s)." 

“  -1.  TI,o  method  of  nn.nufactnre,  f.  e.,  tirst  sc|u.,-,tcl 
forming  the  enclosing  gl„b,.  a„,l  the  8„,,,.ort  f,„:  ,|, 
carbon,  and  then  fixing  the  carbon  „m,„  the  I  , tie, 
nniting  the  globe  and  then  oxbnnsting." 

The  first  two  clai,„s  seen,  to  ,„o  to  be  the  only . 

winch  can  be  iiroperly  co,npi„'cd.  Thev  both  ,efiT  tc 
an  exhansted  ghms  globe.  In  my  opinion  the  li,s 
clan,,  IS  broader  than  the  second.  The  thiid  elaia 
does  not  refer  to  a  globe,  which  is  one  of  the  prineiie, 
featnres  of  the  two  clai,„«.  The  fonrth  .lain 
relates  inc-ely  to  a  ,„ethod  of  manufacture.  I  canijul 
ecnpnre  the  third  and  fonrth  claims  with  the  lii-st,  but 
I  can  eon,,, are  the  first  and  second,  and  n,v  opinion  h 
tln,t  the  first  claini  is  Inoailer  than  the  seco’nd. 

30  x-Q.  Is  not  the  first  broader  than  either  tl„f  tljinl 
or  fo,„dh  in  this  respect,  that  is  to  say,  that  the  ihini 
IS  linnted  by  the  condition  that  the  burner  be  niade  of 
earboi.j  while  the  lin,t  is  not  so  limited? 

A.  The  first  claim  refers  to  a  continuous  condactcu' 
without  regard  to  material ;  the  thi,'d  clain,  nders  to  a 
filament  of  carbon  of  high  resistance ;  the  foin  lh  elain, 
refers  to  a  carbon.  I  not  an  expert,  but  it  seems  to 
ine  that  a  conductor  without  regard  to  n,ateiial  is 
broailer  than  a  conductor  made  of  carbon. 


cIm..go  in  the  patent,  it  nonl.I  be  extremely  perilous  t . 
pntitinsnit?  •  ' 

A.  Jly  recollection  is  that  it  was  done  sinii.l 
extra  precaution  to  avoid  any  possible  dane,.  • 
regard.  umi 

35  x-Q.  Didn't  you  in  an  affidavit  made  bv  i, 
eonnect.on  with  the  proceedings  to  effect  that  eb  o,.,..  i.. 
bo  patent,  say  in  substa.ice  that  your  coM.panv"l,.„i 
l«3on ^advised  by  counsel  that  that  cliange  was  lieces- 

A.  I  think  very  likely,  but  do  not  remember.  1  see 
noHiing  in  sncb  a  statement  that  would  coalli.  t  will, 
Hi}  n.LolIoctioii  lus  already  given. 

3li  x-Q.  Yon  have  made  reference  to  certain  liii..., 
tioniij^Paris  Were  there  not  seven.!  of  the  Kdi;;.; 
1  atenis  involved  in  that  suit '! 

A.  I  don't  rumembor. 

37  x-Q.  I  will  make  my  cjiiestioii  more  dolinite,  with 
a  view  to  refresbing  your  memory.  Was  not  there  i„. 
viUtdint  mtsuit  a  Frond,  patent,  wl.icb  embodied 
substantially  the  matter  wliicli  is  found  in  the  I’nited 
.S  ates  Edison  Patent  Ifo.  227.2'2'J ;  also  a  French  patent 
wind,  embodied  matter  found  in  wl.at  is  known  as  the 
Edison  l  apor-Carbon  Ap,,licatio..  in  this  country  .•  an.l 
thirdly  tbo  broncl.  patent  to  wliicli  you  Imyo  alrea.Iy 
referred .  And  is  it  not  a  fact  tliat  wlien.  under  tli’e 
proceedings  of  the  Freud.  Court,  the  controversy  «as 
referred  to  experU  selected  by  the  Court,  they  made  a 
report ...  substance  that  the  Maxim  lain,,  di.f  infringe 
be  patent  relating  to  the  paper  carbon,  and  did  not  in- 
fnnge  the  patent  which  yon  say  corresponds  to  the 
patent  hero  iii  suit,  and  did  not  infringe  the  iiatent  corre¬ 
sponding  to  the  Ainorican  Patent  No.  227.2211 ;  and  is 
It  also  not  a  fact  that  on  the  making  of  that  report  the 
suit,  by  the  agreement  of  the  parties,  was  discontinued, 
the  taxable  costs  of  the  suit  being  divided  between  the 
two  parties  ? 


A.  I  really  cannot 


answer  j’es  or 


Q.  In  the  absence  of  tliodocnmentsyou  will 
‘ke  such  assertion  '> 

is  regards  unknown  docuniciits  I  make  no  as.- 

Q.  Was  any  judgment  ever  made  in  that  Fre. 

have  not  heard  this  matter  meiitionod  foryci 
■e  1  thought  of  it  for  many  years,  and  to  tlii-  b 
-•collection  1  do  not  know  llow  the  case  wasd 

Q-  A\  as  that  suit  bronght  against  the  Fail 
I'-lcctnc  Lighting  Comimny  ‘i 


timo,  cnlletl  tlio  Maxim  lamp,  manu 
United  Stntus  Electric  Eiglitin’g  Comi 

•1.}  x-Q.  Til  tlio  dociiiiiciit  signed  I 
den,  under  tlio  date  of  XovoiniH-r, 
you  liave  referred,  and  wliidi  Im 
in  evidence'  by  cumplainaut'.s  coiin.sid,  ] 
incut :  “  JTiiiiy  of  those  interested  in  tl 
pany  were  urging  its  odieers  to  de.d 
jiarties  who  wore  pirates  of  Mr.  Edison' 
yon  know  who  the  partiiw  referred  to  li 
“  many  of  tho.se  intercste  in  the  Ediso 
"rBiiig,”  etc.,  weie'? 

A.  I  reinenroer  distinctly  that  .Mr.  |j. 
and  I  think  Mr.  Uowrey  was  another. 

U  x-Q.  And  Mr.  Uorden  hold  what  I 
to  the  Company 'f 

niett  ^ 

•iu  x-Q.  Xow  is  it  not  a  fact  that  prie 
to  wit,  Xovemhor,  1883,  very  serious  c 
being  made  to  the  Edison  Coinpanv  on 
iiitrodiiction  into  Xew  England  of  tli 
huiiiis  (if  the  United  States  Electric  Lig 
and  in  iioiiit  of  fact,  was  not  that  eom| 
United  States  Coinpany  a  serious  biisin 
the  Edison  Coinpany  ? 

A.  Eliniiimtiiig  the  word  “serious”  fi 
tioii,  I  would  answer  it  as  follows :  Our 
npbill  work  to  introdiicu  thin  now  invcnl 
iittributed  the  difTiciilties  soinctiines  to  ( 
sometimes  to  aiiothor.  IVe  gave  their  c 
sideration.  When  they  complained  th 
lamp  was  injuring  them,  my  recollection 
sonally  had  every  Maxim  plant  in  the 
inspected  by  representatives  from  our 
that,  from  the  written  reports  made  by  tli 
I  prejiared  a  document  which  was  sent 
iigonts  showing  that  the  Jlaxiin  lamii  w; 


tIv  done  by  those  who,  by  moans  best  kiiu 
■aselves,  succeeded  in  getting  the  .■ontraets. 
ated  plants,  poorly  installed  and  running  unsa 

ly  to  the  Im.vor,  gave  us  no  particular  atarin.ee 
'■'loiigh  to  warrant  the  trouble  and  expense  of 


'  x-Q.  Did  you  not, as  one  means  in  voiirattei 
"'■e  the  Peniisylvania  Itailroad  Coiuimny  to  gii 
contract  on  their  steamboats,  threaten  'them  w 
111  ease  they  adopted  the  Maxim  lamp  of  the  I 
Ics  Coiiipany'? 

■  1  do  not  remomber  any  threat,  but  I  do  remi 
.  that  the  adoption  by  the  I’ennsvivania  Jtoi 
•Maxim  lamp  on  a  ferry-boat  received 
«'hilly  careful  attention.  Mr.  Edison  re  ,,.  . 
I  .  enlo  Park  on  the  lino  of  that  road,  ills 


lie  I’enns^-lvniiin  liailroiul  Coiii|miiy,  was  it  lait? 

A.  My  recollection  i»  that  tlio 'I’omi.sylvania  Cm 

any  took  the  position  that  in  their  Inisiimss  tlicv  he 

atents  in  contempt.  I  might  almost  say  lhat'if  tv 
ke  ilovices  were  prusentml  to  them,  one  patcntc.l  ai 
ne  not,  they  would  choose  the  hitter.  It  was  not  mi 
'll  account  of  his  ]>ntents  that  Jlr.  Edison  felt  son 
isaiipointnieiit,  lint  it  was  also-ainl  1  think  mo: 
articnlarly  on  account  of  his  personal  relations  wit 
lie  onicei-s  of  the  coinpiiny,  which  had  always  lice 
cry  friendly,  and  ho  thought  that  in  consmpiencc  i 
lose  rolntinns  they  ought  at  least  to  treat  him  as  fairly 
len  disregarding  all  jiatents,  as  they  would  trei 
iiyliody  else. 

This  ‘‘  miiisiml  coni-se”  which  yon  say  followc 
le  selection  by  the  ronnsylvania  Ifailroad  Coin|iai 
/  the  Jfaxim  lamp  in  preference  to  the  Edison,  was 
iioceediiig,  whatever  its  imtnro  may  have  been,  tli 
iniiimted  from  the  Edison  Company  iiml  not  fioiii 
Jdison,  was  it  not? 

A.  So  far  as  any  oflicial  ships  were  taken,  1  aiiswi 
^cs  to  your  (jncstion.  Mr.  Edison  was  never  an  exco 
ive  oflicer  of  the  Edison  Electric  Light  Company. 

50  .x-Q.  These  lights  were  put  into  the  I’eniisylvaii 
-’oiiipany’s  boats  in  the  year  1881  and  1882, 1  think? 

A.  I  am  not  certain.  It  wins  about  that  time. 

51  x-Q.  Now,  is  it  not  a  fact  that  the  Edison  Coi 
any  regarded  the  boats  of  the  Fennsvlvania  badroi 
lompany  as  a  prominout  place  for  the  display  of  iiica: 
escent  lamps  in  the  yeaw  1881  and  1882,  and  th 
10  company  itself,  as  well  as  Mr.  Edison,  felt  a  serioi 
isa]ipointmeiit  in  a  business  way,  that  they  lost  tl 
Lintract  for  tliose  boats  ? 

A.  There  i,s  no  doubt  that  at  that  early  dale  thes 
outs  were  a  uood  advortisenieut.  Wo  would  ratlii 


ny,  siibstitiiteil,  and  was  not  tliat 
lisou  Company  at  tlio  tiiiii!  as  a  i 
ittur ;  fnrtlier,  was  tlicii'  not  in  aonin 
nsaetion  a  very  sharp  and  liitter  I 
ion  between  the  two  companies? 

A.  I  remember  tlmt  we  bad  a  plant  ii 
t  not  in  till!  jiart  of  the  bnildinj'  used 
emcmber  that  we  regarded  it  as  a 
■nl.  lylo  not  reenll  the  reason  why  tin 
is  di.ieiiiitiiiiied,  blit  niv  impression  is 
its  demerits.  These  small  plants  In 
■rcial  value.  At  tlio  bi'st  the  profits  ' 
iisideriiig.  In  those  days  wo  were 
loping  oiir  business.  We  knew  that 
the  field  ;  tiiiit  the  field  was  vast,  am 
Oldies  siionld  be  adapted  to  covering 
I  utmost  possible  rii]ndity.  in  a  fuH 
e  the  ferryboat  and  the  Post-office,  i 
ler  isolated  instances,  wo  gave  iiiid 
fling  iimttei's  on  accoiint  of  special  re 
,  our  main  object  was  to  wiusto  no  tin 
t  to  develop  the  larger  possiliilities  i 
57  x-Q.  Did  not  some  of  these  Post 
lonnt  to  between  fifty  and  sevent 
llai-s  eaeli  ? 

.A.  I  do  not  remumber;  but  evt 
,  tile  cost  of  a  plant  is  one 
olit  made  on  it  is  aiiotlier.  ] 
leii  few  people  bad  confidence  ii: 
;,  and  wlion  we  bad  to  get  it  introdiii 
s  places  on  the  best  terms  wo  coni 


if  money.  Wo  bad  a  large  capital  invest, 
iness ;  oar  stock  was  .selling  at  a  high  pric, 
s  wei-e  in  existenee  to  iiiaiiiifacimv  the  who 
1  of  onr  plants  ;  and  oiir  entire  eiiergv  w,i 

e  i-apid  dovelopnieiit  of  oiir  basin, 'ss  to  tin 

It  an  early  day  return  profits  to  oar  stocl 

Is  it  not  a  fact  that  in  order  to  secure  l  oi 
Jiiie  of  thcsi-  l•onspicnollsan,l,  therefore  cr 
ilaces,  yon  reduced  your  bids  inateriallv  froi 
would  have  lieen  had  it  not  been  for  the  riv 
tTnited  States  Klectric  lighting  Compuav 
y,  was  not  this  so  in  several  of  th..  p,wt 
other  Government  l■ontlncts  that  wer,'  Ic 


0  year  1885  ? 
iienibor  that  onr  feeling  was  that  whih'  tl 
iites  Company  was  not  a  competitor  in  a  bin 
they  were  skillful  advertisers,  and  had  inll 

I,  inehiding  eapitali.sts,  . . .  with  tin 

lit  and  in  their  board.  They  mail,'  it  a  poii 
nstallations  at  any  jiriee,  and,  as  we  bcii,-.-,’ 
in  at  their  own  expen.se,  even  at  a  loss,  for  tl 
f  advertising.  Wo  discovered  that  biivei 


admit)  bo  tlint  ptirclmsors  ooiisidorod  that  11 
gotting  a  bettor  artiolo  from  tho  United  Stal 
paiiy  than  from  tho  Edison  ? 

A.  If  any  imrch.usor  ooiisidorod  tho  nmtl,.i 
way.  It  IS  oiiually  fair  and  iiropor  to  say  that  li 
know  what  lio  was  doing.  Indeed,  the  faot  i 
tlmtoarly  day  all  i)iireha.sois  had  really  to  , 
tho  say-so  of  somebody  else. 

I>1  x-Q.  Your  ooniiiany  was  a  eompetitor 
United  States  Company  for  tho  oontraot  for 
ollioo  building  in  Cliieago,  and  also  the  1 
building  in  St.  Louis,  was  it  not  ? 

A.  I  do  not  romeiiiber.  Personally  I  had 
of  .sales  of  idaiits. 

(i‘i  X-Q.  Yon  do  roiiienilHT  tho  fact,  howeve 
not,  that  in  tho  year  I8S-'  there  was  a  very  hilt 
versy  between  tho  two  eompiinies  in  rogai 
ligliting  of  tho  Capitol  at  Albany,  ami  that  lla 
was  Ibially  awarded  to  tho  United  States  Com 
A.  I  rLi.icmboi  that  ivo  did  nut  siioeeed  i 
tlie  eontniet  to  light  the  Capitol,  and  that  we 
iindorstaml  why,  on  hiisiuess  prineiplos.  we 
got  it. 

03  x-Q.  Yon  aotnally  put  a  plant  into  that 
and  run  it  in  eompotitioii  with  tho  plant  of  th 
States  Company,  did  yoti  not '! 

A.  lliis  was  another  of  those  iidrertising  pi 
I  have  spoken  of.  I  do  not  romombor  the  . 
tho  event,  but  I  think  wo  hud  a  plant  in  tin 
and  that  there  was  some  other  plant  there  at 
time.  I  have  not  heard  this  matter  nienti 
have  I  thought  of  it  for  many  years. 

04  x-Q.  IV  hen  3Ir.  liorden  made  uumplaii 
operations  of  tho  United  States  Company  in 
tory,  that  is,  in  Now  Englaml,  is  it  not  a  fact 
of  tho  United  States  Company’s  plants  had  ; 
cotton  mills  at  Lowell  and  Luwronco  and  othc 
Now  England  ? 

A.  Eoally,  I  don’t  romenilier,  ns  it  has  la 
join's  since  I  have  heard  any  of  these  things  i 
or  thought  of  them. 


sliiMilil  Kiilisoqiiontly  bu  fnuiid  that  tl 
"■ax  iiifrinfriiifr  aoino  one  of  tlia  vorv 
naaiial  in  the  netieos  ? 


A.  Onr  object  was  to  sene  not 
fjive  just  that  result.  My  la-Iief  is  t 
uotii-es  hesiiles  the.se  two’  but  1  can 
My  further  belief  is  that  the.se  notit 
to  aecoinplish  the  result  you  speak 
Iiahaits  nientioued,  of  which  the  pate 
71  x-Q.  Doyoii  now  say  under  o 
xei've  other  notices  upon  the  Uidted 
A.  To  the  best  of  Ill V  recollection 
"Ot  eertaiii  of  it.  I  do  recollect  this, 
lO'pt  up  a  contimml  tire  all  alone  the 
on  Ibis  subject,  in  convor.satious  bet 
dncetoi-s  of  the  two  companies,  in  ce 
tween  aeenU  or  resiioctivo  sides  and  i 

He  took  occasion  at  all  times  to  em. . . 

‘lit  .Mr.  Edison’s  patents  gave  us  the  imaiopolv  of  the 


1110  patents  owned  bv  tlie  eoinpanv.  Was  tliat 
view  of  the  officers  of  the  Edison  Coinpanv  at  I 
time,  and  lias  that  always  lieen  their  view  ?  ‘ 

A.  Oiir  view  was  that  the  Edison  patents  •'ave  ii 
niomi])oly  of  the  iniiiinfiietiiro  of  a  coniniorciallv  ' 
cessfiil  ineandeseont  lain,.,  and  we  nlwais  i.;,r 
the  Maxim  lamp  lus  an  infringeinent  of  oar  patents, 

though  it  was  not  necessarily  a  cominercial  sin . * 

that  time. 

(-1  x-Q.  And  yon  hold  to-day,  do  yon  not,  that  it 
imiiossible  to  make  a  commercial  incandescent  la 
without  infringing  some  of  the  patents  owned  l.v  I 
Edison  Conipaiiy  ? 

A.  We  do. 

7o  x-Q.  And  you  also  hold,  do  yon  not,  that  it  is  i 
|io.ssibhi  to-rhiy  to  make  n  coniinercial  iiicainlesn 
ntnp  without  infringing  the  patent  in  siiitV 

A.  I  am  not  an  expert  on  this  subject,  nor  am  I 
Jxeciitive  officer  of  the  cmiipany,  but  my  belief  is  tl 
lie  coiiipany  takes  tlie  position  von  state  in  its  lai 
less  dealings. 

7(i  x-Q.  In  your  answer  to  question  4  I  lind  that  y 
lie  quoted  as  saying  in  the  year  1882  that  the  JMis: 
company  would  bring  suit  against  the  Swan  light 
ooii  as  the  Brush  Coninanv  f,.,- 


thoy  .lid  ii..t  all,;;.,,  on  tliat  gromnl  .lim.aill 
Kalfs,  an,l  ala,;  cliniciilty  in  ohlaining  Hr. 
tliey  tlj, night  they  might  otherwis,,  niilain  f, 
ncliiallv  sold. 

A.  'rht!  Unitcl  States  Company  were  g,> 
LTsaial  were  not  moilest  in  mating  ,dainia. 
of  ours  knew  that  the  Ma\ini  lamp  ani.inn 
iiii;  ill  his  own  loeality,  hut  he  was  always  I 
It  'Viis  sueeessfiil  elsewhere.  Onr  ohjeet  was 
fuels  an.l  to  show  oar  agents  that  what 
eiieli  lo,u,hty  was  true  of  all.  They  iliil  eon 
eiiiiipidition  of  the  agents  of  the  Maxim  lamp 
‘■ejiriis.nitations,  and  it  is  cpiito  likely  that 
1^!’  **  to  bnii;r  huit.  But  wo  Hiitislitjd 
Imt  ti...  riifu  wiw  not  in  Utijration.  Imt  in 
fiilnily  of  the  elaims  of  the  selling  agents  of 
wups.  I  liat  was  ilone  hy  the  eircniar  refui 
x  'J'he  eyent  jiroyeil  that  that  v 
=“n-.rt  ein-e,  ,li,l  it  not  V 
A.  M  hieh  event  do  you  ref,T  to  V 
®-  x-l^.  1  refer  to  the  urowth  of  the  has 


moil,  ami  espocially  Mr.  E.lison,  tlioii-lit  that  no  the 
mfringer  w.us  «„rth  suing;  that  ivo  coul.l  not  alVoril 
dissipate  our  ciieigics  ;  that  all  «o  need  to  do  was 
preservo  our  legal  status  hy  adecpiate  notice  to  infrii 
ors,  and  that  wo  could  liriiig  suits  at  a  later  day  J 
•sweriiig  more  specitiually  your  question  ns  to  the', .ye 
I  should  say  that  our  exp.-riciiec  in  this  parti, •alar  s 
shows  that  if  we  ha,l  I.egua  .suits  at  an  earlier, late 
woiihl  probably  not  liav,i  ihino  anvthing  else  The , 
tire  force  which  wo  then  had  wouhl  have  been  prii, 
pally  occupied  in  carrying  out  this  suit,  taking  onr, 
perieuce  for  the  last  year  as  a  criterion.  To  that  , 
tent  Mr.  E,lison  was  right.  On  the  other  lian,l,  I  tin 
that  the  event  also  .shows  that  it  is  very  unfortnna 
looking  .suloly  to  Hu;  quustioiiofour  sustaining  our  Ic 
rights,  that  we  did  not  sue  at  the  start  ami  thus  sec' 
at  an  early  day  the  monopoly  which  we  now  e.\poct 
obtain  in  .this  suit.  Our  business  men,  howov,  r,  w, 
stronger  than  our  lawyers,  and  no  suits  were  bia'ing 
All  that  wo  aimed  to  do  was  to  pra.serve  onr  h'gal  rig] 
by  aduijiiate  notice. 

83  x-Q.  In  the  inijicr  signed  by  Spencer  Jionl 
umlor  the  date  of  November,  1883,  iuid  which  has  b, 
made  an  e.xhibit  in  this  ease,  reference  is  niiule  to  t 
other  papere,  one  of  which  is  “  A  paper  sent  from  I 
Onice.of  the  President  of  the  Edison  Coiniiany  f,u-  Ii 
lated  Lighting  to  the  Agents  of  that  Company,  infer 
ing  thein  as  to  the  apparent  business  of  the  Compai 
which  sought  recognition  us  a  competitor,"  iiinl  I 
other  of  which  appears  to  have  boon  a  reply  t,)  si 
tiret  named  paper,  iiiaile  by  the  Now  Englainl  WesI 
Electric  Company.  Have  or  can  you  furnish  cither 
those  two  papers  ? 

A.  I  cannot  furnish  the  paper  issued  by  the  conipa: 
owning  the  Maxim  lamp,  which  is  the  second  of  t 


so  that  you  might  foci  sure  that  the  statei 
taiiied  in  your  circular,  when  made  pulilic  coi 
refuted  by  those  whose  bnsiness  interests 
intending  thus  to  attack,  why  did  you  put  I 
ment  into  the  circular,  “Tliis  memorandum  i' 
for  inivate  distribution  only  among  our  a. 
they  will  please  tivat  it  accordingly  "? 

A.  In  the  sense  in  which  I  used'  the  word 
my  statement  is  corr..ct.  although  apparenti 

111.*  fact  w,m,  as  slated  by  Jfr.  Borden  in  h' 
of  Noyember.  1883,  that  our  object  in  getting 
t.ouw.oi  “that  .t  might  be  ascertained  if  t 
by  Imsiness  going  to  the  Weston- Maxim  coi 
were  of  Hiitlicient  importance  to  justify  the 
expenses  involved  in  suing  them."  A  coum 
on  the  part  of  the  Sfaxiin  agents  wius  to  ns 
did  not  bring  suit  if  our  iiateuts  were  cc 
Our  agents  had  to  meet  this  taunt  in  deal 
eustonu-rs.  'lliey  had  either  to  say  that  i 
siio,  or  to  give  good  reasons  whv  we  did  i 
object  in  getting  at  the  facts  contained  in 
I'ular,  was  to  give  our  agents  the  menus  o 
«'Iiy  we  did  not  sue.  We  wished  to  give  tin 
mimely,  that  tin  M  m,  ,I  tsi  re  not  com 
mecessful,  and  that  the  United  States  Comiian 
I  competitor  inn  busine.ss sense.  It  is  true 
•ircular  itself  was  not  for  public  distributio 
las  certainly  intended  that  the  statements  iii 
dionld  bo  made  public.  In  fact,  the  only 
totting  this  circular  out  was  to  give  our  ag 
neans  of  satisfactorily  meeting  the  claim  of  tl 
>f  the  Maxim  lump,  namely,  that  if  ournatonls 


Innip.  However,  wlietlier  or  not  timt  was  clai 
a  matter  of  imiividnal  taste 
_^^88x-Q.  Tlien,  as  I  .....lemtand  yon.  y.a 

oirenlar,  tin,?  'tl.e  ehe.ll.^r  '  was'‘’"‘i.lll.‘l 
private  (listrilmtion  only,"  and  tliat  tli 
to  treat  it  aceordiiif-ly,  was  to  enable  tliem  t( 
“  damaging  information  '  widch  it  contain.-d 
business  dealings  with  “  isolated  eustomors"  ( 

I  sniipose,  yon  mean  prospeetive  ,mreliasen<), 
to  liermit  tbis  volume  of  “  .lainaging  informati. 
nximsod  pnbliely  wbere  agents  of  tbe  Uniti 
^nipany  conld  make  fair  and  honest  reply  to 
that  your  object  ? 

A.  Xo,  sir. 

811  x-Q.  ^yhy.  then,  were  yon  npiireliensive 
eireulai.if  it  were  made  imblic,  might  sub 
eoinpaiiy  or  yourself  to  an  action  for  libel  ? 
n e'"” '  mill 

the  Ldisoii  Company  had  me  as  an  exeeiiti^ 
they  had  a  niaii  with  the  iiistiiiets  and  caution 
yor.  I  acted  just  as  I  would  have  advised  a 
act.  I  erred  on  the  safe  side. 

!I0  x-Q.  Poi-soimlly,  do  yon  know  whether  I 
inoiils  eonbiined  in  the  circular  in  fiucstion  in 
tlio  Maxim  plants  were  true  ? 

A.  Personally,  I  do  not.  It  is  barely  poa 
in  one  or  two  of  the  jdaiits  referred  to  I  may 
personal  knowledge,  but  I  doubt  even  tbat.  '1 
your  question  as  truthfully  as  I  can,  I  did  nol 
soiially,  nmko  any  insiiection  of  these  Maxiii 
nor  did  I  iiersonally  prejiaro  a  single  report  al. 
which  was  made  the  basis  of  this,  but,  pen 
can  say  this,  that  nothing  is  therein  coiitaiiici 
did  not  believe  to  bo  true. 

91  x-Q.  Is  it  not  possible  that  some  statenii 


Edison  Co.— Folgor  Loiter. 


“  Prior  to  tliis  tli((  Dopnrtment  n.sl 
for  tlie  Post-onices  in  Pliilndolpliin, 
St.  Louis,  and,  n.s  yon  aro  already  awai 
Company  iinderliid  ns  both  in  Pliiladet 
I.«nis,  and  were  f-iven  a  contract  fo 
orders,  while  this  Com])any  received  tl 
Eo.stoii.  If,  therefore,  the  U.  S.  C 
given  the  order  for  Chicago,  they  wi 
Louis,  Chicago  and  Philadelidiia,  I 
Conii)any  in  Poston  only. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  first  eos 
trie  plant  has  no  hearing  whatev.-r  on 
opemlion,  and  a.ssuining  that  the  ohjet 
partment  is  to  aseerhiin  hy  ).raetieal 
two  systems  whieh  is  the  most  eci 
would  respeclfnlly  request  a  fnll  eonsii 
fore  a  decision  in  the  Chicago  matter  ii 

If  the  Department  wore  considering  ( 
of  a  steam  engine,  a  small  difierence  i 
would  not  he  ivgardeil  as  imiiorhmt  in 
with  its  economy  of  operation  or  tir 
coal  it  would  reipiire  to  duvelo])  a  ( 
For  the  same  reason  wo  claim  that  the 
our  system  hy  the  Ciovernment  will  h 
of  economy,  even  at  the  expense  of  lii> 
there  is  no  other  system  of  electric  ligl 
in  the  cost  of  openition  hies  hcon  reducis 
figure  as  with  oui-s.  This  fact  has  hi 
hy  manufacturers  and  others  in  various 
eountn-  where  a  practical  test  has  been  i 
systems,  and  the  Edison  been  found  to 
uflieient  and  economical  and  the  most 
in  every  detail.  Moreover,  where  scii 
paiative  tests  have  been  made  with  a 
termine  this  very  (piestion  of  cconon 
tion,  the  Edison  system  has  always  1 
to  he  the  most  eflieient  and  cconomica 
particularly  to  the  re])ort  of  the  Pari 
Exhibition  of  1881,  and  to  the  rcceii 
Exhibition  in  Cincinnati.  In  the  Staf 
AJhan3-,  X.  Y.,  the  U.  S.  Company  put 


iiiiioiis  use  for  any  length  of  time.  The.Iuilg.... 
llie  Court  of  A|ipeals  institufeil  u  tl...r.-....l. 

ligation,  the  result  of  whieh  w,..;  j] . 

written  request  to  the  Cajiit.  1  ( 

piesting  the  introduction  of  th-  p.p- . . t  ni 

heir  Department.  This  pi  t  t  ,1 

■is  of  the  seven  .Tudges.  The  f  s  (' . „ 

I'keil  for  Silo, 000  for  the  lupp......  ..{  . 

heir  .system  throughout  the  Imifiline,  ami  tl 
imount  was  in.serted  in  the  .-Vpproprialion  I! 
Ihe  Bill  was  referred  to  the  Finance  Committee 
he  Senate,  and  after  a  thorough  and  exhaiisti 
iiustigation  the  entire  amount  was  .stricken  o 
I'liiough  a  strong  personal  and  political  inline 
hay  linallv  siiccuuclod  in  oldjiininj.;  an  ani(.Mi<Itii 
O  the  hill  appropriating  .*15,000  for  work  ahvi 
lono,  but  witli  a  furthor  ainondiniMit  tiiat  nu  ni 
noney  should  ho  expended  on  their  .system. 

•Vs  a  practieid  iireccdeiit  for  what  wm  are  air 
o  ask,  we  would  beg  leave  fo  ipnite  the  action 
lie  Dominion  Guvcriiment  in  Ottawa,  Canada. 

1  her- desired  to  light  the  lower  house ;  in  acco; 
mi-e  with  the  Dominion  laws  they  asked  for  p 
."■■■^ids.  The  U.  S.  Company  nnderhid  ns  a 
aeie  given  the  order.  The  chief  engineer  of  t 
arhament  Buildings  who  had  previously  inves 
gated  the  subject  was  so  convinced  as  to  the  i 


A\  0  Imvo  taken  tlie  Iibort3-  of  intriulin-'  tinis  fu 
on  j-our  rnlimtilu  time,  in  order  to  recite  Unwe  fmt 
requisite  to  substantiate  onr  claims,  and  would  ni,v 
respcctfnily  ivqnest  that  wo  bo  awarded  a  eontnr 
for  lighting  tlie  Chicago  Post-ollice  and  Cnstmi 
House  on  the  grounds  of  merit  genemllv,  m,.' 
specially  on  the  ground  that  with  the  U.  S. 
pany’s  light  in  Philadelphia  and  St.  Louis  and 
the  Edison  light  in  Chicago  and  Boston  the’  De¬ 
partment  will  bo  better  enabled  to  deterii’nue  upon 
the  best  .system  to  bo  adopted. 

In  order  that  tho  Depurtment  may  be  in  a  posi¬ 
tion  to  grant  our  re()uest,  wo  will  ofTer  to  furuisli 
tho  plant  as  per  specifications  at  tho  same  price  ns 
tho  bid  furnished  by  tho  U.  S.  Company. 

Wo  ronmin,  sir, 

Very  nwpoetfully  youi-s. 

Till-;  Eniso.v  Co.mi-axv  ron  Isolatkii  Luiinixn, 
By  F.  S.  Hastixus, 

Treasnror." 

Counsel  for  eomptniiiaiit  admits  that  the  letter 
is  a  correct  copy  of  a  letter  dated  and  addies.sed 
as  stated  by  eoiinsel  for  dcfondaiit,  subje.  t  to 
tho  objection  to  tho  intruduetioii  of  said  letter  in 
ovidoiico  as  iminatorial,  irrelovant  and  iiu-oiape- 
tont. 


New  Yoke,  August  7,  IStlU. 
FitAXCIs  R.  UlTOX,  a  witnoss  produced  on  behalf  of 
tho  plaintiH,  being  duty  sworn,  testifies  as  follows :  in 
answer  to  cpicstions  by  Mr.  Dyor. 

1  Q.  What  is  your  name,  ago,  rcsidciico  and  occiipa- 

A.  Francis  R.  Upton  ;  residence.  Orange,  Now.reise_v; 
inj-  occupation,  inanufactiiror  of  Edison  lamps ;  age. 


Francis  R.  Upton. 


2  Q.  Ifow  long  have  yon  been  engaged  in  thntocci 
atioii,  and  in  connection  with  what  company  ? 

A.  I  have  been  engaged  in  the  manufacture  foi-  ala 

10  years  in  connection  with  the  companv  known 
the  Kdison  Lamp  Companv. 

3  Q.  Has  that  company  been  the  exclusive  manuf.-i 
tiiriiig  agent  in  the  United  States  fm-  incaudesee 
lainps^for  the  comphiinant  during  all  that  time? 

•1  Q.  What  has  been  yoni  position  in  that  eompau 
A.  Jly  position  has  been  that  of  general  manag 
ui(l  treasurer. 

5  Q.  Have  tho  Edison  ineaiidoscont  eli-etrie  lam 
nnuufactured  by  the  Edison  Lamp  Companv  been  pr 
■sled  with  any  marks  or  labels  showing  tlie  fact  th 
hey  were  patented,  and,  if  so,  what  has  bei-ii  the  cha 
cter  of  such  marks  or  labels,  and  how  they  long  luo 

A.  As  early  as  tho  middle  of  Jiilv  18S2.  lala-ls  we; 
laced  111)011  our  lamps,  giving  the  dates  of  five  pat.ui 
taler  the  word  “  Patented,"  the  label  lieing  surcharge 
ith  the  word  “  Edison  "  ill  red  letters.  About  IVI 
tai;v  188:1,  another  label  was  used  bearing  the  woir 
Ehsoii  s  Patents.”.  In  connuctiun  with  this  latt. 
hul  a  huge  label  was  luistcd  on  the  heads  of  paekagi 
jowiiigs  the  dates  and  iiiimboi-s  of  the  patents  iimh 
Inch  the  Edison  Lamp  Companv  was  licen.sed  to  mam: 
ct'ii-e  lamps. 

11  Q'  1  lease  rend  in  full  on  the  record  the  label  whiel 
at  eoiiiiiieiicod  to  use  ns  early  lus  tho  middle  of  .fill; 

•L  It  is  as  follows 

Patexted. 

Jan.  27,  1880.  Jiilv  20.  1880. 


tlie  Edison  Lamp  Compniy  siiicu  July  188'' 
marked  as  yon  Inivo  staled  ? 

A.  That  has  been  onr  praeliee  and  I  believ 
every  lamp  that  has  been  sold  has  been  so  mark, 

CllOSS-EXAMIXATION  UV  GeX.  Dl'XCAX  ; 

8  x-Q.  The  first  marking  of  the  Edison  lam, 
done  111  .Inly  of  1882  ? 

A.  The  first  record  I  found  indicalos  that  th,' 
were  marked  in  .Inly,  1882.  My  belief  is,  tha 
lamps  were  marked  prior  to  this. 

The  witnes.s’s  .statement  of  his  bidiel 
jecteil  to  as  inadmissablo  ami  not  resjioiis' 

0  x-Q.  Has  the  Edison  Lamp  Company  ever  „■ 
for  sale  to  the  public  ineaiidescent  lamps  wide 
marked  with  labels  setting  forth  the  dates  . 
patents,  either  by  attaching  such  labels  to  tlm 
t hemsolvo.s,  or  by  affixing  them  to  the  packages  in 
the  lamps  were  contained  V 
A.  The  Edison  Lain],  Company  have  nevei 
directly  with  the  public  in  selling.  By  contra, 
the  Edison  Electric  Light  Company  the  sales 
Ldisoii  Lain])  Company  were  restricted  to  sides 
Iieonseos  of  the  Edison  Electric  Light  Conipanv. 

lOx-Q.  Hnveaiiyofthediirerontgnidesoflainp 
by  the  Lam],  Company  been  put  on  sale  in  th,'  l 
miirket  ? 

A.  Lamps  have  been  sol,l  in  the  general  ina 
parties  who  siiecilically  state  whore  the  lamps 
bo  used. 

11  x-Q.  Are  not  some  grades  of  the  Edison 
kept  III  stock  by  the  electric  il  snpph  men  for 
the  ]niblie  generally  ? 

A.  Grocly  ,t  Company  of  this  city  have  kept  a 
of  laiiips  for  use  with  small  batteries. 

12  x-Q.  Whore  do  they  get  their  supply  ? 

-A.  They  have  obtained  them  of  the  Lamp  Coi 
by  an  arrangement  with  the  Edison  Electric  J 
imtiiig  Company  of  How  York  City. 


l!Y  C.  Moxk,  Esq., 


Coimnissioii. 


38!)G 


whoi  cl  t  t  o  >  may  be  taken,  to  rciliieo  tlie  .snm 
lo 

.broctcG  to  Join,  A.  Slnelds.  Clerk  of  the  Cireait  Curt 
of  the  United  States  for  the  Southerii  District  of  Xe«- 
lork,  at  the  City  of  Xen-  York,  ns  soon  .us  niav  be  ■ 
venient  after  the  oxeetition  of  tliis  commission 
tint  3  on  return  tie  sui  Ion  eve. tel  love 

directevl,  vntli  the  title  of  the  cause  endorsed  on  the 
nivelope  of  the  eoniniission. 

Witness  the  Honomblo  5Ielviu,i;  W  1’iiieii 
Chief-Justico  of  the  Snpren.e  Court  of  the  U„'it;,i 
pates,  at  the  City  of  New  York,  this  30th  dav  of  .I„lv 
in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eigh't  hnndre'.i 
and  ninety,  and  of  our  Indeiiendeuc...  the  one  hiualred 
and  fifteenth. 

[SE.\L.]  Joii.N  A.  SllIELUS, 

Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  L’nitcd 
States  for  the  Soiithoni  District  of 
Now  Y'ork. 


rhe  execution  of  this  coiiiiiiissioii  appears  in  certain 
schedules  hereunto  annexed. 

HE.vnv  C.  Monk, 

Commissioner. 


Order. 


At  a  Stated  Term  of  the  Circuit  Court  of 
the  Lbiited  States  for  the  .Soutlieni 
District  of  New  York,  held  at  the 
Court  House,  in  the  I’ost-oflice  Utiihl- 
ing,  in  the  City  of  Xew  York,  on  the 
30th  day  of  .July,  ]8!)0. 

Present— Ho.v.  E.  HE.viiy  Dmo-MIie,  Circuit  dudge. 


,  ^ 

The  Eriisox  Eeectiuc  Linin'  Co.m- 
Coiu])lainant, 
.VOAI.NSr 

The  rxirKti  States  Electiiic  Lioiit- 
iNo  Co.MrAxy, 

Defoiidant. 


In  Erpiitv. 
Xo.  o  rio. 


On  reading  and  filing  the  annexed  consent  of  Eaton 
4  Lowi.s,  solicitors  for  eoinplainant,  and  of  Duncan, 
Curtis  ,V  Page,  solicitors  for  defendant,  it  is 
Ordered,  that  a  uoiiiniission  issue  out  of  this  t’lairt 
to  Hiuiry  C.  Ifonk,  Esq.,  of  Ottawa,  Province  of  Onta- 
no,  Dominion  of  Canada,  who  is  her.'by  appointed 
Coinniissioiier  to  examine  William  McDoiigall  and  De¬ 
sire  Cdrouard  upon  oath  as  witne.sses  on  the  part  of 
10  eoinplainant  in  the  above-entitled  cause,  on  the  in¬ 
terrogatories  hereto  annexed. 


E.  Hexiiv  Lai 


.Stipulation. 


CIRCUIT  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  .ST.vrE.S, 

Foil  THE  SOUTHEIIN  DlSTlIICT  OK  New  V,,i:k 


The  Ediso.n-  EtEcniic  Lioht  Co.m- 
Coinplaiimnt, 


E  U.MTEu  .Si-Ams  Ei.ECTiiir  Liqht- 
I.vo  Co.Ml'AXY, 


It  is  lierely  stip.iiatod  ami  agreed  tliat  a  coiniais.si,,.. 
issue  mit  of  this  Court  to  Homy  C.  Monk,  E.s.,.,  „f  01- 

pointing  the  said  Henry  C.  Monk  Commissione.-  to  ex- 
ain.no  ^^.n.amMeDouBall  and  Desire  Ciirouar.l  upon 
oath  as  untnesses  on  the  part  of  the  complainant  herein 
on  the  interrogatories  hereto  annexed,  and  that  an  or- 
tice  lioroiii,  without  further  no- 

Dated  Now  York,  July  28,  1800. 

Eaton-  .fc  Lewis, 

•Solicitors  for  Coni]plainant. 
Dit.NCAK,  CuHTis  it  Page, 

Solicitors  for  Defemhint.s. 


Williaui  McDougal— Direct  Interrogatorie.e.  tl.S'l!) 
CIliCUIT  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  .ST.\Ti:.S, 
Foa  THE  SouTHEiix  DisTimT  OF  New  Yoi:k. 

The  Ewson-  Electiuc  Light  Co.m-  j 
Coinplainaiit, 

vs  I  I"  Equity 

j'  No.  :fMo. 

The  I'.vrrKii  .Static  Electiuc  Light-  | 

IXG  COMKAXV,  ' 

Defendant.  | 

lateniHgati.ries  to  he  administereil  to  William  Me- 
Doagal,  of  the  City  of  Ottawa,  Ontario.  Canada,  a  wit- 
ui*s  to  he  lu-odiiced,  sworn  ami  examined,  under  and 

by  virtue  of  the  a . .  commission,  hidoro  Heiirv  C.- 

Monk,  the  Commissioner  therein  named,  in  the  ah.ive 
entitled  cause  on  the  jiart  of  the  comphdnant. 

Fliwr  IXTEIIHOO.ATOHV.  What  is  your  residence,  ag,.. 
profession,  and  past  and  ])n..sentoriicial  position,  if  mivV 
•Ire  you  acquainted  with  the  statute  laws  of  the  Do¬ 
minion  of  Canada  ?  What  has  heen  your  experience  in 
interpretating  the  same  ? 


Secoxii  r.NTEliiiooATOliy.  Wlmt  statute  or  other  law 
prevailed  ill  Canada  on  the  17th  day  of  Noveinher, 
''b  biniting  the  duration  of  Canadian  patents  to  the 
dnmtion  of  foreign  patents  for  the  same  invention  V 
1  Iffasu  in  your  anHwor  a  copy  of  itiiv  part  or 
parts  of  any  statute  which  you  may 'refer  t.I  as  coni- 
lirrsing  the  law  at  that  time  on  the’suhject. 

Tllini)  I.viEiiiiOGATOiiY.  If  in  voiir  answer  to  tlie  last 
'■'t'lo  ^ilon  vuu  shall  have  iiointed  out  any  statue  or 
s  a  Utes,  state  how  long  that  law  coiitimicd  in  force, 

.  if  it  had  lieen  in  any  wise  changed,  please  state 
lie  time  and  character  of  the  .same.  During  the  time 
mnee  .Vovemher  17th,  1870,  Inus  the  law  of  Canmia 


iiiaclo  tlio  ilumtion  of  Cnn.uli.m  patents  to  (lop,.,,,!  ui. 
the  contimmnco  of  foreign  patents  of  later  .hite  ? 

.  Fommi  LsTElHiooATOitv.  Assume,  if  you  pli.ns<'  II, 

n  patent  wisgmnted  to  Thonnus  Alva  E<lison  i„’c„ 
ada  on  the  17th  day  of  November,  1879,  and  number, 
10,Ca4  ;  and  that  the  said  Edison,  after  the  grantiim 
lus  Canadian  patent,  to  wit,  in  May,  1880,  obtained 
the  kingdom  of  Sweden  a  patent  for  tlie  same  inve 
tion,  would  the  ox].iration  of  that  Swedish  patent,  f, 
any  enuse  whatsoever,  alToct,  in  your  judgment  tl 
legal  duration  of  the  Canadian  patent  mentioned'/’ 

Finn  iNTKniiooATOitv.  In  any  ease  where  the  term 
nation  of  a  foreign  patent  would  have  or  could  he  mad 
to  have  an  effect  upon  the  duration  of  a  Canadian  pai 
ent,  would  that  effect  result  i>o  facto  from  the  termi 
nation  of  the  foreign  patent,  or  would  it  depend  in  an, 

way  upon  judicial  or  other  action  or  dotormiimlion  t 
ho  taken  in  Canada  'i 


CIRCDIT  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
Foil  ME  SoimiEits  Dismiot  of  New  Yoi!K. 

The  Edison-  Ei.Eornic  Light  Com-  I 


Che  United  States  Electiiic  Light-  I 

ING  COMI-ANV,  j 

Tlefendimt. 


Interrogatories  to  ho  administered  to  Desire 


Desire  Giroiinrd— Direct  Interrogatories.  3!)01 

witness  to  he  produced,  swoni  and  e.vnmincd  under 
and  by  virtue  of  the  annexed  commi.ssion,  hefiuv 
Heiiiy  C.  Monk,  the  Commissionor,  therein  named  in 
tliu  above-entitled  enuse  on  the  part  of  the  c''e’|d-"i . t 

Fiibt  l-NTEiinoGATOiiV :  Wlint  is  your  residi  nce,  age, 
profession,  and  post  and  present  ollicial  position," if 
any;  are  you  nc(|uninted  with  the  Statute  Imivs  of  the 
Dominion  of  Canada  ;  whnt  has  been  your  e.vperienei- 
in  interpreting  the  same  ? 

Secoxi.  Inteiiiiogatoiiy  :  IVhnt  statute  or  other  law 
prevail., d  in  Canada  on  the  17th  day  of  November. 
1879,  limiting  the  diinition  of  Canadian  |iatcnls  t.'  tin- 
diimtion  of  foreign  patents  for  the  same  inivntion  / 
PleiLse  give  in  your  answer  a  copy  of  any  part  or  parts 
of  any  statute  which  you  may  refer  to  ns  comprising 
the  law  lit  that  time  on  the  subject. 

Timm  LsTEltliOGATOIlV :  If  in  your  answer  to  the  last 
interrogatory  you  shall  have  iminted  out  any  statute  or 
statutes,  state  how  long  that  law  continued  in  foree. 
Mil  if  it  had  been  in  any  wise  changed  please  stat-,  tin- 
lime  and  chnrneter  of  the  change.  During  the  time 
since  November  17th,  1879,  has  the  law  of  Cana, la 
made  the  duration  of  Canadian  patents  to  doiKuid  upon 
llio  continuance  of  foreign  patents  of  later  dat.,/ 

Fol'iith  Inteiiiiogatoiiy:  Assume,  if  you  please,  that 
a  patent  was  granted  to  Tlioinns  Alva  Edison  in  (''an- 
Mii  on  the  17th  day  of  Novemimr,  1879,  and  numbered 
.•iol,  and  that  the  said  Edison  after  the  granting  of 
Ins  Cana, linn  patent,  to  wit,  in  May,  1880,  obtained  in 
0  Eingdom  of  Sweden  n  patent  for  the  .same  inven¬ 
tion,  would  the  expiration  of  that  Swmlish  patent,  for 
cause  whatsoever,  affect,  in  your  judgment,  the 
og'il  duration  of  the  Canadian  patent  mentioned  ? 

I'lnii  Lvi'EltnoGATOliY :  In  any  ca.so  where  the  I.t- 
oination  of  n  foreign  patent  would  have,  or  could  be 
“S' to  have,  an  effect  ujion  the  duration  of  a  Can- 


\\  illmm  McDougiil — Cros.s-Iuterro'^itijrifs 

ndinn  piitoiit  would  tlint  effect  result  />„  fromi 
tcriuiniitioii  of  llie  foreign  pnteut,  or  weiild  it  done 
in  any  way  upon  judicial  or  other  action  .,r  detorini, 
lioutobotakeuinCanuda?  " 


UNITED  STATES  CIRCUIT  COIRT. 
SoLTlIKItN  DisTIIICT  OF  New  Yojik. 


The  Edison  Electiiic  Lioht  Cojifaxv 


The  United  States  Ei.Kn  uic  Lioht-  i 


Cross-iiitorrogatoriea  by  counsel  for  .lefeudaut,  to 
adiniuistered  to  William  McDongal,  a  witness  in  boli 
of  coinplaiimiit. 

Clioss-iNTElilioOATOliy  I.  Regarding  the  iinittcr  i 
qnired  about  in  the  last  paragnipli  of  interrogatory 
please  state  whether  there  has  been  any  judicial  dote 
minntioii  in  Canada  to  the  effect  that  during  the  tin 
since  November  17th,  187!l,  the  law  of  Canada  has  a 
made  the  duration  of  Canadian  patents  toilejiend  upi 
the  coiitinuanco  of  foreign  patents  on  the  same  iuvei 
tions,  even  when  such  foreign  ])ntents  were  of  later  da 
than  the  Canadian  Patents.  •  If  so,  jrlease  cite  the  cai 
and  state  where  in  the  reports  it  may  bo  found. 

Clioss-lNTEliiioo.AToiiv  II.  If  US  to  the  matter  it 
qnired  about  in  Interrogatory  4,  you  shall  Is)  of  tli 
opinion  that  the  expiration  of  the  Edison  Swedish  paten 


If  while  that  piaivision  of  law  was  in  foia 
ateiit  had  exiured  under  circiimstauees  that 
••(Might  a  Canadian  ]>atout  within  the  scope  c 
ision,  might  not  a  iicrson  .sued  in  a  Cauadia 
subsequent  infringement  of  the  Canadian  ] 
aide  a  valid  defense  by  proving  the  expirati 
S'eign  patent  ? 

UNITED  STATES  CIRCUIT  COU 
SouTiiEiiN  Disthiot  of  New  Yoiik 

The  Edison  Ei.ectiiic  Lioht  Co.  | 

vs.  I  ^'* 

f  No.  i 

The  U.  S.  Edectiho  Ligiitino  Co.  I 

_ _ J 

Cioss-interrogatoriesby  counsel  for  defend 
I  ministered  to  Desiiie  GmoirAiti),  witness  in 
niplaiiiaut : 

Ciioss-I.vrEimoOATOliY  I.  Regarding  the  i 
lired  about  in  the  last  pamgraph  of  Intern 
ease  state  whether  there  has  been  aiiv  iudi( 


3'J04  Desire  Girotmrd— Cross-Iiiterrogiitori, 

miiintit)ii  III  Ciuiiulii  to  tlie  elTeet  tlmt  iliiriii. 
since  Xoveiiiber  17tli,  187!»,  the  law  of  Cana, hi 
niaile  the  ilnration  of  Canmlian  patents  to  (li'| 
tlie  continimiice  of  foreign  patents  on  tli,'  sai 
tions  even  when  siieli  foreign  patents  weiv 
date  than  the  Caiiadiiin  patents.  If  so,  p 
tlie  case  and  stat<-  wliere  in  the  |•l■|)orts  i 
f.anid  ? 

CllOs.s-lNTKIlHO(i.\TOItV  11.  If  ns  to  the  matte 
about  in  Interrogatory  1,  you  shall  b,.  of  tl 
that  tlie  expiration  of  tin-  Kdison  Sw,-dish  |iat, 
thei-ein  would  not  affect  the  legal  iliiratioii  of 
•son  Cainulian  patent  also  iianieil  therein,  pi, 
whether  this  (piesti,>n  has  been  determin,', 
Canadian  Court,  and,  if  so,  please  cite  the 
state  where  in  the  reports  the  ciuse  can  be  f,ni 

Ciios.s-I.NTKiiiio(i.\Toiiy  III.  As  to  the  matte 
about  in  Interrogatory  5,  please  state  wheth, 
been  deterniiiied  by  any  Canadian  Court  that 
niiiiation  of  the  foreign  patent  does  not  i/«„y', 
the  duration  of  the  Canadian  patent.  If  so.  p 
the  wise  and  state  wher.!  in  the  reports  i 
found  ? 

Ciioss-IvrKiiiiooAToitY  IV.  Section  7  of  ili 
Law  of  Canada,  1872,  contains  this  provision  r 
the  effect  of  a  foreign  patent  niioii  the  life  of  a 
patent  on  the  same  invention.  “Under  ain 
stances,  where  a  foreign  patent  exists,  the 
patent  shall  expire  at  the  earliest  ihito  at  w 
foreign  patent  shall  expire.” 

If  while  that  provision  of  the  law  was  in  f,i 
eign  patent  had  expired  under  circumstances  tl 
have  brought  a  Caiiadiaii  iiatent  within  the 
such  provision,  might  not  a  person  sued  in  th,>  i 
Court  for  a  subsequent  infringoment  of  the  ' 


cif;Iitc‘en  . . .  and  lifty-figlit,  to  tli 

limiilrfa  and  uiglitv-two,  and  during 
oflico  in  tlirno  HiicccsHivi'  caliinuta. 
I'irst,  as  Coininisaionur  of  Crown  Lii 
Siaroud,  as  Provincial  Scorutnry. 
Tliird,  as  Ministur  of  Pnblic  Work.' 
ono  of  the  delegates  in  the  year  eighti 
sixly-sevoii  to  the  London  Conference 
terms  of  iinioii  of  the  Uriti.sh  North  Ai: 
and  in  his  po.sitionsas  member  of  Parli: 
ter  of  the  Crown,  he  a.ssi..^ed  active 
Statutes  of  Canada,  including  the  I’atei 
hnn.lred  and  'sixty-nine,  npon  which 
legislation  on  that  subject  is  based.  ' 
sionid  practice  of  late  years  hius  l)een  c 
Parlianioutary,  Kailway,  Patent,  and  C 
tors,  which  necessarily  led  him  to  stin 
the  Statutes  of  Camilla. 

SKro.ND.  To  the  second  interrogatori 
That  the  Statute  Law  in  force  in 
seventeenth  day  of  November,  in  th 
hundred  and  sovehty-nino,  relating  to 
ventions,  foreign  and  domestic,  was 
Dominion  Parliament,  thirtv-lifth  V 
twenty-six.  That  this  Act  took  effect 
fourteenth  of  Juno,  ono  thou.saud  eij; 
seventy-two,  and  was  not  altered  oi 
the  twenty-tifth  of  May,  eighteen  liuml 
three.  TImt  the  amendment  of  that  yt 
one  section  of  the  Act,  viz. ;  that  wide 
ventor  or  patentee  the  oiition  of  payiii} 
for  terms  of  five  or  ten  yt  i>  sto  1 
fifteen  years.  That  the'  section  of  the 
Canada  on  the  seventeenth  of  Nov 


01  section  seven  (now  si'ction  eiglit  of  (In-  If, .vis, 
Stntnt<’s)  conveys,  in  his  oiiinion,  willi  Rreuter  aceurm 
tli(!  Into  intent  of  tlie  Legisintnro.  That  tlii!  won 
“  nmler  any  ciicnnistnnce  "  innst,  h<!  a|.iaehi'iiils,  1 
limited  hy  the  snliject  inattur— nndur  any  of  the  “'ei 
eninstances"  contemplated  hy  that  section  is  the  ovidei 
intent.  That  if  n  foreign  patent  for  the  same  inveiitir 
“  exists  "  when  the  application  is  made  in  Cana, la,  an 
has  not  existed  more  than  twelve  months,  a  ]iatent'mii 
le  gmnte.l,  hot  its  ilnration  will  lie  limited  to  the  m 
exiiinal  term  or  life  of  any  foreign  jialeiit  so  existin 
for  the  same  invention  which  shall  lii-st  expir,.. 

I’oumil.  To  the  fourth  interrogatory  he  sailli : 

That  he  is  of  opinion  that  tin-  expiration  of  tli 
Swedish  l>atent,nn(h-r  the  conditions  stated,  would  liav 
no  elTect  H|>on  the  Canadian  imtent.  That  every  natiu 
ir  eianitry  eni|iuwerud  to  enact  laws  for  its  own  goveri 
ineiit  may  annex  or  imiK>se  what  conditions  it  pli'nses  i 
-ranting  patents.  That  Sweden  may  have  limit,  d  th 
erni  or  life  of  its  patents  to  ten  yeais ;  Camilla  gmni 
ill  imtents  for  the  term  of  fifteen  years;  and  that  he  i 
lot  aware  that  she  has  over  authorized  any  foreig 
■oiintry  to  make  or  modify'  her  laws  or  annul  her  eon 


Fin'll.  To  the  fifth  interrogatory  he  saith  : 

That  in  the  case  siippo.sed  (limited  as  he  helievod  i 
iiii.st  he  to  foreign  patents  “  existing  ”  prior  to  tin 
Jaiiadian  patent)  the  terniination  of  the  foreign  jiateu 
voiild  ipeo  facto  feriuinate  the  Cunadian  jiatent ;  hat  In 
ipprohends  that  a  mere  ninior  to  that  etfeet  would  no 
ivail ;  Coke’s  inaxini  “  Oiiiiiia  pracnaminiliir  l/ijiliint 
itc,”  would  prohahly  govern  the  Patent  Olliee,  as  ivel 
IS  the  Courts  of  law.  In  other  worils,  the  fad  of  tor 


AVilliam  AlcDoiigal — Cro.s 


I’lli.sr.  'J,’o  the  first  cross-interrog 
On  inquiry  he  finds  that  no  C 
B  sevoiitoeiith  day  of  Xovemho) 
d  soventy-nine,  has  rendered  jiii 
ggestod.  That  the  officials  of 
tawa  are  unaware  of  anyjiidieii 

SixoNli.  To  the  second  cross-inti 
lieing  of  the  opinion  that  th 
lison  Swedish  Patent  under  the 
d  no  efTcct  upon  the  diinition  of 
Canada,  ho  was  not  surprised  to 
lice  in  Ottawa  that  no  judicial  . 
iitrary  had  come  to  the  kiiowlei 


riiiiii).  To  the  third  cros.s-intei 
at  he  is  not  aware  of  any  ilecisi 
art  that  the  terniination  of  a  fi 
lie  invention  will  i/ifo  fadn  aiyect 
nadian  Patent ;  hut  is  of  the  e 
iwer  to  interrogatory  niiinher  li 
eiit  “existing”  at  the  time  ol 
nadian  Patent  will  be  .terminate 
mination  of  such  foreign  jiaten 
us  to  the  grant  of  the  Canadian 

Fouirni.  To  the  fourth  cross-iiiti 
at  the  provision  referred  to  lus  S, 
tent  Act  of  eighteen  hundred  am 
rcctly  quoted  ;  “  where  a  foreig 
I  laugiiago  of  the  .Vet ;  “  where  a 
st,”  might  in  the  opinion  of  tl 
ire  a  differont  coiistriictioii.  The 
the  earliest  date  at  which  any  I 
lire  ”  may  be  bold  to  convey  a 
111  the  words  of  the  Act,  viz.,  “ 
best  at  which  any  foreign  patent 
1  expires." 

L'hat  since  eighteen  hundred  and 


vised  Statutes  of  Canada  govern  tlio  Courts 
tlio  Patent  Office,  upon  all  matters  tlioreaftor 
The  word  “  if  "  was  substituted  for  the  word 
for  the  purpose,  os  ho  believes,  of  exprosi 
clearly  the  intent  of  the  Legislature  to  adtui 
foitnro  or  tonnination  of  the  grant  to  then 
foreign  patents.” 

That  ns  in  the  case  supposed  in  the  Inst  cln 
fourth  cross-interrogatory  could  only  arise  in 
foreign  patents  iiroviously  existing,  he  an 
question  with  that  postulate,  in  tho  nffirmativ 
W.M.  Mel) 

Exaniinatiun  taken,  reduced  to' 
writing  and  l>y  tho  witness 
sub.scribed  and  sworn  to  this 
eleventh  dav  of  August,  A.  1). 

1890. 

Hexiiv  C.  Monk, 

Cnmuiissioiiet 


Dominion  ok  Can.^im,  ) 

Province,  of  Ontario,  > 

County  of  Carlotou.  ) 

I,  Henry  Carletou  Monk,  do  certify  that 
llfcDongnll,  the  witness,  persoually  aiiponrod  I 
tho  eicveiith  day  of  August,  eighteen  hini< 
ninety,  nt  live  o’clock  in  tho  afternoon,  at 
of  Ottawa,  in  tho  Province  of  Ontario,  in  tho 
of  Canada,  and  after  being  sworn  to  tc 
truth,  tho  whole  truth  and  nothing  but  tho  I 
depose  to  the  matters  conbiincd’  in  tho  forog 
position,  and  did  in  my  ])rosenco  subscribe  t 
And  I  further  certify  that  I  have  subscribed 
to  each  half  sheet  thereof. 


Desire  Oironard — Direct  .\n.swer.s. 


losition  of  Dksiiie  Olitoi-Aiii>,  a  witness  prodi 
and  examined,  the  tiftoeiith  day  of  .\ugns 
lar  of  our  Lord,  one  thousiiml  eight  hunilred 
at  tho  City  of  Ottawa,  in  the  Comity  of  C 
id  Dominion  of  Canada  ;  under  and  liy  virti 
mission  issued  out  of  the  Circuit  Court  of 
1  States,  for  tho  Southern  District  of  Xew  Y 
certain  cause  therein  depouding  and  at  ii 

in  tho  Edison  Electric  Light  . . .  is  i 

nt  and  the  United  States  Electric  Lighting  ( 
is  defendant,  as  follows  ; 
ire  Oironard,  of  tho  City  of  Montreal,  in 
ICO  of  Quebec  and  Dominion  of  Canada,  a  n 
the  Bar  of  the  province  of  Quebec,  aged  I 
ears  and  iqiwards,  being  duly  and  piibliciv  s« 
lilt  to  tho  directions  hereto  annexed,  and  e; 
n  the  part  of  the  eomplaiiiaiit.  doth  depose 
follows : 

vr.  To  the  tiist  interrogatory  he  .saitli  : 
home  is  at  “  (Jiiatro  Vents,"  Doi  val,  near  J 
but  1  reside  during  the  winter  partly  in  the 
iitreal,  and  partly  in  the  City  of  Ottawa, 
ago  is  fifty-four  years,  on  the  7tli  .Tidy  lasi 
leeu  a  member  of  the  Bar  of  tho  province  of  ( 
nee  October,  18(i0,  and  from  that  date  have  1 
veil  in  many  important  eomnicrcial  cases  be 
lurts  in  the  City  of  Montreal,  and  also  Indore 
aie  Court  of  Canada,  in  the  City  of  Ottawa, 
lad  cousiderablo  practice  in  tho  eoiistniction 
rotation  of  Canadian  .Statutes,  and  espeei 
ly.  Patent  and  Customs  Statutes, 
ve  on  various  occasions  contributed  articles 
I  books  upon  some  of  these  statutes  ;  an: 
,  the  Bills  of  Exchange  and  Promissory  Note 
9  ;  the  Insolvent  Act,  of  18(i4,  etc. 

1  a  D.  C.  L.  (Doctor  of  Laws)  of  Magill  Uni 
,  and  a  Queen's  Counsel  since  1870. 
ilirusent  the  County  of  Jacques  Cartier  in 
of  Commons  of  Canada  since  the  year  ll 


a  Member  of  Pnrliumout  have  had  to  bee 


icciiiaiiited  with  tliii  stiitiito  laws  of  tho  Dt 


Canada. 

I  Iiavo  been  clmirmaii  ot  tho  Judioial  Coiamittce  of 
tho  Honso  of  CoininoiiK,  known  as  tlio  Coiainittuo  of 
l'rivilcf>o.s  and  Eloctions,  during  tho  host  and  prosout 
Parliaments. 

SkcoM).  To  tho  Hocond  intorrogatory  ho  saith: 

On  tho  ntliof  Novombor,1879,  tlio  law  rolatingtolhe 
Inration  of  Canadian  Patonts,  as  inllnonood  by  foriagn 
patonts  for  tho  samo  invontion,  was  Hoetion  sovi'ii  of  an 
act  passed  by  tho  Parliamont  of  Canada  on  tlio  14tli 
Inno,  1872,  aial  cit.'d  as  "  Tho  Patent  .\ct  of  1872." 

Tliis  .soction  7,  wliioh  is  tlio  only  ono  of  the  Statute 
referring  to  foreign  patents  asaffocting  Canadian  patents, 
reads  lus  follows  :  “  But  an  inventor  shall  not  be  eii- 
‘  titled  to  a  patent  for  his  invontion ;  if  a  patent 
"  therefor  in  any  other  eonntry  shall  have  bei'ii  in 
‘  existence  in  such  country  more  than  twelve 
"  months  jirior  to  tho  a]iplication  for  sin  h  patent 
"  in  Canada,  and  if  daring  such  twelve  inontlis 
■  any  jierson  shall  have  commenced  to  inannfacturc  in 
‘  Canada  the  article  for  which  such  patent  is  afterwants 
‘  obtained,  such  person  shall  contiiiiio  to  hav.-  the  right 
"  to  mnniifactiiro  and  sell  such  article,  notwithstanding 
‘  such  jiatont ;  and  under  luiy  circiiinstaiices  where  a 
‘  foreign  patent  exists,  tho  Canadian  patent  shall  ex|)ire 
it  tho  “  earliest  date  at  which  any  fondgii  patent  for 
‘  the  sanieinvention  expires." 

This  section,  whicii  comprises  tho  law  in  force  in 
Canada  on  tho  17th  Nov.,  lS7i),  contcmplat<  s,  in  my 
rpinion,  only  foreign  ])atents  prior  to  tho  aiiplicatioii  for 
die  ])iitont  in  Ciiniida,  and  not  iiateiits  which  ex¬ 
isted  abroad  after  said  ap|>licatiun  for  such  patent  in 
Canada,  and  the  latter  part  thereof  which  reads  us  fol¬ 
lows  :  “  And  under  any  circumstances,  where  a  foreign 

‘  patents  exists,  tho  Caiiiuliau  patent  shall  expire  at  tho 
‘  earliest  (Into  at  which  any  foreign  jiateiit  for  the  same 
"  inveiitiou  expires,”  I  hold  to  refer  only  to  a  foreign 
[latent  existing  prior  to  tho  application  for  a  Oaiiuilinu 
[intent  and  not  to  a  foreign  patent  existing  after  tho 


granted  heforo  the  granting  of  the  Canadian  patent  bi 
after  the  application  for  tho  hitter.  Jfy  reasons  for  gi 
iiig  this  construction  are  tho  following  ; 

1.  Ill  the  fii-st  place,  the  whole  elaiisi*  must  bo  ren 
together.  Tho  tli-st  ]iortion  of  it  undoubtedly  refers  I 
patents  ])riur  to  the  Canadinii  ]mtent ;  and  tin-  won 
“and  under  aiiv  circumstance.s,  which  preci-de  the  la 
ter  ])art  of  tho  section,  are  in  my  mind  a  clear  iiidici 
tiiin  that  tho  Lcgislntnro  intondod  to  speak  of  tho  sail 
class  of  subjects,  viz.:  fon-ign  patents  in  existence  jirii 
to  the  application  fur  the  Canadian  patent,  wtiethor 
existeiice  Is-fore  or  after  tho  twelve  months  referred 
in  the  first  part  of  the  section. 

l-'or  this  reiuson,  the  words,  “  anil  under  any  eirenn 
"  stances  where  a  foreign  jiateiit  exists,”  etc,,  have 
plain  ineaniiig  and  are  intended  to  refer  not  only  t 
foreign  initeiits  in  existence  more  than  twelve  inontl 
prior  to  tho  application  for  a  Canadian  ]intent,  lint  ab 
to  foreign  patents  in  existence  after  said  twelve  inontl 
but  prior  to  the  application  for  said  |iatent  in  Canad 

2.  In  the  second  place,  I  take  it  for  granted  that  tl 
following  is  an  axioiii  in  the  coiistniction  of  the  statute 
Where  a  particiitar  class  of  things  is  spoken  of,  an 
general  words  follows,  the  first  class  inentioned  is  to  1 
taken  as  .the  most  comprehensive,  and  the  generi 
words  treated  as  referring  to  matters  ejnKilein  ijmcr 
with  such  class  (Broom’s  Legal  Maxims,  otii  .Vin.  Ed.  ] 
■i;i(i). 

Therefore  the  hitter  part  of  the  section  refers  only  i 
foreign  patents  obtained  before  the  a])plication  for  tl: 
(  'anadiaii  patent. 

•t.  In  the  third  jilace,  another  well  known  rule  in.  tli 
eonstrnction  of  a  statute  is  that  a  pa.ssage  will  bo  bei 
interfireted  by  reference  to  that  which  precedes  and  fo 
lows  it;  “  ex  iinlecalenlihiis  el  emiKetjitciililius  Jit  opthn 
iiilcrpretiitio''  (Broom,  lliuf.,  pp.  380  and  31)7). 

That  |)assage  of  Soction  7  of  tho  Patent  .Vet  of  187 
which  (declares  that  tho  Canadian  patent  shall  exiiiro  li 
tho  earliest  date  at  which  any  foreign  patent  for  the  saiii 
invention  expires)  is  immediately  preceded  by  on 


wliicli  rofers  to  foreign  imtenUi  in  an_v  wav 

Thu  whole  danse,  therefore,  relates*  I 
snbjoet  matter,  namolv,  foreign  imtents  e: 
to  the  a|i|)liuaiion  for  tlio  Canadian  patent. 

•1.  In  tile  fourth  place.  To  deelare  a  Can 
forfeited  or  e.\pired  liuforu  the  ordinary  hi 
fixed  liv  onr  Canadian  statute,  namely  tifti 
to  impose  a  penalty  or  forfeiture  iii’ion  tl 
and  I  take  it  for  granted  that  it  is  a  good 
law  prevailing  everywhere,  that  a  penalty 
eannot  he  imposed  otherwise  than  hv  the  el 
the  .statute.  (lirooni,  Uml.,  p.  38:> ;  ’liedari 
(VlnvuiitifMif  j).  317.) 

n.  fn  the  tifth  phieo.  I  take  it  to  Ik'  a 
the  eoiistniction  of  a  patent  statute  uni 
a])plieation  of  the  principle,  “  iii  rex  imujis 
pereal,"  that  patents  for  inventions  are,  if 
to  he  so  interpreted  as  to  uphold  and  no 
the  right  of  the  inventor,  (liiiinp's  I’ateiil 

(>.  In  the  sixth  place.  There  is  a  rule  la 
Lord  liacon,  which  has  since  lieen  acci 
maxim  of  law,  that  in  doiihtfnl  cases  the  i 
of  a  statute  must  lai  consonant  with  eijiiity. 
to  me  that  the  wording  of  a  statute  would 
he  very  clear,  in  order  to  deprive  a  man  i 
ertv.  Therefore,  the  title  hy  which  the  ]ia 
invention  has  heen  ohtained",  should  not  he 
merely  on  account  of  doiihts  and  ohjcctioie 
nipahle  of  a  just  and  reasonahlo  solution  i 
its  validity. 

7.  The  putting  of  any  other  constrii 
section  7  of  the  statute,  would  defeat  the 
of  the  Canadian  Patent  Act,  for,  if  correc 
would  he  to  destroy  the  value  of  any  pa 
duration  or  existence  would  depend  iipo 
W'lpient  act  of  a  foreign  coniitrY ;  and  aasi] 
patents  would  hccoine  almost  valueless. 


'ninn.  To  the  third  interrogatory  he  saith  : 
cction  7  of  the  Patent  Act  of  1872,  ipiotcd  ii 
■th  in  the  preceding  answor.  has  remained  in  fore 

•since  the  Mlh  Juno,  1872.  and  still  . . 

law  of  Canada  to-day. 

ection  17  of  the  same  Act  of  1872  provides  for  th 
Iition  of  a  Canadian  ])ntont  inde|«indently  of  an 
ign  patent,  and  has  no  Issiring  upon  the  ipiestioi 
cads  as  follows ; 

Patents  of  inventions  i.ssiicd  hy  the  Patent  Ollic 
lull  he  valid  for  a  periml  of  five,  ten  or  fifteen  vcaii 
the  option  of  the  n]iplicant ;  hut  at  or  hefore  th 
:pinition  of  the  said  five  or  ten  years,  the  holdc 
ensif  may  ohtain  an  extension  of  the  patent  fo 
other  period  of  fivoyeai's,  and  after  those  second  liv 
■ai-s,  may  again  ohtaiii  a  further  extension  foranothe 
riod  of  five  yeai-s,  not  in  any  case  to  exceed  a  totii 
■riod  of  fifteen  years  in  all  ;  and  the  instrumi'ii 
livered  hy  the  Patent  Ofiice  for  siieh  extension  c 
nc,  shall  he  in  the  form  which  may  he  from  time  t* 
lie  adopted,  to  he  attached  with  reference  to  th 
tent,  and  under  the  signature  of  the  t.’oninii.ssionei 
of  any  other  mcmlHir  of  the  Privy  Council,  in  ca,S( 
nhsonce  of  the  Commissioner." 

11  the  2.1111  Jlay,  1883,  the  Parliament  of  Canada 
n  amendment  to  .section  17  of  said  patent  act,  gav 
liatenfcc  the  option  of  paying  the  patent  fee  h 
rent  periods  of  five  or  ten  years,  instead  of  makin| 
payment  for  the  full  term  of  fifteen  yeai-s,  and  a 
same  time  declared,  in  a  most  emphatic  manner 
the  term  of  duration  of  every  patent  of  inventioi 
;d  in  Canada  had  heen  and  should  continue  to  he  o 

introducing  this  adniJiidment  in  the  House  of  Coin 
s,  the  Honorahle  Mr.  Po]io,  at  the  time  Jlinister  o 
culture,  remarked  that  its  object  was  to  come  t< 
relief  of  American  inventors  who,  having  ohtainei 
idiaii  patents  prior  to  their  American  patents,  oxer 
the  aforesaid  option. 

10  remarks  of  the  Minister  are  to  ho  found  in  tin 
mons  Hansard,  1883. 


runiuvo  iloiibt.s\rhicli  Iiiid  iiriscii  in  cuiise(|ii 
parts  of  tlie  Stntntu  of  1S72  (iiioru  piirtic 
IT)  (piiklifying  those  (lifTuront  periods  of  ti 
years  lus  “  an  extension  of  the  patent." 

'  Tliis  amendment  has  not  the  Io<ist  etTect 
7  of  the  Patent  Act  of  1872,  l)Ht  it  shows, 
that  tlio  policy  of  <ho  Canadian  Governm 
liament,  has  l)oen  to  foster  and  enomirag 
invention,  ami  tlieir  duration. 

In  the  year  18Sfj  the  statutes  of  Canada 
and  under  a  proulamation  of  the  Oorermi 
Connuil,  came  into  force  on  the  1st  Marcli 

Thu  patent  act  will  he  found  to  ho  the  1 
111,  and  the  text  of  section  7,  of  the  Ac 
reproduced  almost  vcrhaliw  in  section  8  ol 
Statutes. 

By  ceilxtlim  I  ineaii  that  the  few  verbal  i 
in  the  revision  cannot  alTect  the  text  am 
the  original  section. 

The  rovi.sed  section  reads  us  follows  : 

“  Xo  inventor  shall  he  untitled  to  a  pii 
"  inveiition  if  a  patent  therefor  in  any  i 

"  twelve  months  prior  to  the  application  fo 
'  in  Canada,  and  if,  during  such  twelve 
"  person  has  commencetl  to  mannfactnru  i 
‘  invention  for  which  such  patent  is  aftorwii 
"  such  person  shall  continue  to  have  the  ri 
‘‘  facture  and  sell  such  articles  notwiths 


“  patent ;  and  under  anv  circum.stance.s, 
"  patent  exists,  the  Canadian  patent  shall 
“  earliest  date  at  which  any  foreign  patent 
“  invention  expires.” 

Since  the  ITth  Xovemher,  1879,  no  hi 
piLssed  in  Canada  to  make  the  duration 
patents  depend  upon  foreign  patents  h 
invention,  when  the  latter  are  of  latui 
the  Canadian  patent.  In  my  o]iinion,  i 
rv-ie- JUB-Mi  1 'M  stututc  Call  ho  foutul  to  rofor,  direct 

l 


that  of  nearly  all  cirilmcd  nations  of  the  di 


I'ouirni :  To  the  fourth  interrogatory  ho  saitli 
.Vssuming  tho  granting  of  the  Sweden  patent 
lar  188U,  as  stated  in  this  interrogatory,  the 
:in  of  that  Swedish  patent  by  ordinary  lapse  of  t 
by  non-payment  of  tho  patent  fee.s,  or  by  foi 
by  any  cause  or  reason  whatsoever,  cannot, 
ilgmcut,  iitTect  the  legal  duration  of  tho  (. 
iteiit  mentioned  in  said  interrogatory,  for  tho 
leadv  submitted  in  my  answer  to  the  secom 
gatory. 

I'ltTll :  To  the  lifth  interrogatory  he  .saith  : 

In  the  case  siip-iioscd,  where  the  terininatii 
reign  patent  would  have  or  conid  be  made  to  I 
feet  upon  the  duration  of  a  Canadian  paten 
ke  it  for  granted  that  this  could  only  happi 
e  foreign  patent  was  "  in  existence "  prior 
iplicatioii  for  the  Canadian  patent)  such  effect 
suit  ijifo  fucti)  from  the  termiimtion  of  the 
dent ;  and  I  fail  to  see  the  neccessity  of  any 
judicial  determination  upon  the  point  in  Can 

Tllisr.  To  the  first  cross-interrogatory,  he  sai 
The  effect  upon  a  Canailiaii  patent  of  a  foreigi 
itained  either  ])rovious  or  siib.scipient  to  s.iii 
an  patent,  has  never,  to  my  knowledge,  lecei 
dicial  dutermination  in  Canada.  And  more  | 
dy  with  regaril  to  the  matter  impiired  int( 
d  iianigrajih  of  interrogatory  i),  1  am  not  awi 
ere  has  been  any  judicial  decision  in  Canada 
ect  that  at  any  time  since  tho  said  17th  Xo 
179,  the  law  Inus  or  has  not,  one  way  or  th 
lule  the  duration  of  Canadian  patents  to  ilepei 
e  coniinnation  of  foreign  patents  for  tlie  saiiu 
m.  when  tho  latter  are  of  subsenueut  date  to 


3ill8 


Desire  Giroimril— CrosK-Aiiswers. 


Skcom).  To  tlio  Hccoiul  cross-iiitorrogutorv,  ho  saitli  • 

Tl.e  question  referred  to  in  this  eross-in’torrogatorv 
lias  not  been  determined  by  any  Canadian  Court. 

TiniiD.  To  the  third  cross-interrogatory  lie  s<iith : 

I  do  not  know  of  the  existence  of  any  judicial  dccis- 
ion  of  anyCiiimdinn  Court  to  tlie  elfeet  tliat  the  terrain- 
ntioii  of  any  foreign  patent  does  or  does  not  affoct,  one 
way  or  tlie  other,  the  temdnation  of  tlie  Canadian 
patent. 

Foiniril.  To  the  fourth  cross-interrogatory  )ie  saith : 

Tlie  test  of  Section  7  of  the  Patent  .Act  of  Canada, 
1872,  is  not  jiroduced  nrOutlm,  bat  I  pri  sniuo  that 
for  the  purposes  of  the  ipiestioii  the  variance  is  imma- 
teriid.  I  am  of  the  oi)inion  tliat  wliero  a  foreign 
patent  lias  expired  under  cireumstanecs  which 
would  have  brought  a  Canadian  patent  within 
the  scope  of  the  provrsion  contained  in  the 
latter  part  of  said  Section  7,  a  jierson  stu'd  in  the 
Canadian  Court  for  a  subseipient  infringinent  of  the 
Canadian  patent  would  makea  valid  defen.se  byalleging 
and  jiroviiig  the  expiration  of  such  foreign  patent. 

D.  CiinoiAiiD. 


Examination  taken,  reduced  to  writ-\ 
nig,  and  by  the  witness  subscribed  / 
and  swoni  to  this  1.7th  day  oft 
-■Vugust,  A.  D.  1890.  ) 

Hexiiy  C.  Sfo.NK, 

Coniiuis.-ioner. 


rilOVISCE  OP  O.NTAIIIO, 
County  of  Carleton. 


I,  HksiiV  CaiiI.ctox  SfoXK,  do  certify  that  Desire 
(tirounrd,  the  witness,  personally  iqiiioared  before  me, 
on  the  fifteenth  day  of  August,  eighteen  hundred  and 
ninety,  at  seven  o'clock  in  tlie  afternoon,  at  the  City  of 
Ottawa,  in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  in  tlie  Dominion  of 
Canada;  and  after  being  sworn  to  te.stify,  tlio  trutli, 
the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth,  did 
depose  to  the  matters  coiibiiued  in  the  foregoing  deposi- 
tiiai,  and  did,  in  my  pieseiice,  subscribe  the  same.  .Vnd 
I  further  certify  that  I  liave  subscribed  inv  name  to 


3020 


Riclinrd  X.  Dvcr. 


Kew  Yoiik,  So|)tfml)er  25,  18! 

Met  piirsimnt  to  ndjournmeut. 

Present— II.  X.  DVei!.  forcomplninaiit.iind  S.  A. : 
['.\N,  for  defendiint. 

Itlcil.Mtl)  X.  Dyeii,  1)etng  dulv  swoni  as  n  witue: 
l)ehalf  of  cuinplaiiiaut,  tcstiBcs  its  follows ; 

I  have  had  charge  of  the  taking  of  coniplniiiaiit't 
timony  in  tliis  ca-st;  and  cross-examined  the  dcfenil 
witness,  diaries  R.  Cross.  During  tliat  eross-exaii 
tion  1  called  Prof.  Cros.s' attention  I  i  oir  |  1 

carried  on  in  May  and  June,  1S81,  Iiedwecn  hiinsel 
Mr.  F.  R.  Betts,  at  that  time  counsel  for  the  coiai 
ant,  and  between  himself  and  Slajor  S.  R.  liite 
that  time  vice-president  of  the  eomplainant  eiiia) 
relating  in  part  to  the  patent  in  suit.  At  that  ti 
knew  of  the  existence  of  no  other  letters  or  papers  i 
ing  to  or  forming  part  of  the  correspondence  ;  ne 
did  Prof.  Cross,  as  appears  hy  his  answer  to  8G  x- 
had,  prior  to  the  cross-examination,  had  a  search  i 
among  the  papers  of  Air.  Betts  and  Major  Katon 
in  the  files  of  the  eomplainant.  Some  time  aftc 
closing  of  Prof.  Cniss'  cross-examination,  I  ohserve 
reading  the  Eaton-Cross  letter  of  June  Iti,  18S1.  t 
letter  from  Prof.  Cross  to  Mr.  Betts,  dated  June 
was  referred  to.  I  :igain  nKpIcsted  Mr.  Betts  to  si 
for  further  letters  from  Prof.  Cro.ss.  and  particiilarl 
a  letter  of  this  date.  As  a  result  of  that  .search,  he 
me  a  letter  signed  by  Prof.  Cross,  and  dateil  Jiiii 
1881,  addressed  to  himself,  and  a  letter  signed  hy 
Cross  and  addres.sed  to  Major  Eaton,  dated  Juii 
1881.  the  originals  of  which  letters  I  now  |iro(lnce. 
Betts  sent  me  the.se  two  letters  .Ajiril  2d,  lS!tO 
within  a  week  or  two  after  that  date  I  told  Air.  Ci 
one  of  defendant's  counsel,  of  the  discovery  of  I 
letters  and  handed  him  copies  of  them. 

Coinplainatit's  counsel  offers  the  two  le 
referred  to  in  evidence,  and  the  same  are  tin 
respectively  “Complainant's  Exhibit  Cross-. 


Richard  N.  Dyer. 


Letter  of  June  11,  1881,”  and  " 
Exhibit  Cro.ss-Eaton  Letter  of  Ju 
Defendant's  counsel,  so  far  as  tl 
done  without  prejudice  to  the  ol 
after  stated,  waives  proof  of  the 
the  two  letters  of  Prof.  Cross  of 
Juno  23,  1881,  offered  in  evidein 
that  such  letters  were  written  i 
Prof.  Cru.s.s  on  the  dates  nanied  am 
ill  duo  course  of  mail  by  the  pen 
they  are  mldnsssed,  subject  to  tli 
errors,  if  the  fact  should  lie  found  t 
and  it  IS  stipulated  that  copies  of 
may  bo  substituted  for  the  origiiiii 
record,  subject  to  the  correction  i 
Defendant's  counsel,  however,  ^ 
introduction  of  the  foregoing  h 
ground,  first,  of  immaterialitv,  am 
the  ground  that  they  are  not  olli 
the  witness  Cross  has  been  witl 
letters  being  ofi'ered,  manifestly,  t 
to  (pialify  statements  made  by  the 
direct  examination,  they  cannot  ii 
admi.ssiblo  exce|it  as  the  reputed  i 
the  opportunity  to  deny  ortoexpl 
opportunity  for  doing  this  now  ex 
ant  cannot  ]iro])erly  lie  put  to  the 
calling  the  witness  from  the  distal 
he  resides  for  this  purpose. 


Oflerod  in  Evidonco. 


Plaintiff’s  Exliibit  “Plaintiff’s  Notice 
Nov.  24,  1890,"  S.  M,  H.,  Ext. 

UNITED  STATE.S  CIUCtUT  COUKT. 

SOUTIIEIIN  DiSTIlIiT  OF  NeW  YoIIK. 

The  Edison  Ei.eitiiic  Liiiiri'  Com- 

Thk  United  States  Ei.eithic  Liiiiit- 
INO  Company. 

To  SIkssiw.  Keiiii  .t  Cltitis, 

Solicitors  for  Dufciidiint : 
Gentlemen— Take  notice,  that  at  2  P.  JI.  on  tliis  d 
a  session  will  lie  hold  before  the  ENaniiiicr,  S.  ' 
Hitchcock,  Esf].,  at  the  olliec  of  C.  Seward,  Es 
No.  2!)  Nassau  street,  tliis  cit.v,  at  wliieh  von  are  i 
vited  to  attend. 

Eaton  .t  Lewis, 
Solicitoi's  fur  Coni])lainant. 
New  York,  November  24.  18!)0. 


3924  Plnintirs  Exliibit— Kerr’s  Letter. 


Plaintiff's  Exhibit  “Kerr’s  Eetter  of  No- 
vexnber  24.  1890.”  S.  M.  H..  Ext. 

Ltiw  OHices  of 
Kkiik  .t  Cuirri.s, 

Thomas  B.  Kehii, 

New  Yoke,  Xov.-mlsT  24,  1890. 
E.ATOS  .t  Lewis,  New  York. 

Gestlemex— I  am  in  receipt  of  a  notice  to  take  tes¬ 
timony  at  2  o’clock  tOHlay  in  the  Eilisoii  Electric  Com- 
pauy  vs.  The  United  States  Electric  Lishtiiig  Company, 
No.  3445,  said  notice  being  loft  hero  at  1:20  o’clock  P. 
M.  Neither  Mr.  Curtis,  who  has  special  charge  of  this 
ciuso,  nor  Gen.  Duncan,  who  has  Imen  acting  with  him 
ns  counsel,  is  at  his  otBce  to-day.  I  thoieforo  object 
to  the  notice  ns  nnronsonnble,  and  hereby  notifv  v<m 
that  proper  stops  will  bo  taken  t<i  protect  the  defo’inl- 
ant  against  the  effect  of  anything  von  do  nndor  it 


Eouitaiile  Bmi.mxo,  ) 
3  Broadway.  Now  York. ) 


Richard  N.  Dver. 


392.5 


UNI'l’ED  ST.VTES  CIRCUIT  COURT, 
.SoirriiKiix  DisTinrT  of  New  Yoiik. 

-1 

iiK  Em.Ko.v  Ei-kc-iiiic  Lioiir  Co.m-  I 


•'«  'i.Nsr  ;-No.  ;m  i.5. 

IIK  U.NITKI)  StATRS  Ei.ECTIIIC  LicIIT-  l 


New  Yoiik,  Nov.  25,  18911. 
Met  pursuant  to  adjoninnient. 

I’resont— JIfssils.  Skwaiik  and  Lowiiev,  of  counsel 
r  complainant :  Sin.  .S.  A.  Di-.ncax,  of  counsel  for  de- 
iidaiit. 

The  Examiner  states  that  ho  hius  here  in  his 
imssessioii  the  papers  sealed  by  him  on  Novem¬ 
ber  15,  1890,  hearing  the  endorsement,  “  De¬ 
posited  by  Grosvenor  Lowrey,  to  he  opened  only 
under  order  of  the  Court,"  and  hearing  the  fol¬ 
lowing  meinorandnm  signed  by  .Indge  Lacomiie  : 
“  The  Examiner  will  open.  In  case  of  objection 
to  any  exhibition  of  any  paper,  he  will  certify 
objection  and  paper  into  Court.” 

The  Examiner  farther  states  that  this  .sealed 
package  was  handed  to  him  yesterday  morning 
by  Judge  Lacomiie. 

Riciiaiio  N.  Dveii,  called  on  behalf  of  the  comnlain- 


tilt!  Iirigliiiil  niipliiaitiiiii  (ilud  ])tfeiiili«r  11,187!), 
Iiicli  I  liavi!  liefiiro  rofurroil,  anil,  as  I  have  befo 
lalod,  tills  (livisioiml  apiiliaitioii  foriiis  a  TOiitimmtii 
f  tile  iirigiiial  application. 

:i  Q.  Is  thuru  miytliing  in  that  laix  which  ihics  n 
■latu  anil  which  is  not  fouialcil  upon  thcilivisimiiil  a 
lication  ? 

A.  No,  sir. 

•I  Q.  Is  till!  ilivisional  application  still  peniliiig  as 
intinniiig  application  for  a  patent  ? 

A.  It  is. 

5  Q.  Arc  yon  ahiu  to  say  without  ojieniii”  the  Ixi 
y  aid  of  any  nioinorainluni  which  yon  have,  wli 
apers  arc  contained  in  that  box? 

A.  I  am. 


ii  Q.  Please  nanie  them  and  enumerate  them  ? 

A.  'J’he  impels  are  as  follows : 

A  retained  copy  of  the  specification  and  cinin 
rilling  part  of  the  divisional  application  as  tiled.  Tli 
ipy  liears  various  pencil  memoranda  which  are  prol 
)ly  not  on  the  original  spccillcatioii  in  the  Patci 
nice,  hilt  have  been  made  since  tliat  was  tiled,  indies 
g  changes  for  subsequent  amci  li  ts  II  I 
einoraiida  wea*  made  by  the  solicitor  in  cliaige  of  ll 
Lso  from  time  to  time.  Some  of  these  meiuoraiii 
ere  made  liefore  I  received  the  papers  in  Angus 


espondcnco  heiiig  composed  of  at  least  twi 
irate  papers,  these  Isdiig  lettei-s  from  the 
er  of  Patents  mising  various  ohjection 
ting  of  the  patent,  and  replies  tliereti 
rney  for  the  applicant  at  the  time,  in  tli 
fs,  arguments  and  aniendnients:  'J'lie  hox 
^  a  retained  copy  of  the  drawing  accoi 
livisional  application. 

Q.  I  call  yoiir  attention  to  the  notice  to  pi 
defendants  herein,  printed  in  Yol.  Ilf.  ol 
1  proofs,  page  2fl50A,  as  fijlows: 

“  Dufondant's  counsel  calls  upon  the  eoi 
“  through  its  counsel  here  present,  to  pr 
“  oxaniination  hy  the  defendant's  connsi 
“  use  in  evidence  in  this  case  if  defend 
“  advised,  a  copy  of  a  speidlication,  cl 
“  drawings,  forming  a  imrt  of  the  divisim 
“  cation  for  Letters  Patent  of  the  (.'nit 
"  filed  ill  the  Patent  Olllce  hy  Thomas  A 
“  Dcceinber  15,  1880,  under  the  serial  nm 
“in  the  serial  eniiiiicratioii  of  Ldisoni 
“  tions;  the  said  application  as  appeal's  h 
“  ant’s  Exhibit  File  Winpper  and  Content 
“  paper  carbon  aiiplication,  being  a  divisi 
“  said  so-called  paper  earhon  applicatioi 
“  Edison  December  11,  187!)." 

“  And  defendant  s  counsel  also  in  like 


ling  any  and  all  ameii(liiiunt.s  of  sai.l  ,,,,,,11^ 
1  tliat  11013-  I'ceii  imnle." 

ill  your  attontion  to  tl.o  snbpa-na  , Ucuu 
scrvoil  on  Hr.  HastingK,  Hccrelarv  of  tin 
lit,  as  follows : 

I  President  of  tlie  United  States  of  .Vmeriai 
“  to  I'UAXK  S.  H.istinos,  OltKtrnxii : 

I’e  coininand  you,  tliat  all  business  and  ox- 
-•s  being  laid  aside,  3-011  aiipear  anil  attend 
ire  Samuel  JI.  Uitclieock,  one  of  the  Ksaiii 
n  of  the  Cia-uit  Court  of  tin;  United  .State; 
tile  Soutliern  District  of  New  Vork,  at  tin 
;cs  of  Diinean  k  Pago,  at  120  Uroadwav,  in 
City  of  New  York,  on  the  tbirlieth  day  ol 
e,  1800,  at  t\vo_  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  te 
ify  and  give  L-videlice  in  a  eertaia  suit  in 
ity  non  ponding  iiudetoriniued  in  the  Cireiiil 
rt  of  the  United  States  for  the  Soutliern 
lri(-t  of  Now  York,  botweea  the  l-hlisoa  Elec- 
Light  Cuinpany,  cniuplninaiit,  and  The 
ted  .States  Lleetrie  Ligliting  t'oiiipnay,  de- 
laid,  on  the  part  of  the  said  defendant,  and 
you  bring  ivitli  you  and  produce  at  the  lime 
place  aforesaid,  11113-  ‘-OP.V,  whether  eor- 
d  or  iiiieertiticd,  that  you  as  sec- 
ty  of  tho  Edison  Electric  Light  Com- 
y  now  have  in  your  possession,  or  custody, 
iider  your  control,  or  which  the  sitid  eom- 
y  or  any  olticer,  attorne3-,  solicitor  or  agent 
lid  company,  has  in  its  or  his  pos.sessioii  or 
ody,  or  under  its  or  his  control,  of  the  speci- 
ion  anil  claiins.  and  of  tiie  drawing,  winch 
led  a  part  of  a  curtain  application  for  lotteis 
at  relative  to  incandoseent  olectrie  lamps 
in  the  Patent  Ofllt-e  of  the  United  States  hy 
nias  A.  Edison,  on  or  about  tho  Mth  day  of 


“  off  from  an  earlier  aiiplieation  U'kli 
“  number  thereof  being  187),  filed  In-  II 
'■  son  on  or  about  December  I],  1S7!) 
“  tho  original  and  copies,  whether  cert 
“  certified,  now  in  3-oar  possession  or 
“  under  the  eontrul  of  the  said  eoiapany 
"  its  ollicei-s,  attorneys,  .solicitoi-s,  and  I’n 
“  and  all  cori-es|)ondence  that  has  pass 
“  the  Patent  Office  and  the  said  K,|i, 
-‘  said  comimny,  or  his  or  its  attornev  o 
“  relation  to  the  said  ap, plication,'  in 
“  nuiendnients  of  tho  said  application 
“  have  been  made  from  time  to  time,  an 
“  deeds,  evidences  and  writings,  which 
“  in  your  custody  or  isiwer,  eoneernini' 
“  iscs.  And  for  a  failaro  to  attend,  y 
“  dceinod  guilty  of  a  contempt  of  (Joiirt 
“  to  jaiy-  all  loss  and  dniaages  sustained 
“  the  party  aggrieved,  and  forfeit  two  h 
“  fifty-  dollars  in  addition  thereto, 

“  Witness,  the  Hon.  JIki.vii.i.k  \V 
“  Chiof-.Tustice  of  the  Siiiucme  Court  of 
“  .States,  at  the  Citv  of  New  York,  tin 
"  .Time,  18i)0." 

rDid  ask  you  to  say  ivhether  tho  desci  ipti 
lice  to  produce  and  the  subjiiuim  i/iurn  h 
their  dc.scMiiliun  the  papci-s  contained  i 
v  ill  tho  EMiminur's  hands,  and  whethei 
itaiiis  any  papers  not  meiitioned  in  those  I 
lei-s — tho  notice  to  jirodiicu  and  subpi 

L  Tlio  description  iloes  cover  the  pa 
lied  in  tho  box  now  in  tho  hands  of 
mer,  and  that  box  contains  only  tho; 
1  no  others,  with,  I  think,  one  excejitio 
1011  to  the  correspoiidence  between  tl 
ice  and  the  attorney-  for  the 
icli  is  called  for  by  tho  description  contain 
ICO  and  subpuum,  tho  box  also  conbiiim  a  1 
I-’.  Wilber,  at  that  timo  tho  attorney  in  tin 
1,  addressed  to  myself,  and  relating  iii  pai 


KicLnrd  N.  Ih-cr. 


11  Q.  Was  that  motion  runowed  at  any  time 
A.  It  was  renewed  I)y  noliee  served  Se])t 
ISnO,  for  liearing  on  Septemli.n-  ]2tli,  and  on 
ljur  10,  1890,  tlie  noliee  of  motion  was  amei 
have  a  copy  of  tlie  notice  of  Septemlier  9tli  i 
tlic  motion,  together  with  the  attaelied  affid 
also  a  copy  of  the  amended  notiei-  served  Se 
10, 1890. 


Complaiiinnt's  counsel  oilers  the  pajie 
referred  to  in  evidence,  and  the  same  are 
respectively,  “Complainant’s  Kxhihit Ite 
^Motion  of  Septemher  9,  IS'.IO,”  and  "  C< 
ant'.s  lixhihit  Amended  Xotice  of  .M( 
September  10,  1890." 

12  Q.  Was  any  order  entered  upon  the  doteri 
d  that  motion';^ 

A.  An  order  was  entered  under  date  of  Novi 
800,  signed  by  tbe  Hon.  1C.  Hkniiv  Laco.miik, 
bulge,  a  oojiy  of  which  I  now  produce. 

Cumplainant's  counsel  oilers  in  evidei 
pniier  above  referred  to,  and  the  sjiine  is 
“Oomi>lainant’s  Exhibit  Order  of  Court, : 
ber  n,  1890." 

13  Q.  Please  furnish,  if  yon  can,  to  the  Exam 
e  marked,  tlie  opinion  i-onderod  by  IjAcomiik,  .T 
-■rmining  the  last  named  motion  ? 

A.  I  do  so ;  till!  opinion  is  dated  October  18, 

Coniphiiimnt’s  counsel  oilers  the  papiii 
dunce,  and  the  same  is  marked  “  Comph 
Exliibit  Opinion  of  Laco.viik,  J.,  Octol 
1890." 

II  Q.  I  ladl  your  attention  to  wlnit  purports  I 
itice  signed  by  Kerr  it  Cnrti.s,  adilressed  to 
urrick  and  F.  S.  Hastings,  without  date.  I  a 
state  whether,  of  your  own  knowledge,  that 


Hiulmrcl 


nlren.ly  appcnra  in  tlio  re(.-or.l,  i.ml  if  tl.ey  appeared  it 
bcdiunco  to  it  ? 

A.  I  wa«  present  at  the  licariiii>  i'>  this  ease  on  No 
ember  15,  18!)0,  at  the  office  of  Kerr  A-  Curtis,  wl,ei 
roof  was  made  of  the  facts  sbiterl  in  voiir  ipiestion.  I 
i  shown  at  pane  ‘27  »!l  of  tlie  printed  record. 


Complainant's  conimel  olTcrs  the  notice  above 
referred  to  in  evidence,  and  (Lsks  that  it  bo  re 
peated  here  for  convenience.  It  is  markei: 
“  Complainant's  Exhibit  Defemlanfs  Notice  t( 
Herrick  and  Hastings  to  appear  November  IS 
IH'IO,"  and  is  as  follows  : 


“  UNITED  STATES  CIHGUIT  COUIIT, 

“  SoiTIIKIl.S  Di.SITICT  of  NkW  VollK. 


Tiik  Kuiso.v  ELKcniic  IjiniiT  Com- 


Tmf.  U.mtf.I)  STATtM  Elkctiiu: 

LiniiTiNO  CoMi’.tNr. 


“  Please  take  notice,  that  the  Exnminer  in  tlio  above- 
entitled  suit  will  1)0  in  iittondance  at  our  office  in  the 
Erpiitablo  Building,  No.  I‘i0  Broadway,  Now  York, 
on  Saturday  next,  Noromber  15,  1890,  at  10  o'clock 
in  the  forenoon,  for  tlio  purposo  of  enabling  you  to 
comply,  if  yon  bo  so  advised,  with  the  onlor  of  the 
Court  made  and  filed  Novomber  5,  IS'.IO,  of  which 
cojiy  lias  Iierctofuro  been  served  upon  you,  in  reganl 
to  the  production  of  cerbiin  papers  referieil  to  in 
said  order. 

‘‘  Very  respectfully, 

“Kkiiii  a  C'uirns, 

“  Solicitors  for  Dofendant.  ^ 
To  Hfssiis.  J.vcon  H.  HEniitcK  and  F.  S.  Hastings. 


Iticliard  N.  Dyer.  ;ji); 

Q.  I  now  call  your  attention  to  notice  of  moth 
id  at  page  ‘2702  of  the  Ib-cord,  whi.-li  is  ns  f, 

“  Defendant's  conn.sel  gives  notice  that  In- w 
move  nndei-  the  order  of  November  5tli,  IStlO  i 
Friday  next,  tin-  Gist,  at  11  o'clock  in  the  for 
noon,  or  as  soon  thereafter  ms  counsel  can  I 
hoard,  before  tln^  United  States  Circuit  Court! : 
the  Court  Hou.se,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  f. 
the  imnishment  of  this  witness  for  eonteuipt 
failing  to  obey  the  afores.-dd  order.  " 

Iso  the  notice  of  motion  at  pagi-  2755,  ami  sta 
■eie  the  witnesses  referied  to  in  tho.se  notices"' 
riie  witne.s.s.-s  were  Mr.  Hastings,  the  sei-retai 
complainant,  ainl  Mr.  Herrick,  the  president  ( 
iiiplainant  eonipany. 

Complainant"s  counsel  otlers  in  evtdeiiee  tl 
two  notices  referred  to,  the  one  ali-cady  ipiotc 
being  marked  “  Complainant's  Exhibit  Notice  i 
Motion  to  Punish  Herrick  for  (,'onteuipt an 
the  other  marked  •‘Complainant's  Exhibit  Ni 
tiee  of  .Motion  to  Punish  Hastings  for  Coi 
tempt,"  being  as  follows: 

“  Defendant's  eoutisel  gives  notice  that  on  Fr 
day  next,  the  ‘2 1st  iiist.,  at  II  o'clock  in  the  fori 
noon,  or  as  soon  thereafter  as  counsel  can  b 
hoard,  he  will  move  boloie  the  United  State 
Circuit  Court,  at  the  Court  Hon.se  in  the  City  c 
Now  Y’ork,  for  the  punishment  of  Frank  f. 
Hastings  for  contempt  for  his  failure  to  obey  th 
order  of  the  Court  made  and  filed  on  the  5th  da; 
of  November,  1890." 


lliuhiml  N.  D_ver. 


17  Q.  Bo  you  know  whutlier  that  iiiotioa  has  hcaii 

A.  I  am  informed  that  it  lias  licuii,  ami  1  am  shown 
is  morning  what  pnrporLs  to  bo  a  copy  of  Judge  La- 
miik’s  decision,  purporting  to  have  been  tiled  Xovura- 
T  21,  1890,  which  I  now  pi-odnee. 

(.’oniplaniant's  counsel  olfers  in  evideaee  the 
paper,  which  is  marked  “Oomplaiiiaiifs  ICxliibit. 
Judge  Lacomhe’s  Opinion,  November  21,  1S90." 

Jin.  liOWliKV  :  Complainant's  connsel,  referring  to  the 
i-ord  which  has  been  made  this  morning,  and  e.spe- 
illy  to  the  entry  made  by  the  I'lxaminer  in  relation  to 
e  papers  now  in  the  custody  of  the  Kxaminer,  asks 
nnsel  for  the  defendant  what,  if  any,  claim  or  deaamd 
’  now  makes  in  respect  to  said  papers  or  any  of  them, 
d  reipiests  that  he  will  statu  tliu  same  n]ioa  the  rcc- 
d,  so  as  to  facilitate  the  determination  of  the  mutter 
rotoforo  in  contention  before  the  Court. 

Jin.  Duncan  :  In  reply,  defendant's  connsel  states  that 
tlioiit  waiving  his  objection  to  the  irregularity  of  this 
csent  pr(H!uuding,  defendant  elaiins  and  demands  in 
cordance  with  the  language  of  the  renewed  motion  of 
!]itcniher  9th,  as  amended  Bepteniber  10th.  that  the 
niplainants  pnidnee,  for  the  exaniiiiation  of  defeiiil- 
t's  eonnsei,  and  for  nse  as  evidence  herein,  if  ile- 
iidiint  be  so  advised,  the  full  text  of  the  divisional 
plication  made  by  Tliumim  A.  Kdison,  Decemlicrlo, 
SO,  and  of  all  currus|Niudunco  had  in  rctatiuii  thereto 
tween  the  Patent  Onicc  and  the  said  Edison  or  the 
mplainant  herein,  or  the  attorney  or  attorneys  of  the 
id  Edison  or  the  said  eorponition  complainant ;  it 
ing  the  iindurstainling  of  defundant's  coiinscd  that  it 
IS  the  intention  of  Ids  Honor  Judge  IjAi  o.Mni!,  as 
idenced  by  the  opinion  tiled  October  18,  18'JO,  to 
ve  dcfundiint  inspection  of  said  impers. 
Complainant's  counsel  inquires  of  defendant's  coiiii- 


Itiehard  N.  Dyer. 


note  previously  made  by  the  Examiner,  whether  h 
now  demands  from  the  Examiner,  who  is  in  po.s.se,s.sioi 
the  examination  of  the  papei-s  for  the  purposes  name 
in  his  motion. 

-Mn.  Duncan  :  If  the  papers  are  opened,  f  propose  t 
make  a  demand  in  referenee  to  the  .same. 

Thk  Examinkii  states  that  he  has  now  opened  th 
box  conbiiniiig  the  pa|iers  wliieli  arc  in  his  posse.s.sioi 

Defendant's  eonnsei  iinpiires  of  the  Examiner  if  h 

linds  anioiig  the  papers  a  copy  of  the  speeilii  ati . . 

elainis,  together  with  the  drawing  aeeompiiiiying  th 
.same,  constituting  a  part  of  the  application  made  b 
'riionias  A.  Edison  for  ljOttei-s  Patent  of  the  Cnitei 
States,  on  the  ITitli  of  December,  KSSdV 

I'liK  Exa.minkii  :  1  have  pallia's  here  which  pnrpor 
to  be  the  specilication  and  claims,  and  the  drawing  at 
eiinipanying  the  same. 

Defendant's  connsel  iLsks  that  the  Exaniinor  will  per 
niit  him  to  take  and  inspect  the  .said  pa]iei-s. 

Mil.  Lowiikv  :  Connsel  for  eomplaiiiant  object  to  th 
allowance  of  this  uxaniinatiun  at  this  time. 

•Mil.  Skwaiiii;  1  ask  defendant's  coiinsel  if  he  ha 
any  ohjeutiuns  to  stating  whether  he  intends  to  ask  fo 
the  prodnetion  seriatnm  of  the  other  papers  ennnieratei 
by  Mr.  Dyer  ns  being  contained  with  the  box  in  tin 
hands  of  the  Examiner,  or  whether  the  notices  to  pro 
(hico  and  the  »iib)iiviut  i/iian  /irnm  are  fully  tilled  b_i 
the  prodnetion  of  the  specilication,  claims  and  draw 
ings  above  referred  to. 


Jill.  Duncan  :  In  reply,  defendant's  counsel  statei 
that  ill  calling  for  the  two  papers  named,  to  wit,  tin 
specihcatioii  and  claims,  and  the  drawing  coiistitiitiin 
a  part  of  the  application  of  Decenihur  15,  1880,  wliicl 
|iapcrs  counsel  regards  as  constituting  in  substance  oik 
ilooiiment,  he  considoi'S  that  ho  is  following  the  siig- 
b'estion  nmdo  orally  by  his  Honor  Judge  Laco.miik  al 


Iticimrd  N.  Dj-er. 


f  tlie  EMiiniiior,  to  cull  for  some  one  of  tli 
cuts,  iind  in  ciusc  tlio  cxliibilioii  of  such  do 
IIS  olijectoil  to  by  coinpliiinmit  H  cimnsul  to 
10  Kxiimiiior  to  corlify  tbo  record  to  tbo  Court 
idgmciit  lus  to  wbetbor  snob  cxliibilioii  sboiild 
III  rcgnnl  to  tbo  otber  piipors  idlogcd  to  b 
)X  now  in  tbo  Imnds  of  tbo  Kxiiiiiinor,  dob 
uiiisel  states  tbat  bo  sees  no  present  roiusoii  foi 
1  issue  in  regard  to  tboir  cxliibition  so  Ion 
sue  in  regard  to  tbo  jiartienbir  dociiiiienls  do; 
uiiaiiis  nndeeided.  However,  to  prevent  all 
ivbeiision,  defendant's  counsel  would  slate 
oes  not  eoiisidor  tbat  tlie  production  of  tli 
ociiiiient,  iiiiide  up  of  tbo  speeiticatioii,  elai 
rawing,  as  in  any  sense  a  coiiipliance  with  tlie 
erelofore  made  upon  eomplaiiiant  and  compl 
iiiinsol  for  tlie  prodiictiiin  of  all  dociimonls  n 
itb  tills  application  of  Docomber  Id,  1S80,  noi 
lianco  with  tbc  siibpiumi  wbicb  lias  been  sorv 
lessrs.  Herrick  and  Hastings  in  regard  to 
notion  of  till!  siud  dociimonts. 

Mil.  Skwaiiii  ;  Counsel  for  com]ibiiimiit  savs 
Illy  object  is  to  save  time  and  to  got  tbo  ipiestii 
ig  to  tile  rigid  of  tbo  defondants  in  respect  to 
nits  of  tbo  said  box  upon  tbo  grounds  and  for 
uses  Stati'd  in  tbo  notices  to  produce,  and  ii 
Jcord  bore  before  tbc  Court,  as  one  single  ipiesi 
I  save  tbo  necessity  of  placing  an  objoetii 
lio  record,  and  applying  to  tlie  Court  /•evhtluni 
aper  containod  in  tbo  .said  box  may  bo  called 
•ould  suggest  to  tbo  counsel  for  tbo  defombiii 
•ould  aceolerate  tbo  matter  if  tbc  counsel  wt 
all  at  unco  for  all  tbo  contents  of  tbc  box,  as 


use  as  evidence  beroni,  if  doreiida 
dvisod,”  upon  Hie  ground  Ibal  siieli  produel 
sjiccifled  pur|ioso  eaiinot  be  lawfully  eon: 
can  tbo  delivery  of  tlie  papers  speeilied  be  1: 
pellod  for  tile  n.se  of  tlie  defeiidaiil  us  above 
rmplainant’s  eouiisel  also  objects  to  Ibe  priu 
nspcclion  of  tbc  said  application,  claims  aiii 
unless  till!  dofoiidant's  eoiinscl  will  slate  up 
rd  tbat  Ibey  intend  to  olbu'  in  evideiiec  em-Ii 


])npors  wlien  so  ]iroduced. 
iiuplaiiiiint's  counsel  also  objects  to  the  jirod 
tbo  piiqioses  afore.said,  of  tbo  said  specili 
us  and  drawing,  unless  tlie  derendaiit's  coiiiii 
I  uiion  tbo  reconl  tbat  it  is  tbe  iiiteiitioii  of  t 
ant  to  ofler  in  evidence  all  of  tbe  jiapers  eoi 
id  box.  and  as  above  enniiierated  bv  3Ir.  U 


!>38  Riclmnl  N.  D^rr. 

lie  (lefoiulnnl  to  oiititlo  it  to  tlio  oxnmiimtioii  and  in- 
poctioii  of  Kjiid  ilocumontB,  iind  for  jmlKiiiinit  that  the 
lid  doviimoiitH  aru  privileged  from  such  exaininalioa 
nd  inspection  ns  being  copies  of  docninents  |iroloctcil 
y  public  policy  from  sneli  oxnmiimtioii  in  the  Patent 
•nice,  and  for  an  order  directing  the  rcdellvery  of 
10  same  by  tho  frlxaminer  to  the  complainant's  solici- 

Coniplninanfs  counsel  rci)nests  that  the  Kxaininer 
■rtify  tho  recoril  to  tho  Court. 

Tho  Examiner  states  that  he  Inks  marked  tho  papcis 
died  for  by  dofonilant’s  counsid,  as  folhiivs  : 

“  Claims  and  .SpcciHeation  for  Idontitication,  Novuni- 
or  25, 18!IO,and  Drawing  for  Identification,  Xoveinber 
5,  isim." 

IIOSS-KXAMISAnuS  OK  Mil.  DVKIl  : 

By  Mil.  Dl-.ncas  :  18  x-Q.  In  answering  tho  lii-st 
iterrogatory  imt  to  you  by  complainant's  counsel,  I 
otico  you  referred  to  ipiito  a  voluininons  inemorandiini. 
rill  you  plea.so  produce  tho  said  momorandum  for  the 
ispcctiun  of  defendant's  conusol '? 

Complainant's  uunn.sul  object,  and  will  slate, 
for  tho  information  of  counsel  for  tho  defendant, 
that  the  memorandum  hauded  by  him  to  Mr. 
Dyer,  and  aftenvards  referred  to  by  Sir.  Dyer,  is 
merely  a  copy  of  tho  papers  contained  in  tho  hex 
in  (juestion,  and,  theroforo,  to  deliver  that  would 
ho  to  dis|KiKc  of  tho  question  which  is  now  guing 
Ijcforo  tlio  Court. 

A.  Tho  memorandum  I  reforred  to  I  returned  to  Jlr. 
owroy,  to  whom  you  would  have  to  address  your  ro- 
lost.  I  cannot  produco  it  myself,  and  if  1  had  it  1 
luld,  on  advice  of  conusol,  declino  to  produco  it. 

1!)  x-(J.  Itoferring  to  tho  papers  now  in  the  hands  of 
o  Examiner  and  said  to  be  the  piqx-'rs  relating  to  the 
lison  n])plicntion  of  December  15,  1880,  you  iindcr- 


Iticlmrd  N.  Dye 


sevoral  motions  that  have  been  before  the  Court  in 
which  tho  defendant  has  sought  an  order  for  the  pro¬ 
duction  of  certain  paiiers  for  the  purpose  of  inspection 
by  dufendaut's  counsel,  do  you  not '! 

.V  I  understand  that  those  papci-s  .•o,ne  within  tin- 
description  contained  in  the  motions  to  which  the  coiin- 
■scl  refers. 

20  x-Q.  Will  you,  from  your  remcnilu-ancc,  state  the 
contents  of  the  specification  and  the  claims  of  the 
application  made  by  Mr.  Edison,  December  15,  18S0 

Objected  to,  ils  the  primary  evidence  is  now 
in  tho  eustody  of  the  Court,  seeonilary  evidence 
is  inadmissible,  and  the  recollection  (if  the  wit¬ 
ness  is  iiot  compet(,'nt  until  the  Court  .shall  have 
ruled  iqiou  the  questions  hereinbefore  raised  as 
to  the  papers  produced. 

Defeudant's  counsid  states  that  he  understands 
the  counsel  for  the  complainant  to  have  admitted 
in  tho  progress  of  this  case  that  defendant  has 
laid  sunicient  foundation  for  the  ]irodiictiiui  of 
secondary  evidence  in  regard  to  the  nature  of 
tho  said  Edison  application  of  December  15, 
1880.  Furthermore,  defendant's  counsid  .states 
that  he  does  not  tmderstand  that  the  document 
now  in  tiic  hands  of  the  Bxaminer,  and  said  to 
he  a  "  retained  copy”  of  the  .spccilleation  and 
claims  of  tho  said  Edison  application,  is  the  best 
or  “  primary"  evidonco  of  the  nature  of  the  said 
application. 

A.  Without  admitting  that  my  recollection  is  stidi- 
ciently  accurate  to  enable  mu  to  make  such  a  statunient, 
Iimist  ducliuo  to  do  so  on  the  ground  that  it  would 'be  a 
violation  of  my  duty  to  my  client,  as  counsel,  to  make 
such  disclosure. 

-1  x-Q.  Do  you  also  decline  to  refresh  your  recol¬ 
lection,  if  it  bo  at  all  at  fault,  by  reference  to  the  re¬ 
tained  copy  of  tho  specification  and  claims,  and  then 
testify  as  to  the  nature  of  tho  same  ? 

A.  I  do. 


Richard  N.  Dyer. 


22  x-Q.  Do  you  make  a  similar  aiistrui 
10  contents  of  each  and  all  of  the  papoi 
ow  in  tlio  possession  of  the  Examiner  ? 
A.  I  think  it  would  lie  my  duty 


Complainant's  JBxliibit  “Defendant 
Notice  of  Motion  to  Produce  of 
10.  1890.”  S.  M.  H.  Ex’mr. 

UNITED  STATES  CIIUJITT  CUIJI! 
Soin-HKiix  DisTincT  or  Nkw  yeiiK. 

.  -“'I 

Tiik  Edison  Ei.kitiiic  Lmiir  (.'oji- 1 


Complainant, 

.....v.,.,.  I  In  Eiii 

j- No.  2.1., 

I'NiTEi)  States  Ei.ectiiic  Lioiitino  I 
Company, 

Dufendant. 

I'leaso  take  notice  that  on  the  pleading  and 
ings  herein  and  the  aflidavit  of  Lemiard  15. 
copy  of  which  is  herewith  served  upon  you, 
move  this  Court,  at  a  Stateil  Term  thereof,  to 
for  the  hearing  of  motions,  in  the  Court  Roon 
United  States  Post-olliue  Rnilding.  in  the  Cit; 
^  ork,  oil  Friday,  the  fourteenth  day  of  JIareli 
at  the  opening  of  the  Court,  at  11  o’clock  in  tl 
ing  of  tliat  day,  or  us  soon  thereafter  ns  connsi 
heanl,  that  tlio  complainant,  its  agents,  .sei" 
solicitors  consent  that  the  Coniniissioner  of 
furnish  to  the  defendant's  solicitors,  at  their  es 
ci.rtified  copj-  of  the  tile  wrapper  and  contentf 
I'endiug  np]>licatiun  of  15th  of  December,  18S0, 
to  in  the  said  ulliduvit  of  Leonaril  E.  Ciirtii 


3942 


Luuiinnl  E.  Curtis. 


stayed  until  sueli  consent  slmll  bo  given,  or  for  siu 
other  or  furtlier  relief  in  the  jireinises  ns  the  defeiidn 
may  bo  entitled  to  or  to  tins  Court  sliidl  seem  just. 
Dated  New  York,  March  lOtli,  181)0. 

Yours,  etc., 

Du.nca.s,  Cuims  .k  1’aok, 

Defendant’s  Solieitots, 

120  Broadway, 
Now  York  City. 

To  Mkssiw.  Eato.n  .t  Lkwis, 

Conijilainant's  Solicitors. 


UNITED  STATES  CIKCDIT  COUUT, 
Solthkii.v  Distiiict  of  Nkw  Yoiik. 


Thk  Edison  EnrArriiic  Eiciiit  Com- 


Coniplainant, 

AOAINST 


In  Eiiuity. 
No.  3445. 


Thf.  Unitkd  Statm  EijitTiiic  Lioiir- 
INO  CoMFANY, 

Defendant 


SouTiiEiiN  Disriiun-  of  New  Yoiik,  ) 

City  and  County  of  Now  York,  j 

Ekonaiu)  E.  Cuirns,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  am 
says,  that  be  is  a  nicniber  of  the  firm  of  Duncan,  Curtii 
<fc  Page,  solicitoi-s  for  the  defendant  herein,  and  has  liai 
general  charge  of  the  proceedings  on  behalf  of  tla 
defi.mdant  in  this  suit. 

That  from  the  testimony  of  complainant's  e.vport, 


do])tod  by  his  assignee,  the  corponitio 

I  times  shortly  before  and  also  sliorth 
ic  date  of  the  sidd  patent.  Amo 
eponent  further  refers  to  an  apiilieatii 
■formed  and  believes,  was  tiled  in  tla 
atont  Office  on  or  about  the  1.5th  of  D 
■at  in  the  suit  of  The  Consolidated 
orupany  vs.  The  JIcKeesport  Eight  C< 
eard  and  deeided  in  the  llniteil  Stales 
>r  the  IVestorn  District  of  Ponnsylvai 
lit  in  evidence  the  lilo  wrapper  am 
■  application  for  a  patent  made  by 

II  or  about  the  11th  day  of  Decondior, 
■cord  on  that  application  shows  that 
ly  of  December.  1880.  Mr.  Edison  tiled 


Lconiinl  E.  Curtis. 


iiminiii}'  corps  of  tlio  Patent  Office,  and  wlm  have 
left  tlie  Patent  Office  and  gone  into  general  pr 
and  with  some  of  whom  this  deponent  has  had  ci 
sntions  in  the  i)iemisc.s,  that  the  said  divisional  i 
cation  contained  very  hroad  general  statonieids  i 
gard  to  the  scope  of  the  alleged  invention  sought 
l)atent(!d  hy  it,  which  were  snhstantiidly  the^sai 

their  general  character  as  coniplainant  no'v  . i 

should  1m‘  applied  to  the  patent  in  suit,  and  also 
hiined  various  claims  intended  to  cover  hiD.idlv  tli 
in  ineaiide.sccnt  lamiis  of  a  lilament  of  earhon, 
claims  heing  drawn  in  various  forms  so  lus  to  com 
lilament  of  carlxm  of  high  resi.shince,"  “  a  tilrna 
lloxihlo  cjirhon  ”  and  “a  filament  of  high  lesistaii. 
flexihle  earhon  scidcd  np  in  a  globe  made  entiis 
ghuss." 

In  other  words,  according  to  the  said  inforii 
this  deponent  believes  that  the  said  ajiplication  u 
Edison  covers  the  same  grunnd  which  the  testimn 
the  complainant's  expert  herein  as.signs  to  the  |i 
in  suit. 

Deponent  further  says,  that  it  appears  from  tin 
wrapper  idiove  referred  to  as  having  been  olli.'r 
evidence  in  file  McKecspoit  case,  that  the  invi' 
covered  hy  said  application  had  been  itssigned  I 
complainant,  the  Edison  Electric  Light  Compan; 
fore  the  fding  of  siiid  application  on  the  15th  li 
Decemher,  1880,  and  deponent  is  informed  anil  he! 
that  said  application  was  then  tiled  with  the  know 
and  hy  the  procurement  of  the  complainant  ami 
expense,  and  has  heeu  since  jirusecntcd  hy  the  i 
neys  of  the  said  company  and  at  the  said  comp 
expen.se. 

Deponent  further  says  that  he  is  advised  la 
counsel  for  the  defendant  and  verily  believes  the 
the  proper  interpretation  of  the  patent  in  suit 
e.ssontial  to  the  defendant’s  case  that  the  Court  si 
lie  advised  of  the  exact  contents  of  the  said  applic 
of  Decemher  15.  1880.  and  the  nroeeedines  contain 


Kichard  Dyer,  one  of  the  connserof  the  « 
oit,  and  the  one  who  has  ininiediate  charge  of  i 
igoment  of  this  suit,  and  stated  to  him  depon 
ief  in  regard  to  the  existence  and  tlie  contentr 
iforesaid  application,  and  expressed  his  dcsirt 
i  copy  of  the  .same,  or  the  consent  of  the  com 
llmt  ho  might  procure  from  the  I’atent  Office  a 
llic  same,  for  exaniiimtion  and  possible  use  in  I 
Mr.  Dyer,  who  has  also,  lus  deponent  is  infori 
lelieves,  had  genend  charge  of  all  tlie  patent  of 
if  the  comjdainant  for  some  years  iiast,ailmitti 
leiionent  that  the  ap|dieation  tiled  hy  Mr.  E 
111-  .said  15th  of  Decemher,  1880,  was  .snlmtai 
lopononthas  above  set  forth,  and  that  he  hail  : 
he  same  and  of  all  the  proceedings  in  tin 
mice  regarding  thereto,  and  said  fnrtlier  that  1 
like  the  matter  under  advisement  ami  after  com 
vith  his  associates  would  make  formal  iinswei 
■eipiest  for  a  copy  of  the  said  application, 
piently,  to  wit,  on  Monday,  March  itd.  this  i 
eceivod  from  the  said  Dyer  a  written  coinmn 
inder  date  of  March  1st,  in  which  he  says : 

“  With  regard  to  furni.shing  yon  with  a 
“  the  papers  in  the  pending  aiiplication  fo 
“  of  Mr.  IMison,  tiled  after  the  grant  of  the  | 
“  suit,  we  do  not  think  that  yon  are  entitled 
“  nor  that  wo  can  properly  give  them.  .Sue 
“  as  we  have  aiu  in  our  possession  ns  attor 
“  Mr.  Edison  and  are  contidentiid.  The  pi 
"  tho  Patent  Office,  being  in  a  iiending  app 
“  are  considered  cuntidential  under  Unle  1 
“  having  been  tiled  hy  Jlr.  Edison  under  tl 
“  wo  consider  are  protected  by  it.  .\nywa 
“  comes  a  question  between  you  and  the  ( 
“  sioner  of  Patents  as  to  the  disclosure 
“  impera  in  tho  Patent  Office.” 

Deponent  further  says  that  since  the  receijit 
i'liiinuincntion  from  said  Dyer  ho  has  caused 


3940 


Lcoiiiird  E.  Curtis. 


tioii  to  1)0  iiiiicio  to  thu  Coiiiinis.sionur  of  Patents  with 
reforcnco  to  the  procurcinont  of  n  copy  of  the  said  appli¬ 
cation,  but  the  said  Comniissioucr  has  stated  that  he 
did  not  feel  at  liberty  to  furnish  a  copy  thereof  without 
tlio  consent  of  the  coinplninaut. 

Deponent  further  says  that  defendant  is  i-eady  to  pay 
the  cost  of  a  certified  copy  of  the  said  application. 

Defendant’s  proofs  in  this  case  have  not  yet  been 
closed,  and  deponent  sees  no  reason  why  an  onicr  of 
the  Court  requiring  the  coniptainant  to  furnish  a  copy 
of  tile  said  application  should  in  any  respect  delay  the 
progress  or  the  hearing  of  the  same. 

(Signed)  Leosaiu)  E.  Cuims. 

Sub-sciibed  and  sworn  to 
before  mo  tliis  10th  day 
of  March,  1890. 

(Signed)  Roirr.  F.  Gayloiid, 

Nobu-y  Public  (8), 

[stLvi.]  N.  Y.  Co. 


Richard  N.  Dyer. 


“  Complainant's  Exhibit  Dyer's  AfBdavit 
of  March  27,  1890.”  S.  M.  H.,  Ex'r. 

UNITED  STxVTES  CIRCUIT  COURT. 
SOUTIIKIIN  Di.sTiiin'  op  New  Vouk. 


Tub  Eniso.v  Ei.Kcrnic  Light  Co.m- 
Coinplainant, 


United  .States  Euictiiic  Ligiiting 
Co.MI’ANY, 

Defendant. 


Riciiaiid  N.  Dykii,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and 
says  as  follows  :  I  have  read  the  papers  in  the  matter 
of  defendant's  motion  to  compel  the  production  of  the 
tile  wrapper  and  conteiits  of  a  pending  np]>lication  of 
Mr.  Erlison.  I  am  the  Richard  N.  Dyer  referred  to  in 
the  alUdarit  of  Leonard  E.  Curtis,  forming  part  of  said 
motion  pa])ers. 

The  application  for  ])atent  in  suit  was  filed  No¬ 
vember  4,  187!).  The  'lateut  in  suit  was  giiinted  .Tan- 
nary  27,  1880.  The  application  for  iiatent,  of  which 
the  defendant's  solicitoi-s  move  for  a  cojiy,  was  tiled,  as 
aiipears  by  the  motion  papeis,  December  15,  ISSO.  Such 
pajiors  ns  I  have  in  my  pos.ses.sion  relating  to  thu  said 
application  are  held  by  mo  as  attorney  for  Jlr.  Edison. 
The  papers  wore  received  by  me  in  18S2  from  the 
attorney  who  formerly  acted  for  Mr.  Edison  in  his 
I’atent  Office  matters.  The  original  papeis,  I  under¬ 
stand,  were  filed  by  Mr.  Edison,  or  in  his  behalf,  by  the 
attorney  who  formerly  acted  for  him  in  the  Patent 
Office,  and  that  they  are  now  on  file  in  that  department. 


3018 


Kielmril  X.  Dyor. 


Rule  15  of  tlio  Rules  of  Practice  of  tlio  Patent  Olli 
as  follows : 

“  Caveats  and  iieiidiiig  applications  are 
served  iii  soci-ocy.  Xo  iiiforiimtioii  will  lie  g 
witliout  autliority,  respecting  tlie  tiling  bv 
partietdar  iieiwon  of  a  caveat,  or  of  an  applic 
for  a  ))atenf,  or  for  tlie  reissue  of  a  patent 
lieudenc.v  of  any  jiarticidar  ease  before  the  C 
or  tlio  subject  matter  of  any  particular  applicii 
unless  it  shall  be  necessary  to  the  jiropor  cm 
of  business  before  the  Ollico,  as  provided  bv  1 
07, 103  and  108.” 

This  ride  was  in  force  at  tbo  time  the  applicatio 
ferred  to  was  tiled  and  long  [irior  thereto,  and  has 
in  force  down  to  the  jirc-sont  time.  The  said  ap| 
tion  has  never  been  involved  in  anv  iiiterfereiic 
other  conte.sted  proceeding  which  would  entitle  i 
parties  to  inspect  it,  and  defendant's  counsel  can 
no  information  with  respect  to  its  contents,  except 
as  was  iibtaincd  in  violation. of  Rule  15.  I  have  i 
diselo.sed  the  contents  of  this  apjilieation  my.self. 

Tbo  case  of  tbo  Consolidated  Eloctrie  Light  Ci 
Jlelveesport  Light  Co.,  referred  to  in  Jfr.  Curtis' 
davit,  was  oiio  in  which  tbo  coiiiplainaiit  s  iiiteresi 
substaiitially  the  same  as  the  defendant's  iiiten 
this  case  and  was  represented  by  the  .same  coiinse! 
certified  copy  of  an  apjilieation  filed  by  Mr.  la 
December  11, 187!),  was  jiut  in  evidence  in  the  Mcl 
jiort  case  by  the  complainniit  tbereiii  (/.<■.,  the  defer 
in  this  suit) ;  and  under  a  stipulation  which  lias 
entered  into  in  this  suit  either  party  is  eiititleil  I 
troduco  from  the  record  of  the  SIcKeesport  case  ai 
the  depositions  or  exhibits  found  therein.  M'hi 

objection  was  made  to  this  exhibit  in  the  . . 

case,  nor  will  there  be  in  this  case  should  the  de 
ant  see  fit  to  make  use  of  it,  yet  it  ought  to  be  s 
that  the  certified  copy  which  was  used  in  the  3IcI 
port  case  was  ono  obtained  surreptitiously  and  in  \ 
tion  of  Rule  15  of  the  Patent  Ofllco  liofore  refern 


.Hr.  Ciirlis  says  in  his  allidavit  that  I  a 
him  that  the  application  filed  by  .Mr.  Edi 
15tb  of  December,  1S80,  was  substantially  i 
Curtis)  sots  it  out  in  bis  allidavit.  It’iiii 
roncously  inferred  from  the  general  eliaiuc 
Curtis’  statement  that  I  had  admitted  that  tl 
lie  found  ill  the  ni>plication  referred  to  stati 

posed  to  or  inconsistent  with  th . . 

piitent  in  suit,  and  particularly  to  the  sec 
thereof,  which  is  being  contended  forby  tliecr 
in  this  suit ;  and  also  that  1  had  admitted  t 
matters  of  debiil  stated  by  Mr.  Curtis  in  sup] 
[lusition  as  to  the  legal  oircct  of  such  applici 
he  patent  in  suit. 

Thu  fact  is  as  follows:  .Mr.  Ciiitis  ask 
iuinish  defendant's  eoiinsel  with  a  copy  e 
ivrap|)er  and  contents  of  this  application.  Te 
died  that  I  would  confer  with  niv  as.soeial 
,'iviiig  a  definite  answer.  Oiiee  or  twice  afte 
icforo  I  had  been  able  to  see  my  associatt 
natter  Sir.  Curtis  leininded  me  of  it,  and  I 
o  attend  to  it  jironiiitly.  .\fter  confeiTing 
issociates  and  liefore  writing  the  letter  of 
luoted  by  Mr.  Ciirti.s,  I  called  upon  Mr.  ( 
dated  that  wo  had  coneluded  to  refuse  to  eoi 
lis  request.  Thereupon  Mr.  Curtis  asked 
roiild,  on  motion  jiroceediiig.s,  deny  that  the 
ion  o.xistod  ;  to  this  I  replieil,  “  Certainly  m 
s  the  admission  Jlr.  Curtis  refers  to.  I  had 
he  fact  of  the  existence  of  the  application  ai 
mture  of  its  contents. 

Ricn'i.  X 

'Worn  to  bofora  mo  tins  127 tb  ) 

day  of  March,  1890,  J 

D.  H.  DmscoiJ,, 


a'JoO  Compiniiiniit  k  Kxliibit — Onler  of  Court. 


Complainant's  Exhibit,  “Order  of  Court 
of  April  8,  1890.”  S.  M.  H..  Exr. 

At  II  stateil  tcnii  of  tlio  lliiitod  States  Cir¬ 
cuit  Court,  for  tlic  Soutlioni  District 
of  New  York,  lielil  at  tlie  Court  House 
ill  the  City  of  New  York,  on  tlie  Sth 
(lay  of  Ajiril,  1890. 

Present— Ho.\.  E.  iri;.Niiv  L.tcoMliK,  Cireiiit  Judge. 


■:  Eni.so.s-  Ei.kctiik;  Lmiir  Coji- 
Coin|)lniiiiiiit, 


Thk  U.xrrKi)  Statks  Eleitiuc  Ligiit- 
IXG  Co.MI’.\SV, 

Dofeiidaiit. 


The  defendant's  niotion  lierciii  that  the  coni])laiimiit, 
its  agents  or  solicitors,  consent  thut  the  Comiiiissioiior 
of  Patents  fiiniish  to  the  dcfendnnt’s  solicitors,  a  eerli- 
lied  copy  of  the  file  wrapper  and  contents  of  the  ptuiil- 
ing  application  of  Thomas  A.  Edison,  filed  in  the  United 
States  Patent  Olliee  on  or  iihout  the  lutli  day  of  Do- 
eeniher,  1880,  or  in  ease  of  the  refusal  on  the  part  of 
the  coiuplainniit  so  to  do,  that  all  the  eomplaiuaut’s 
jiroeuediiigs  liorein  be  staj'cd  until  such  consent  shall 
he  given,  coming  on  to  heard  at  the  Term,  after  hear¬ 
ing  eoinibcl  in  siijiport  of  and  in  o))ix>sition  to  siicli 
motion,  it  is  hereby 

Ordered,  that  the  said  motion  he  and  the  same 
hereby  is  denied,  without  prejudice  to  renewing  the 
same  in  case  all  other  proceedings  to  obtain  said  certi¬ 
fied  copy  prove  ineirectiial. 


“  Complainant’s  Exhibit  Renewal  of  Mo 
tlon  of  September  9,  1890."  S.  M.  H. 
£xr. 

CIRCUIT  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  HT.VTES 
.SOUTIIKIIS  Distiiut  or  New  Yoke. 


The  Edison  Ei.Kcriuc  Lioiir  Co.i 
Complainant, 


The  United  States  Ei.eotiiic  Eioin 
ISO  Co.MI'ANV, 

Defendant. 


Please  take  notice,  that  on  Friday,  the  Idth  instant, 
at  11  o'clock  A.  51.,  or  as  soon  the-caftor  as  eoiiiiscl 
can  he  hoard,  wo  shall  renew  the  niotion  heretofore 
iiiado  (viz.,  on  or  about  .March  1-1,  1890)  for  an  order 
that  tho  complainant  consent  that  the  Coniniis.sioner 
of  Patents  furnish  to  tho  defendant’s  solicitors,  at  their 
(‘xpenso,  a  certified  coiiy  of  tho  file  wrapper  and  con¬ 
tents  of  tho  ponding  application  for  letters  patent, 
liled  in  tho  Patent  Olllco  of  the  United  .States  by 
Thomas  A.  Edison,  on  tho  1.5th  day  of  December,  1881), 
tho  samu  boiiig  a  division  of  an  earlier  ap]ilicntiun, 
known  lut  the  Paper  Carbon  Ap]>lication,  liled  by  the 
said  Edison  on  or  about  Decemher  11,  1879,  together 
with  such  other  and  further  relief  in  the  premises  as  to 
the  Court  may  seeiir  meet  and  just. 

This  niotion  will  lie  made  on  the  same 
papers  that  were  used  in  the  former  motion 
of  like  tenor,  together  with  the  decision  of  the  Court 
niado  on  such  former  motion,  and  upon  the  whole 
record  in  tho  case,  and  upon  tho  additional  allidavit  (a 
copy  of  which  is  herewith  served  upon  you)  of  Leonard 


I 

J  la  j-iiaily 
]•  Xa.  ap 


Leonard  E.  Curtin. 


3il52 

E.  Curtin,  nccretary  of  the  dofcndnnt  herein,  in  rcintinn 
to  certain  proceedings  in  tlio  Patent  Office  and  to  cer¬ 
tain  mandaimis  proccerlingn  more  lately  had  in  the 
premises  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

Duncan,  Cuims  *  Pack, 

Solicitors  for  Dofemhmt, 

To  Eaton  &  Lkwis, 

Solicitors  for  Complainant. 

Due  scia'ice  of  the  above  notice  and  nccomjiiinying 
jinjrcr'ncknowlcdged  this  day  of 


CIRCniT  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

.SOUTIIEIIN  DiSTllICT  OF  Nf.W  YoIIK. 


Thk  Edison  Ei.ectiiic  Lioht  Com- 
Coni]>lninnnt, 
AGAINST. 


In  Equity 
No.  3445. 


The  United  State.s  Electiiic  Lioiit- 
INO  COMFANV, 

Defendant. 


Leonaiid  E.  Cuims,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and 
says : 

I  am  the  Leonard  E.  Curtis  who.  on  the  10th  day  of 


Iminedintoly  after  the  denial  of  said  motion  (which 
was  decided  April  3,  18'.)0)  it  was  decided,  upon  general 
eonsnltntion  among  the  counsel  for  the  defendant,  to 
apply  to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  for  a  certi’lied 
copy  of  the  file  wriijiiier  and  contents  of  the  JJdison 
application  of  December  1.5,  1S80  (referred  to  in  the 
p.  nding  motion) ;  and,  thereupon,  on  the  Itli  day  of 
.\pril,  ISflO,  such  application  was  niaile  by  our  counsel 
S.  A.  Duncan,  and  on  the  following  day  (viz.,  April  5), 
the  same  was  denied  by  the  Commissioner,  in  the  fol¬ 
lowing  words : 

‘‘  Yon  are  hereby  informed  that  the  decision  of 
“  tho  Commissioner  on  the  above  petition  is  as 
“  follows  :  ‘  I  d<.  not  think  that  1  have  the  power 
“  ‘  or  right  to  gmnt  this  petition,  aial  it  is  aceord- 
“  '  ingly  denied.’ 

“  Ry  direction  of  the  (aiiiiimssni . . 

“  Vt'ry  respectfully, 

“  .Scnivi.r.ii  Dciivici:, 

Cliief  Clerk." 

Thorenpon,  on  April  12,  18!)0,  defendant,  through  its 
coun.sel,  .S.  A.  Duncan  and  M.  Hailey,  tiled  in  the  .Su¬ 
preme  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia  a  petition. 
Verified  by  deponent  us  secretary  us  aforesaid,  pr.iying 
a  writ  of  :  1  ^  list  the  Comiiii.ssioner  of  Pat- 

eats  directing  tho  .said  Comiiii.ssioner  to  furnish  to  the 
relator  in  said  proceeding  (tho  deponent  herein  i,  upon 
•he  imyment  of  the  legal  fees  therefor,  a  duly  certified 
copy  of  tho  said  application  of  'rhoimis  A.  Edi.son  of 
Ib  i'ember  15,  1880,  and  of  the  correspondence  con- 
iii'etcd  therewith.  Upon  this  petition  an  order  wins 
made  by  His  Honor  Judge  AIo.\tgo.meiiv,  one  of  the 
'Justices  of  said  Court,  directing  the  Coiiiinissioiier  of 
I’atenls  to  furnish  n  copy  of  the  said  papers  as  jirayed 
for,  or  to  show  cnnse,  on  a  day  mimed,  why  a  jioremp- 
lory  writ  of  mandamus  should  not  issue  coiumanding 
dm  to  funiish  tho  said  papers. 


3954 


Lcounrd  E.  Curtis. 


A  copy  of  snid  order  uiid  petition  is  lioroto  nppoiidod 
and  is  marked  “  Exliibit  A." 

Subsequently,  in  obedience  to  said  order,  tlie  Cum- 
missioncr  appeared  and  made  answer,  a  copy  of  his 
said  answer  being  hereto  appended  and  marked  “  Ex¬ 
hibit  B.” 

This  answer,  as  deponent  is  informed  and  l)oliovc.s, 
was  prepared  by  the  Commissioner  only  after  full  ami 
rciieated  cniiferenccs  Imtween  his  law  clerk,  Mr.  X.  L. 
Frothingham,  and  the  various  counsel  of  the  Edison 
Electric  Light  Company,  and  it  is  dcimnent's  heliof  that 
nothing  of  imi>ortnnce  was  introibiccd  into  said  answer 
or  omitted  therefrom  except  with  the  assent  of  com¬ 
plainant’s  counsel. 

Uixm  the  tiling  of  said  answer  the  matter  was  argued 
before  the  Court,  both  orally  and  in  briefs,  the  Com¬ 
missioner  being  represented  by  Mr.  Xntliaiiicl  L.  Froth- 
inghani,  who  was  aided  by  Mr.  Clarence  A.  Seward, 
who  apiieared  in  behalf  of  the  Edison  Electric  Light 
Company,  and  who  also,  as  counsel  for  said  company, 
filed  a  printed  brief. 

The  Court  having  hold  the  matter  under  advisement 
for  some  time,  on  the  23d  day  of  Juno,  1890,  nn- 
notineod  its  decision  denying  the  writ  prayed  for.  An 
oral  statomont  of  reasons  for  this  decision  was  made  hy 
one  of  the  Justices,  which  statement,  on  being  written 
out,  was  handed  to  the  said  Justice  for  revision,  hut,  so 
far  as  I  can  lenni,  has  not  yet  been  filed  with  the  Clerk 
of  the  Court 

Ap]iended  hereto,  and  markeil  “  Exhibit  C,"  is  a  copy 
of  the  decision  of  the  Court  as  entered  in  the  order- 
book  of  the  Clerk’s  Office. 

Leonard  E.  Curtis. 

Sworn  to  before  me  this  8tli ) 

day  of  September,  1890.  J 

Arthur  H.  Smith, 

Notary  Public, 

Kings  Co. 

Cert,  filed  in  N.  Y.  Co. 


.  Complainant’s  Exhibit-Amended  Motion.  3955 


•Complainant’s  Exhibit  Amended  Notice 
of  Motion  of  September  10,  1890.”  S. 
M.  H.,  £zr. 


UNITED  STATES  CIUCDIT  COURT, 
Southern  District  of  New  York. 


. . . .  . 1 

The  Edison  Electric  Linin'  Co.  | 

The  United  Statim  EleitricLiuiit- 


Amended  Slotion. 


Please  take  notice  that  wo  lierehy  amend  our  motion 
in  the  above-entitled  case  so  as  to  read  a-s  follows  : 


Take  notice  that  on  Wednesday,  the  •Jlth  inst.,  at  11 
o’clock  A.  M.,  or  as  soon  thereafter  as  counsel  can  he 
hoard,  wo  shall  renew  the  motion  InTotofore  made  (viz., 
on  or  ahoiit  March  11, 1890}  for  an  order  that  the  com- 
plaiuniit  consent  that  the  Commis,sioncr  of  Patents  fiir- 
lusli  to  the  defendant’s  solicitors,  at  their  expense,  a 
certified  cojiy  of  the  file  wrapiior  and  contents  of  the 
pending  application  for  letters  patent  tiled  in  the  Pat¬ 
ent  Office  of  the  United  States  hy  Thomas  .\.  Edison 
oil  the  15th  day  of  December,  1880,  tlie  same  being  a  di¬ 
vision  of  an  curlier  ap]ilication  known  asthe  papercarhon 
application,  filed  by  tlie  snid  Edison  on  or  about  De- 
|•enlbor  11,  1879,  or,  in  lieu  thereof,  at  complainant’s 
option,  that  complainant  produce  for  the  examination 
of  ilofeudant’s  counsel  and  for  u.so  as  evidence  herein,  if 
defendant  be  so  advised,  the  full  text  (cither  original 


3956  Complainant’s  Exhibit — Amoiulod  Motion 


papers  or  copies)  of  said  application  and  of  all 
spondcnco  in  relation  thoroto  which  has  passed  b 
the  Patent  Ollico  and  tho  said  Edison,  or  the  eoi 
ant  herein,  or  his  or  its  nttomej's ;  together  will 
other  and  further  relief  in  the  promises  ns  to  tin 
may  seem  meet  and  just. 

This  motion  will  bo  made  upon  tho  whole  reo 
tho  case  and  upon  tho  papers  heretofore  senei 

Duncan,  Cuiitib  k  Pa( 
Solicitors  for  Defeii 
To  Mf.ssiis.  Eaton  &.  Lewis, 

Solicitors  for  Complainant. 

Due  scrA’ico  of  tho  above  notice  ncknowlcdgi 
day  of  September,  1890. 


Complainant's  Exhibit  “Opinion 
oombe,  J.,  of  October  18,  18) 
S.  U.  H.,  Ext. 

U.  S.  CIUCt’IT  C()i;i!T, 
SoirriiEiiN  Distiuit  of  Xnw  Yihik 


The  Edison  Ei.iarriiic  r.ic.iiT  Co. 


Kor  tho  motion— .Messrs.  S\mit;i,  .A.  Ci 
ICnsiUNu  Wctmoiik. 

Opposed — 5fE.ssiis.  (.’.  A.  Skw.iiii)  ami 


I^AC.OXIIB  (Circuit  Judge)  : 

Complnimmt  is  prosecuting  a  suit  for  allege 
nent  of  a  patent  for  incando.scent  electric  1 
193,898;  application  Nov.  -4,  1879),  issnei 
17th,  1880,  to  Thomas  A.  Edison,  and  by  liii 
o  the  complainant.  On  December  lltli, 
ICdison  hloil  an  application  in  the  Patent  Oil 
irovomouts  in  electric  lamps,  and  siibsi 
nimoly,  on  December  1.5tli,  1880— divided  s 
■  ation  into  two  parts,  and  embodied  one  divij 
■amo  in  n  now  or  divisional  application  of 
^o  patent  has  been  issued  upon  such 
ipplicatioii.  Tho  defendant  is  ciideavorini 
ho  qoiiieiits  of  such  divisional  appliei 
onnection  with  such  apidicatioii  th 
•nice  has,  it  is  claimed,  .sent  variou 
o  tho  applicant,  Edison,  and  to  the  coi 
aid  the  said  applicant  and  coinplainiiiit  ha\i 
etters  relating  thereto  to  the  Patent  Ollice. 


3958 


Comiilaiiiant  s  Exhiliit — Opinion. 


innls  of  tlio  u])plication  iind  of  tlio  IcttcrH  to  tlio  Patent 
Oflifo  are  with  tlie  CouimiHaionor  of  Patouls,  who  also 
prcsuniahly  has  copies  of  tlic  Ictteni  sent  by  his  ofliee. 
Tlio  coiuplainant  has  iKisscssion  of  the  original  letters 
from  the  Patent  Olliee,  ami  has  copies  of  the  letters  to 
that  ofliee  and  of  the  application.  These  paiieis  are  in 
the  hands  of  one  of  its  eounsol,  who  elaims  that  thev 
are  privileged  cominiinicatioim  and  refuses  to  produce 
them.  The  jiroper  officer  of  the  complainant  corpora¬ 
tion  hiLS  been  duly  siihpicnaud  tlucru  ticiiin  to  produce 
the  iiaiiers  and  declines  to  do  so,  refusing  to  recall 
them  from  its  counsel  so  lus  to  obey  the  subpiena. 
A|i|dication  has  been  made  by  the  defendant  to  the 
.Su])renie  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia  for  a 
iiiuiitlaiiiuii  to  coinjiel  the  Comhiissioncr  of  Patents  to 
furnish  copies  in  aceordanco  with  thu  provisions  of 
Section  892  of  the  U.  S.  Itevised  Statutes.  That  ap¬ 
plication  has  been  refused.  Comphiiniiiits  concede  that 
the  application  for  a  miiin/iinius  and  its  refusal  by  the 
Court  puts  the  defendant  in  the  same  situation  as  if  it 
had  duly  subpmnacd  the  Cominissioner  to  appear  be¬ 
fore  an  Dxniiiiner,  and  u)ion  his  refusal  to  produce  the 
paiici-s  in  obedience  to  such  subpauia  had  applied  to 
the  Court  in  the  District  of  Coluinbia  to  punish  him 
for  contempt — without  success.  It  was  further  con¬ 
ceded  on  the  iirgiimont  that  the  defendant  has  done  nil 
that  is  necessary  to  put  it  in  a  position  to  give  second¬ 
ary  evidence  of  the  contents  of  any  of  those  docninents, 
thu  originals  of  which,  if  present,  would  bo  admitted  in 

Doth  of  these  applications  were  filed  by  Edison  in 
pursuance  of  a  contract  made  with  thu  couiplaimuit  eor- 
lioration  November  1.5,  1878.  By  this  ho  not  only 
transferred  to  the  compiainant  the  inventions  which  he 
had  already  ]iateiited,  but  also  expressly  eoveimnted  to 
prosecute  with  his  utmost  skill  and  diligence  further 
necessary  investigations  and  o.vperinients,  and  to 
prnni]itly  ajiply  for  patents  for  any  further  inventions 
and  iniprovoments  in  the  field  of  electric  light.  Hu 
also  agreed  to  jiropare  or  cause  to  bo  prepared  siiceili- 
cations,  Ac.,  of  such  inventions  and  imiirovements  “as 


Complainonfs  Exhibit— Opinion. 

may  bo  required  by  the  company,”  to  deliver  the 
to  the  company  at  its  request,  and  to  re(,uest,  up 
plication  for  letters  patent,  that  the  same  be  issi 
the  company  ns  solo  owner.  By  this  eoiitraet  Ik 
voyed  to  the  eomphiinant  all  such  invention 
improvements  which  he  might  make  for  the  sj) 
five  years  after  its  date.  The  attorney  who  ]iie 
under  Mr.  Ellison’s  directions  the  particuhirai.pl 
with  which  this  motion  is  coneerned  was  the  con 
ant’s  lawyer  ;  mid  all  the  expenses  of  the  appl 
were  borne  by  it.  The  theory  on  which  the  dcf. 
seeks  to  make  proof  of  the  divisional  applieatio 

of  the  declarations  made  by  Edison  and  by  the 
plninant  in  their  letters  to  the  Patent  Olliee  co 
iiig  such  application  is  brielly  this  : 

That  there  is  in  the  patent  sued 
an  ambiguity,  its  language  being  opc 
either  of  two  eonstriictions,  one  a  very  broad  oi 
other  much  more  restricted.  That,  iinisiniicli, 
language  of  the  patent  is  the  language  of  the  api: 
his  admissions  are  admissible  for  thu  purp 
removing  the  doubt  with  which  his  elioiee  of 
has  surrounded  thu  docuniont.  That  for  the  p 
of  making  application  for  patents  covering  invi 
and  discoveries  of  the  kind  conveyed  absolutely 
complainant  by  the  contract  of  1878,  Edison  a 
complainaiit  are  praeticaily  the  same.  That 
particular  divisional  application,  above  referr 
Edison  uses  language  which  is  incousistuiit  wii 
claim  that  in  thu  earlier  application  (thu  one 
patent  in  suit)  ho  used  the  ambiguous  words  or  i 
in  their  broad  meaning.  And,  finally,  that  wh 
letters  to  the  Patent  Ofliee  are  rend  in  coniioctio 
the  letters  to  which  they  are  replies,  this  fact  w 
more  plainly  appear. 

This  aigument  deals,  of  course,  with  the  inali 
of  the  proposed  evidence  when  produced,  and  I 
motion,  which  is  practically  directed  to  secur' 
presence  in  Court,  the  complaiiiunt  objects  tli 
evidence,  if  produced,  would  be  immaterial, 
question,  however,  should  not  be  determined 


iilfiO  CompIiiiiinntH  Exliibit — Opinion. 

pplicjition  to  produco  llio  pn])ors.  Tho  Court  sliouli] 
loss  upon  it  witli  tlio  proposed  oridenuo  licforo  it  so 
hut  it  miiv  act  intelligontly  nnd  timt  nn  oxeuptioii  to  its 
efiisal  to  admit  tlio  testimony  (sliould  it  so  refuse)  uiav 
>0  of  avail  to  tho  exeeplaiit  upon  appeal.  If  the  oa/i/ 
ihjeutioa  to  admitting  these  doeumcnt.s  in  evideaeo 
>e  that  they  are  iinmutrnnl,  that  olijeetion  is  of  ao 
ivail  in  opposition  to  an  ni>plieation  whieli  ealls  for 
heir  prodiietioa.  Without,  tlioroforo,  finaily  determiii- 
ng  the  (piestioii  a-s  to  the  materiality'  of  tliiMe  docai- 
uents,  it  is  sullieicmt  to  say  that  in  view  of  the  eontract 
elatioiis  hetweea  Kdisoa  and  tho  company  and  cpf  Hie 
all'  of  law  ns  to  the  admissiliility  of  a  partv’s  adniis- 
ions,  and  in  view  of  the  eflui't  aeeonled  to  such  adinis- 
iioas  in  the  case  eited  by  defendant  (Giant  Powdiw  (.’o. 
PS.  California  Co.,  1  Fed.  Re]Mirter,  7'iO),  and,  linallv, 
n  view  of  the  contents  of  thedoeunients  ns  disclosed  hy 
he  moving  papers,  there  is  not  found  in  tho  ohjeetioii 
IS  to  the  materiality  of  tho  evidence  sunieiont  to  warrant 
he  refusid  of  the  ollieersuf  tho  corporation  to  obey  the 
iilijxi  iiii  ilinxs  tmnii,  and  to  produce  the  documents, 
vhieh  are  eontededly  in  tho  hands  of  its  counsel,  suh- 
cct  to'its  ordeis  and  under  its  control. 

It  is,  however,  further  objected  that  tho  doemnents 
ire  privileged.  That  the  application  nnd  the  letters 
latent  are  tho  result  of  eonsiiltations  between  the  ap- 
ilicnnt  and  his  counsel.  That  their  phraseology  ninst 
lecessarily  relleet  Isith  the  information  given  hy  the 
ilient  to  the  counsel  and  the  mlvieo  given  hy  the 
amnsel  to  the  client  ;  and  that  they  have  been  placed 
a  the  hands  of  counsel  under  tho  protection  of  the 
ainfidential  relation. 

Of  the  various  eases  cited  upon  the  nigiimcnt  many 
leal  with  the  ipiestion  ns  to  the  duty  of  tho  counsel. 

Corning  vs.  Tandsahill,  1  Hill,  33. 

Wright  vs.  .Alaver,  G  Vesey,  280. 

Hale  vs.  Denison,  4  Wend.,  .‘ioS. 

Kellogg  vs.  Kellogg,  G  Uarb.,  IIG. 

Chirac  vs.  Jteinieker,  11  Wheat.,  280. 

Conn.  Jliit.  Life  Ins.  Co.  vs.  .Schafer,  01 
U.  S.,  4.a7. 

Hihhard  vs.  Knight.  2  Excheiiuer,  11. 

Rex  V.S.  Dixon,  3  Burr.,  1G87. 


Lomplainnnt  s  Exhibit— Opini 

In  tho  ease  Inst  cited,  Lonl  M.t.vsriKi.ii 
stead  of  producing  the  papei-s  the  ,,1 
immediately,  upon  receiving  the  subpe 
delivered  them  iiji  to  his  client. 

The  defendant,  however,  is  not  contend 
motion  that  Mr.  Dyei,  the  eoun.sel  who  r 
doeiimeiijs,  is  under  any  obligation  to  pn 
response  to  tho  snhpo..na,  or  to  testifv  as 
tents.  Tho  only  question  now  jirescntei 
the  complainanfs  ofliccts,  undir  whose 
doeuiuenta  now  are,  who  have  the  power  i 
hack  from  tho  |M)sse.s.sion  of  counsel  (even 
in  accordance  with  the  suggestion  of  Lor 
above  quoted,  already  returned  them), 
thcm.Kolves  from  producing  these  doetnnen 
to  tho  siihpiena,  upon  the  theory  that  tin 
leged  Its  Ireing  the  subject  or  the  result  of 
eoinmuniciitions  between  client  and 
doenments  are  not  privileged  while  in 
of  a  party,  he  does  not  make  I 
leged  by  merely  handing  them  to  his  c 
latter  may,  iierhaps,  properly  refuse  to  pr 
but  the  former  cannot  do  .so  merely  bccain 
pared  to  say  that  ho  has  shown  or  has  del 
to  his  counsel.  Tho  convei'se  of  this  pn 
contended  for  by  the  eonqilainant  upon  th 
but  the  authorities  cited  do  tint  sustain  s 
tion.  In  Sonthwick  Water  Co.  vs.  t^iiick. 
31.5,  transcripts  of  shorthand  notes  of  in 
tween  uflleurs  and  employees  of  the  com 
interviews  were  had  with  tho  object  of  obtn 
meats  of  fact  to  lie  furnished  to  counsel  fi 
paiiy,  for  tho  ]nir]H)se  of  securing  his  I 
touching  an  intended  uetion  were  held  pri 
Wheeler  vs.  Lo  Marchant,  L.  R.  17  Ch.  Di 
question  was  as  to  whether  certain  written 
tioiis  which  hud  passcil  between  the  solicit! 
fi'iidauts  nnd  their  surveyor  and  between  tl 
and  tho  solicitor  were  privileged.  The  Con 
they  wore  iiol,  except  such  as  were  ])roparc 
l>nte  had  arisen  between  plaiutifTs  anil  ilef 
tor  tho  pitrposo  of  obtaining  information, 


30G2 


Complniiiiint's  Exhibst — Opinic 


legal  advice,  Avitli  reference  to  litigation  existing  or 
contemplated  Iwtween  the  jiartics.  CerUiinly,  noitlier 
of  these  cases  supports  the  pro|>ositinn  that  a  party 
may  secure  for  a  document,  not  otherwise  priv-ileged,  the 
protection  of  the  nile  by  handing  it  to  his  counsel.  It 
is  urged,  however,  that  those  papers  are  privili'ged,  be¬ 
cause  they  are  the  result  or  product  of  I'opfidential 
TOUsultnlions  ladwecn  client  and  counsel.  This 
aigiimeut  applie.s,  of  course,  only  to  the  application 
••lud  to  the  letters  U>  the  Patent  Otlice.  The  princi]des 
duducible  from  the  authorities  cited  iiial  from  others 
which  have  bceii  examined  seem  to  be  these:  Neither 
client  nor  counsel  may  bo  asked  as  to  mutual  com¬ 
munications  induced  by  their  conridcntial  relation,  nor 
can  either  be  reipiired  to  produce  any  document 
emanating  from  one  and  transmitted  to  the  other  in  the 
course  of  such  contidentiul  relation.  The  client  cannot 
bo  required  to  ])roduce  letters  written  by  him  to  his 
counsel  stating  the  facts  as  to  which  he  wished  advice 
nor  letters  from  his  counsel  embodying  that  advice  or 
even  msking  tor  further  facts.  If,  os  the  result  of  the 
cun.sultntiou  between  client  and  counsel  there  is  pre¬ 
pared  some  dncnnient,  such  as  a  form  of  contract  or  ii 
notice  or  a  letter,  and  that  document  is  given  by  one  to 
the  other,  and  by  him  kept,  it  is  probably  privileged, 
its  contents  being  confidential  between  client  and  coun¬ 
sel,  and  the  document  itself  encctual  only  ns  an  ex¬ 
pression  of  the  statement  of  the  client  as  to  the  facts 
and  of  the  opinion  of  the  counsel  us  to  what  kind  of 
document  it  is  desirnble  to  prepare  in  view  of  the  facts 
(Genet  vs.  Ketchum,  62  N.  Y.,  626).  But  if  the  docu¬ 
ment  thus  confidcutinlly  prepared  is  not  so  kept ;  if 
the  contract  is  by  the  client  executed  with  some  third 
person,  or  the  notice  is  given,  or  the  letter  sent  to 
some  outsider,  its  contents  are  no  longer  contiued  to 
the  knowledge  of  client  and  counsel,  and  the  party  can 
no  longer,  ns  to  n  doenment  which  ho  has  thus  made 
public,  claim  that  it  is  privileged  because  it  is  confi¬ 
dential.  Such  seems  to  bo  the  rule  fairly  deduciblo 
from  the  decisions. 

Minot  vs.  Morgan,  L.  It.,  8  Ch.,  361. 

Peni-so  vs.  Poarse,Tl  Jurist.,  52. 


Conn.  Mut.  Life  Ins.  Co.  v.s.  S 
S.,-ir>7. 

Corning  vs.  Tiindsaliill,  1  Hill, 
AVhiting  vs.  Baniey,  30  N.  Y., 
Ilnndulpli  vs.  (jnignie  Co.,  2 
278. 

I'oiikes  vs.  Webb.  28  L.  11.  Cli 
Ford  vs.  Tenant,  Otli  .Inrist,  N. 
Ill  re.  Wliitloel;,  1.7  Civ.  Proc., 
Ill  re.  Wliitloek,  .‘)1  linn.  3.71. 
Ill  re.  Mitchell,  12  .\bb.  Prac., 


The  eomplaiimiit,  liowever,  eontemls  tl 
L-nts  are  privilegeil,  because  tliey  are  cu 
issing  Iretweeii  the  applicant  and  the 
nehiiig  an  iini.s.sued  patent,  Theexiste 
iiend  privilege  is  recognized  in  any  of  I 
lull,  (.See  also  the  exhaustive eiininerat 
us  given  in  llVnViny  re.  Itnrmy  and 
prii  ;  and  also  the  eases  cited  in  (Irei 
lice,  250,  251  and  252,  and  in  llVmWo 
(iOI,  601(1,  6015.)  Nor  hits  any  expr 
cnte<l  it.  By  Section  •11)02,  I,’.  S.  Iti 
ess  has  provided  that  oiivnle  and  dcsci 
ations,  Ac.,  interfuring  with  such  cur 
ud  in  the  coiitidential  archives  of  the 
d  piuserved  in  secrecy:  but  there  ha.-! 
jislation  os  to  pending  applications. 
The  complainant  relies  upon  a  lole  oi 
e  Patent  Ollice,  as  follows  : 

"  15.  CnvciiLs  and  pending  iipplicali 
served  in  secrecy.  No  information  ^ 
mthout  aiilhiirUij,  respecting  the  tiling 
ticular  person  of  a  caveat  or  of  an  ap| 
liateut  or  for  the  reissue  of  a  patent,  th 
any  particular  case  before  the  Ollice,  o 
matter  of  any  particular  application, 
he  noces-siiry  to  the  proper  conduct  of  1: 
the  OIBce,  as  provided  by  llules  1)7,  10! 
That  rule  has  been  established  uiulei 
iction  483  U.  S.  Rev.  .Sbit.,  which  provi 
Commissioner  of  Patents,  subject  to  tl 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  may  fron 


3904  Com]>IaiDnnt’s  Exhibit— Opinion. 

“  estnblisli  rogiiintions  iwl  inconuhleni  with  law  for  the 
"  cnnduct  of  proceedings  in  the  Patent  Office." 

Tliis  rule,  so  fnr  ns  it  rognlntes  tlio  conduct  of  pro¬ 
ceedings  in  the  Pntont  Olfico,  is  binding  upon  nil  tlie 
snbordinntos  in  timt  olHco,  possibly  nlso  upon  tlio  Com¬ 
missioner  of  Pntents  hinisolf  unless  ho  obtnins  the 
n.sscnt  of  the  Sooretnry  of  the  Interior  to.  its  totnl  or 
pnrtinl  nbrogntion  ;  but  it  is  inopomtivo  to  chnngo  the 
rules  of  evidence  in  courts  of  justice,  both  bocmi.so  to 
thnt  extent  it  would  ho  inconsistent  with  Inw,  nnd  nLso 
bccnu.w  the  eflecting  of  such  n  chnngo  is  in  no  sense 
the  rogulntion  of  proceedings  in  the  Pntont  Ollice. 
Under  n  somewhnt  siniilnr  section  (Section  952),  the 
Secretnry  of  the  Trensury,  under  direction  of  the  Presi¬ 
dent,  is  nuthori/.ed  to  esbiblish  regidntions,  nut  incon¬ 
sistent  with  Inw,  to  secure  n  just  nppmisnl  of  imported 
goods.  If  under  such  nuthority  ho  should  make  a  rnh- 
thnt  no  examiner  or  nssistnnt  npprniser  should  give  in¬ 
formation  to  nny  one  ns  to  the  methods  by  which  ho 
ascertained  the  composition  or  (pinlity  of  such  imported 
goods  ns  he  examined,  such  rule  might  be  binding  upon 
the  subordinate  ns  to  any  voluntary  disclosures,  but 
would  certainly  not  excuse  him  from  testifying  in  Court 
if  the  sulHcicncy  of  his  oxnminntiou  of  the  goods  were 
made  the  subject  of  judicial  inquiry. 

The  refusal  of  the  couipau3'’s  olHcei'S  to  produce  the 
documents  in  question  under  subprniin  duccoi  teenm  can¬ 
not  therefore  bo  exemsed  upon  the  theory  that  they  are 
privileged  communications. 

The  specific  relief  pniyed  for  on  this  application  is 
for  an  order  “  thnt  the  complainant  consent  that  the 
ComniLssiuncr  of  Patents  furnish  to  the  defendnut's 
solicitors,  at  their  expense,  a  certified  copy  of  the  file 
wrapper  nnd  contents  of  the  pending  application  for 
Letters  Patent  filed  in  the  Patent  Oflioo  of  the  United 
States  1)3’  Thomas  A.  Edison,  on  the  loth  day  of  De¬ 
cember,  1880,  the  same  being  a  division  of  an  earlier 
application  known  ns  the  paper  carbon  application, 
filed  by  the  said  Edison  on  or  about  December  11, 
1879,  or,  in  lieu  thereof,  at  complainant’s  option,  that 
complninnut  produce  for  the  examination  of  dofond- 


Compluinnnt's  Exhibit — Opinion. 


3905 


ant’s  counsel  nnd  for  use  lus  evidence  herein,  if  defend¬ 
ant  bo  so  advised,  the  full  text  (either  original  papers 
or  copies)  of  said  npplicatioti  and  of  all  correspondence 
in  relation  thereto  which  has  pa.ssed  between  the 
Patent  Office  and  the  sniil  Edison,  or  the  complainant 
heroin,  or  his  or  its  attorneys."  Sufficient  grouuil  for 
the  iiinkiiigof  such  an  order,  if  it  be  within  the  power 
of  the  Court  to  make  it,  is  not  shown.  It  does  not  ap¬ 
pear  that  the  commauds  of  the  subpieiia  duces  Icciiin 
will  not  be  ample  to  obtain  .sneh  evidence  as  that  de¬ 
scribed  in  the  inotion. 

Merehants'  Xat'l  Hank  v.s.  State  Hank,  3 
Cliff.,  202. 

Ili.schoffheim  vs.  lirown,  29  I'eil.  Itep.,  713. 

Certainly  as  to  the  letters  from  the  I’ateiit  Ollice,  the 
originals  of  which  are  in  the  piesse.ssionof  theconqilain- 

ant,  the  writ  of  siibi . .  should  produce  the  best 

evidence ;  and  as  to  the  copies  of  the  application  and 
of  the  letters  to  the  Patent  Office,  sullicient  foundation 
having  been  laid  for  the  admission  of  seimndarv  evi¬ 
dence,  tho3"  ma3'  be  offereil  when  produced  and  iilenti- 
fied  with  the  same  effect  as  if  they  were  originals. 

The  notice  of  motion,  however,  also  contidns  a  pnqei 
for  geiiend  relief,  and  under  that  prayer  the  ilefendant 

may  take  mi  older  committing  the  officers  of  the  corpo¬ 
ration  for  contemiit  in  failing  to  obey  the  subp.ena 
iliicee  tecum. 

October  18,  1890. 

fSicned)  E.  HE.vitv  Lacosuie. 


3966  Complainant’s  Exhibit— Order  of  Court. 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “Order  of  Court 
of  Ifovembor  5,  1890.  ”  S.  Bf.  H.,  Ex’mr. 

At  a  Stated  Term  of  tho  United  Stnle.s  Cir¬ 
cuit  Court  for  the  Southern  District 
of  Now  York,  held  in  tho  City  of  New 
Y’ork  on  tho  5th  ihiy  of  November, 
1890. 


Present— E.  Hk.\iiy  Ij.vro.MUK,  Circuit  .Indue. 


The  Edison  Ei.Kcrmc  IjIoiit  Com-  | 
Coniphiinant,  j 

.VIWISST 

Thk  U.  S.  Ei.Kcritic  LioiniNu  Com- 
Defcmhint. 


This  cause  coming  on  to  ho  lieanl  on  tlio  8lh  day  of 
October,  1890,  upon  motion  mado  in  behalf  of  tho  de¬ 
fendant  fur  “  nn  order  that  tho  com])Ininnnt  coiisout 
“  that  tlic  Commissioner  of  Patents  furnish  to  tlio  do- 
“  fondant's  solicitors,  at  tlieir  expense,  a  cortilied  copy 
“  of  tho  file  wrapiicr  and  contonls  of  tho  pending  appli- 
“  cation  for  letters  patent  tiled  in  tho  Patent  Ollico 
of  tho  United  States  by  Thomas  A.  Evlison,  on 
“  the  15th  day  of  December,  1880,  tho  same  Iieing 
“  a  division  of  an  mirlier  application,  known  as  the 
“  ‘  1  paper  carbon  application,'  fileil  by  tho  said  Ed- 
"  ison  on  or  about  Decemlier  11,  1879,  or  in  lieu 
"  thereof,  at  eomplainant's  option,  that  coiuplain- 
“  aiit  produce  for  tho  examination  of  defendant’s 
"  counsel,  and  for  use  ns  evidence  herein,  if  defendiuit 
“  be  so  advised,  the  full  text  (either  original  papers  or 
“  copies)  of  said  application  and  of  all  coriespond- 
“  enco  in  relation  thereto  which  has  nassed  botacen 


Complainant's  Exhibit— Order  of  Court.  3967 


‘  plainant  heroin,  or  his  or  its  attorneys,  together  with 
•  such  other  and  further  relief  in  the  premises  as  to 
‘  tho  Court  may  seem  meet  anil  just;"  ami  argument 
Imving  boon  had  upon  the  sniil  motion,  both  orally  and 
liy  briefs,  C.  A.  Seward  and  G.  P.  Tsiwrey,  Esi|s.,  ap- 
pentiiig  for  tho  complainant,  loid  H.  A.  Dnm-an  puid  E. 
Wetmore,  Esq.s.,  for  the  ih-fcnilant ;  and  it  ptpjpcpiring 
|py  the  moving  ;  a]>urs  that  tlup  eorpomtion  eomplain- 
aiit  is  iiipos.ses.sioiioftlip.-origimdsoreippiesof  tliepifore- 
spiid  divisional  application  of  Dps-endpcr  l.'p,  1.S.S0,  and  of 
tho  eorre..Hpondence  which  has  ppissp-d  between  the  Patent 
( lllieo  and  the  said  I'alisou.  or  the  said  l-Mison  Cmn- 
pauy,  or  his  or  its  attorneys,  in  ri-lation  to  the  spime, 
iiiid  tho  subpiuims  ihicis  Imiiii  havp-  la'cn  ilnly  served 
upon  .Tacob  H.  Herrick,  ])resiplenl  of  the  corporation 
cumplninant,  and  upon  E.  S.  Hastings,  the  secretary 
of  tlio  said  company,  eommanding  tliein  to  produce 
the  said  papers  before  S.  M.  Hitcheock,  Esip,  one  of 
tho  Examiners  of  this  Court ;  and  that  tho  said  Hor- 
riek  and  tho  said  Hastings  have  refused  to  obey  the 
said  subpwnos  and  to  produce  tho  .siid  impers,  and  by 
reason  thereof  aro  guilty  of  contempt ;  and  tho  Court 
having  considoretl  the  premises. 

Now,  therefore,  it  is  hereby 

Onlored,  that  tho  said  Herrick  and  the  said  Hastings 
liroduco  tho  said  papers  as  retpiirod  by  the  afore.snid 
subpoenas  within  ton  days  hereof,  or  show  cause  before 
mo  why  they  should  not_l»  punished  for  contempt  in 
disoboying  the  eommands  of  this  Court. 


3968  Couplniiinnt’s  Exhibit — Opinion. 


Exhibit  Oflerc 


“  Complainant’s  Exhibit  Judge  Lacomhe’s 
Opinion  of  Novemhor  24,  1890.”  S. 
M.  H.,  Ex'r. 


New  Youk,  : 
Mut  ])un<nant  to  notice. 

I’resont — U.  N.  UvKii,  Ekq.,  of  c 
lilt ;  Sauuei.  a.  Ouxacs,  Esg.,  of  < 


CIRCUIT  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 
SOUTIIEIIS  Disthict  ok  Ni'.w  Youk. 


The  Enwox  Ei.ecthic  Light  Com-  1 

KANV, 

Compininant,  j 

•'0AI.NKT  I  No.  344.5. 

The  United  States  Electihc  Light-  | 

ING  COMKANY, 

Dcfoiulaut. 

The  (lociiiuoiits  eiillod  for  by  the  subpeuims  Imvouow 
boon  brought  into  Court.  In  oxciiso  for  not  dulircring 
thorn  to  tho  Exninincr  it  wiis  urged  thiit  some  furtlier 
objection  to  tlioir  prosentation  in  ovidonco  is  to  bo 
iniido,  whicli  counsol  tlioiight  should  bo  nindo  not  before 
tho  Examiner,  who  sits  without  jiowor  to  rule  upon  ob¬ 
jections,  but  before  tho  Court.  Thu  motion  to  punish 
for  contempt  is  thoreforo  denied.  Tho  papers  aro  de¬ 
livered  to  tho  Exaininur.  When  any  ono  of  them  is 
calluil  for  by  cotinsul  for  tho  defendant,  if  objection  to 
its  exhibition  is  inado  by  counsui  for  plaintilT,  tho  Ex- 
aininor  will  certify  tho  objoction  to  tho  Court  and  send 
therewith  tlio  dociimont  itself.  Thorcupoii  tho  Court 
will  rule  upon  tho  objection.  As  this  will  practically 
bo  a  coiitimmuco  of  tho  matter  argued  last  Friday,  tho 
case  may  bo  put  as  unfinished  business  at  tho  head  of 
the  calendar  on  next  motion  day. 

E.  Henhv  Lacomuk. 


Complainant's  counsui  ofTcrs  ii 
copy  of  tlio  tile  wrapper  and  conti 
So.  •282,030,  granted  .Inly  31,  If 

.Ir.,  for  Incandescent  I.lcctric  L 
marked  "  Complainant’s  Exhibit  F 
tents  of  Adams  Ijunp  I’atent." 


Objected  to  as  ininmterii 
that  if  tho  record  of  the  .\il 
for  tho  purpose  of  provii 
said  Isiuic  Adams,  Jr.,  the 
Adams,  who  has  Is'cn  exii 
tho  cause,  should  have  bee 
while  he  was  upon  tho  i 
counsel  having  failed  to 
that  tho  record  is  not  mlini 
Coinplainant's  counsel 
coinplainant  has  closed 
the  record  now  stands. 


Edison  Electric  Light  Co.  v.  United  States  Electric  Lighting  Co. 
Volume  VI 

Complainants  Rebuttal  -  Exhibits 


CIRCUIT  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

SOUTHERN  DISTRICT  OF  NEW- YORK  /  ' 

;  ■’ 

THE  EDISON  EliECTEIC  LIGHT  COMPANY, 

'  ■■  ,  .•.  .  ■  .'  Oomplainant, 

THE  PNITED^STATES  ELECTEIC  LIGHTING-,  COMPAfe, 

.,  if. !  > .  ..  -  ■  .  Defendant. 

'  ON' LETTERS,  PATENT 'No.  223,898.  ' 

-  '  VOL.  VI.'  '  '  . 

COMPLAINANT’S  KEBUTTAL, 

'  -  B.xklBITS. 
DRFRNDAN^S  'RXHIBITS.'-'  - 


.  _  EATON  A  LEWIS, 

,  '  .  ■  .  C(implaina}U.'e- Solicitors; 

CLARENCE  A  SEW  VED,  '  '  -  ' 

GROSVENOE  P  LOWREY," 

RICHARD  N  DYER, 


4001 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “  Preface  first  Edition 
of  Pontaine;  Higgs’  Translation.”  Uaroh  13, 
1890.  S.  M.  H.,  Ext. 


■  ELEOTBIC  LIGHTING. 

A  PEAOTIOAL  TEEATISE 


HTPPOLTTE  FONTAINE. 

Translated  frou  the  Frenob. 

Be  PAGET  HIGGS,  LL.  D.,  Assoo.  Inst.  C.  E. 


London,  1878. 


Tlins'for  liglitliouse  service,  fortifications,  maritime  service, 
shores;  armies  and  campaign,  the  electric  light  is  superior  to  all 
others  j  for  show-rooms  and  manufactories,  for  open  air  yards 
and  large  workshops  it  is  equally  suitable ;  for  domestic  house¬ 
hold  illumination,  and' for  certain  trades  carried  on  under  low 
roofs,  where  there  are  numerous  local  subdivisions,  gas,  oil  or 
petroleum  is  preferable.  In  many  establishments  lighted  by 
gas  it  has  been  advantageous  to  substitute  electricity. 

In  any  case,  the  number  of  applications  would  be  very  limited 
if  we  should  continue  to  deprive  oufselves  of  light,  as  it  is  the 
custom  to  do  in  the  majority  of  manufactures,  where  during  the 
uight  superintendence  is  impossible  where  the  work  produced 
during  the  night  is  much  less  than  in  the  day.  But,  we  hasten 
to  add,  this  slalu  guo  is  not  to  be  feared ;  some  intelligent 
manufacturers— and  their  number  is  great — will  reiJace  their 
pre-sent  system  of  lighting  by  a  system  of  -lighting  four  or  five 
times  more  intense,  and  they  will  not  hesitate  to  admit  that 
their  products  are  better,  in  larger  quantities,  and  consequently 
more  economical ;  this  example  will  not  bo  lost,  and  to  sustain 
competition  their  fellow-manufacturers  will  imitate  them. 

In  support  of  this  opinion  it  is  sufficient  to  recollect  that  the 
Gramme  machine,  with  which  the  electric  light  is  practically 


4004 


st  Edition.  1878. 


obtained,  bad  not  last  year  *  more  than  a  dozen  applications, 
whereas  to-day  it  numbers  more  than  two  hundred.  However, 
this  new  machine  has  not  failed  to  receive  critieism.  It  has 
been  said  to  become  heated,  diffionlt  to  wort,  clumsy,  capricious, 
that  it  could  not  be  worked  ten  hoars  without  repairs.  The 
truth  is,  it  works  perfectly,  and,  instead  of  deteriorating,  improves 
by  use. 

Our  work  is  divided  into  twelve  chapters.  The  Brst  six  are 
devoted  to  the  study  of  the  voltaic  arc,  the  carbons,  the  lamps 
or  regulators,  and  some  magneto-electric  machines ;  the  last  six 
treat  of  resized  applications,  the  comparative  costs  of  several 
sources  of  illumination,  of  lighting  by  incandescence,  and  of  the 
dmsion  of  the  electiio  light. 

Those  persons  simply  seeking  for  information  as  to  the  pos¬ 
sibility  of  utUizing  the  electric  Ught  for  themsB^s,  should  read 
Chapters  VIX.,  Vlll.,  and  IX.,  which  contain  all  the  necessarv 
information  fcr  planning  and  appreciating  the  advantages  to  be 
gained  by  this  system  of  illumination. 

We  have  dwelt  somewhat  on  experimente  made  by  soientfic 
men  to  determine  the  nature  and  properties  of  the  voltaic  arc  ; 
this  was  the  origin  of  the  new  method,  and  it  is  important  to 
explain  thoroughly  the  phenomena  which  have  given  birth  to 
the  remarkable  applications  that  we  subsequently  cite,  in  order 
to  admit  of  the  better  exercise  of  judgment. 

The  study  of  regulators  or  lamps  could  have  been  made  the 
subject  of  a  special  work  as  regards  the  proposed  and  attempted 
types;  but  most  of  these  apparatus  have  numerous  draw¬ 
backs,  and  we  haye  preferred  to  mention  only  those  presenting 
originality,  such  as  might  serve  as  basis  for  a  new  invention, 
or  warn  seekers  against  combinations  judged  impracticable. 
M.  Serrin’s  apparatus  should  have,  and  in  effect  has,  the  honois 
of  our  record,  as  being  to  the  present  time  the  only  one  suscep¬ 
tible  of  advantageous  use  in  industry. 

The  manufacture  of  carbon  rods,  intended  to  supply  the 
regulators  imd  to  become  heated  under  the  influence  of  the 
electric  fluid,  has  an  exceptional  importance;  upon  this,  perhaps, 
depends  the  success  of  electric  lighting.  To  this  we  have 


Fontaine,  1st  Edition,  1878. 


4005 


devoted  a  long  chapter,  and  have  minutely  detailed  the  pro¬ 
cesses  of  Messrs.  Carre  and  Gaudoin,  which  are  the  most  perfect. 
Some  exact  experiments' on  the  quantity  of  light  produced  by 
several  carbons  complete  these  descriptions. 

Before  attempting  the  study  of  the  Gramme  machine,  we 
have  passed  in  review  the  principal  magneto-electric  machines 
that  have  preceded  it,  and,  with  the  aid  of  numerous  engravings, 
we  hope  to  have  made  clear,  even  to  those  little  initiated  in 
modem  physics,  the  principle  of  these  marvellous  machines  that 
create  such  torrents  of  electrieity  without  aeid  or  consumption 
of  metal — ^with  nothing  more  than  the  influence  of  magnets  and 
coils  of  copper  in  relative  motion. 

The  Gramme  machine  being  applied  only  in  constructive 
workshops,  it  is  useful  to  apeak  of  it  at  length  ;  to  well  distiu- 
gnish  its  principle,  its  mode  of  construction,  and  its  multiple 
effects.  Here  again  it  has  been  necessary  to  make  use  of  draw¬ 
ings  in  order  to  explain  the  apparatirs  and  show  the  several 
forms  it  has  assumed. 

But  it  is  especially  in  the  part  devoted  to  the  applications 
that  we  have  entered  into  precise  detail,  by  insisting  particularly 
on  the  motive  force  expended,  and  on  the  true  cost  price  of  the 
electric  light.  To  evaluate  the  motive  force,  we  have  at  our 
disposal  the  reports  of  Messrs.  Tresca,  Member  of  the  Institute 
(of  France) ;  Hagenbacb,  Professor  at  the  University  of  Bale  ; 
and  Schneider,  Professor  of  Physios  at  Mulhouse.  For  the 
comparison  of  the  cost  prices  of  several  lights,  we  have  drawn 
upon  some  sources  of  authority,  chiefly  from  persons  who  have 
for  several  years  employed  this  new  system  of  lighting.  The 
applications  to  marine,  artillery,  or  civil  purposes  have  not  been 
signalized  by  great  development;  for  the  several  Governments 
who  have  experimented-with  the  Gramme  machine  have  kept 
secret  all  the  results  observed.  Nevertheless,  numerous  and 
important  orders,  obtained  after  prolonged,  trials,  authorise  us 
in  saying  that  success  has  been  complete. 

Mechanical  workshops  have  been  the  first  to  make  use  of  the 
electric  light ;  also  dyers,  who  need  a  very  white  light ;  and 


Fontaine,  1st  Edition,  1878. 


during  the  night  of  earthworks  or  mason-work ;  finaUy  it  has 

TInee  years  ago  ranch  was  said  about  a  new  system  of  electric 

in“cans®’  P^fessor,  which  consisted 

in  causing  the  rac^descence  of  a  smaU  rod  of  carbon.  It  was 

m-erl^r'  r  divided,  and  introduced 

eiery where  for  nearly  nothing.  Deeper  study  of  this  subiect 

»~rfr  rednct  thfe 

aider  it  ns  capable  of  causing  a  revolution  in  present  h'ghting  is 

I  Z  hand,  when  we  have  in  rie  “oriy 

a  small  number  of  special  applications.  ^ 

The  Jabloohkoff  candles,  about  which  also  much  was  said 
appear  to  us  to  merit  the  same  appreciation.  If  they  result  in 

certain  cases,  but  wiU  be  substitute  for  nothing  absolutely  In 
spite  of  our  empathy  for  the  inventor,  we  have  to  3  £ 

'  made  “"p  •  founded  on  some  es^erimeSs 

made  in  a  Pans  warehouse,  and  bring  to  their  true  value  the 
^on^guences  that  may  be  logicaUy  deduced  from  Zetjeri!  * 

of  ouranalytic  review  with  the  description  i 

conmderation  of  the  present  state  of  the  question.  ' 

froiTll  ®““f.‘®^‘’'®^°“°'^“S®P®®i“l''orks,  andborrowed 

mTs™  T  “‘eresting  notes  :-The  physical  treatises  of  ! 
Messrs.  Jamm,  Dagmn,  Ganpt,  Pouillet ;  the  Metrical  treatises 
of  Messrs.  Becquerel,  de  la  Eive,  du  Moncel,  Jenkin  aTthrie 
m"  SnT  •  T  Becquerel,  Moitessier  ■ 

r  ®o<=‘rique,-  M.  Niaudet-Breguefs 

ASMT£v“r’  de  la  Science.’ 

PWhf  Tw  “  ‘  Machines  Magneto- 

rn™™  M  Bes  Bulletinsde  la Socidted' Encou¬ 

ragement,  and  the  collections  of  French  and  English  patents  ' 


Fontaine,  1st  Edition,  1878. 


4007 


Among  these  old  inventions  ai-e  a  goodlynumber  now  ron 


LIGIITIKO  BV  ISCANDE8CENCE. 


J  S  liavo  Baid,  the  voltaic  arc  ia  eminently  convenient  for  the 

,  >  hgtog  of  Urge  nneoverea  spacca,  or  largo  hall,  without  interior 

^  m^nJed  locahln^  .t  ia  much  morc  advaubg^o,  to  cmZ 
gaa,  petroleum,  or  oven  ordinary  ml  ® 

V  eli^Tf"™,  ®“  «»*tn.cUon  of  mnaU 

^  £e  1  ■  ^  “»•“  of  the  memm  de^ 

:i  IHw  Uen  endeavoured  lo^ 

'■  S  ?  ‘“1*9,  Md  email  mcandpaoenl  catboM.  and  if  Uicao  two 

I  v:iS=HS=t^ 

V  /-  s:  firet  tubca  blown  in  conatnict43d 

•  J  containing  only  tmcca  of  vation.  °™’’  l>ormotically  and 
vIJ  j  communication  with  a  current  bJ*’””"'  *“**“  1™* 

^  into  the  glasa.  from  a  Rn^n’rW  platinum  wira  faaed 

V  Cthat  ia  to  aay,  compoeed^finf ,  '  ‘■'slit. 

'  ^  dark  bycra  continnaUy  agitated  AUhr*  “I*™!*-!  bjr 

the  tubes  pr,«nt  .  brillhlr:„l  ®  “®>  ‘“j®  ««>  “hlo  of 
\  ^  fluorescence  has  been  applied  ”1^  tlw  term 

M  “fl“'««l  I'imMlf  of  hb  task  with^^  ’’to  hm. 


4011 


uamaa  bt  tKcissBcinciE.  169 

or  lid  j*  hermetically  cloaed  by  meaaa  of  a  preaB^rew,  and. 
between  the  two  enrfkcee  tbna  brought  into  contact  ia  a  caoni- 
ehono  waaher.  To  tho  covet  b  attached  a  ring,  aerving  aa  a 
inapenaion  to  tho  optical  apparatua.  The  case  ooniains  two 
Inchtomaio  of  potash  elcmenta  closed  in  their  tnm  by  pbtea  to 
which  strips  of  copper  are  solidly  screwod.  The  poles  of  tho 
cniTcnt  fntniabod  I7  tbeso  two  elements  may  be  pnt  at  will  into 
oornmnnicalion  with  tho  bobbin,  and  the  induced  enrrent  is 
transmitted  to  a  Qebaler  tnho  by  two  wires  ooveted  vrith  india- 
nbber.  Thu  tube,  of  proper  form  and  filled  with  carbonic  add, 
ia  endoaed  in  a  glaaa  cylinder  with  thick  sides,  fumiahod  with 
copper  armatures,  and  into  which  water  cannot  penetrate.  This 
fa  tho  lighting  port  of  tho  apparatus.  With  this  instmmenl  a 
soft  light  fa  dbteinod,  similar  to  that  now  empl(^  by  miners. 
It  resembles  in  certain  respects  that  given  ^  phosphorescent 
onimnls,  hot  fa  more  intense.  .  It  can  be  seen  even  when  the 
apparatus  fa  several  mhtres  under  water.  It  wonld  donbtlcas 
servo  to  attract  fish,  as  does  the  phosphorescence  of  oortdh 
spodoB,  and  it  wonld  also  serrs  to  light  limited  spaces,  sitnated 
t^oathi  tho  snriaoo  of  tho  water,  or  for  floating  dgn^  The 
captam  of  tho  'Seronlx,'  commanding  tho  sonthem  coasts  of 
France,  employed  this  appoiatns  in  tho  port  of  Cette,  in  September 
last.  It  remained  immersed  for  nine  honrs,  and  it  gave  light 
fir  six  hams,  under  Ibeeo  conditions,  as  well  as  when  charged  at 
Konlpellier.  Tho  phosphoriaccnco  may  be  of  longer  duration. 
A  second  trial,  made  at  Port  Yendres,  on  hoard  tho  ‘Favori’ 
(Captain  Trotabos),  was  equally  ancoeaafnl.’’ 

^e  li^t  obtained  Iqr  the  Gefaeler  tnbe  is  so  feeble,  that  it 
can  never  be  ntilfaed  practically,  and  nnmerou  trials  made  in 

lighting  by  ineandcBcence  has  been  studied  for  a  long  time ; 
bat  its  application  generally  preeents  so  great  difficulties,  that 
at  the  present  day  it  may  be  considered  as  within  a  purely 
sdentifle  domain-,  altbongb  a  certain  number  of  apparatus  erist 
working  moderately  well 

The  first  doenment  on  the  question  that  we  have  found,  is  an 
Engifah  patent  of  the  4th  Kovember,  1845. 

Mr.  King,  the  inventor,  enters  into  some  exact  details  of  his 


•1012 


idea,  and  pnxenta  como  coiuidenlianf  wbicn  land  to  proro  tlwt 
magnclo^Iectrie  machinca,  powcrfol  enongh  to  prodnoo  tight, 
already  existed  in  1845. 

The  following  am  the  principal  pomgoe  from  this  patent: 

Tho  inrention  has  for  its  ha^  Ihn  oao  of  metallic  condadon, 
or  of  continnons  carbons,  healed  to  whitenom  by  tho  paaogo  of 
an  clcclrio  ennent  Tho  lest  metal  for  this  pnrpcxe  U  platinnm, 
the  beet  oarloa  is  retort  carbon. 

IVlicn  carbon  is  cmplojod,  it  is  uacfnl  on  aooonnt  of  its  affinity 
for  oxygen  at  high  temporataros  to  oorer  it  from  air  and  moistaro, 
as  indicated  in  Fig.  45.  Tho  condnclor  C  rests  on  a  both  of 
mercniy;  the  bar  B  is  in  porcelain,  it  aerra  to  sappott  tho 
.  condnetpr  C;  tho  oondnetor  D  is  find  on  the 

I  hell  by  a  hcm>ctically  aealod  joint,  Tho  oarhon 

iL,  rests  at  top  and  bottom  on  oondneting 

l  aw  blocks  and  bccoinca  incandeeooot  by  the  paango 

Jjv  A  vacanm  is  prerioaaly  cstahliahcd  in  the 
\  apporalns  Tcritably  forms  a  baiT>- 

3  LjjJ  I  commnnicalion  with  tho  oolmnn  of  merenry,  and 
I  Jl  J  conductor  D. 

i  l  ii  .  *®  “  intamiltant  light,  the 

1  Jl  I  '•irc'ut  can  be  periodically  intermpted  by  a  clock- 
li  *oik  movement. 

j  Tl-^  Tlic  apparatus  properly  closed  may  be  applied 
.  ^  to  sabmarine  lighting,  as  well  as  to  tho  Ulnmina- 

ii  I  tion  of  ffl-wder  mUls  and  of  mine*,  cnwcially 

f  where  the  danger  of  explosion  is  fcarod,  or  tho 
rapid  inflammation  of  very  oombnslibb  snb- 
slancca. 

When  the  cnrreni  is  of  sufficient  intensity,  two 
or  a  larger  number  of  fights  liay  U  placed  in  tha 
I'ln  15  circuit,  care  being  taken  to  rcgnlato  tha 

Kiae'.Jaa..  ‘'‘®  “rag“cto^dectrio  machines,  or  tho 

In  184«'  oi?'"'''  “Vo 


4013 


tioimya  nr  iKOAsnEacnscii.  171 

befoTO  nse,  from  impDritics  by  treatment  with  nitro-mnriatie 
acid. 

In  16-19,  Petrie  concludes  tho  description  of  a  patent  for  a 
lamp  with  tlio  following  remark : — “  A  light  may  bo  produced 
by  poaring  an  electric  current  through  a  short  and  thin  con¬ 
ductor,  which  heats  and  becomes  luminous ;  but  tho  majority  of 
snhstances  fuse  and  bum  rapidly :  however,  I  obtain  a  good 
light  by  using  iridium,  or  ono  of  its  alloys.  Iridium  may  bo 
fused  Bo  os  to  produce  an  ingot  whilst  it  is  submitted  to  the 
heat  of  tho  voltaic  arc  ;  aflerwards  it  may  bO  decarbonised  and 
rendered  more  malleable.  It  con  bo  cut  into  Knii>ll  pieces 
of  O'OOI  mbtro  diameter  and  0*010  to  0*020  mbtro  length, 
that  can  be  fixed  upon  two  insulated  metallic  supports,  wUch 
aro  in  connection  with  the  two  wires  of  a  proper  galvanic 
battery.  There  is  then  obtained  a  beautiful  light," 

Several  other  patents  have  been  taken  out  in  America, 
Fmncc,  and  England  for  the  same  land  of  idea ;  but  none  of 
llicso  appear  more  complete,  more  eiplicii,  and  more  practicable 

Lighting  by  incandescence,  and  the  principle  of  its  prodnerion, 
bad  for  a  long  time  fallen  into  oblivion,  when  in  1873  a  Bnssian 
physicist,  IL  Lodygnino,  resuscitated  both,  and  mventsd  a  new 
lamp,  which  has  ^oe  been  ^rfected  by  Messrs.  Konn  and 
Boulignine. 

In  1874,  tho  St.  Petersburg  Academy  of  Sdences  awarded 
a  high  prise  to  M.  Lodyguiae.  Tho  following  jnclndes  soma 
extracts  from  the  report  presented  on  tho  occosian  by  M.  Wild, 
director  of  the  Imperial  Observatory ;  this  report,  os  we  shall 
SCO,  includes  several  capital  errors: 

“It  has  long  been  known. that  wo  can  employ  the  heating 
faculty  of  tho  electric  current,  even  without  the  aid  of  gas,  as  in 
the  luminous  galvanic  arc,  to  heat  a  solid  body  to  whiteness.  On 
this  principle  there  aro  often  thus  heated  thin  platinum  wires, 
which  are  bod  conductors,  by  causing  them  to  bo  traversed  by  a 
powerful  electric  current.  The  light  obtained'  by  this  process 
is  much  more  feeble  and  more  constant  than  tho  electric  fight 
from  carbon ;  it  can  a1»n  be  extended  further,  and  may  bo 
increased  or  diminished  at  will ;  nevertheless  it  has  never  ffiund 


•1015 


practical  nsc,  bocanso  it  is  too  feeble  oomporod  with  its  cost,  and 
boraasowben  it  is  do^  to  giro  greater  inlcnsity,  there 

fiision  ef  the  pUtinmn  wire,  which  in  general  is  not  hr - 

tbronehooL 


“  M.  Mygnino  was  the  first  who  had  the  idea  of  replacing 
the  plaUnum  wire,  in  tbeso  combustion  eipcrimcnU,  by  amall 
bare  of  cMbon  (coke)  analogous  to  graphite,  that  is  to  my,  a 
^  conductor,  and  thus  reeolrod  the  problem  of  electric 
Iiguting. 

"The  advantagea  ef  this  subsUtntien  of  the  carbon  for 
platinum  are  so  obvious  from  a  Uiooretical  point  of  view,  that 
“  “  *‘’'•3™  tio  “SO  with  important  mven- 

n  1. 1.  Ih-  tapto  p“~- 

duo  the  great  su^,  nf  n  >  “"“'“8“  Uiat  is  oridenUy 
by  _M.  “Sbting  propcei 

platinum  consists  in  the*  to  tbit  of 

“mbines  with  the  or  jgen  of  tJ.n  !*“  the  carbon 

“osumed.  M.  Lodyiirto  -Tl  P»dually 

enclosing  the  carbon^bcated  to  wn  niconvcnicaco  by 

.■•n  a  glass  rroeiver  beStot  S 

‘0  give  iL«  judgment  on  '’t“hfi ‘'i“ 

win  prei^t  ,1,^1^“  ^boical  ^d  ,^er  dillicuIUe, 
Lodygnino’s  invenUon  nor  o  .1“  appUcation  of ' 

’  ““  "*0  other  land,  upon  the- 


uonrixa  nr  DioasDEscExcE.  I73 

numerous  practical  adranlsgca  of  this  mode  of  lighting  above  all 
others;  it  wiU  suffice  to  the  Academy  to  state  that,  tb«nt.  to 
this  invention,  there  is  resolved  in  the  simplest  possible  manner 
the  grot  problem  of  subdivision  of  tho  electric  light,  and  of 
rendering  it  oonsiant,*  in  order  to  recognise  M.  Lodygmno  as 
worthy,  in  oonsiderstion  of  the  numerous  applications  of  his 
invention,  to  obtain  tho  Lomonossow  prize." 

In  his  lamp,  M.  Lodygnino  employs  carbon  in  a  single  pioco 
by  diminishing  the  section  at  tho  point  of  the  luminous  focus, 
and  ho  places  two  carbons  in  the  same  apparatus  witli  a  small 
eiforior  commutator,  in  order  to  pass  tho  current  info  the  second 
carbon,  when  tho  fiirat  has  been  consumed.  Nothing  is  less 
practial  nor  less  studied  than  the  apparatus  of  this  inventor. 

M.  Koslofi^  of  St  Foterabnrg,  who  went  to  Franco  in  tho 
hope  of  working  the  Lodyguine  patent  perfected  his  lamp 
slightly,  without  however,  bordering  upon  anything  passable. 

In  1875,  H.  Eonn,  also  from  Bt  Petersburg,  patented  a 
more  pncticobla  lamp,  represented  in  Fig,  40,  which  was  oon- 
strnet^  hr  the  first  time  in  Paris  by  U.  I>nbo^. 

This  lamp  oonnsts  of  a  base  A  in  copper,  on  which  are  fixed 
two  terminals  N  for  tostening  tho  oonductors,  two  bora  C,  I)  in 
copper,  and  a'srnall  valvo  K  opening  only  from  within  outwards. 
A  globe  B,  widened  at  its  upper  port,  is  retained  on  the  base  by 
means  of  a  bronzo  collar  L  pressing  on  an  india-rubber  ring, 
exactly  as  oocun  with  tho  level-gauges  of  steam-boilers. 

One  of  tho  vertical  rods  D  is  insifiatud  electrically  from  tho 
base,  and  communicates  with  a  tennihal  also  insulated.  Tho 
other  rod  0  is  constructed  in  two  parts :  (1)  of  a  tube  Bth,! 
directly  upon  the  boss  without  insulation,  and  (2)  of  a  copper 
rod  split  for  a  part  of  its  length.  This  split  gives  elasticity,  and 
admits  of  tho  rod  sliding  in  tho  tube  with  only  a  small  efibit. 

The  retort  carbons  £,  to  tho  number  of  fire,  are  placed 
between  two  small  plates  which  crown  tho  rods. 

Each  carbon  is  introduced  into  two  small  blocks,  also  of 
carbon,  which  receive  the  copper  rods  at  their  extremities.  The 
rods  also  are  equal  in  length  at  their  lower  ends,  and  of  unequal 
length  at  their  upper  ends.  A  hammer  I  is  hinged  on  tho  bar  0, 

*  Wq  ktiall  see  luUoqacoUj  bcir  tho  problom  luu  bccu  rctolred  by  M. 
Lodfguiu. 


anil  nsla  only  on  a  ainglo  rod  of  cajUni  at  once.  If  tbia  lamp  ia 
placed  in  edrenit  by  alfacbing  Ibo  two  condnetora  from  a  Uitery 
to  tba  lerminala  N,  N'  (tbo  tenninni  or  binding  aeitiw.  N'  ia 
hidden  by  tbo  terminal  N;  but  it  ia  identiml.  and  ia  not 
insnlated  fiom  tbo  boae),  tbo  bar  of  carbon  E  ia  traToraed  by 
the  enmnt  which  pokca  by  tbo  aid  of  tbo  hammer  I,  from  the 
copper  bar  F,  tbo  two  carbon  blocka  0,  0,  the  copper  l*r  0 
and  tbo  plate  crowning  the  bar  D.  ' 

Tbo  Tnenum  baa  provionsly  been  made  by  potting  ibo  cock  K 
m^necuon  with  an  air-pump  or  other  known  pneumatic 

^  rod  E  reddena,  whiten.,  and  WmcH  Innmoua.  It, 
light  IS  oolourleas,  ateody,  and  constant ;  but  gradually  the 
^on  diminishee,  the  rod  breob,  and  Ibo  UghtLpLn, 

taneoualy  bghtmg  ia  ro-establiahod. 
men  oU  carbons  ore  oonsumod  the  hammer  rata  unon 

...Sir,s:s:;r5r,r;x-  ■«:  -  ■“ 

action  with  an  “Allinntvk'’  and  put  in 

two  boM,  with  the  exceptioTjTbe  fim  wT.ic'h” 

neatly  immediately;  tbo  liuhl  !.  I  ’  ,  “  consumed 

“fdcrably  exceeds  that  of  gas.  M^bS  I 

•lad  occasion  aevcral  Umea  to  ^haa  inf  T 

advantago  be  baa  found  in  tbo  en^  ^ 

was  its  eleanlineaa.  aW^'  '■'sWng 

that  gaa  rapidly  impaim,  ^d  on  wbic““X  -f' 

injtmona  inilnence.  Tho  I.Um  *  °  ^^cctncitj  cxcrdsce  no 

“tos  the  aupplmnenta^  ®  f“Uy  compen" 


4018 


.tes^’Sr  1-  « 

““’  e™“  ®  W  that  the  nae  of  Iho 
I«ht  from  mcandesamoe  enlaila,  rata  in  the  difficnlty  of  ora 
carbon^  Khioh  oost,  m,  fitted,  mom  tlrnn^S  falLcs 

cnnent,  and  an  eihanat  valve.  canymg  the 

7“"  hole  fa®  top  to 
the  passage  of  two  ami  lateij  w'  ‘  *^““8 

>"  'l-  a.  W  .r  - 

— « ivlCii=L,i,Ti2  StoVSTiir^ 

rapport  on  which  the  carbon  resti  “  ‘“8®  «  the  transvcreo 
^e  parf  of  the  carbon  which  is  to  hczju..  ■ 
heM-between  the  lipe  of  two  rail  b^cfe  “ 

_  ■^rawwphmedonthebaaai^.  ^" 

“S  the  length  of  the  bar  wU^S^  ihT*™®^  or  aiminish- 
Sr’^^tl.of  giving  to  the'S^ 

ee^  india-rabb^t^l"  ^  P™*«»  of 

raiall  mechanism  At  this  moi^ 

hpa  of  the  carbon-holdeta.  tl,  electro-magnet  opens  the 

the  fragments  tSlSriTt^^^^  ^o^ 

weight  helow  raisee  the  ca^^  fae  oonnter- 

“ee*i  rad  reratahliahea^bT  ^  ^  penetrates  the  mmer 
®eraechan^^ 

“*“it  of  •hon'n.  ***ll  tk«  K>I.  .V 


HI 


4010 


4020 


178  EIXOIBIO  liobuko. 

We  hare  eerend  times  tried  tfaii  lamp,  bnl  we  hare  oorer 
obtained  good  rwn]i&  It  inclodes  too  many  moring  parts,  and 
tbe  least  obstacle  proTenta  the  play  of  the  mechanism.  How- 
erer,  we  hare  observed  that  when  by  chanoo  it  worla  tegnlarly, 
the  rantacts  being  better  and  la  nnmerons  than  those  of 
Konn  s  ImR  it  less  intense  ennents  for  the  prodnetion  of 
a  given  light  .  With  a  Qranuno  machine  of  100  bnnicts  we 
haro  obtoed  with  a  single  lamp  as  much  as  80  bnmen, 
whilst  with  a  Konn  lamp  we  conld  never  exceed  00  bumets. 

In  orda  to  realise  the  actual  valno  of  the  system  of  Ikhtinn 
ym^esc^  we  have  made  a  series  of  experiments  with 
se^  Kdnns  lamps  and  ji  Bnnsen  battery  of  48  elements,  of 
0  •  20  mbtro  height  ^ 

The  tot  operation  consisted  in  measuring  the  resistanoes' 
of  retort  carbon  of  square  section.  The  samples  tested  wen 

JxS?:  right 


SssS-'=s*“-= 

We  snbeoquenUy  rounded  the'  carbons,  so  as  to  ~in  • 
iametor  to  0-0016  metn,  and  r^nS  the  len^i^" 
^  as  to  obtain  0-018  mton^esTnfi^ 

series  of  experiiLito:  “»««>«  twenty 


In  the  Ibllowing  table  an  given  the  reenlta  obtained  vrith 
lamps  arranged  in  lalteries,  that  is  to  say,  on  distinct  eirenita 
derived  from  the  battery.  Because  of  the  considerable  difier- 
eiues  observed  in  the  intensities  of  .the  b'ghtof  each  lamp  during 
the  aame  experiment,  we  give  the  total  light  instead  of  that 
ponced  by  each  lamp : 


When  the  reoeiTora  an  sealed  and  the  contacts  carefiilly  put 
in  line,  the.  carbons  last  Har  a  esUsIactoty  period  The  tot 
catto  of  a, lamp  never  lasts  for  less  time  than  a  quarter  of  an 
a  2 


4022 


Moinio  Liotmso. 

hour;  sometinies  it  breab  at  tho  end  of  thirty  to  thirty-firo 
nuimloa,  but  that  is  Tory  rarely ;  its  aTcrogo  dnraUon  is  twcalj. 
one  minutes.  The  snoooodiog  carbons  last  upon  an  aycrago 
m  ^  hom^  so  bng  os  the  luminous  intensity  does  not  raaeh 
«  burners,  in  which  case  tho  arcrago  duration  is  only  half  an 
hour.  In  the  eip^ent  of  four  parallel  «irira  of  12  elemmit.. 

AttotiTe  onminatioa  of  incandescent  carbons,  through  a 
^ngly  00^  glas^  has  shown  that  they  a^^^, 

myaCTurn  nerer  being  perfect  in  tho  reeeiTera,  tho  hrat 

^^n  ism  greater  ^oonsnmod.  It  wonld  appear  thkt  con- 
^uently  upon  tho  little  oxygen  contained  in  thVlLTlXr 
Wo^  mt^bonic  acid  and  carbonic  oXS^cS 
^^d  bo  prose^  indefinitely.  But  there  is  thra  produced  a 

l“£TSd‘"oo- 

“^erai  of  tho^rS;  w 

cloeing  of  the  joint  ^  energetic 

Jhf^r 

shaight  line,  which  is  indispensable  to 
minute  and  long  ptemSAt  nS  L 

not  always  occSautonJSy  *“ 

^  iriU..  a  single  Ump  and 
^***^8  to  two  el^fa  {„  ^  ®^’®ying  two  lamps  and 
sidetahly  diminished.  ^naaUty,  the  results  woes  eon* 


402.3 


uomrao  BT  iKoartDEsciKOE.  181 

Wo  hsTS  recently  made  similar  trials  with  Gaudoin  artificial 
carbons  of  the  same  section,  and  the  results  hare  been  more 
satislactory.  Thus  the  total  light  prodiad  mth  48  elementa 
in  four  series  and  a  single  lamp,  reached  80  burners,  and 
that  produced  with  tho  same  battery  and  three  lamps,  attained 
80  burners. 

Tho  same  battery  coupled  in  tension  and  actnaling  a  Serrin 
lamp  gives  a  voltaic  are  of  105  burners;  but  the  light  obtained 
by  incandescence  is'much  steadier  and  more  agreeable  to  the 
eye. 

From  what  precedes,  it  appears  to  result  that  King  and 
laidygaine's  system  is  much  more  favonrablo  to  large  foci  tt."" 
to  the  divisihility  of  the  electric  light ;  however  it  is  proper  to 
remarh  that  when  10  burners  per  lamp  are  not  eict^e^  the 
carbons  have  a  very  long  duration,  whilst  they  are  consumed 
very  quickly  for  an  intensity  of  60  to  80  burn^. 

Only  carbons  of  p-0016  mbtre  diameter  and  O' 018  mhtre 
luminous  length  were  until  then  these  tried;  these  behave 
very  well  with  a  strong  current,  but  give  no  light  with  12 
elements.  It  became  interesting  to  learn  what  fight  could  be 
obtuned  with  12  elements  by  diminishing  the  length  of  the 
carbons.  This  was  the  object  of  a  now  series  of  eipeii* 

Fivo  diflerent  oombinations  were  attempted,  by  varying  in 
turn  the  ooupling  of  the  battery,  the  diameter  of  tho  carbon 
and  its  lengtL 

The  best  results  were  obtained  with  a  single  lamp  furnished 
with  Qandoin  carbons  of  0'0016  metre  diameter,  and  of  O'OIS 

The  fight  varied  between  2  and  8  burners,  but  it  was 
mote  often  5  burners.  Each  carbon  lasted  on  average  fifteen 
minutes. 

We  were-abont  to  repeat  all  these  experitnenis,  snbetitnting  fiir 
the  battery  a  Gramme  machine  constructed  to  give  the  best 
useful  eSect;  but  the  imperfeotions  of  the  lamps,  the  difficulty 
of  obtaining  good  oonta^  the  too  minute  care  to  be  taken  at 
the  commencement  of  each  operation,  led  us  to  decide  to 
previously  design  a  lamp  more  commodious  and.  slightly  mote 
practical  than  that  of  H.  Eonn. 


•JOi'i 

uairnsa  mr  ixcucsisczsicz.  183 

This  huop,  which  wo  repraKnt  in  Fig.  48,  is  at  present  nnder 
oonstmction  by  M.  Br^cet  It  is  characterised  by  the  two 
following  points;  (1)  the  carbons  arc  set  in  a  groove  at  rneb  of 
thdr  extremitiei  in  rigid  contacts  and  kept  fixnl,  which  ailmita 
of  the  lamp  being  pbiccd  in  all  podtions;  (2)  the  elertrii: 
enrrent  passes  antomaticnlly  from  one  carbon  to  the  other  by 
the  action  of  an  electro-magnet  interposed  in  the  circuit. 

A  description,  even  summary,  would  not  be  of  great  interest, 
nnco  the  lamp  is  not  yet  finished ;  the  engraving  sufficiently 
indicates  the  arrangement  we  have  adopted.. 


Foiifniiic,  1st  IMition,  1878. 


iviii  ral  llniurk!.  im  ilio  Dlrl.ibility  .i( 
fMablluhlnj;  vrry  •null  I.unilnniu  C™ 
Ib- Clun|;y«  Inri-nlion-Hcport  of  3 


i*clric  rjgtit — ImiHKoihi 
111  lilt:  niraiM  actuallv  k( 


Dlviillne  Itegulator-31.  Ic  Ito.u'  K»i»-rimrn?»-'M  X 
-U.-3L  Jabloobkoir.  Kap..Hn.n.„'  a. 

‘  A.-a.I,:,n3-  «t 

Tmk  rc,n»rknbl«  ofTecteof  tliovolUii.:  arc  wore  ..oscau-r  forea..f., 
Hail  the  i.Ica  aroso  of  (livi.ling  tliu  electric  light,  aiitl  even 
.eforo  the  existence  of  a  goial  regulator  for  a  single  light.  Kin- 
Kbikonta  patent  for  n  lamp  on  the  ilivisible^vsttni.  The 
»te,,s.  hoivover,  that  were  being  taken  to  ,Mirfect  the  si«..|e 
i't'ir  “  “''1"“ HO  nipiilb-,  that  with  an  exis-m- 
I^roof  10  horse-power  an  artifieial  snn  of  an  intensity  of 
burneiw  was  prodnecl.  This  gran.l  result  was  .lae  to  the 
Corn:.,  ami  fSamloin  ,  to  .Serrin’s  lamps, 
mi  l.  le  8  machines,  ami  Sautter  ami  .^ra«gin's  projector.  On 
other  haiul,  ho  plan  of  .livi.ling  the  light  imule  no  a.lvance, 
impiil^"'"'"’*  ""  oxporimontal  ami  specnlativo 

II,  nli  i^  oxcoptioiial  character,  ami  it 

o»I<  beamatterofilimenltyto  ileci.le  which  of  them  ap- 
ihes  neai^t  to  the  true  solution  of  the  ilidicnlt  problem  of 
-  Hg  the  electric  light.  It  must  not.  however.be  thought 
It  in  face  of  these  obstacles  the  idea  of  rephiein-  gas  by 
<  ectncity  will  have  to  Ijo  entirely  remiiinced,  for  science  is  far 
t  ''*H‘  of  ‘fH  compiasts  by  means  of  this 

laiv  T  '■“*  '‘“''''‘iliitol  distance,  ami 

rei,Ll-'*n^°iT‘’ Hupiircsscd  night;  but  dc-spito  the 
markable  labours  of  M.  Jablochkoff,  and  the  no  loss  remark- 


me  110  suflicioiitly  practical  system  of  so  iliviiliiig  tlio  liglit  as 
(  remler  it  generally  available  for  the  purposes  for  which  gas 
used.  Each  decade  gives  birth  to  a  new  idea,  the  importaiiee 
r  which  is  exaggerated  by  rumor  until,  after  a  few  nusiicces.s. 
il  trials,  public  interest  abates,  and  nothing  more  is  heard  o( 
le  matter.  In  1817,  King’s  discovery  of  incandescent  carbons 
is  announced  in  England;  in  1857,  M.  do  Cliangy,  in 
elgiiim,  substituted  platinuin  for  the  carbon,  anil  employed  a 
gulator ;  in  lS(i7,  Jl.  Roux  piiblisbed  in  E ranee  a  inetliod  of 
issiiig  a  current  alternately,  and  with  great  rapidity,  through 
vend  ordinary  regulators  ;  and  lastly,  M.  Jabloehkoff,  in  1877, 
used  sparks  to  jiass  through  idates  of  kaolin,  ami  by  this 
cans  ohtained  a  scries  of  small  lights. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  each  of  the  systems  ])rupusud  is 
liable  of  rendering  imisirtant  service  in  s’pecial  casus,  but  the 
ror  that  inventors  have  fidlen  into  has  been  the  elaiming  of 
o  great  a  scope  for  their  apparatus  as  lending  immeiliatoly  to 
e  supplanting  of  gas.  The  electric  light  has  already  a  vast 
Id  of  application  open  to  it,  and  Chapters  VII.  and  Ylll. 
■■at  of  the  (^ic.it  adiantiigcs  attaching  to  its  employuent  in  a 
tuber  of  cases,  but  that  it  will  sotue  day  entirely  take  the 
ICO  of  gas  in  extremely  improbable.  It  has,  in  fact, 'only  been 
ice  the  introduction  of  electric  lighting  that  our  admiration 
•  the  facility  with  which  gas  can  be  divided  and  distributed 
s  been  faiii)*  aroiiseil. 

By  the  term  “  divisibility  of  the  electric  light  ”  we  do  not 
lan  the  production  of  several  intense  lights  bv  means  of  one 
iclmie  or  battery,  but  simply  the  maintaining’ of  a  few  small 
umous  centres,  each  equal  to  1  to  15  Carcel  burners.  It  has 
Bii  proved  beyond  a  doubt  that  several  lnm|is  can  be  kojit  in 
ion  by  one  magneto-electrie  machine,  but  the  question  is 
ether  the  first  cost  and  maintainance  of  such  apparatus  is  not 
later  than  that  of  a  series  of  small  machines  each  in  circuit 
.11  a  lamp.  IVe  have  always  favoured  the  latter  method  of 


.ting,  although  the  other  i.hu.  has  received  a  large  share  of 
attention,  and  there  is  a  likelihood  that  JI.  Grnmmo  ,vill 


Fontaine,  l.st  Ihlitii 


ISt;  KI.KCmiC  I.IOIITIXI 

|iresent,  however,  the  iiieniis  pro|Mised  I 
liilitv  of  the  light  have  been  praetieally 
We  w  ill  now  ghiiiee  at  the  vnrioii.s  s 
iniving  of  this  proldeiii.  It  ha.s  licen  si 
if  King,  roinvented  by  JI.  Ixalvgiiim 
Konii.  was  better  suited  to  a  single  li| 
lystem.  There  are,  however,  some  adv 
hebuniing  of  small  carlHiiis  in  a  vaciiui 
s  steady  and  the  ex|)onse  iiiiMlerate.  1 
iiethod,  some  new  ex|>erimeiits  should  1m 
hinner  carbons  of  various  qualities. 
;rcut  regularity  of  the  light  is  needed, 
nto  use.  The  mode  of  operation  ado| 
las  never  been  thoroughly  known,  but  ti 
ng  communiention  iiinde  by  M.  .lobi 
icieiices  on  thu  ’dltli  of  Febniarv,  1 
dsmitory  cxpurinients  must  have  1 . . 

■'  I  hasten  to  nniioiincu  to  the  Acadi 
every  of  the  diviiling  of  an  electric  ci: 
lose.s.  This  enrrent  from  a  single  sou 
ires  as  may  lio  desired,  and  gives  a  s. 
roll!  a  night  lamp  to  a  liglithoiise  lamp. 

“  The  iiiiiiiiioiis  arc  between  two  curb 
nowii,  a  very  intense,  lliekering  and 
'liaiigv,  who  is  a  chemist,  niuchaiiic 
lioroiighly  conversant  with  the  latest  di 
lived  the  problem  of  dividing  the  elect 


icrciisiiig  the  iiitensih-  of  the  light  through  the  extinction  < 
le  neighboring  lumps.  The  htiu|)s,  which  ara  ciicloscil  i 
iiinetically  .si'iiled  ghi.ss  tiihcs,  are  intemleil  for  the  ligliting  ( 
ines  in  wliicli  there  is  fin^damp,  nml  for  street  lamps,  whie 
unhl  hy  this  .system  he  all  liglitcd  or  put  out  at  the  same  tim 
I  the  circuits  being  opened  or  closial.  Thi-  light  is  as  whit 
id  imre  as  Gillard’sgas,  with  which  it  has  one  point  in  eomnini 
imely,  its  production  by  the  incandescence  of  platinnm.  Th 
spipes  are  replaceil  by  simple  wires,  and  no  ex])losion8,  bai 
lells,  or  liifs  can  take  ]ilace. 

“'Ihe  trials  that  have  been  hitherto  made  with  the  object  e 
oduciug  an  electric  light  by  means  of  heated  platinum,  hnv 
led  on  account  of  the  melting  .if  the  wires.  This  diflicnlt 
s  been  overcome  by  >1.  de  Chanzy’s  divi.ling  rcgidator.  Th' 
st  of  the  light  is  estimated  to  be  half  that  of  gas.  A  lam{ 
iced  at  the  masthea.l  of  a  ship,  wonhl  form  a  pernmneii 
[iial  f.ir  about  six  months,  with.mt  the  necessity  of  ehangiiij 
!  lilatmnm.  With  several  such  lights  place.!  in  tubes  o' 
l..r.;.l  glass,  it  w.ml.l  be  easy  t..  telegrn).h  by  night,  ns  th.-i 
Uhl  lie  cxt.ngnished  and  relighted  rapi.lly  fr.im  the  .l.-ek 
r  lighthouse  pnrpos.!.s  consid.irable  amplitude  can  be  given  li 
!  light.  I  also  saw  a  lamp  so  arrange.l  in  a  thick  glass  glob, 
it  It  coul.l  bo  immersed  t.i  cm.si.lorable  depths  without  Isdn- 
■rturimd  by  any  m.iyemont.  This  lamp  ha.l  alrea.ly  been 
Id  in  the  taking  of  fish,  which  wore  attractd  towards  th.< 

■■me  above  slight  .leseripti.m  will  snlliceto  show  to  what  a 
i- . I  of  applications  this  discovery  can  be  put.  Tlioconi- 

i.luiiy  IS  founded  n]ion  no  ilhisi.m,  a  lamii  was  to  me 

it  „  1  I  '"‘"•'kurel.ief  over  it" 

le  by  (jr'jo'lnrt'*'"  «°""'>'>»i‘--ation  Wils 

of  linissels,  a  thoronghly  skilld  man  of 


I  .M.  lie  Chnngy,  but  wo  linve  seen  that  of  MM.  Uicas-sagne  and 
Thiers,  patenleil  by  them  in  IS.'il. 

The  theory  .if  this  apparalns  is  oxplaiii.'d  in  the  following 
ilocription  taken  from  the  patent  ; 

When  in  any  part  of  tb.'  circuit  the  enrrent  b  is  to  pass 
Ilii-Oiigh  a  liipiiil  of  less  conilnctivity  than  tbat  of  the  ri'onhoi  es. 
die  intensity  or  .luaiitity  of  electricity  pinwing  in  a  given  lime 
s  inversely  proportional  to  the  resistance  of  the  int.-rposeil 
iipiid.  This  resistanc.i  may  lie  incre.used  or  iliminished.  either 
ly  an  increase  or  .lecrease.if  the  coinlncting  power  of  the  li.pii.l 
ir  of  the  surface  inimi'rsc.1.  Tho  magnetic  force  of  an  elcctro- 
nagnet  varies  with  tho  intensity  of  the  current.  If  the  surfaces 
if  th.'  condiictors  iinnmrsod  in  the  li.pii.l  are  of  an  nncliangeable 
iietal,  We  obtain  in  a  free  state  th.'  gas  arising  from  lb.'  ilecom- 
lositiiin  of  the  li.pii.l ;  the  .pmntity  of  this  gas  in  a  giv.'ii  time 
s'ing  in  direct  proportion  to  tho  intonsity  of  tho  ciirr.'iit. 

.M.M.  laieassngne  anil  Thiers  .livideil  one  Ilf  the  conibictors 
if  a  battery  in  action  into  two  parts,  nttacheil  a  plate  of  platinnm 


lass  gasometer  ciintiiining  ncidiilnte.1  water.  The  b.'ll  of  th.' 
asoiiieter  was  raised  or  lowerwl  by  the  inlet  or  outlet  of  the 
as,  proilnce.1  by  the  enrrent.  The  luscent  of  tho  boll  proilnceil 
f  ciinrse  a  diniiniitioii  of  the  galvanie  intensity,  whilst  its 
escont  produced  the  opjiosito  oirect.  An  electro-magnet,  with 
II  armatiire  in  the  form  of  a  lururainl  an  opposing  spring  I'.im- 
l.'teil^  the  iirni.igiiiiicnt.  The  iipjiamtiis  workeil  in  the  follnwing 

The  spring  was  tirst  luljnsted  to  the  strength  of  th.'  current 
.'termined  upon.  As  long  as  tho  magnetic  attraction  was 
I  eater  than  tho  tension  of  the  sjiring,  tile  armature  l■.'nlaine.I 
I  contact,  and  as  the  gas  which  wius  ileveloped  had  no  outlet, 
le  bell  of  tho  gasometer  was  raised,  thereby  .liniiiiishiiig  the 
irfaco  of  the  platiniini  in  contact  with  the  liijiiid,  ami  coii- 
•'lUently  the  intensity  of  the  cnrroiit.  There  winilil  iiceiir  a 


eon,  .u.sl.on  of  . . .  wiros.  I,„t  the  eo.nplication  wl.icl 

vn.nUI  ar.se  (Vo„.  this  armagcaeat  wo, .1.1  aealer  it  iaapplicablo 

hs  „se  ""  f’’"" 

MM.  do  la  ]{.vu  a..d  Klie  Wart..,.,.,..,  both  pltvsicista  ol 
C.o„eva,  obsurved  that  with  a  very  soasitive  re...  h.tor  ned 

tlio  i)ro(lnctioii  of  n  n. .ii  I  •  *^1  for 

"^/...illi,u‘drc)  TiT  ,d,M-"’*’ 


tnlii.t...;;  whi'el,  rvvoIvi..(;  with  ^reat  ni|iidit_v.  .M.  I,,.  It,,, 
the  ciirreat  of  a  Ui.t.sen  battery  idter.iat.dy  i’„t..  two  red'll 
ii.  M.el.  way  that  it  traversed  each  of  thi'..i  il.iri.ix  the 
...iii.laT  of  fractions  of  a  .sei-oinl,  and  he  th.ts  si.eis'e, 
■livi,li„f;  the  li(.ht.  Th.!  li(-hts  wer.'  .....hw  th.se  con, 
|HTfcctly  e.|tt.il. 

M.  .le  Slersann.*,  it.  1S73,  t.>.>k  o.it  a  patent  for  tl.c  ,li 
of  electric  ciirrents  ...i  the  same  principle  .us  that  of  I,e 
'I  he  i.iccl.n..ic.ilcoi,stri.ctiniiof  the  invention  is  of  s.)ele... 
a  ., ati.ro  niiil  so  little  worth  paUmtiiiK  that  w.-  sho.ild  hav.- 
I."  niention  of  it  hail  not  M.  ,le  Mersanne  in  the  folh.win. 
I.iaile  an  aihlition  to  the  patent,  which,  if  not  praeti.'al, 
least  oriirinal.  The  liistribiilinK  wheel  of  M.  I,e  Honx  h 
leplaccl  by  a  horizonbil  spinille  carryint;  '*  w-ries  of  .•ain^ 
nl.■ans  of  tlicse  eains  a  rccipriKratin^'  motion  is  j'ivim  to 
"'Hew  jointe.1  to  vertical  motallie  arms  which  are  phi.iee, 
anil  withdrawn  from  cups  tilled  with  nierciirv.  Whci 
spindle  revolves  at  a  high  rate  of  speed  several  'lamps  a, 
suecussively  into  contact  with  the  .deetric  current,  wlaw. 
single  source  of  electricity  is  divided  into  .'.pial  or  nn 
portions,  acconlit.o  to  the  combination  ;{iven  to  the  iiiterni 
Isoit  year,  when  traveling  throngh  the  principal  towns  , 
Status,  wi*  ciuloavorcd  to  diMcuvcr  wliat 
"  Cl.  made  in  America  in  the  matt.T  of  eii'ctric  lightiii} 
We  Were  unable  to  s.'i-  anything  of  a  practical  natiir.’. 
p  i.'s.cist.s  had  been  experimenting  with  a  view  to  the  divisi 
*'  'old,  Init  none  of  them  won*  in  a  positiou  to  sliow  t 


ho  Magnsiiis  the  ohjeet  nns  to  increnne  the  lighi 
lip  Hall,  Wl.iel,  was  saiiplieil  with  eleven  Inatros 
loiml  light  from  the  halls  sarronn.ling  it.  Anminl 
|>  Halhatalamt  two-thir<l.s  of  the  height,  them  is  a 
hieh  the electrie  light.s  were  phiee.!.  Two  Alliance  " 
>r  oi  .SH  candles,  and  hy  an  ingenioiiK  arrangement 
when  Imrned  out  were  rephiccsl  hy  others,  without 
..sihle  diminution  of  the  light.  The  candles  were 
diiriisiiig  glo  xis,  and  the  light  was  projected  forwanl 
rel  ectors.  Iwo  sticks  of  Carre’s  earlsins,  •!  min.  in 

‘ter  "'""'“‘‘'‘1  '''tl'  i>  thin  pinto  of 

^  ,  and  hxed  in  two  eopper  tidies,  which  weio 

Siftli'w  ^  ^7' .  «'i|*  of 

was  dillic'nlt  to'  jnd'^i^d  Tl'r  intmitroMh^ 

riiem.  The  .  f"'""' •«  (five  alioiit  aO  to 

irrc^iilMriii<‘s  w<jru  jiot  {front  hut  nf 

‘n"al7the^l''if“  ‘““'“-•"’"K  "ns 

n  es  f  “'o 

•  0  n  ter,  cl  I  u\'„  ^ 

‘o  the  dim  slae  ,.  1. 


I  he  lalwrs  of  SI.  .laldoelikotr  have,  from  a  pin 
It  of  view,  an  iindoiilit.sl  value,  as  he  has  demo 
SI  voltaic  nics  can  Ih>  nmintaiiied  in  the  cin-iii 
■eiit.  and  that  two  pnnillel  earUms  separated  I 
e  produce  a  light  less  intense,  it  is  true,  tha 
ihitor  with  onliimry  retort  earlions,  lint  .piiie  a- 
intenniltent.  The  |s)ssil,itity  of  dividing  the 
'riiiienlally,  or  for  piirjioses  of  scientilie  demon 
til  hy  M.  Morent  at  St.  IVterslnirg  with  Koni 
novelty  of  the  newer  experiments  is  that  the 
led  in  the  air,  and  not  in  a  vaeniim.  as  in 
iigenicnt. 

I'here  is  no  doiilit  that  .M.  .laliloclikoir,  with  th 

ntum  of  M.  Dennyroiise,  will  sin . .  in  niakii 

•  eeonoinicnl,  and  in  oonsidendilv  lediieing  the 
h  his  system  ncsiossitntes  ;  lint  as  far  as  tin-  a] 

iKhl  to  indiistnnl  piir|siscs  is  eoiieerne.l,  . . . 

daga/.ini>  of  the  I/Oiivru  proves  nothing  wliatevi 
'Illy  inference  to  lie  dniwn  therefrom  is  that  tin 
niethcsl  of  electric  lighting  is  niiieh  higher  thai 


he  two  “Alliniice"  innchiiicsiiiid  the  six  standan 
lie  candle's  employed  in  the  .Tahloohkoirarrangei 
as  miieh  ns  six  ffrainnio  nmehines  and  six  .Se 
six  candles  give  IHO  Cnrcel  Ininiers  whereas  s 
lines  with  Oniidoin's  enrixins  give  h.IMKi  Carr 
ig',  then,  the  first  cost  of  nhint  as  eipial,  the  s 
ntors  gives  twelve  times  mom  lic-lit  limn  that  «' 


in  place  of  (ho  210  burners  given  bv  tlio  six  Jnblocb- 
les.  In  this  respect  the  advantage  is  ngain  considomblv 
lighting  bv  means  of  regnintora.  Tho  sti|)oriorit'v 
1  system  is  established  in  the  most  convincing  innniier 
iring  the  consnniption  of  cnrlnnis. 
ectric  candle,  costing  at  leiust  half  a  franc,  lasts  half  „„ 
ng  at  the  mte  of  1  franc  per  hour  for  10  burners  and 
•s  for  a 00  bnrneis.  With  ordinary  carbons,  the  same 
of  light  IS  I.rodnced  at  M.  Meniers  for  a  ..nartor  of  a 
iccost  of  the  candles  is  therefore  fifty  times  greater 

l.at  M  da  dochkotr  will  soon  succeed  in  redncing  i„ 
n«iee  the  heavy  oxpens..s  to  which  we  have  jnst  drawn 

nstanee,  the  “Alliance"  machines  are  dear  Imt  it  is 
o  nmnnfactnre  them  at  a  lower  cost,  and  the  candles 

^'-''•■1.  Imt  this  difference '77„|'«o  ol""'*  ’^,'“‘“8'“ 

‘l««  Itonlevard  des  Italiens.  whi, 


4038 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  Hlgg.  and  Brittle 
Paper.  S.  M.  H,.  Ext. 

THE  IXSTITl’TIOX  OF  CIVIL  E.\GIXEEH.S. 
Sice.  I.— JIlXlTKS  OF  PlIOCKKDI.VOS. 

.Taxcai 


nv22,  1878. 

•,  I.  li.  SS.  L.  it  E.,  Prcui- 


•loil.V  FllEDKIllr 
'lent,  in  tin-  Clinir. 

-No.  l,-.4n._-Sonio  Kocc-nt  I«>,,wvomo.,t«  in  Dv- 
mino-eleetric  Api-amtim,"  hy  W,u.uj,  Hfm’iv 

If:::*''  '■ '-r 

ol.jeets  or  screens  occur  11, „/  I  h"  ™  ”•’“‘1"" 

Sim 

owtivsnr<.,i|!“wf  ™  ii'S 

><>>>temcon,  Sil?  “  •‘“division  it  »ill 
‘■''■rntn-c  s,nr  r'  «*“  I'iglmat 

''•ill  be  innnv  tunes  in  cxcc^  onimt'"'.""®  “ 
the  electric  ligl,t  (o  „  ™of,l.„tnecess„r,tosnpplv 


|;ompW^t’.  Exhibit,  “TeleKraphlo  Jour- 
"  Ootobor  15.  1878. 

a.  M.  H.,  Ex’r. 


lihlitoiinl  uniler  lieniling  of  '• 
Lmim.No." 


!  It  s  tnio  thnt  nl  pnnnint  nn  invention,  bv  wbid. 
ho  elec  no  current  supplying  ,l.o  electric  lamps  can 
besulKl.vuloilsomrlofecUgreat  nmnv  light  een- 
triT’ .1*  "r  '““’“'•''t"  "hile  it  dis- 

'‘S’’*'  "*  '*  il'wiilorntum  neccssarv  to  tin- 
complete  success  of  electric  lighting  oven  fo^  general 
H  roet  puqioses,  let  niune  honsehohl  uses.  Hut  tried 
luventors  nro  nl  work  on  the  problem,  and  nnv  dav 
may  see  its  nccomplislnnent." 


Complainanfs  Exhibit  “Thompson'g  Ed 
gmoering  Xiottor  of  Oot  25  1878  ’ 

Teby.  28.  1890.  S.  M.  H..  Exr. 

Vo...  2(i, ...  .in.  Lo.v..o.v,  Oct.  2o.  187.- 

DIVi.SIlULITV  OK  THK  Kf.KCTKIC  rTfir-r 
HiOir  A  DV.VAMICAL  POIXT  OF  VIF^v'. 

lo  Tl..,  b.MTo.!  OK  "  K.vo..vk:k.i..vo”  ; 

■S...-.Ar,.el,  vn-,.c...es.s  c-ppea.^  to  ...xist  ii,  H,,. 
Zil'liT*  oicctHc  ngi.: 

t'.r 

I', 

i.  it-  "  '*  -nor; 

■’"n..!,'  tl.o  past  forlnioM  ’  -r.’  " 

Sun,  L  I.i,s  to?’"Z 

Mr.  Eibsoti,  piiLs  into  his  ‘ "f 

tI.o  ,„„st  airv  Z  m"  .  ‘  «-hich  ox- 

I'oll.  of  elec.tritity  ‘...,"l“  of  I)riu. 

truth  ...oro  thi  ?.  II  thoiv 

->o<loncu,„„sthu.Mve  i‘ 

-  ‘■■0  ay„a,uic.al  priucipli  „  L'Zr'“  “““ 

"lueli  iuisorts  that  work  aaM,.  ,  "f ’‘nerny, 

•-••-•Pt  the  expotulitZo  oT  «' 

"tlior  for.n  of  corgy,  “f  «o.,ic 

I'spo.uliture  of  fuel  i„  tl  ho  I  "  " 

“"P>'«.s  the  use  of  ehemi-lr,  '  •  ‘ho  g.u, 

the  .notion  of  the  tel’e'Z  f-'”'"''  “P  *" 

■'■“--'‘^'^'-■ortheelZZ^ZtSZ^^ 


(™.sf„r,ue<l  into  hght  „„,I  h„e,  i,,.,  .. 

<;f  electncly.  Tho  hatterv  .'.r  t  .  ’  - 

■•K'h.iio.  with  iU  sie,„„  or'‘Z'  •"'"'"’•'-■lecli 
-"re.,,  of  energy.  The  ..lectric  curr 

"’“‘.''“J  "I  ‘rnnsferring  that  enonZ/"  '  i 

'  •  »'  ■'■»t«..t  point  of  „ppli,.„tio„  'rh"'" 
the  enrront  is  „„„tl...r  ..x.,reH,io,/f  . 

"'<.'e.l  in  n  given  time.  •  ' 

t-t  ns  eonsiilor  „„  „,.„iogv 
■■""rK.v  by  olectricitv  nn.l' tl„.  f  ' 

■  --‘ion  "^n-ovirrglliSZ'^tnZ'rr''" 

""'ll  |)o.H.se!Wes  a  cert-iin  .  ner,.  . 

energy,  by  virtue  of  Li',  [  ’  "  ‘‘i 

'-•'-'‘nele.  r/o  irorX-,  nn.l  that  f  ’ 
li'is  hml  work  done  upon  it  to  ^ ''""*• 
I"-'»eilile  of  the  conservation  of^n.'.Ll'V""','’""- 
• : ?«'K.v  iH  must  u.  s  pcJ^  “• 

It  in  motion,  inst  so  .  i  -n  P  “  "* 

':“«nfy  is  tr...,sforro.l  in  th.. 

Hence  it  L  ^  ‘  »  ''o.lv  in 

'innit  bo  Himnt  r7n""“" 
tio.1  wn  o„  .  .  ,  ‘  l«>ll  to  set  it  in 

“»bbt  'OHlHink  of  U.evue,.yy  that  must  Ire  , 

-'•-Son^tlmnmLSsoZ'"''; 

'■‘"I""  tliev  bn,...  .  refuse  to  seo  I 

'nentally.-oK  thoughn’t  "“'"f "iT '•  ‘'‘^P''' 

"I  II  moving  bodv  iV  /  ''‘'‘*"‘-■1 

“tar 

Tl“"“  -■  '"  Si.-.  il  r! 

iiiiil  by  virtue  or'wr'l  "''l"‘rted  to 

:t7 

/ca,m"„T7'“.1'.'  ■“'“‘"“"“■■r  meaning.  1 
Acerta 

J  oneygy  the  form  of  the  explosive  activiti 


ivioiislv  riM|iiir(!  tlii^  I'xplDsion  of  twieu  hh  imu- 
«.ler  to  shoot  t«o  such  ca.oioii  lialls  at  tlio  Ham 
1(H)  ft.  jwr  sccoiiil.  and  tlicv  ivill  do  twice  a 
Ia.n.4,0.  Now  iostead  of  .;..n,linK  t.ro  canno. 
•Itl.  a  veIo.-itv  of  //«///.  ,^r  ,ccnn,l,  l.-t  ,.s  „lt„,„,, 
I  "nr  cannon  hall  at  the  rnto  of  'iHjjt.  ,^r  tecomi 
e  .sjonc  .inantitv  of  ounponder  suffice  ?  Will  tin 
«  work  done  he  the  same  ?  Nothing  of  the  kind 
once  shows  that  a  ,na.s.s  of  1  I h.  moving  „t  tin 
-(H)  ft.  per  second  will  do  more  than  I, nice 
ninage  as  the  sannt  ma.ss  moving  rvith  a  vehmitv 

t.  per  .second,  ./00/,/c  Me  .rcfyA/  yon  ,lo„hl, 

Tn7  -r’''-'.  ^ 

tdorUy  0,0/  sc  the  .Mructice  enertjy 

•  Irehle  the  veloc.tv  while  the  weight  remains 

I  t  then  urn  wdl  re.pnr,,  a  ninefold  charge  of 

. . .  The  X/rc 

r"  "•  ll‘'-re/ore.  not  ,u  the  ve- 

“.le.iridea  of  this  .pmnlitv  which  we  t'orni 

■aad  for  what  we  now  1 

-'««.....paci,tod„w„;:ijji: 

0  •eal  sonrce’of  enerov  i?*rT  ‘=‘'- 

i»«)'i<Ii)'.=d.theenem;U  hs\ 

;  ‘^.msformed  into  ettricity  1?'.? 

ork  on  the  evt..ro  I  •  “  the  eiirrout 

itters  itself  .  of  the 


'■''rrent,  hut  ia  proportional  to  the 
'-•'•rrent.  This  analogy  g.ms . 
til"  enrrent  to  be  produced’ from  n 
t-  rnal  rosistnuce  is  in-gligihly  sn 
the  "Xtenml  resistainsj  of  the  cin 
-•'totnl  cell  wo  shall  double  the  st 
"'"I  ”*‘'‘**  producri  four  tiinist  as  n 
It'Sli  tosistanco.  lJut  mark  tl 

. .  ‘['tfa  ns  much  zinc  in  so  ihi 

"P  twice  as  much  ziue  in  each  of 
'"riv.  Iiy  litikiug  three  cells,  we  sli 
■''rttigth.  and  shall  produce  nine 
;’t‘  «o  simll  use  up  nine  time 
'"•»  ns  much  ill  each  of  the  tim 
"Iisity  of  the  electric  light  between 
"'spreci.sely  the  same  law.  Itisi 
•‘rength  of  the  current,  hut  to  the 

,  ‘  ‘®  ctrrent  This  has  been  ; 

tlf)  photometric  measurement 
‘  i">  a  necessary  conseijuoncu  of  < 


JV"**-  . . -r'  v  ll” 

*rolwiI»|o  vioM*  Tii«  .  .  *  ‘ 

f->l*l(K;liki)ir  in’ll  *1  ""l'r'>'"iii.'iiU  of 

^  '•v'l'itiir)  miicliiii..n,  »l„.r..|,v 

for  four., . l  l  ^ 

•7'  fmir  ••cnii.Il..."  o'.  ..,.,.1,  .-ir, 

-tJi.", ivfjlr;"'";-  " 

r-"’ 

;*-.wr:rar 

. . 


Bristol,  October  23.  1878 


- - - -  A.  uuuipBon  ■ 

neoring  Lootaro  of  Doo.  20-27.  1878 
Foby.  28.  1890.  S.  M.  H..  Em. 


I/>M>ox.  Di-c.  20,  1878. 

TUt  KI.KCTUIC  lilOIIT. 

Oil  tin,  tin,  Sth  I*r„f„HHor  !i  P 

l-il-m.  ..  tIn.  r.,ivorsi,va.lIeK«.  IW^M.-Iodur '.I 

.■.-•1.01.10,^.  1.0  1.11, ..kKl  to  tho 

focuivwl,  the. 

“  a  prolL  rr  '««>“«• 

'  ‘'>0  iliseissioa  of  that  ..1  1 1  >““•  • 

Hurcial  |)rol)|i,„i  to  Ij,.  f„  ,  i  ocioutilio  iiinl 

‘  lieoiitilii;  |.rol,|,.,a  ,|.u“V  “go  till- 

si, o,. 1,1  l„.  w,us 

.■•iirl.vl,,,,,.,  ..  .  '“-•‘-•ompli.sho.l  bv 


■  ,  .  ...  . . .  HIlOIlIll 

All,!  Ill  tills  niicioiit  cit.v  of  Hristol  it  i 
was  iiitrodiiccsl  in  tlio  virnr  1811  or 
"lie  .Vlioii,  wo  ouKlil  to  honor  nioro  tin 
llri'illnt.  who  in  his  little  pine-  in  Hr,. 
L-as  hj-ht :  anil  if  ho  was  neriiHo,!  of  tli, 
I'niiKing  „p  firo  from  Isdow,  |,e  .-onvi, 
’f  •'nitol  that  gas  eoiihl  l>,.  n,l„|,|,.,| 
n.o  problem  of  to-day  i,  this;  is  ,-1 
:as  t,i  Im  henceforth  oii'r  iiinin  so'nre,,  o 
sir  streets,  onr  docks,  our  ships  oiir  1 
-al  mi„<».  onr  f.,otorie.s.  o„r  I'vorksl,. 
lalls.  oiir  houses  ami  our  <•hllrelles  1«. 

''S'"  "^I'.vgiH.  It  is  ,H.rfeetI 
"i-King  a  problem  such  ns  this,  a  pr.' 
■;l.v  problem  of  the  age.  that  the  , 
r.st..|  should  have  a  share;  ami  1  r,.ioi, 
!l.  the  history  of  electric  ligl.tiu; 
al  (hsemvory  of  tho  eleetrie  light  was  ,1,, 
‘■■r  'vhoso  unmo. 8<J  y,.«o,  ago,  ma.Ie  the 
>1  lustitiition,  now  the  Uristol  .Muse,,,, 
luoiis ,  a  philosoplier  who  enriched  our  s,' 
'I  ginml  disoovorios,  whoshowe,!  ns  why 
who  bc^stowed  on  the  worh 
'  „  ’  B®'"  our  Winers  the  safotv-h 

Humphroy  Davy,  once  „  IJristol  ,m„ 
^h  this  problem  I  propose,  first  of  all, 
'  gtvos  light ;  and  secondly,  why  a  cut 
giv^  light?  After' that’  I  pro, 
!  •.  "  *'"‘‘«ry  of  electric  lighting,  show 
'  'Wproyemonts  which  have  been  u,a,le 
'  soniothing  about  the  ajiplicatious  of 
“  nml  tho  inlluence  of  those  ap,,lii 
llv- I  intend  to  speak  of  a  new  ,lepart„ 
‘ukon  recently.  In  tho  first  place,  the 
tn  name,  such  ns  a  gas  flame,  gives  us 
>ry  of  the  luminosity  of  flame,  thoii-h 
■veil  some  moilificntions.  was  taught  , 
Humphrey  Davy.  Gas  eives 


HUS  Tlioinps.ms  KiiniiinTiii;-  U'ctiiiv.  1878. 

wliito  hot,  and,  tliond.irr,  lircoino  liiiiiinoim.  If  I  Infco 
an  ordinarv  hpcrni  oaiidlo  and  li^-ht  if,  n»  I  noir  <lo  I 
get  .a  small  llanic.  Tlios-  «h<.  Inivu  to  stiuly  fi,o 
of  liyht  which  h.nninn  Mihstanccs  give,  adopt 
Its  a  staiidard  of  lighting  a  s|MTin  candlo  which  hiiniH 
1-0  grams  m  ono  honr.  Wlicnovcr  in  the  contso  of  mv 
remarks  I  m.ay  refer  to  the  light  of  „  enn.llc,  1  *hnll  Im 
mdcrslmsl  to  allnde  to  the  light  of  snch  a  candlo  a» 
this  as  the  standanl  candle.  Tho  netiml  cost  of  1  000 

..l«n  t  ,i2.  If  we  hnrnt  enongh  hdlow  to  give  an  eo.ml 

us  waxc  ndh.  the  cost  wonhlk.  increased  X2  15,. 
,0.  the  other  hand,  we  had  hnn.t:i.57  cnhic  feet  of  gaa 

soHil  particles  through  it  ligh  1'  '".v’T""’?  “l 
-uuug  heated  wl^.:,i:^  '  Jrm^^ 

J  <lo  not  Sfiv  tll,.K<3  imriu.i.  •  ’  .  tlirongll  it. 

nmv  lio  linu'id  or  ovon  ^  tliov 

. . .  . . . 

'••ss  solid  matter  in  Ft.  *'  W ’iT'k  '  “ 

1  sliidl  find  that  the  light  whicirtho'’’r» 

l«i>ul,  to  some  extent  upon  how  tin. ^  ‘  ""*>■ 

I'un.t  in  a  porfoctly  ordiimr.  ‘  "* 

passing  throngh.  which  «r  i  “f  «>ot 

■u  passing  through  it.  -V  s,L  .‘!!‘'“'‘ 

».  ’-O'vever,  yon  air  5,.  T,"”  “  “ '*rigl.t  Co. 
perfect  combustion  is  “ 

euot  produced,  and  you  gj  ,.  ,  „r"‘':'r'*  «  “» 


Tliorapsons  Kugincering  ras.tun-.  I87.S.  .|ii| 

a  brighter  light.  .This  fact  was  illustr.ited  bv  d.Hti„ 
into  tho  flamo  ixiwensl  carbon,  lime  and  magn.  siani 

the  latter  yielding  an  iiilonselv  bright  Ham...  |„  ti 

case  of  gas  you  have  a  combustion  which  gives  out  |,„| 

he.it  and  light.  There  is  a  verv  ronsl.leml.l 

r.  'iri  consnleralile  amoim 

of  heat  from  a  gas  lamp.  In  the  eha  tric  li..ht  vou  1,  ,v 
a  light  which  gives  out  hoth  h«.t  and  liglu.  bn,  .her! 
is  a  very  stmdl  ,,tmiitity  of  heal  proporti.,n.„elv  an.l 
gre.at  .pianlity  of  light.  If.  therefore,  v.ni  ean  '  get  , 
light  in  which  yon  have  fewer  li.sit  ravs  an.l  m.ire  li..|,i 
r.i.vs.  von  may  have,  other  things  In-ing  e.,„al  „ 

ccmoinical  source  of  light.  IV.rha|«,  von  will  U.it... 
understand  tho  .piestion  l.y  „  nnah.g,-.  ,V  r...|  let 
poker  gives  out  Mh  heal  and  light.  Init  agn.  ,t  .|..  il  of 
In-at  and  a  very  liUle  light ;  I.M)  red  hot  ...k.  rs  in  .. 

risiin  would  not  give  out  as  mueh  light  ns  a  sp.  rm  can. 
die.  In  Iho  gas  tlame  We  have  a  gissl  d..al  of  light,  bn, 
«  I"!  of  liuat  which  wr  ihi  not  want.  If  u-,*  im  sith  ti 
tute  somolhitlg  which  shall  bo  a,  superior  a,  is  ti,.! 
Il-uue  of  a  rmiidlo  to  the  red  hot  poker,  tln  n.  even  if  tie 
S,  ■•■-•-■ui-u.ical  source  of 

I  will  now  go  on  to  speak  of  the  ,pi..stion.  lew  .loe, 
a  i  nmmtofoloclricitygivnlight?  ami  ler.i  I  mnsL  a: 

‘  onhmt  ,«ms«  t„  „,ph.i,,  a  few  simple  principles  of 
electricity.  Tho  cloclricily  hy  means  of  which  the  light 
IS  produced  is  not  that  electricity  whicli  wv  get  wlei, 
»e  nth  a  pinto  of  ghtss  or  a  stick  of  sealing  w.,\ 
"■bi  silk,  and  which  gives  us  weak  sparks  and  charges 
"  '■'“•’■"-’'It.  l>iit  timt  kind  of  oloctricitv  which  is  gen- 

•  rated  Ill  a  battery  and  which  travels  in’  current,  along 
c'ondncttiig  wires.  There  are  two  so, tree.,  from  which 

ueli  Olectnc  curronU  may  he  produced.  Tlev  mav  Is.- 
b.  ner.,led  oithor  hy  a  battery  or  hy  a  magnebeelcxtri,- 
■  ’'.'■'•“"l‘>-uloctrio)  machine.  .Vow  hero  we  I.ave  a 

ruprermmiiUtioi,  of  the  simplest  form  of  lottery  for 
producing  electric  correnU,  n  simple  cell  containing  a 
“lie  acid  and  water,  and  into  which  there  are  dipped 
, '"“Whe  phitos,  one  of  ziiio  and  one  of  copper.  S., 
uiig  as  you  simply  dip  thorn  into  the  acid  no  electrie- 

•  “'^■•urvablo,  but  if  a  copper  wire  be  led  from  tlie 


livtT,  feehle  ciira'iits  ;  but  it  is  |iu.ssil)Io  to  ob- 
lurwisctl  iiiiioinit  of  ciimuit  b_v  ciniiloviiig  mor•^ 
I'ells,  siicli  !is  IIkis- (if  tinivu  tir  IIiiiihcii,  niiil 

111}'  llici  cells  . . after  iinotlior  in  nserioH.  Oiir 

ire  shows  ns  a  batterv  of  hnir  cells  so  arranged 
lilt  a  stront;er  eurrent  than  is  iirodnceil  li_v  one 
-•  wire  which  passes  front  the  cop|>er  or  posi- 
to  the  zine  or  negative  |Hile  carries  a  current, 
lains  of  that  eurrent  we  can  do  a  nnml>or  of 
I\e  can  teh-fiiph  to  a  distance, or  wu  can  pro- 
ht  or  spark  at  a  distanee  from  the  Imtterv. 

.f  electricity  alone  a  eondnetor  is  aunloBon's, 

■siiects,  to  the  Ilow  of  pis  along  a  pi|)e.  It 
111  one  point  to  another  as  if  it  woro  liotiid 

will  enable  von  th.i  better  to tinderstnn-I  how 
i.  tan  carry  electricity,  to  cotiipnro  it  with 
—t  along  a  hot, Hiker.  If  von  put  a  ,K,kor. 

end  of  It,  ,1.,.  lir,. 

-at  nive  s  regnlaHv  along  the  iron  fnn.i  the 

f'^'-trieityisproduccHlat 

"I'Mig  simtlarl.v  tintil  it  gels 
"  ‘’'"'V;'.","'”'---  l->‘  travel;  slowly-,  le- 
with  lightning  Sliced.  Wo  have  now  a 

r*tw!b''  ‘l‘™»ii  on  the 

t  tbo  sneh  cells  en.i.loycd  it.  producing  a 

,  .  .  ‘"Olvo  small  colls 


’HiomiMoirs  Knginis'rit 


thick  etiongb.  for  then  the  electrieitv  has  some  .btli 
enltv  in  p.(Oising  along  it.  and.  as  tile  nseiltofth..  '..' 
sistaneewhich  the  thin  wire  olTers  it  becomes  hot.  I 
have  hero  a  wire  of  platititini  stretched  le-twe.  ii  two 
|>oiiits.  and  I  am  gtiitig  to  pass  a  .•tnmg  ei.rient  of  .1.  ,-' 
Irieity  through  it.  The  wire,  as  the  .dc-trieitv  p'„l..l 
thr.etgh  it.  will  get  red-hot  and  wtll  eoalimie 'to  gl.Tw' 
>  long  ns  the  electrieitv  |mKses.  It  mav  get  white- 
"t.  .and  even  melt  tip  with  the  inlensitv'  of  the  he.at 
'  I  take  at,  iron  wire  I  ev,satt  I  shall  litld  a  similar  re- 
lit.  My  iron  w.ro  has  Isicon.e  red-hot.  ami  i.  sinking 
own  as  It  softens  in  the  intolend>le  glow.  |  will  i„,« 
ike  an  iron  nail  and  fasten  it  to  the  end  of  the  wire 
■laing  fmm  the  positive  |m.1o  ;  when  I  make  it  tom  h 
le  other  wiro  fmm  Iho  m-gative  |H.le  I  liml  1  ...  t  a 
right  hlazo  of  sparks;  the  iron  hnr.is  awav  ,.1  the 
oiiit  where  the  current  pn-sses  throngh  it.  Wdien  el.c- 
iril.v  lias  inurol.v  to  pass  llimngh  a  small  ,-.int  or  a 
'«  points  von  got  a  tremendous  amonnt  of  heat  deiel. 
|"■d  ;  the  iron  fuses  and  liiiriis,  and  iiright  s|iarks  are 
I'si  rvisl  to  llv  nliout. 

'Vheii  Sir  Hnniplimv  bnvv  left  . . 1,1  l*hiloso,.hi- 

ll  Illstilntioii  in  l»„rk  street  he  went  to  le.iidoii.  and 
"•rv.  Ill  the  hibomtory  of  the  Ib.val  . . . 


iitimiisl  the  oximritnenlnl  researches  which  have  made 
"1  famous.  Hu  hnd  ti.ure,  moreover,  larger  r.  - 
wo-i:  he  hiul  n  Imttery,  not  of  four  or  twelve 
'-■••IIh.  but  one  of  ;i,00()  imlls.  to  ev,s..rimelit  with  : 
il  IS  whilst  ox, Hirimonting.  with  . Us  he  f.mml 

“t  when  llie  current  |msse<l  Isdw.s.n  two  |,oint.s  of 
rboii  it  gave  an  intonsely  brilliant  are  of  light.  We 
and  ru|H)nt  his  exjierimuiil,  althongh  we  have 
d.OOO  cells  to  oxiH-riment  with.  We  will  eoiineet 
'll  the  wires  of  onr  battery  two  is.les  of  earls, n.  1 
>■■<!  lliom  one  against  tbu  other,  and  we  now  |,ro,lm  e 
'*  electric  s,)nrk  vvbieli  was  ,Iiseovered  bv  Sir 
Iiiiphroy  Davy.  That  bright  spark  of  Daw's  was 
•'"•irunnor  of  nil  the  electric  lights  that  have  sine.- 


<11  made.  The  brightness  of  tbo  spark  is  due  to  the 
•  iisity  of  the  heat  at  that  [wint.  The  more  tlie  heat 
'  "'K  entmtod  nt  a  point  the  briglib-r  the  s|>:irk  pro- 


TIioiiipMHiV  Kiigiiircriiig  Lfctiiro,  1878. 

<I..cv.|.  \V„  l„.v,.  i„  th,.  ,ell„r  |,oI„,v  „  Utten-  nol 
w offio  eeiis.  T,.  «iv..  „„ 

sl.oVv  !  n""  will 

«  K  «  .urn  1  .0  arm,,;;.., intlmOpcn,  U„„h.. 
at  1  ans,  «|,on,  t|.„  c.|,.clri.-  Ii.|,t  • 

.77'"'“ . . . . . 2,,:' 

<'leclricity  i„  p,  J . Tlir 

with  it  sonie  little  im-r  i  *)*  ^  "^****^  camVn 

alw  «lu,.h  an,  fr,,,,,’  '  1  P^rti- 

■sliall  ru'.Milal,,  Ih,.  .list  . !  i  wlii.,|| 

lliaiii  Iiearor  t.,j.,,t|„.r  ilicv  irr!" 

"ftha  (,vo.  'Phis  Iiucoisarv"  r  ’ «*P''>b‘ 

piece  „f  clocicu  T,"  ‘““"••.v  « 

■<a“l'  tlio  points  nlH-avs  at  '  «18  t.i 

‘••aatre.  Here  we  ln,»:o  a  re"arf  J 

aa  IS  necessary  to  pro.lnce  '  T  “  ki"-! 

"-•re  the  t,vo  „f  e„f|  aTui'^  ’  *'“'''"8 

•an.I  Iowerine  them,  whilst  1  •‘““•“8 

eloekwork  at  a  right  ,lista„ce  almrf''  T" 

'-erv  carefnlly  a,lj„ste,l  in  or  .  “* 

™ault.  This  regnlator,  invented  1°  "  •’“''f"®' 

nnv'eer'r  ""  ‘"8“'"on.s  device  hv**' 
ec..s.sation  of  the  electric  e,.r  !  ^ 

"arl)on  points  becoming  too  far  frrT"*’  »«  tho 

;:=‘™-.nagnet.„ndca‘:.s::J^'^^^^ 

"Inch  forthwith  l.rin  m  tl.^  7“ 

"'“'‘““‘rlwM'omts  together 


gets  out  ofonlor  it  riHiuires  to  Is,  sent 

skilled  mecluniiowhomiderstnucU  it  makii 

Inflight  regointwl  by  l|,o  htst  mention.sl  „ 
now  shown,  and  lit  np  tho  Imll  with  gn 
Its  power  wtts  very  ponotmting  and  U 
almost  daadiug.)  Now  I  should  like  von 
inten.s,.|y  slinr],  sliadows  are  cast.  'Kvoi 
of  water  can  be  seen.  (The  lecturer  p.mr 
"f  »«l..yp,K>sito  tho  light,  and  the  sl.a.l. 
I"•r^fflly  o,s«|ue.  Tho  same  fact  wa,  « 
f'lll.v  ilhwlraled  by  the  shadow  of  the  tiam 
niwn  the  wall.)  Now  the  sharpness  nl 
0  '  r*  ,  "-'I*  iwuifonionL  It  is  a  eoi 

the  light  Imitig  conceotratetl  at  a  hright 
n'.Z  *’'‘**’'."8  '"eiy  unplensant  to  h 


III  sVoriaandy,  hut  very  soon  afterwar 
mg  was  rotnmosl  to  ;  tho  nrason  alli~ged  w 
"orkmon  had  a  difficulty  in  ilislingnishii 
"VS  from  tho  threads  so  iatonsely  sharp 
■rmor.  This  is  indee.1  hut  one  of  a  nninisw 
•nioncos  that  luiist  Im  ohvintwl  Imfore  the  [ 
I  have  juat  ahunrn  to  yott,  can  lx?  ^t‘i 
■-•‘I-  It  serros  adinirahly  for  light-houses, 
‘v»nt  a  splendid  hright  hisie,  and  it  I,  „ 
ml  nlso  for  certain  sconio  olTocLs  on  tho  st:i 
"o  oiuployod  in  the  iiuigic  innb,n., 
known  for  this  purpose  in  physical  lalwi 
m.v  yoaw. 

Hmlin  Hms  produci 


'riioiiipsDir.s  Kiijjimi'riiig  Locturo,  1878. 


TOirs,  Ihfri- arr  tlin-..  ;;rf.al  iiicoiiruiiiciicvH.  Tlio  tip.l 
of  tlii-si)  is  that  it  rotjiiiri-s  a  linttcrj,  in  wliicli  you  <Ii«- 
solvo  iiii'taS  ill  .-Iirr..,!!..  acirls.  which  nM|i)irv.t  Nkillc  1 
labor  to  kw|p  il  ill  opI.t,  aii.l  which  thmws  off  niwiv 
fumes.  The  li';lil  iiaiiiires  in  the  uccoml  plnco  nn  er- 
lieiisiv.i  clivkwork  r.f>iilator  verv  linhlo  to  got  out  of 
order  ;  and  lliirdlv.  the  IikIiI  is  t'rxi  bright  linloM  it  can 
Iw  split  np  into  a  niimis'r  of  siimllur  lightn.  Tho  tlifli- 
cnlh-  of  .subdivision  is  the  chief  ililBcultv  in  its  wid.' 
appplication.  Yon  cannot  divide  tho  light  without 
losing  a  considerable  proportion.  If  von  divide  it  into 
two  von  do  not  get  so  Iiiiieh  ns  half  'tho  light  at  cneb 
place,  and  two  regulators  of  this  patient  will  not  work 
together ;  one  puts  the  otheronl. 

Now  llie.s«  three  ilniwliaeks  to  the  electric  light  have 
leeti  tnet  bv  tbris.  ilisi.-overii-s  of  ttiorlent  dale.  In  the 
IIM  p  ace.  a  battery  with  i.eiils,  sttch  ns  I  have  de- 
sertiisi  IS  no  longer  . . .  in  tho  second,  n  com. 

"  ^'’7  .  . . .  under  corlaincircuin. 

•  nee  to  Mlbdtvide  the  Ije,,,. 

tn. ti  to  modern  ttnprovenient.s  hit  ttte  mention  tho  cost 
1 1ititig  the  light  by  a  battery  ami  regulator.  Tim 

Li; '”"7  “/ 

,„„1  . .  ,  '  ,  ''U''  Hio  cost  of  acids 

'■“■"isan'd  estnd^sTl  "u  u"'  '  1’"'' 

was  foil  .7  Opem  the 

-rions  it  ’  I'®'-  A  more 

'-'"‘‘‘i-u'u  d.  •  ™  Jl'n* 

eldsvstem  of  “  '>o'u«uda.  'IV 


e  while  thev  in  e  I  '  ’  ‘  ““(1  there- 

■ymavfor  ih  «-!>««•' 

i-e  eeominiieal  h'iT'  “Pl'*'<»‘ion  Im 

^•‘Iv  I'ear  i  l  l,  .  "  I  «-»ut  you  to  dis- 

of  the  li,.io  •  iuWusio  cost. 

of  -m:.; itr'';;::"  t 

or.  •  *  "**-  “U'ploymont  of  skilled 


Karaday  ninde  tho  groat  iliscoverv  that 
electricity  cotild  !»•  obtnimsl  fron',  mag 
foiiiid  Hint  whonevor  a  conducting  win,  an 
«eie  iiindo  to  approach  one  niiother  a  nio 

tent  of  electricity  was  thereby  iiidiinsl 
riiis  is  the  principle  of  the  niislern  ni.v’ 
iiiiichiinw ;  anil  as  it  is  of  tho  iitniml  int|sn 
to  ilbisimie  tho  fact  to  yon  by  actual  es|s, 
now  throw  on  to  tho  screen  the  inin"e  of  a 
known  as  an  gnivnnonietor,  whose  purpose 
and  nieasnro  tho  strength  of  an  electric  cut 
arrangement  ns  I  have  it  lier.i  (I’ig.  1)  y 
scale  divided  into  ilegroos  and  an  npri 
That  upright  painter  is  nttachwl  to  a  si 
suspenderl  on  light  pivots  within  a  coil  of 
eiirreiit  of  electricity  travels  throngh  tho  c 
Ihegnlvaiiomotor  tho  motiuii  of  thogalvain: 
Willis,  clearly  scon  by  the  motion  of  its 
the  scalo.  The  coil  of  wire  which  I  hold  ii 

I . .  •<>  the  gnlvniiomelor,  and  at  riiv  sit 

Very  powerful  mngnot.  Following  FaiVaila 
I  stiddonly  pinco  the  coil  u|sm  the  mag 
observe  the  impulse  given  to  tho  index  of 
meter  ns  tho  itmult  of  the  imliictsl  curn 
iiiovo  the  coil  of  wire  wo  simll  hnvo  iiiio 
■taluwal.  but  tho  impulso  will  Is,  in  tho  op; 
t!''ii.  I  pull  away  tho  coil,  and,  see,  the  ( 
iieetlle  is  aoiit  llyitig  roiimi  with  tho  cur 
imlitcod. 

This  principle  was  tarriy  titnietl  to  iidva 
laagiiolo-olcctricnl  niachinos  of  .Saxton.  II 
and  others.  Probably  you  nro  already 
them  in  one  form.  Hero  is  a  little  uiachiiie 
V  found  in  the  shop  of  almost  any  opticin 
jecl,  as  you  well  know,  is  to  give  is-oplo  eh 
1  hero  is  a  uingiict  of  steel,  mid  in  front  of 
that  magnet  a  pair  of  coils  of  wire  am  rot 
“vm  by  turning  a  linndle.  Tito  ends  of 
veil  of  wire  nro  phtced  in  councction  , 
amdlos  which  you  hold,  nud  tho  uiipicasat 
vllect  to  tho  irorsou  who  holds  tho  hand 


•lOoli  TlioiiiiisonV  ICiif'iti.'.'riiiu  1878. 

iliio  to  the  fact  that  the  shia-k«  are  not  continnoua.  The 
IN, hired  eiirreiits  an-  in  one  direction  ns  the  coils  np- 
proaeh  the  .nae„n,  ,,oh-s.  and  in  the  opiHMito  dinv- 
tion  iLs  tlniv  rerc.ie  ;  s,.  that  the  shocks  nni  sunt  Very 
rapnlly  throneh  tile  |s,rso«  fimt  in  one  direction  the'.. 
Ill  the  other.  In  the  hirp.  in,igi,ot<w>loctrio  iimcliineH 
nsod  11.  electro-, dating  and  for  the  olootrio  lielit 
It  IS,  however,  nsnal  to  add  a  coinn.ntntor  to  the 
which  hits  the  elTect  „f  sondinv'  the 
eiirrents  the  same  direction.  0„„  on 

tins  ,.rn.c.|.le.  very  sn..-cessf„l  i„  , 

ennilirons  and  weak-  I....,:  I .  .i 

l,T„s  IS  tl  ••  pat. 

tils,  ,s  the  ‘..Vlhance"  machine  of  which  wo  have 

.ere  a  ,,hotogm,,hic  f,«„re.  In  it  9(5  coils  of  wim  wore 
rnti.  .d  niK...  an  axis  Udween  18  steel  lungnet*.  Sud, 

a  irr''“'l  •••"Plo.vtsi  in  eoSmetiontith 

‘'-tlLtriclightlH:! 
'"stead  of  ln.ienet.s\"f  lrr!r’'rT'''*^l’*T"  “"'P''’-'"'’’* 

tliat  the  whole  or  ,,art  of  ih  " 

'’e  eini.loyed  in  exiitin-  the  "'‘Kl>t 

almost  simnltaiieoiislv  lo-  Si  '"“h'liol  was  made 

chines  are  more  pow’erfiil’il  ''"’T 
-"'8..et.s  ivoro  H  onlystoel 

. '■•-“'e-ttrienilchi  -I  “IT 

‘■•.■e  machines  they  re,,„ir„'„!  ll.ll  ,7” 
ttnie.  .Aiiotherslnee  „f  i,,,, "  P"*ferful  on- 
'■'^lit  years  lie,,,  when  M  ( •  alioiit 

fntm  of  an  iron’  rinTwhieh 
'’"‘''•••■■11  the  Iioles  of  the  e|t, '  ” 

nahiced  in  the  ‘  ,  1  '  5  wlion  tho  enr- 

^-lloeted  hv  a  snll  I,. ""B 
ohtained  '  continuous 

llie  earlier  f„r„m  ,  r  ,. 

yenend  arraueeme„,'r"‘'"f'‘  in 

"■‘el....e  for  yivi„„  diocks  whicl 
""  'liavnie  .  .  '"cli  I  showed  you  just 

Tr .of "  ''or.se..shoe ...  .  “n  'tet-con  the 

'  "H  re,,„.  ll  “fl  Iho  picture 

'"‘'"-compact  little  machine 


Tliomiwions  Engineering  Uctur.-,  IST.M.  ip,-.; 

Unwl  .so  largely  in  Paris.  It  hn.s  two  straight  eh-ctn. 
magnets  alrave  and  Kdow  the  rotating  axis  and  the 
rotating  ring  lim.  in  Is-tWisin  them.  The  entire  marhin.. 
Stan, Is  a  little  over  H  f.mt  high,  is  ala.iit  •_>  f„.t  1,,..^.. 
mill  Its  stand  weighs  KJO  |MmniIs.  With  a  two  l.or-,- 
|>ow,.r  engine  to  drive,  it  ni.vy  Is-  driven  at  a  ml.-  ,.f 
nearly  1000  revolutions  is-r*  minute.  Another  v,  rv 
siicis.s.sfnl  dynnmo-<-hvtric  machine,  nnd  one  whii  h 
o.n.|s  tes  fairly  with  the  (Iramnn-  machine,  i,  that  of 
Ur.  .Siemens,  of  I^ndon.  who  long  ag.. 
problem  of  genemting  eh-ctrieity  on  a  large  scale  from 
a  magnet.  Tho  |s-cniinrity  of  the  .Siemens  mnchiiic.  as 
yon  will  SIS.  by  onr  pictnr..  of  it,  is  the  longilmlinal 
coil  of  W,n.  tlml  is  rotated  in  the  iniddl..  U-tw-s-n  the 
elei-tneurngneU.  U  aspiires  a  liigh  s|Ns,d  „f  revohiti,.n 
nnd  IS  liable  to  gel  hot.  Imt  has  iinslnisd  siiiiie  s|d.'n,li,l 
n>iills.  Other  dyiiamo-ehxitrie  rnnehines  an-  eoniiie. 
■'ll-  use.  and  wo  have  alnevdy  the  system  of  .M.  l,onti,' 

111  »is.mtioH  in  Ijondon.  Our  American  cousins  s|s  ak 
ver^  highly  of  two  other  dynnino-electrie  mmdiiin-s  of 
"liii  h  I  am  sorry  wo  in'Kiigl.iml  know  litll..  hut  the 
iiiiiiies.  They  nro  cnihsi  from  tlioir  inventors  tl.e  IJnish 
m-ie  .me  nnd  tho  Knrtnor-Wnlhico  mncl.ine. 

llie  groot  ndvantag,.  of  thes,.  dvnamo-eh-elrie  ...a-  ' 
climes  over  hntlories  is  not  s.)  much  that  tl.ev  are  fns- 
'r»m  the  olijoclions  ntlnehing  to  corrosive  aei.ls  or  mi- 
pl.  isanl  fnrous,  lint  that  they  furnish,  after  tlie  lir.t 
‘  'I'ciulilnru  of  cnpitnl,  a  Lirger  ipiniitily  of  electricity 
w  t  ic  samu  cost.  In  fact,  the  cost  of  iirotliicing 
e  wtric  currents  of  nny  rerpiireil  jKiwcr  is  now  .sini|dy 
1'-  cost  of  buying  n  dyimmo-mnehine  and  a  steam 
‘  “Mile,  and  of  tho  coal  and  Inlior  necu-ssary  to  sujijily 
““d  attend  to  them. 

I  lie  second  inconvenience  of  the  electric  light, 
'wiiie  y.  th.ii  ij  noccssitalod  the  em|iluyinent  of  an  ex- 
Pciisuonud  dolicoto  “  regnintor,"  hn.s  'u-en  met  quite 
rvc,  nlly  l.y  tho  discovery  of  simpler  and  ehea|wr  .siih- 
s  itnlcs.  riio  nrrangoment  I  shall  first  describe  was 
I ' nliont  four  ycnis  ago  by  a  Itiissiaii  inventorwlio 
1"^, Jnbloolikoff.  HLs  invonlion,  wl.iel. 

‘“s  already  almost  ruvolnlioiiizud  electric  lighting,  is  of 


tlio  following  imtiire.  fiist.-a.l  of  pliiciiig  tho  two  car- 
1.011  pencils  011,1  to  .•ml,  ns  in  n  rogiilntor,  lio  plnco* 
tlieiii  side  by  si.lo  at  alMiiit  a  sixth  p.xrt  of  nn  itluli  apart, 
and  the  space  between  them  is  occupied  by  a  atrip  of 
kaolin,  or,  in  the  latest  forms,  of  piaster  of  paria.  This 
arningeinent  is  eommoiily  kmowii  aa  tho  Jabloclikotr 
eleolrie  candle,  ami  we  shall  that  iU  Imlmvior  jiiati- 
lies  Its  mime.  Our  ligiire  ( Fig.  2)  aliowa,  the  ••  candle  ” 

M  t  111  Its  appropriate  . .  Tho  electricity  which 

arrives  from  the  ilyimmo.niaehine  passes  up  ono  cnrlani 

.•ros.ses  the  slice  of  in.r.rveniiiK  plaster  at  tho  top  ami 

descends  the  other  carlKin  on  its  ndurn  to  tliu  iiogative 
pole  o  the  genenitor.  The  arc.  ti.erofore,  has  its  place 
t  he  top  of  the  ••amlle,'  in  the  place  whero  tl.o  llame 
•.fan  ordinary  eamlle  ,s.  Il.,th  the  earU,n  tops  la- 

•lahloehkolf  haV*'  1*“™.  however.  M. 

. .  ^ 

•■—I  n„,|,  t  ^ 

'■'■'■is,.d  a  niiichine  wi.:  i  V  , ,  thorufon. 

‘'‘•'■s’lielo-electro  miicliiii  '  **  "i"  ' 

Ncrios  of  alterimt..  ciirr.'.  current,  but 

riii)i(litv  V  '*  **  another  with 

. . .  .■.,1, r r 

•-‘>"cte,l  for  M.  JahlochkoirV 

currents,  and  at  tin.  K'ving  altor- 

■•‘Mit  out  to  severe  le  r  T"""  "g  «>0  cur- 

this  system  of  rai.i.llv" T  ‘“'"I’" 

candles,"  when  iiia.l,.  w  .1  '  currents  tli.' 

'■f  Ifcat  .lensitv,  bun  stem  !l 

--•'-''■sullied  aw^;  '"><1  evenly  until  they  are 

'I'li.y  co.st.ihout7  .'r  "‘"o  iuebos  long.  I 

at  a  lower  price  i  *'  l**’®**®Wy,  can  now  l>e 

"  ‘‘"'f-  I  "..1  Wd  111,  »«  l'0'.r 


’nioni|»soiTs  Engin.s.ring  les  tiire.  1.S78. 

wlmlgo  of  electrical  matleni  was  not  verv  extensiv,- 
•1  ho  lieanl  that  tho  electric  can.lh-s  c,wt  7  l  /  ..i’ 
1.  ordorwl  a  gross  of  thoiii,  ex|a.cling  to  Is.  able  "to 
■n  them  in  nn  onlinary  camllesliek.  I  n.e.l  hnr.llv 
mrk  that  that  indivi.l.ml  was  greatly  .lisap,s,i„t..,| 
.fahlochkoff  candlo  is.  after  all.  onlv  a  nn  ans  of  „1,. 
img  the  luminous  arc  from  a  ciirr.uit  nlrea.lv  „h. 
le  I  in  a  dyiiamo-oloclric  machine. 

.-..w,  let  mo  explain  the  system  for  .listriloitinu  tin- 
rent  to  the  "  .mu.lles,"  as  adopte.l  pp.tty  ,inif..rn.lv 

ans,  riio  Avonuo  of  the()(».rn  at  Paris  is  lit  l,v 
•l••ct^c  Inm|«t.  cnch  lamp  Udug  conlaine.l  within  ,’i 
»’  of  oi«l  glass.  sHp|H.rt«l  ..i.  a  h.fty  stamlnr.l.  Tin- 
t  that  dlls  oach  glolre  with  a  lustre  lik..  that  ef -i 
immu  is  tho  light  of  a  Jal.l.s-hkoir  .-amll.-.  If  ea.  I. 
"■llc"lasU  an  hour  and  a  half  oiilv.it  i,  olivi.ei, 
mum  thou  one  eamlle  will  Is,  w„nt.sl  ii,  an  even. 

Four  "camlles"  in  appmpriate  h..I.l..n.  are, 
'.fore,  plncorl  in  each  opal  globe  used  for  ih.-  li«ht. 
manors  am  so  nrmiigml  that  wh..ti  one  ..amll..  h;is 
"<  away  anolhor  can  Iw  tiiniiHi  on.  In  the  .Av.  nm. 
'••Oliora  at  night  you  may  ol.«.rve  a  man  g..ine 
iml  alsmt  ovoiy  Imiir  mid  stopping  at  ea.  h  lamp  t.' 
u  oil  a  now  cmullu.  In  tho  lower  part  of  the  dia- 
'"‘  Wo  havo  two  niacbiiios.  The  littl..  (Iramm.. 
chine  lo  gonomto  a  cummt  in  Ih..  h  ft  liaml.  and 
"•*  right,  and  xyorke.1  by  a  haml  from  the  s  um. 
'•■r.  the  distributor,  iiii  invonti.m  of  .M.  .Inl.l,s;kk..iT. 

•h  serves  tho  doiibtu  pitrims,.-  of  n  inlerine  the 
"  lit  nltemalmg,  and  of  distrilmting  the  imlii,'.  .! 

•  itU  into  four  or  moro  ciircuits.  IJy  this  m.  ans  .M. 
'•H.-hkoir can  work  sixteen  camllw  with  one  st-am 


.’iiie  of  18  horso-iiowor,  the  lights  being  arran..;i.,|  in 
senes  of  four  Inmiw  each.  We  mav,  llien  for...  sav 
-'"I- to  this  ixiint  Jf.  .fubl,K.likonr'has  solv.-.l  the 
•Icm  of  dividing  tho  electric  liglit.  .Vow.  I  h  ive 
I  the  goo»l  fortune  to  obtain  an  actual  “  eamlle."  1 
’placed  that  candle  ii|ion  nn  appropriate  stand 
""  a  globe  of  opal  gla.ss,  nml  I  will  pas.s  a  current 
«>.v  hnltory  through  it.  If  wo  succcal  in  lighting 
'■'•■mdlo,  wo  slmll,  bowover.  bo  nble  to  enjoy  its 


Tli(mi|iwiii'f.  Kiipiiri'riiiy  Ltrctun*,  1878. 


our  Imttery  tlir.)Uf;li  it  in  ono  clirectiuu  only,  i t 
"'ll*-  I  '  II  1 1  llv.  iiiul  tlio  nrc  will  ovontimllv 
grow  too  long  to  Ih-  siistaiiietl  l)y  tlio  ciirronl. 

The  .IiililoclikolT  i'iiikIIo  liiia  nlrciuly  mUknI  tlio  toxt  of 
pnictinil  application.  I'or  .sixtoon  montliM  it  biui  boon 
ill  regular  u.su  in  tlio  Hotel  ami  Magnaiii  du  Lonrro. 
Ill  that  eiioriuou,s  estalilidiiiiont  they  liavo  now  oiglitv 
caiallcs  liiiriiiiig.  They  am  arnnigcil  in  fivu  grotl|>ii  of 
sixteen  caiiilles  each.  Ikieli  group  of  nixtocn  cnmlle.- 
costs  the  estahlishiiiciit  T2  Ms,  a  night ;  bnl  each 
group  replaces  alxiiit  •.‘•’lO  gas  liiirnerM  which  |>rovioii.slv 
CO.SI  the  eitahltshiueiit  X  It  lia.  g,!. 
for  two-lhinls  the  cost  they  get  nearly  three  timea  Hi.- 
light,  for  all  that  we  cannot  rcgatrl  the  invention  as 
perfecl.  I  he  light  of  each  oanillu  ia  not  na  bricht  a- 
I  icsaiiie  ciinent  wo.ihl  pnsluce  in  „  mgnlalor.  ami  tlie 
!■  gl'i  ICS,  though  thuy  re, luce  the  nnemliirablebril- 

re/.t  r?  :  >‘>“K«ifi=«<>lglow,cnt. 

1-11,  111  he  best  estiiiiates,  at  lemit  half  the  light. 

•ir,  1,  ‘c'Ti"‘  .'el'’""'’"'  ''ivonlions 

news  'o  “f  “>»  '^Vior, 

of  aimtheMtr  invontion 

pairs  . . liJ,  V.Hlui|Kai 

'‘|■.|-lv  illiiluiliation.  \n.rtl ler  1 .  -o 

'■'I  structure,  hits  come  t  r  ‘ 

'•''‘i-*  is  the  Wallace  hm.  ,  U  “  • 

••‘-ligli  liioilel  ,if  it  l,„e  to  sh  I  I  '• 

1-liites  of  earhoi,  place, 1  o.,',.  i 

Willi  an  iiile  v  .  ,  ^ 

^'-heii  „ne„  .starM  1  v'n  1 
sre  l.a.,cses  fro,,,  1  1  ’  “f  ‘h®  carbons 

as  the  e,lgo  coiisuii.es  away  i[  “P*’"* 

plai  e.  'Pile  plates  -ir  .  ‘ “•°"B  to  »  fresh 
"•■liali  e,u  k.  h„„„‘  “  '  “Pproprinto  frame 

lamii,  aial  y,,,,  ,vi|i  ",  *’  I  now  light  tlic 

•  "■"'“‘’■■'-•“''‘•alruckbyonedismlvant. 


TliiinipsoiTn  Engineering  Ixa-tim-.  1,S7.S. 

age.  the  dark  shadow  cast  by  thu  plat™  theniviv. 
by  the  frame.  Xovcrtholess.  the  .himbilitv,  simpi 
aii,l  chiapncss  of  thoarrangcraonl,  show  that  it  i,s  i 
a  valuable  snUtitiite  for  the  rvigiilator.an.l  a  formii 
rival  to  thu  Jaliluchkoir  ranilie. 

.\i,,l  now  wo  must  turn  to  thu  thir.1  of  the  ,lisa,l 
ages  atlomling  the  oh.'ctric  light,  its  ..xtmine 
,li«ling  brilliancy,  ami  can.shh-r  some  ,.f  the  ,i,, 
tioiis  tlint  Imvo  been  inn,lo  for  ro  liu  iii"  it  to  i 
Iiiaaaguable  and  uudorabh.  projH.rlio,,,.  The  pro 
of  'liviiliiig  tlio  electric  light  is  an  ohl  one.  S 
lack  ns  1817  a  |iatent  was  taken  mil  in  Kiioiu,, 
pr.sliieing  n  light  by  ,«w,ing  the  eleetri.-’'  nii 
through  a  thin  rmi  of  carls, n.  wl,ieh  it  h-il.s 
re.liie,,es  liko  those  wires  with  which  we  exicriinei 
1  lie  system  so  long  ago  iuittntu<l  has  . . ntiv  l.eei 


1  hrillinnt.  htil'  |N<rfucllr 


'iilshvision  to  a  certain  extent.  .Mr.  Wer.l,>riiiai,i,\ 
c-'iistatislna  show,  however,  that  siilslivi.sion  is  ..i.li 
•i~oinpl,sho,I  at  a  great  sarntico.  fsing  a  tivo-hoi,;. 
l-wer  engine,  ho  tolls  its  he  obtain.sl  with  two  li-hls  a 
l-oerof  3-JO  camllc*  i„  eaeh,  or  of  lilt.  can. II..  in 
'•»  il.  Ihit  when  distrihnte,!  to  ten  lights,  thu  same 
current  gave  a  hrillinncy  of  10  cnmlhs,  at  u.aeh  point. 

,T,i  •  *  Ti"  *?*"'■  '^*’*’*  '**  '“l*’‘*li‘--u  oil  th.,  results 

■  ^  I**  Aimthor  uttvtiipt  nut  iii.iii*' 

,  whon  M,  .Jobitrt  tinnotiuctMl  in  tin?  rp  in  li 
•'cailenno  that  M.  Clwnjty  hiul  solvtsl  the  prohl.m  of 
s'l  slivnhng  the  oleotrio  light.  The  small  lamp  „f  .M. 
i.iii/.y  cuiisistutl  of  a  glass  globe  enelosing  an  in, -ami - 
cun  spiral  of  platinum,  nnd  small  uimagh  I,,  go  into 
It  was  oven  lot  down  iMi  oiii'  tH.va.'iitiii  into 
‘III.  water  to  attract  the  fish  at  niglit. 

■, '?  hoanl  ngreat  .leal  of  lute  of  .Mr.  IMis.m 
‘•"‘co'-ory  of  a  moans  of  imlefiiiitelv  snlslividing 

tk  f  tsl,  ^  f"'" 

tiu  k  '  "  1  **'“  P"’“'^  it*  nunonnceiiient  ;  but  I 
Whi  rr  *  “f  'I  ill  t'lo  Auierieaii  press, 

cli  Imvo  been  copied  into  Englisli  pn|mrs,  Imvo  beet. 


m  Tlmiii|iM(ii's  Kii};iiii  crinB  Lcvtiiro,  187S. 


ii  nilc.l.  .Altiii  Ilf  (■■iiinont  Hciuiitific  ru|iii- 
Mr.  Ivli.ion'ii  light,  mill  whw.- 
I  I  to  tnwt,  toll  UK  tiint  it  h  .1 
•iiliiir  toy— iiolliiiig  more.  Hnppitr  «.• 
iiikliii;;  of  till)  imlun;  of  tlio  iliKcovory-  for 
.timnc.oi  liiLs  rnisoil  the  veil  nml  tolil  ii« 
I  trio  li'nlit  in.  If  wonru  to  nocept 
it,  it  .:oii..,i»tH  ill  piuoiiiig  n  ciirrciit  of  eloo- 
li  II  .Miiiill  roil  of  pintiiiuiii  wire,  or  Koiiin 
. . •  "■''<■•11  Ik'i-oiiiok  white  hot,  niiil  tlioii. 

Dwiro  iM  iiig  ipiito  fiuu,)  „«.„y  |,y  iiiufor,., 

:  will'll  till'  liirat  iHienmoK  too  groat,  tltoox- 
iii'liilliu  pliio  or  Iriir  ilivoriH  n  portion  of 


tliroiioli  si.vi'i,  spinili 

"•0  got  .'i.s  iiiucli  liolit  from 


lliti  t'lirii'iit.  III...  Ilioinfori'.  ol.tniim  tliu  light  not  lo 
an  I'li.'ctrii'  arc  liiil  liv  iiii'iiinloiieoiieo.  Wo  ilo  not  Vi'l 
know  till.  iK'tails,  lint  to  give  you  an  iilen  na  boat  1  oin 
of  wliat  1  Iiii'iiii  I  Imvo  |ix.',l  j„  „  fmnio  lioro  aovoti  littli' 
Kpiralsiif  platinnni  win,  nt  soino  ilialmico  from  oaci, 
otliiT.  Ilii'i  l..'oonii'  wliito  hot  whoit  tho  cnrroiit 
I"‘ss.'a  tlirongl,  th.,.ni,  anil  worn  my  cirrotit  to  iKtcotin 
loo  alrong  oni,  or  nioro  of  tliont  wimlil  bo  moltoil  tip 
I'aro 'Similino  tin-  wl.olo  ei.rront  nt  my  tliapoKa! 
■■'oiigli  tlii'so  si'yi'n  spinils,  and  I  p„i  n 
'  tp.'t ".s  iiincli  light  from  tlioso  aoroii  apirala  na  friitn 

Mr  I- r  '  ^  ‘oil  volt  what 

'  ■-ili.son  s  partU'iihir  iiii'tliial  of  iliKlribitting  tho  citr- 

I  i'.ir7M  ‘'■■"‘I  “"‘oHyott,  a, 

.to’  1  -.vatom  of  lighting 

. . 

I,...™  I,,.,,;,., 

eli'ctl'i,'  light  •  hat  I, .'for  I  •7-^“’  "I’l’’"®*'""*  of 

^•ii..<'.ito:how  /  rv  ^  "*■ 

li-lison,  whoMiVa^ls  lo'i 

is  ii  vtirv  ivdmrkahl,.  ''“»nl»ar  to  us  us  his  imiiir, 

f">  illVl'Iltiuns  for'i'  '1"""'  **'■'  WO'"!*"'- 

I"^''  "">1  tl,.'  oil  !  "“f  ““b-  ‘I'O  oloctri.' 

plox  .sv.stL'iiH  of  t"7?r'’  ’i'  “7“  "“‘f  qiUKlr"- 

f"l  tliin-s  r  “  ''“"f  ot  other  boauti- 

""uilit'  inventa,  however,  ho  dooa  not 


Hi'  told  UK  recently,  through  tho  r.,|H,rt..r  of  tl... 
r.  rt  .>Vi.  and  I  only  hoi>o  that  the  n  portor  111 
all  up.  that  tho  anmii  wire  which  brought  von  tlo 
trie  light  wonlil  bring  you  Inail  or  molir..  I’xiwi  r.' 
tonorknacwiiigmnchiiin.  lint  wh.  ii  w, I 
and  iiiotivo  iKjwor  to  prmlucu  onr  el.vtric  .'.im'i.t 
know  of  no  choniwr  way  of  pnalncing  tluniii.  .1. 
iiii-ngino  that  wo  »hnll  got  out  of  onr  ..l.'etri.itv 
In  al  or  inoro  motive  i>ow.,r  than  wo  put  into  it  >  ] 
•Mr.  laliKon’K  {wirtmil  fndea  from  onr  nnniiorv,  | 
pal  l...nido  it  a  jKjrtmit  of  Sir  Humylin  y  I'.ivv. 
a-'  111.,'  original  di.«cuveror  of  tlio  iil.'ctrir  light,  nir 
Ii  ganled  na  no  I.»vk  worthy  of  faiiin.  'rim.'  .Iih- 
larniit  UK  to  give  more  tlmn  a  h.-iHlv  glai, 
tinj  variwl  npplicntioiw  of  tli.-  .I.'oiri.' 
"Inch  the  rumaitiing  viewa  of  mv  ai'rii". 
'''•»t.'.  I  hnvo  told  yon  of  the  ’ni.|.!i.',..li..i 
light  ill  I’nria  to  tho  lighting  of  ,tr.vts  and  .. 
Kr....il  Magwtiii  do  Louvre.  Itnt  it  i,  nU.  v..n  .' 
*'vely  eniployoil  for  illnmiiialing  workiihopv  am 
ton.  ",.  Thochocolnlo  factory  of  .M.  Meiii.  i  in  I’.i 
"'"I  I  am  happy  to  think  llia'l  we  do  not  know  a'.  1 
alanit  l.-roiich  chocolate  in  Bristol  ns  niihappil 
knowalwiit  Kroiich  angar,  and  two  oth.-r  faelori.'s  Isd 
"•g  to  the  aame  proprietor,  have  long  U-.n,  lit  l,v  in 
«(  ''vrnn'a  Unipa.  Tho  electric  light  has  nUo 
liv'd  III  two  of  the  railway  atatiuiis  in  Paris ;  ii 
•'iiiployod  very  HticciM.sfnllv  at  l.'i  Havre  ii 
‘•■■nstrnetion  of  tho  now  docks  niid  liarUir  then, ; 
't  li'is  dime  good  aorvii-o  amid  tho  darkness  of  in 
»'"■  -P'-arrica.  It  providim  an  nl«olntelv  safe  ,al 
'«'"p  to  the  coal  minor,  na  it  may  be  .'omplet.  ly 
® ili  gloss,  iiiul  ixHjuirtut  no  stipplv  of  air.  It 
anccuaafully  omployeil  in  rtahing;  for  the  lish  e 
■';.'k  at  the  light  and  so  are  caught.  .And  the  , 
(ji-’tioii  him  boon  luiulo,  though  I  do  not  know  wh.- 
‘■'-s  actually  been  carrioil  out,  that  divers  sin 
™rry  down  tho  light  with  thorn  when  descending  to 
'nine  a  wreck.  .  I  have  already  mentioned  the  gi 
which  tho  light  has  been  introdneed  i 


Ii^'lithoiises,  uikI  for  tlio  lioliliiiK  up  ilwk,  null  Imriiors- 
I  Mill  sure  vou  will  ..oroo  with  tiiu  Hint  if  iro  hml  tlio 
oloftrii;  liolit  for  illiimiiintiiio  tlm  wiii.liiign  of  our  Ilivor 
Avon.  W,.  Slmul.1  l,o  for  I.-sk  likoly  to  Imvo  „  rocurrou,-.. 
-f  thoso  unforluinil..  acri.loutH  which  Imvo  mndo  our 
rnvr  uolorious.  Wo  hnvo  lately  henrri.  Uh,.  of  n  novel 
upphoutioii  of  the  ol.-clrio  li;;ht.nu.I  of  foot-linll  mntchos 
pIn.v.M  l,y  the  liolit  of  i,s  iM-aiilH.  I  (ohl,  however 
'»=  l>'^••„har  .harpnoK.  „f  the 
s-nn.tu„os  cause, 1  awkiv.anl  mishaps,  the  plnyem  .v 
--.oually  kicfcmo  at  tl.e  shn.Iow  of  the  fLt  ball  in 
«u.  Ike  for  the  hall  it.solf. 

tioii  of  th'  *'’• ‘lio  iiitroiliic- 

f  i  t  electnc  l.oht  pneuises  to  Im  of  great  value 
'■>  Mulnstne,  u.  which  colors  of  materinU  nr.. 
eom;eru...il  a  our..  i;, "•"‘"naui  nv 

\V,.  |. . ||  ■  '■“*  "f  llm  iitinoat  vnlu,'. 

,,„j  I  ^  ,1  .  ‘  »f  colon,  by  gnalight  ; 

,lav  Tl-  r  •  -  •  •>' 

I  ,,  I  '■■•••'■'It  to  Im  oblaiuoil  from 

hoc  ,1  ,1  "■""‘l''">t««rni.hbygnHlight. 

.•alis.v.  I . "'III  tho  iiiviaiblo  chumi- 

s,.«tf  tl  r  f  '”'"i-‘"n■•••<'‘«l"renb. 

POSS..SSUS  them  us  ‘-’•cclrio  light 

«'.iplis  siii.li  as  thi'  V  tlioruforo  photo- 

i."."i  eau  ii ; I  ‘'oi'i  i" 

'  "  little  euriositv  o 

"f  this  clock  is  m  ,  ;  '  ’T  wl'ltoface 

"■''''■I'  I'""  the  proiM.rtrof  ‘:"‘l’''“'■®*'""'t  ""bstanc.. 
•'".vtime  ami  oivi,,,.  jt  ,  .  '  '“‘""S  '»  tho  light  in  the 
‘t  "ot  alVecte,!  hv  the  vellow  7"^'""*  '' 

‘‘“I'ti"  tlm  .lark  all  .?r  It 

""t  shine.  I  allow  il„.ii  i.  '-'■'""I  you  aeo  it  cloe.s 
7"  '""I  "till  it  I;:  7  «"««  I'unier  to 

"  '"■i"f  l'"lf  miuut..  to  tl,  "  ''“•‘I  it  I”'- 

•■‘'7  -  it  >voul,l  h  c?'r  '■■s'". 

I'hosphorc.scence  of  sue!,  l^  . ’"'“I'iSllt.  Thu 
'"•  thirty  years,  hut  this  clock*^- has  boon  known 

'"‘‘7*  "I^JI'e  ohl  .liscovory.  ^  “PP''’- 

‘l"-‘  electric  light  Tiurriioll'i';  of 

''  "o  by  gna  from  most 


Tlioiui>M>ir«  Kiiginm-ring  la  .-ture.  tS7S. 


imiuts  of  view,  ami  we  have  takon  a  glnmc  at  the  r  1 
live  cosllincws  of  each  n.elho,!  of  illumination.  Th!.' 
funner  gives  us  splemli.l  conceiitrntio,,  of  li,.|,t  at  a 
.hstinelly  choaimr  mte  thau  couhl  Is-  ol„„i„...l  hv  tl,.'. 
ronsumpliou  of  coal  gas.  ItuI  th..  loss  i,,  s„Mi,Vsiou 
is  so  great  that  for  iloiiKsitic  pur|Mis4.u<  th..  .me  of  i  l.-  • 
Iririlv  is  nccomiwUKsl  l.y  sucl,  nu  ..vl,„»„gant  , 
as  not  to  imrmit  of  its  Ismouiiug  gen. .ml  I  ,1„ 

. . I'gl't  »ill  never  sn,, plant  g,m  f„r  '.h'. 

m.-sl'c  pur(s>ses:  he  wouhl  Iw  la,], I  „l.o  wonl.l  v..nt.,r 
to  assert  that  anything  is  imp<*«il.|e  i„  .ci.,,.,... .  i,,,.  , 
.lo  s.vy  Ihni.  so  far  n.s  thi.  privu.iit  sUt.-  of  x-ica'. 
mots  us  in  pronouncing  „  jmlgmcnt.  eleetri,.  lighting 
h  r  .  onu^tic  pnniosve.  will  not  p.ay.  .Vn,l  ,  ,,o„l„ 
fh.  tlu.r  It  will  ,„v  to  light  our  h.,u,s..s  a.ul  p.vss..g, , 
««.l  olhcisi  by  olectricity  until  we  hav  .lis.so.  r,  .f  , 
ch..a,,..r  source  of  electricity  than  Hml  which  is  at  pr. 

V  ''l•‘»‘I»<»t.  vi*..  a  .lvnam.m.|..clrie  ,„,..|,in.. 

■Irivea  l.y  a  sl,nm  engine. 

Ami  now  wunes  a  inntler  which  is  ..f  imm.rt. 
nnce  ,H.rhn|s.  to  some  amongst  yon.  If  a.lmii  th  ., 
c  il...  Inc  light  IS  choapei  than  gas  when  .  mplov.  ,! 
bn?"  seal...  anil  ngr«.  I..  ,i,.w,.  it  for  lighting  light . 

O'— .  oiir  .locks,  „„r  . . 

wrg.  r  strimts  of  our  citi.s,  how  will  the  hohl.  rs  of  ga, 
».*res  ls.  affocteil  by  tho  change?  What  »m..unt  ..f 
".•  value  of  Uioir  property  will  have  gone  iut,.  the  air? 

e  goiio  into  the  quiwtioii  ran..fullv,  Im.-aiise  I  .1.. 
nut  «anl  It  to  bo  mu.iinclerst.xsl.  Imt  me  giv  voii  the 
th*.  i*."*  ***“  *"'>.'■**  K""  company  in  th.-  world  - 

V  los  Light  nnd  Coke  Coiu|uinr  of  Isimloa- ■  ami 
IterwanU  those  of  our  own  Uristol'  riiile.l  (ias  Com 
I".'-  I  take  tho  ligutvst  from  the  last  half-ycr's  hal- 

ce  sa„,t  of  eneh  ;  an.l  1  lin.l  that  in  Hi.-  .as,,  of  t|„. 
of  u„  fn  I'"'"P'*"y.  out  of  "  Koeui  revenue 

r  *"**"  *  million  pounds,  tho  nsa-ipts  from  tl..' 
803  "■n”*  ““‘I ‘'-'"•“In  of  niolers  iimuiiiit...l  to  i't'tl'.'.- 
ducs-d  r-vao"^' pro-b'cts  pio- 

a..oj,HCo.  l-or  stiwt  lnui|M  an.l  piihlic  lighting 
is.r  -"'*’*"^  rocoivoil  XC5,080,  which  is  not  .piit.-  0  |sjr 
c  nt.  of  the  gross  rocoipts,  and  mu.st  have  Ixs  ii  tl.e 


(irllio.-xpi'iisw  (if  li-liliiiK  mill  n-piiirins  iho  piiI.H. 
Imnps.  Oiilv  I,  per  .•..nl.  ..f  Uio  not  rco,ipU  of  tl.nl 
.oMipmiy  lliei,  are  iloriv..,!  from  p,.I,|ie 
inamiii;,  .,i  perornt.  iMininj-  fniiii  prirnlo  conmiiiiption 
lioinlrodiictioiiof  ihe  H^l.t  f„r  ,I,o  illnLi,,,.' 

-.1  of  s,,,.ar..s  ami  str,vU  woi.M,  therefore,  nilieve  tlm 

1  r.ak  ,.,.a,l,.avu,«  ih-m  .he  most  profitohlo  Do  p.. 

•  I'lK.iiK  the  |,n„r..s  of  the  Urialol  Uniti.l 

'•'w  ( oinpaiiv,  jj  I  ,  .  viiiiiM 

■alizeil  il  l  (!70  '  proiluetM 

f  the  eii„s  reecii  t"  ■'  *■  ‘ '* ''*  "f  "'’‘”>1  H>  I>or  cent. 

tv!::;.:: 

''i  l-r  "f 

. . 

■■'■''<-•-1,  iMii,.. .  '  ;  , r  for.  I  «... 

■  for  peopi,.  ^  *"-■  "'"''>'1  >H!  losunt  there. 

«o„I,|  on,  ’',|‘iv"|  •■■s''*' 

"f  "lese  lii-nrcs  J  "  '  '"“ro  gn«.  I„  the 

‘^^o...lireh...al  “  'finioolt 

I'l"'-'.  in  th,..  .sh-.r,™  •  ''“l’f«ew‘toii  timt  h.i. 

■ompanyine  iliaera,,,’  ,  p  .  .'i  ‘■’"'"I*"''''".  In  th. 

‘  of  the  “shares  ot.l  '  “IrHcrro  how 

otioii  Ue  have  . . .  ,  cowpaniea  wlio.se 

"'O  earlier  pa'’rt.sor!?  Kmpliically  tle- 

.  iioo  .shares  Were  rnliicw  of 

W-  They  fell  h,  J’"-''*.'' «‘en<lily  nt  X190  to 

sent  over  sneh^h  ''"••"‘‘O"  Hightacerw 
'f.  and  they  fell  “f  ‘It®  olootric 

Oetoher  at  th.."!  r  '  ‘'‘^‘rnonlmnrj.  Kmliloii- 
"0"  l.ad  invented  „  „„o'l'  """'.’""“'"'•■''f  3Ir- 
'ih'ld.  ..Vnd  ,  o  '  "/  ■■"'f“nnilob-  -iMi- 
we  fin,]  ,1,^.  .  I  "t  ‘ho  hogiuning  of  No- 


'niompsons  Ei.giins.ri..]<  Ixstnre.  IsT.s 

£■>01)  worth  only  XMO  „r  iir.o. 

s-.-ems  likely  tl.nt  Iho  co.n|.»nies.  must  in  the  ,Ii,t.„„ 

fiilnre  contcmplnto  girinK  up  the  worst  isnvi.... 

ix  r  cent,  of  Ihoir  bit-siiicM.  U„t  f  ]„,.  ‘  _  j  ' 

(tet  that  coal  gai.  i.s  n  child  of  s..i.?nce  not  vet'fnMv 

gro-an.  mill  to  it  also  scionce  priiniis.s.  n  fiiinp.  '|  ’ 

reloped  umdulneM.  \V„  hear  eontin.n.llv  of  e 

dep.nrti.ro  for  gmt,  of  new  and  eeonomi,  nl'..  .s  , 
of  new  gm.  Intmorw  like  this  splendid  tripC  Imrm.’r'of 
.Mr.  .Sugg,  which  almost  rivals  the  .-lee-trie  li..||t  a,,  !  of 

new  gn,sengin.».  which  for  many  pnriee-.,'' mor. 
iviiiioiniral  than  sUmm  engines.  There  i,  imhcl 
..very  reason  to  Imliore  tImt  there  is  n  f„t„;.. 

CnLM|i!ht  2L«i  Iwtffiri*  »l..s  s.l....*.:,  I!  «  .  .  . 


pishght  as  Inoforo  the  electric  light,  and  that  while  the 
tdeitric  light  may  serve  some  p..qs«,s  l».,t.  there  -a, II 
*  other  iinnKures  Isxl  serv.sl  l.y  g„,.  .v,.,| 

he  .....re  of  g.M.  will  in  some  n.e.asnre  U-  de.er.nim  .i 
h» ‘he  of  iicitor  hurners  nn.i  the  mmmfactnr.  ..f  .i 
•wtter  mnl  cho»,mr  gas.  an.l  also  l.y  a  ...ore  prompt 
.  ..  ton  on  Uio  |Mirt  of  the  gas  eiimjiatiiisi  to  the  r". 
'ItiiremenU  of  tlio  public. 

‘brn  wonltnoruntnl  I  have  do„e.  Ilememis  r  that 
l■«l.l.ng  was.  in  its  time,  as  nm.  h  a  M-ien.i.ie  ,1.,. 
~'aTv  as  IS  tbo  olectrin  light.  Why  sl.ould  we  not  1... 
hnn''o' of  other:-  I 

01.1  that  Hcionco  promises  a  future  of  .level,,, -si  - 
ulh.ss  not  to  olcclricily  hnt  also  to  g.ts.  ,Vnd 
' ‘•ave  su^ed  in  putting  tl...  .ptestion,,,.  is,..,.  i„ 
his  nnniry  cl.il.lrun  of  s.  i,.„, ..  a 

bI)‘  n.t.,.l|,g,h|„uoi  to  gas  sl..nreI.o|.l..rs  alone  1,,..  ... 

M  .  'f “f  »  f^'"  ‘-i'.'--  '  ■•■joif- 

luis  fallen  to  my  lot  tlnw  to  labor  for  th.'  ni  .t.  - 

'«-:apl:xr.r . . . . 


jjLmfritnii  (Sns 


lUfi 


^mcritnn  gas  ^ighl  :^ouniaI. 


lOS-l 


Complainant’*  Exhibit  "Procoo  Philoso- 
phioal  Magazine  Pnblioation  of  January 

1879,”  Fob'y  28,  1890.  S.  M.  HL,  Exr. 

kxtuact. 

I'llOJI  TIIK  “  PllII/)SoniICAI,  Mac.azink  Voi.  VI  I. 

Fifth  SA-rioH,  pp.  •«)  to  :i  (.  Lon.lon,  .Iiimmry.  1.S79. 

HI.  TIIK  EliKCTHir  KIf:HT. 

IJv  W.  H.  PuKix’K,  Moinl).  IiiJil.  K.,  V.  P.  .Soc.  T. 
Iv,  KIcctricinn  Ouncml  Post-oflico,  ,l-c.  * 

1.  Tlio  thuorv  of  the  oh'ctric  light  ciiniiot  Ixj  hroiiglit 
alMolutoly  within  thu  ilninuin  of  (piuntitntivo  iimthc- 
imilicH,  for  thu  rcaaoii  that  wo  do  not  yol  know  thu  ex¬ 
act  ruintion  that  cxiaU  lictwcun  thu  priNinution  of  heat 
and  thu  uiniiviiun  of  light  witli  a  given  current  ;  hut  we 
know  snllicient  to  predict  that  what  is  true  for  the  jiro- 
dilution  of  heat  ia  e(|unlly  true  for  tlio  prialiiction  of 
light  huyond  curtain  liniita. 

The  work  donu  in  n  hattury,  or  any  aoiircu  of  ciirrunt- 
uleotricity,  ia  oxiMindud  oiitaidu  thu  battery  in  a  cloai'd 
circuit  in  thu  form  of  hunt.  IVhen  thia  hunt  iicqiiirua  a 
certain  tomiiuratiirc  [ht  unit  maaa,  wo  havo  light.  If 
thu  hunt  1)0  conrinod  to  a  mass  of  inutal  wire  liku  plati- 
niiin,  wo  have  light  by  uiaimhmceiici;  ;  if  it  Iks  uxiicudcd 
ill  thu  tranafurcnco  of  niiiiiito  particles  of  iiicandcaccnt 
inattur  liku  carbon  across  an  air  apace,  wu  liaro  thu 
ckctric arc.  Thu  uxact  rulationa  botivuon  thu  ciirrout, 
heat,  tcmporatiiru,  iiiass,  and  light  havu  yet  to  bo  dotcr- 
mined  by  ux]>eriiuont. 

2.  Thu  arc  ia  thiia  iornicd  of  energy  dureto]>od  in  one 
point  of  a  circuit,  which  is  thu  exact  equivalent  of 
another  form  of  energy  oxponded  in  anothor  point  of 
the  circuit.  Thu.s,  if  wo  produce  light  by  a  galvanic 
battery,  it  is  the  oquivalent  of  chemical  work  done  in 
the  battery.  If  it  I)o  producoil  by  a  dynamo  machino 


Jl'”  “f  ‘•<*•■>1 

. . 

a-j  i„  ,|.r,  ‘i  ‘  r  •'■7<=‘!.v  "ill.  tl.coloctro,„otiv„ 
‘-•■•tv  ,Q,  ,i,x, ••■■'•■■"••.v  of  oi,.,.. 

I’lit  In  f)|„„-s  |,„v  ,1  ’  . 

r*"-'  “■ 

Vlirroiit  (Ci  fluivi,,,,  ‘  *■"’-•"■1  into  tlin 

itlI<.«.s,,'o,  (C)  ami  til,,  tiarn 

'•'Illation,  ‘"o  values  in  tlio  uIhiv,. 

‘'■'vl'Miwol . ,v,n.,'Lf’'“  = 

(S'vas  ns  tin,  „„rk  ,lo„,.  '“'V-  "•‘■vli 

Si'a^rale,!  i|l,  i„  „„v  «l''ivnIout.  tlio  I, eat 

“"‘“••‘'■t.  «•..  can  put  11, 0  ‘'*0  time 

Jf=C.':j{  .  .  _ 

'--tivc  "••‘“■‘o  oloo. 

“‘V  .'■sistancc  f  ;  vosistauco  is  ,, 

“  I'ot.  aim  "ires  be  r.  li, 

•  •  "■"■■  liv  .foulo's  la,v  (l5.  "  ‘"'“P 


the  olTccU  imHliiw.1  l.y  miilti|.!viiig  tlio  li«lits  or  siih 
■lividiiig  tlio  onrriMil  wlion  ii  coiwlmit  b.itlorv  is  oni 
l>loy.Ml.  Hnt  this  is  not  so.  Tl...  light  ol.hiioJd  is  n-.i 
proiKirtioiinl  to  tl...  h.mt  goiioratoil.  IJttlow  n  c-orlaii, 
limit  till)  prodiictioii  of  hoat  is  not  ai-compaiiiod  l.v 
light  at  all.  In  tho  ra.so  of  iiioandf-scom  i..  if  tin,  In.a't 
Ih)  ilistrihiitoil  over  two  wires  instead  of  one,  inasmuch 
as  the  iimas  to  ho  hoati.sl  in  the  one  case  is  doiihlo  that 
in  the  other,  the  actual  tcni|>enitnre  to  which  each  of 
the  wires  will  ho  heated  will  lie  onlv  one-ipmrter  of  that 
ohtaineil  with  one  wire,  and  the  loial  light  emitted  will 
he  half  what  it  was  hofon-.  In  the  case  of  the  arc  a 
similar  result  prohahlv  takes  place :  the  incandescent 
matter,  which  is  heated  hv  the  current  and  which  gives 
out  the  light,  is  increased  hy  the  addition  of  each 
Iiiiiip,  and  therefore  diminishes  the  actual  temperature 
of  each  arc,  and  conseipieiitly  diminishes  the  light 
given  out  in  direct  proportion  to  the  iinmlsw  of  light.s. 

11.  Moreover,  in  the  arc  the  actual  disintegration  of 
the  carbons  and  the  transference  of  matter  acro.ss  the 
nir-spaco,  represent  an  nmonnt  of  work  doiio  which 
innst  ho  deducted  from  that  converted  into  heat,  and 
'vliich  again  tends  to  diniinisli  the  amount  of  light 
emitted.  If,  therefore,  the  lamps  ho  joined  up  in  scries 
or  in  niultipio  arc,  the  light  omitted  by  each  lump  will 
vary  invotHoly  in  a  greater  ratio  lhan  the  square  of  the 
miiuljor  in  circuit. 

12.  IVo  have  assnnied  E  to  ho  constant ;  hut,  if  the 
current  bo  )>rodnrc(]  by  a  magneto  or  dynamu-mnchiiio 
workoil  by  a  stonm-oiigino  consuming  a  given  amount 
of  coni  per  unit  time,  E  is  no  longer  constant,  for  it 
varies  with  the  resistancas  in  the  circuit.  The  constant 
ill  this  case,  is  the  work  done  in  the  stoani-ongino  in 
unit  time.  Calling  this  \V,,  the  total  heat  generated  in 
the  circuit  when  the  lamps  are  joined  up  in  series 
will  bo 


H,  =  W, 


I’ri'w.'s  rni)..r,  Jmiiinrj-,  1879. 


“  '■nvon.oly  ns  n  (J  10),  t|,o 


"  (P  +r  +  „I)  : 
•I  wlieii  joined  u|>in  miilliplo  nrc. 


f**"  Ij.v  pnlting  „  +  r  -  n  : 

. . . ;  -  ” 


^0  timt  A..,/,,,,,/  .  • 

■sliedl.v],  ”  >nmp  bocotncs 

« tio  1- ‘‘■o  ‘°W  liKl't 
~  by  each  lamp  1 

In  tlio  lnttf.p  ...  '  “ 

itself  boat  is  dovolopod  in 

j;,'  "  "'  ‘bo  resistances  oitornnl 

iheVl'"  "  '"'  "Stl'in  11°  but  this  is 

b'«  attahie  '■"‘"‘'ng  coils^i,!  tirr''®^’ 

eil  a  m.ixi,,,,,  .  ^bo  dynamo-maobine 

^b.sl.m.t,vill  vary  ,Wtb  each 


•lyuaino-wachiuo  and  each  kind  of  lamp  used.  With 
the  Wnllaco-Fnrnicr  machine  the  limit  apisaire  to  bu 
reached  »Inm  six  lamiw  are  connected  up  in  sorit's. 
With  the  Gninime  alteniating  machine  and  Jablochkott 
c:indles  the  limit  np|ieara  to  bo  five  lain|w.  Hevond 
these  limits  the  nlmve  laws  will  Ikj  true.  It  is '  this 
partial  success  in  multiplying  the  light  that  has  led  so 
many  singuine  experimenters  to  anticipate  the  idtiniate 
|>os8ibility  of  its  extensive  subdivision— a  possibility 
which  this  domoustation  shows  to  bo  hoimless,  anil 
which  eiiwriment  has  prove<I  to  Iw  fallacious.* 


Complainants  Exhibit  ••  Proooo  Tolo 
p«bu~uo.  of  r.1,: 
S.M  H  .  Exr  Tobrnary  28.  1890. 

•iii:  I  w.i:<ii!Ai'Hi.- .JouiiXAi,  Voi.  Vn. 

I’-I^nmry  I.'itl,.  1S7!). 

the  ClilTKiil.A  OK  TlfK  ELECTIUC  LIGHT 

h..,„  „  vo. 

•'ition,  l)v  Mr.  \V.  H  pr, H.Tvico  Inst 

'lifToreM  "■  ‘••Imnu-tor.  thong 

1..  it  moll  ,  ■  “f  inntlor  has  im 

tuniIMjRitinv -it  I,,.  ,  ”'"^'<1  to  n  vorv  higi 

Tho  ninonnl  .. 

ill'll  it  is  a  Vorv  rmnark'l  l”  r*  '” 

Imcom.  s  s,.lf?  fuel  that  all  hoI  d  hcli... 

1..V  Il.a,„.r  . in'  r  :  "THlgorvootl 

iisiiiiin.’  t)„,  tom, .oral,,’  "'“J’  "I'Proxiinatoly 

“  ''"11  liylit  to  ho  1  nntr-  "-m  ‘"*l>o»' 

hotvovor,  iiicioaso.  j  '  '  intonaitv  of  light 

I’l'i  iasl.aaoo  f'’'"''”’ "‘‘‘o  than  the  toin,mra-’ 

. .  . . .  at  ‘US""  ;  forty  times 

'••i“"'"ifoaco  ,,a.ss  thronol,  wtHixl  to  in- 

i‘i  till.  <"m,,oral„ro  i„, '  ^  ‘'lo  spectrum  ; 

"f  the  rays  of  ii„|,i  '  00“*’  ‘’““i'  Hio  rofraiigihilitv 

1  lilts,  whoa  a  hotly  is  at 


tompemtiire  of  the  ilitTeront  light.s,  anil  it  is,  perhaps 
heoanso  some  lights  <■<>  not  excoe.l  l.liOO*  that  no  lost 
all  those  niy.s  heyoml  the  yellow.  •  •  • 

l)r.  Tyn.lall  has  shown  'that  the  visihio  mys  of  an 
ineamleseent  wire  Is.ar  to  the  invisihio  rays  a  miieli 
smaller  pro|>ortion  than  in  the  are.  ami  it  is  genor.illv 
.assninetl  that  for  the  sjune  eam-nt  the  are  will  give  .at 
least  2J  timi-H  greater  light  than  an  im  amlosi  ent  wire ; 
in  fact  Dr.  Tynihill’s  ligares  are  as  follows  : 

Visible  rays.  Iavi.il, I.,  ravs. 

<1'« .  -  1  to  21 

lueatulescont  wire  1  “  •■>;) 

Tho  are .  .  1  ••  '<1 

The  retpiiroments  of  a  goo.l  electric  lamp  are,  lirst. 
inteiiHo  lirilliancy  ;  s<.eomlly,  gre.it  steadiness  ;  thirdly, 
■luratioii.  Tho  .Serrin  lamp  has  the  tirst  kind  of 
excelloiiuo;  all  those  lamps  ha.scd  on  incande.scence 
excel  in  thesccon.l  respect;  Thu  \Vallacu-Kar..ier  light 
is  tho  only  one  that  attains  the  third  point.  The 
KapiolT  is,  imrlmps,  tho  form  which  np  to  the  present 
most  nearly  comhinus  tho  thn.-c  ru.piisitos,  h.it  in 
reality  no  lamp  has  yet  hoen  introdnccil  which  fnitills 
all  throe  rctinircments. 

Tho  ohjoetions  to  the  ime  of  tho  electric  light  arc : 

1.  Tho  iluep  sh.idows  it  throws. 

2.  Tho  indineront  ctirhon  that  h.is  hitherto  heen  man- 
nfactiircd  for  tho  purpose,  which  leads  lo  unplefisant 
sounds,  to  great  vari.ition  in  tho  intensity  of  tho  light 
and  to  waste. 

3.  Tho  diflic.dty  in  distributing  the  light  itself.  It  is 
so  intonso  and  conliuod  to  .so  sm.ill  a  sp.ico  that  it  does 
not  lend  itself  to  distribution  like  tho  gas  llaiiio  which 
occupies  a  consi.lcmblo  space. 

4.  Tho  iinsteadine.ss  of  tho  light  due  to  variations  in 
Sliced  of  tho  engine  oninlovetl  in  driving  tho  dynamo 


r*  tariiN  ils  tho  rt'ftwtnncen 
>1^'  taliio  \rill  8liou*  tliig; 


*’urn;nl  iw  is  gononilly  its. 

On  Vi'*  i'lcnmleoconci' 

J  "'1"'*™  of  (Ih,  ciirronl.  ft 

-.t.'Iir!:  ‘'"''■■glXix- 

•'-t  ^  „eo,  by  the  „re.  The 

iviti,  ill  oh- 

fee  of,r  IKliiit  of 

‘t  is  .  Iri.liti..i 

leer  to  he  UHod  for  the  piir- 

'■Iiiiiistsl-  11  of  the 

^  Imve  to  produce  tlio 

'Vo  kim  f  '"“oliino  to  pro- 
liiiio  ciin'l  uioasuro- 

,«udT  °  » 

‘^-IKmer  '  BuTtl'*'’'’  ^ 

'I  Iv  th«°  ‘  ‘  womont  that 

r-uSXl't*: 

I'  lOU^ siring  U8  niigitt 

'“"'lies.  The  light  of 


the  llapieir  lamp  in  the  ‘•Times"  olViee  appeara  I 
ho  about  COP  cnii.llo  power,  ami  the  Wallace  light 
cipml  to  800  caiullo  ixiner.  In  those  two  iiistaiieos,  s 
lights  are  used  in  one  circuit,  hnt  wo  have  not  here  tl 
siihdivisioii  of  the  light,  we  hns-e,  on  the  contrary,  tl 
multiplication  of  the  light,  produced  h_v  the  increasi 
speed  of  the  eilgine,  duo  to  the  insertion  of  addition 
lamps.  It  is,  however,  easily  shown,  that  in  a  cinm 
whore  the  ulectrn.motivu  force  is  constant,  and  v 
insert  additional  lamps,  then  when  these  lamps  a 
joincsl  up  in  one  circuit,  !.  e.,  in  series,  the  light  vari 
inversely  as  the  square  of  the  nnnilier  of  lamps  in  ci 
cnit,  and  when  joined  np,  as  in  mnltiiile  arc  the  Hgl 
diminishes  ns  the  enheof  the  nnmlsir  inserted.  Henc 
the  siilKlivision  of  the  light  is  an  nlisointo  ujnl^f,itu> 
In  the  first  place,  no  machine  has  yet  heon  prodnts 
which  is  conipotont  or  cajiahle  of'lighting  over  ; 
lamps  ;  secondly,  no  conductor  is  known  hnt  coiip. 
competent  to  conve>-  the  current  reipiired  to  light  the 
lamps,  and  copper  is  an  expensive  material.  Tliirdl 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “Exurfnoor 

*»•  «90 

“  I^vniNKKi,ix,i,"  Kebniary  2lHt,  1879,  p.  K;]. 


“KI)ISO.V.S  KLiccTiii,.  UC.HT  APPARATUS. 

“  "'lietlier  .Air.  i  t  <•  .  .  * 

>^Hrr.a.l,s  f„r  tli..  i.r(ab,cti.,ii  "tilizing  olootric 

•'•y  "ith  (itliur  svstuii  ““*™''>pnro  favora- 

'IemoiistRit,,.,|  bv  iw'lJni"*  "‘‘wfncforilv 

"illbu  Savor, Ov  ban  I!  H 

.sv.sto..,s  na  .o  H  .T  ""  "‘“n- 

miiabor  of  linbts  i„  ..iro,’.:  ‘o  tbo 

i»  tbo  iatoasitv  r",  “'“’""“'W  a’<l..olioM  ia 

xystoiu  bv  wbiob  Air  P,1  »«<"'  ‘I'o 

•"  this  oo,;;arv  r/.‘"'^'"‘'"'“'“°"‘--«^ 

lamps  in  ono  oirn,it^  '**  "*  P*"®" 


•Iniiii.vry  10,  1879,  p.  30. 

( I'alilorial.) 

■'PUK  liUJCTRlc  LIGHT. 

'  I  f  of  ollotrb  la/"'/, ■■'torflsfe.l 

’T.":  '•^P^’-'-^aforliS  »‘"n  onor 

’■"'•'1  aot  SZ  to  cause 

^“‘‘"■etors  aro  «s.so„tLl  to  '■“'‘V ‘I'id 

•->  ‘Im  olootrio  light  and  u-  "'1*^  "‘"'‘^css  iu  subdivid' 
""  atato  that  tbo  oust  of  o'*  " 

^“^®°Pl>cf'virealouoforcou 


000,000  or  X’iO.OOO.OOO.  If  tbiii  ooiidiictors  are  iisod 
tbo  I0S.S  of  litfbt  is  oiionnoas,  and  this  tnitb  Air. 
Edison  has  apparontly  oidy  just  di.scovercd,  for  b,; 
admits  tliat  niidor  Ids  systom  it  will  Iw  inipossiblo  to 
obtain  inoro  tban  nno-tcntb  of  ttiu  light  wbicb  could 
bu  bad  u’itb  a  given  |>on'or  and  iiiodomto  suixlivision. 
*  •  *  IJoforo  tbo  oloctrir  light  cjin  bo  .sidslivid,',! 

vvitb  facility  and  economy,  tbo  oponitioii  of  some  iio« 
law  must  Ih)  iliscovorcal,  and  this  \vo  bold  to  be  o.v- 
tromely  iinprobablo." 


“Tiik  Exoiskkii,"  F.dirnary  M,  1879,  p.  11  1. 

(I'Mitorial.l 

"THE  EDISON  LECTIUC  LIGHT. 

“  Witb  all  its-ilcfocts  for  domestic  pnrposo.s,  still  .Air. 

Edison's  lamp  might  isjrbaps  bo  nsod  to  mncli  ad- 
vantago  for  strimt  lighting,  and  in  factories,  or 
tbroatres,  in  fact,  in  any  situation  where  it  could  bo 
looked  after  by  a  skilled  attundant.  If  tbo  cnrroiit 
can  be  successfully  divided  among  dozens  of  snob 
lamps,  then  may  gius-inakors  (pmko,  but  nothing  of 
"  tbo  kind  can  be  done."  -  'illil  fi 


•'.'  I'A.iiri  Il„i„s,  I,,  j)  _  p 

'-'■■i-n,  I.syy.  p  2]. I 

<  lIAI>TKIt  X. 

"••  n.K  Kuxt,uc  L.o„t. 

“«•-  ■•■'-l-a.I  of.,,,..  „/  '\r"7T 

I,„s  |,c.,,„  talk,.,  ■  Mud. 

“>■•  ii‘Vviito.s  li'iv,.  ..lai..."]'  ‘lli*  Hitl.jocl. 

-lid,  a  «tatc-,„o,rT"''  '“‘“"■'"K 

"f  IWit,  ‘''O  I>™- 

t),„  pro’iIuL.ii"*'*  ***“  ''oltaio  arv  or 

ill  sad,  a  pri)i,„r(i  ^  ‘••'“Tout  pasdug,  not 
“ ‘111' iiiital,,..- „f  ||„|  *  offurB  Hpoctlv 

‘  1  Tiv.d  f  ’ otl.er 

‘  ^  '  1  '«!<■«  i.r'’  ‘*‘® 

'  1  1.  ,,,  ;^^‘'V"‘~’“<=“onof 

■■■;  ■  uill  i„.  ^  ‘lio  Iienting 

"'111  tH-o  Ii„|,,„  .  “o. ‘"lo-fourtli  of  that 


tioii  n«  till,  heating  olToct  iloea  to  tin-  aiiiniint  of  c 
rout,  tho  clocrcaHo  of  light  i.s  iimdi  grraitcr.  Will 
'ivoii  uiirroiit-Hniircu,  tho  (liri.sioii  of  tliu  oledrio  c 
rout  ia,  thorofnni,  anything  hut  “  inilotinitu." 

Eroii  Avith  gna,  which  |>oaa<..a.Hoa  tho  gix<iit  mlvaiiti 
i)f  yiohling  a  largo  niimlM.-r  of  atnall  liglila,  tho  groat 
l•conotnr  ia  ohtainahlu  with  oonoontnitoal  lights  ;  i 
it  ia  well  known  that  tho  ignition  of  oxtni  hiirnora  o 
[lipo  of  aninll  iliainctr-r  inatorinlly  rodnciw  tho  light 
thoHO  hnrnora  nlroaily  ignitoil.  Though  notiooahio 
II  ranch  loaa  ilogiw,  hccauao  olioying  a  ditTorent  h 
ivith  a  llxod  anpply  of  gas  tho  rodnetion  of  lij 
iriaiug  from  tho  ignition  of  fresh  hnrnora  ia  approoia 
iind  ahowa  that  tho  cloctriciana  who  dainiod  “  ind 
nito"  anhdiviaion  oxcuod  what  ia  nspiirod  or  posail 

Tho  anhjoct  of  providing  niiniorous  atiinll  lights  fr 
uno  oloctric  aonreo  ia  not  now,  and  has  always  had  gr 
iittmction  for  oloctriciana.  M.  Chanzy’a  ayatoin  appi' 
to  havo  boon  tho  first,  hut  of  this  thoro  ia  no  record 
dotail. 

Lacnaangnu  and  Thiers  ivoro  tho  next  (18.>1|  to  dev 
thoir  attontion  to  this  subject,  and  tho  following  i 
iluacription  of  tlioir  inothod  as  rocordod  in  tho  spec 
cation  of  thu  lottora  ]>atunt :  “  When  in  any  part  of 
circuit  thu  uurront  has  to  pass  through  a  liipiid  of  I 
conductivity  than  that  of  tho  roophoros,  tho  intonsity 
[piantity  of  electricity  passing  in  a  given  tinio  ia 
vorsoly  projiortional  to  tho  rosiatancu  of  tho  intorpoi 
liipiid.  This  rosiatancu  may  ho  ineronsod  or  dirainish 
L-ithur  by  an  increiuw  or  deerimso  of  tho  conduct 
power  of  tho  liipiid  or  of  tho  anrfaeo  ininioraed.  'I 
nmguotic  force  of  an  cloctro-niagnet  A•aries  with  tho 
tensity  of  tho  currout.  If  tho  surfacoa  of  tho  conduct 
iniuioraoil  in  tho  liquid  are  of  an  uudiaugeahio  me 
wo  obtain  in  a  froo  state  tho  gas  arising  from  the 
composition  of  tho  liquid  ;  tho  quantity  of  this  gas  i 
given  time  being  in  direct  proportion  to  tho  intonsity 


HiVj-'s  H„„k,  1870. 


!‘«  arniiiliir.)  ;i,|j,Ht,.,|  i„  (I,  /  '  ' '-*“^''°-'nnKncl  will, 

^  ■'■'.•■PH.'* 

imnwl  up,., I  I  „  .  ,  '•iirront  ilotcr- 

Kr«it,.rtl,au,|,',.  t..„  f  "ttmctio,,  «•„» 

tcllHlOtl  of  fjjn  Ktiniiir  fl 

'“■‘IIHMI  i„  e„ut,„.,  ,,  >  " nriiiHlure  n- 

''"■‘"'-''in.  tl...  suli  ,  '  i;'"?:""'’’--  --•<>.  ‘I- 

'’'I'"'' '•"‘■■■•-.ns, Plnt»H.iu  uoMUct  with 

-a  nsitiv,.  1.  1807,  timl. 

“  flit  hut  .,Tn  • 

'  “  f  1  il i  l^  '“■■  for  cue. 

‘I  I  t,  h. ■  ‘'8'"‘P®‘-‘‘l«oiit  the  uiir- 

f- -t  x;.ii,;,!  tinis  maiiitainiiijr  pDj. 

C  f  "  I  I'.'  n  ioi,icont,il  *i,in,llo  carryiite  a 

I  '  '  I  ’.St  wi‘uf“‘’  "‘“‘“Hie 

■  Ti  humors  aro  in- 

•  for  this  is  almost 


Inmioro  Elootriqao  Article^Wo  1 
Teb  y  28.  1890.  S.  M.  H.  Exr. 

I'A  I-f.MIEliK  ELECrniQUK. 


c.x  ..fiiLic  lightivc  by 

ntocE.s.SE.s 

is  «  „o«.r..r 

•"'»  »  liriWitnl.  "  ""’S'"  i'ei't  ono  cm 

fi'i'llnimors.  Tl,is,,r,?,!!!'rtl."*lp'l‘  ‘l■o^Slln,| 

••"1,1  i,„|„„ia„,  i  *  „  :  ’  i>"  osireiiifly 

'‘''.v.->'lisa,lvantaL...  r  "'‘il’*.  «  ovi- 

'‘•'"K-  ■■"1,1  til,,  ni,  -,,,  ’"i  * 

f"‘n’  liMitlitiieas 

. . . . 

“•»SCS  „f  ,  f.*-  '*-  Uiifortmmtoly,  (lio 

'’''-•'""■ilvattl,,.  |,H, f  tills 

'>  ‘li'i  li;;lit  «  l,i,.|,  in  tlio  intons- 

’"Srts . 

Kiv,..  a  li«l,t  "■'“‘’i* 

S'i|i|>,iit,,,l  l.v  the  ,...«  '“‘onso  to  bo 

''"’•"'i.iX  Jh^^'  ‘",7  >s  oWigod  to  «-o„ken 

«'-■  ••"■I'lnnt  ,.f  it.  “"“s  ‘n  tbo  pure  wiwto  of 

7”  tlio  .,,21!  ““  '"«•  ‘l>o 

I  '  •«  '■"Ic  li  as  .13  per  cent'  ^ 

’  i"iy  laeaiiK  u-i...*,..  '  “  *°  i'gi't  dovoloned  : 


tiint,  notwitlislaiiding  a  considernblo  loss  of  liglit  in 
coniiMtrison  witli  tlnit  wbicb  would  be  produced  l.v  a 
single  c-ntre,  one  would  still  find  advantage  in  enii, lov¬ 
ing  tins  system  ;  first,  because  tliis  illumination  .lo'es 
not,  like  the  others,  entail  a  considernblo  heating  of  the 
niedinm  which  stiirounds  the  centres,  and  in  the  secoml 
place,  bocnnse,  with  this  system,  the  risks  of  explosion 
and  of  fire  would  lie  no  longer  to  be  feared,  an,l 
because  tho  decorations  of  the  n]>nrtnients  would  not  he 
dninnged. 

Besides,  the  white  light  which  is  priKlnccil  dws  not 
causo  tho  colors  of  tho  objects  ilhiniinnted  to  lie  nltercd 
to  tho  oyo ;  finally,  by  reason  of  running  less  risks  th,! 
insuraneo  companies  will  evidently  bo  able  to  diminish 
their  rates. 

From  tho  point  of  view  of  uximnso  itself,  it  might  come 
to  pass  that  electric  lighting  could  Ijo  less  expensive 
than  lighting  by  gim,  althongh  the  experiments  made 
hitherto  scorn  to  indiento  tho  contrary ;  but  it  must  bo 
considorod  that  these  ux])erimcnts  are  not  yet  complete, 
and  wo  already  sou,  since  the  JablochkofT system  has  been 
set  np  in  the  Avenue  do  rOpcni,  that  tho  cost  jirice  of 
each  olcctric  burner,  which,  it  was  said,  was  in  tho  be¬ 
ginning  five  times  ns  great  ns  that  of  gas,  has  been  re- 
diieud  by  liidf  in  tho  estimates  prcscntcl  to  tho  City  of 
Paris  by  tho  company,  and  wo  oven  boliovo  that  it  could 
bo  still  further  ruduced,  so  ns  to  entail  an  expense  of 
only  40  centimes  per  burner  and  jtcr  hour.  It  might,  it 
is  true,  bo  objected  that  tho  price  of  gas  for  mi  equiva¬ 
lent  light  is  but  27  centimes  ;  but  suppose  that  the 
globus,  which  absorb  45  per  cent,  of  tho  light  produced, 
oxtingiiish  only  24  |)er  cent  of  it,  ns  Monsieur  Clcmcudot 
thinks  himsolf  able  to  assure,  tho  cxpciiso  would  fall 
below  that  of  gas.  These  data,  of  course,  are  only  very 
approximate,  and  I  cito  the  precerling  figures  onl^-  to 


"ns.  .s..rvicc  in  hlioivii.K  timt  Ihc  light 

r.,.M  s  l,_v  ..leetric  light  «■,„  poHsihlc 

tli.it  he  n  .lonhloil,  imd  it  i„„y  1,^ 
■"■'■'“i'-n  n-nl  to  th..  fine  ox,;.rimont, 
’ ‘nlio,  oiectric  lighting  hiu 
^■m.ine,st.„n.„„.|  that,  in  „||  countries 

_  nen  brought  fonviml  which  will 

;  >'f‘hc  prohlom. 

in  I'.nrope  ami  America  arc  to  he 

"  eoHililetcr  Htmlv  of 
■  'Kill  cannot  fail  to  lea, I  to  more 
’  '  which  are  known  to-, lav. 

"lea  may  !«■  forme.1  of  the  improvc- 

illT*?  ’.'  ''-t '«««>•  that  in 

liitlierto  been  made,  anllicient  at- 
uluincnta  which 
'  I'lirt  in  the  greatnesa  of  tho  ef- 
"  wnl  -ordenal  projiorfion  la.- 
rtli"  erienor  circuit  ami  that  of 
the  work  ohtamd  in  a  |„,^o 
'  Iniinl.  the  fact  muat  not  Im 
‘  ■'■  “'•nil.v  of  the  light  varies  in  an 
is  Tire  "l  *  1  ‘  of  tho 

I  v«  s  Jif"""'"  *■•-•'“■■"6 

whi.  r‘ of  this  inton- 

results  themfrom  again  varies 

lied  P'-oooo, 

when  I  f°rt>‘ 

.  '‘'  '“o'l  to  1,<JOO».  This  ox- 

'’’."•ach  ^  r 

"  ''""iiintion  of  the  curnmt 
‘sn'ii,  there  rosulu  n  loss  of  light 
in  !*r  ‘'’'‘'*'‘'0'”*.  reach  tho  lltli 
"‘<-•'1  the  current  Inns  hecomo 


«-'->l-l'orela„.l 

'’"■‘le  and  the  machine-shops. 


Dll  Mon 


S  Article.  Jlay,  1S7!I. 


■Hill 


cm  feel  apart,  there  had  Isien  lai.l.  for  tin-  use  of 

tho  electric  light,  three  cables,  two  of  ..-l.lel . , 

po.seil  each  of  seven  wires  of  copper  No.  I  t  (U.  W.  <;  , 
and  connected  tog.-ther  to  conslitiile  the  circuit 
fome.l  a  totid  length  of  1.28fi  feet  with  a  resistance  .d 
0..1_  .Siemens  units,  or  almost  :t:i  metres  of  tele- 
grapilic  win;. 

AVith  Hohne.s'  machine,  which  olTered  tho  .'re  ites 
resistance,  the  hrss  in  luminous  int.msitv  w.xs  esii 
mated  at  ll!  .•.ml. ;  with  the  Oramn... 'machine.  ., 
much  le.ss  r.isistanc.-,  it  was  estimnt.sl  at  ;il.;t  p,. 
cent.,  and  with  the  Sieniens  machine,  the  least  resist 
imt  of  all,  it  was  able  to  reach  1:1. 1  per  cent.  15, 
omploying  a  cadih.'  .rf  le.ss  resistance,  this  hiss,  will 
tho  .Siemens  machine,  was  reduce.l  t.i  •.i:i  anil  2 1  pe 
cent.;  but  it  became  3.')  per  cent.  when,  bv  unitin' 
two  Siemens  machine.s,  in  .inantity,  their  total  rosish 
anco  was  iliminishe.l  by  half.  Thu  application  of  tin. 
cable  of  less  resistance  to  an  Alliance  m  ichine  pro- 
tlucodnlossof  (ii).l  per  cent,  of  tho  total  light,  and 
with  Holmes'  nmehino,  this  lors  amoinito.l  to  tie. I  p.-i 
cent.  Finally,  with  two  Holmes  machines  iiiiiteil,  th. 
lo.ss  rose  to  7(5.0  per  cent.  These  experiments  thcr.- 
fore  show  that,  in  order  to  obtain  the  conditions  for  a 
i....xiiiiiim  luminous  yield,  it  is  necc.ssnry  that  tho  re- 
sistaiieo  of  the  conducting  wires  should  bo  in  propor¬ 
tion  to  that  of  tho  mnchhie. 


i 


problem  of  electric  lighting  still  noeossitates  much  re- 
sonreh  in  onlor  to  become  wholly  practical ;  but  wc 
believe  that  no  one  of  tho  questions  which  dopoud 
upon  it  is  insolvable  and  that  before  long  wo  shall 
bo  able  to  witness  at  least  a  parti, d  transformation  of 
public  lighting. 

Quito  recent  o.xporimonU  made  with  Worderraann 
lamiis  and  an  .'Vlliance  machine  have  given  more  satis¬ 
factory  results  than  tliose  which  wo  have  previously 
mentioned  on  tho  subject  of  tho  neyiiier  lamps.  Th’o 
roasou  of  this  is,  no  doubt,  that  in  tho  latter  only  tho 
iucauduscouco  of  tho  movable  carixm  has  been  util¬ 
ized.  while  in  tlin  il.n  . . 


Dll  Jlmicurs  Arlicle,  JLy,  1379 

I1.0  viiri'fc";^ "■“■‘•loHConco, 

.leinents  of  (I,.  "’'’“'“‘“''“f  ‘I'o  contiguoiw 

'"elvc  lamps,  eaci,  .iTvii.K  a  ‘l  1?  J'f 
''■ll'  file  ci,m,.nt  of  r.  iif  ^  f?“-''“™or8, 

^  If  tl,„  oost  nri^  f‘Ti™  T*:'’!"" 

»>  >ch,..c.  IS  ,  stna  It.  ,1  at  1  fr",n  T 
Ite.viiaial  l.ius  calmiiatoll  in„  J-'’®’’ 

•lie  li{,’Ltii)H  of  iiviit  |,,,,_  , '  ,  *“  «ii|xininoiita  for 

'lermmin  s^.L  '‘“-P  'Wll.  tlio  Wor- 

» "■  "IS../ 

"'ll"  tliat  of  tho  ,,,,,  i,.  ,V  ;•  ‘  "  P"“  '«*' 

025  eciil.  °  fr-  018  to  0  fr. 

enaiiu.l.ai' Kvatenw  of  thi«  kind, 
■li.-'|.i-iisei]  uit|.  “P  “‘•‘•I*  I'felit,  umv  bo 

'"■if.'litiioss  of  fiv,'.  „„„  I  for  tbu 

'••leetric  I.Kbtii.o  o  M  , 

l’*".'•'■|l  will,  a  n.rtah,  ^  I’erliajis  bo  cm- 

ini..il.orb..,r"f'‘  tf '  "“I  “'Iv-ntase 

''■''‘;\'-iifoit,..a.io|v  alo  «xpI,«io„8  niiil  atos 

•f "  “  "01.1.1  iiot-bavo  1.0  f  “"i  !  on-l 

‘lie  KiMiaj,  a,,,]  o  ‘‘  of  damaging, 

r''*-ulT'  ‘y' '"'•’'''■‘““ee  of’ t^“’“'  ®°  "“0  “P- 

iiea  lire,  that  '■e'“">K  » 

;  ‘“'-liiie.they,vo..ld  Kr:  T"’’"*’'  ^  »•<« 

■ ""  it  ivoiild  bo  „p,2; 


Du  Moncx-I'a  Article,  Jlny,  1879.  dlOC 

Wo  tlioroforo  boliovo  that,  if  tbo  solution  of  tlio 
problem  of  oloctric  lighting  is  not  yet  complete,  there 
has  boon  made,  in  recent  times,  a  real  progress,  which, 
being  wisely  studied,  might  lead  to  wholly  satisfactorj’ 
results. 


Til.  iiu  JIoxcEi. 


ComplalnanfHZxhiWt  “La  Lmaiero 

triqno  Article  No  6 "  „ 

1890.  S.  M.  H..  28. 

"  prior  to  Mny  l.o,  1879.)] 


. 

. .  "■«  SS 

iil'soliiiuiv ,  n‘“''  '•  mill 

I  .1  '  ‘'‘'■•"b  Ml  tlio  nt« 

f  f-'-is  slock  is  coiui""'  I*  ""’’’  '"‘"‘■I'Mt  to 

"‘"tiarv  l,u.i  ol  tlli« 

l'l‘-no„ri,i,),.  It  I"'"  ability 

''■'•'‘tors  wliic  ,  it  :  "*•'  ‘bo  orront 

-s!;, 


Inmp  (li'KcrilKsl  in  Mr.  Ivdison’s  I'rencli  piiteiit 
ilntod  I'olirimry  I,  1879,  No.  I‘27,:M1.] 

UlKjn  tlio  wliolo,  nil  tlicso  combiimtioiis  iiro  iieitlior 
8”o<i  nor  now,  niiil  wo  do  not  liosilato,  in  spito  of  tin; 
ronmrknblo  discovorioH  timt  Jlr.  Kdison  Ims  iniido  in 
otiior  Hoicntilin  lininclioH,  to  condomn  idisointclv  Ids 
vibrating  (dyimino)  nincliino  and  bis  tliormo-rogiilating 
lamps.  However,  wo  boliovo  that  tlio  experiments 
which  are  Iming  carried  on  in  the  laboratory  at  ifenlo 
I’ark  will  lie  hoanl  from  (n’w«/  /sis  d/f  /eiir  lUnh  r  mol) 
and  that  they  will  giro  birth  to  some  more  prai'tieal 

It  xvoiild  lie  unjust  to  condomn  from  first  to  last  all 
tho  labors  of  Mr.  Kdison  mion  electric  lighting,  because 
tho  first  attempts  liavo  boon  based  upon  some  recollec¬ 
tions  impracticnblo  in  tho  actual  case. 

Tlioro  nro  really  to  bo  found  withal  in  the  now  patent 
tho  oquivaleut  of  tho  electro- magnetic  diapason  of 
Holmlioltz ;  tho  rogulator  of  Moncol  of  currents  by  an 
expansion  rod  passing  through  the  interior  of  tho  in- 
caiidosccnt  spiral ;  tho  platinum  spiral  of  M.  DoChangy ; 
tho  reciprocating  nnnatnro  of  31.  Fronient ;  tho  rheo¬ 
stat  of  M'heatstono,  etc. 

Docidodly,  tho  holders  of  gas  stock  can  sloop  tran- 
(piilly,  tho  invention  which  ingoing  to  destroy  the  value 
of  their  shares  is  not  yet  conceived. 

(Itevue  tmlualndU.) 


omplainanf*  Exhibit  “Parliamentary 

£vidciicG,  April- June  1870 

28,1890.  S.M.:^E« 


SKLIX"!’  CO.^[MI’I'TEE 
I.IOHT/XCi  liv  EEECTIUCITY, 

To-ctlicr  will,  the 

•''iOf'KEDIN-fi.S  or  THE  CO.M.MirrEE. 
MIM^’ES  or  EVIDENCE, 

•Axi>  AiTE.vr,ix. 

''.V  In,:  Ho,-.sk  or  Cojisio.vs.  lo  Pr{„M^ 
l-'f  -/nne,  187U. 


m.  April,  187!). 

■''Ii:.miii;ik  PiiFjifOT. 

•''I,'-  .Viliiiii,  j 

.\lfr,.,l  ,•  .1  Ijimlsoj-. 

"‘‘'''"•■"i-  Mr.  Artimr  Jlooro. 

M.tnlr.istle  Pofoy- 

Ml'.  lli.„rv  PInvfnir. 

IVlifn.,1  K^v’y,  Mr.  Puleaton. 

-Ml. .tile.  Mr.nvlnnclH. 

Mr.  Sponcor  Stnuhoiw. 
Cliristophor  Tnlbot. 

-I.f  Ilen.,..„|,ic  r,vox  PuvPAin  i„  the  chair. 

‘  "'f'-'.VM'  'I' 

. . „U"r'''-.='L.LL.D,F.n.S., 

. . "Bortl.i",,!™''""'’'"- 


.1.  Ill  timt  capacity  you  have,  no  doubt,  paid  iiiucl 
uttuiitioii  to  electricity  ?  I  hare  paid  considerable  at 
tention  to  electricity. 

78.  Have  yon,  from  a  scientific  point  of  view,  paid  at 
tention  to  the  exi>eriinetitn  reported  to  ns  ns  Imving  bcci 
inade  in  Aincricii  by  Mr.  Edison  ?  I  have  paid  a  good 
deal  of  attention  to  tliat  subject.  Mr.  Eilisoii  is  an 
1  o  h  lever  inaii,  and  nitliongh  one  sees  very 
serious  diflicnltics  in  Ids  way,  one  would  be  hardly  en. 
titled  to  say  that  lie  will  not  overcome  those  ditiicnities 
but  I  do  not  know  that  ho  has  up  to  the  present  tinie 
overcome  them. 


03.  Could  not  that  lie  improved  by  using  |>lntinuni, 
or  iridium,  or  some  other  substance  thiui  carbon  ?  1 
nm  nfraiil ,  lui  reganl  public  illuiniiintion,  incandescoinsn 
will  not  ilo ;  the  ex]>on(1itnru  would  bo  too  great.  The 
intense  light  is  jiroduccil  by  the  partial  sepanition  of 
the  carlion  points.  The  onrront,  as  the  chairnmn  re- 
markeil  at  the  beginning  reipiirasa  certain  resistance  in 
onlor  to  (irodiico  light.  In  the  case  of  the  electric 
light,  this  resistance  in  a  space  of  air  over  which  the 
current  lias  to  leap,  and  it  is  in  gathering  up  the  force 
necessary  to  leap  across  that  interval  that  it  is  enabled 
to  giro  us  that  intense  light.  In  a  continuous  circuit  it 
would  involve  the  oxiiendituro  of  an  enormous  amount 
of  electricity  to  attain  the  same  amoniit  of  luniin- 


105.  You  showed  us  the  ignition  of  plantinum  wire 
by  the  passage  of  the  electric  current ;  have  not  exjieri- 
ments  been  mode  to  use  the  ignition  of  such  a  wire  and 
inferior  conductors,  or  of  alloys  with  iridium,  and  so  on 
with  a  view  of  using  that  as  the  source  of  the  electric 
light  instead  of  the  carbon  jioints  ?  I  do  not  know  that 
that  has  been  proposed  with  regard  to  public  illumina¬ 
tion,  but  I  remember  with  the  ureatest  distinctness. 


•1111  l’..rlia,n..i,t«,y  Evidence.  April -June,  1879. 

SS'SS 

C]ii],lr.*M  r  ■  1  *I  ox|»onniont«  in  ifiio 

lamp  „n  a  table  in  ,  I  »■'«•  «  very 

voltaic  current ;  b„t  I  Jo  not'l"'"’  ‘n'" 

“"i™..  s.  I:  U': 


Tfiisiuv,  2Utl,  April.  1879. 


-^Ir-  Adam,  . 

Jlr-AlfrodCiatljorn..  ir  r  Moore, 

-Mitchell  ir'enrv,  J;- PMair. 

•^Ir.  Hc-ynat,.,  ’  ^  uloston, 

'-'"•■1  Idndsav,  C'‘ri»‘opIior  Tnlobt, 

•'Ir.  SjKincor  Stanhope. 
M'ght  Ifonorable  Lvov  I>i  h-d 

^ '••"'’‘'in,  m  the  Chair. 

”-c.a,aaD., p.b.s, 

a»ol.uIlo7'ciiaT‘^”^  of  tlio 

"voted,  sf.  fac .““""fnclurine  firm  am  .. 

r-w“i,  TbJ 

. « '“ff. 

va'egraphic  commn- 


Tarli 


nil  Pnrliiim.-iilnry  Evidnni'c.  April-Jmio,  1870. 

11  (dosod  circuit  ?— I  cannot  apenk-  witli  any  prnctirn 
.•xpcrioiico  of  that.  My  view  of  it  is  that  yon  wonl.l 
liavo  a  far  (>roalor  los.s.  It  could  not  ho  done  so  oco. 
nomically,  hnt  it  would  prohahly  ho  applicahlo  in  cases 
where  economy  was  not  so  mncli  an  ohject,  and  wlien 
there  was  some  special  roason  for  dividing  it. 

:i09.  1  suppose  wo  may  assume  that  the  lighting  ol 
largo  areas  can  Im  done  satisfactorily,  and  without  ex- 
ceraivo  cost,  hy  moans  of  the  electric  light  ?— Yes,  I 
think  that  the  lighting  of  largo  areas,  such  a.s  squares 
and  Imildings  and  largo  halls,  hy  the  electric  light, 
would  give  a  decidedly  oconomieai  resnlL 

dOO.  But  your  answer  would  not  he  so  decided  with 
rcganl  to  small  places  and  with  regard  to  domestic  illn- 

I  ti  —  S’o,  not  ill  the  present  state  of  the 
science. 

420.  Dr.  Siemens,  in  his  oridcnco,  stated  that  the 
light  should  bo  contmlizotl  rather  than  snhdivided.  Do 
yon  concur  iu  that  view  ’—That  is  what  I  meant. 

421.  Is  it  nut  desimhlo  that  it  should  ho  subdivided  ? 
—It  is  very  desirable,  for  illuminating  puriioses,  that 
you  should  distribute  your  lights  in  a  great  many 
places  ;  but  the  moment  you  divide  your  current,  at 
each  point  of  division  you  lose  a  certain  amount.  In 
fact,  you  might  almost  comiiare  it  to  changing  money 
whore  you  hare  to  pay  commission  at  each  change. 

422.  I  suppose  that  the  fact  that  it  cannot  be  sub¬ 
divided  is  one  of  the  difBcultics  in  its  practical  use 
now? — That  is  one  of  the  great  difliculties  iu  street 
ilhiiiiiiiiition,  and  it  is  the  insu|)erahlu  dilHculty  at  pres¬ 
ent  ns  regards  domestic  illumination  ;  but  for  the  illu¬ 
mination  of  largo  halls  and  largo  areas  I  think  that 
centralization  is  Imttor  tlinn  suixlivision. 

425.  Dr.  Siemens,  in  referring  to  Mr.  Edison,  who  is 
credited  with  having  recently  invented  a  nmchino  for 
subiliriding  the  light,  expressed  some  doubt  on  the 
subject,  and  stated  that  be  thought  it  was  not  as 


Ill-I  I’arliiiiueiitarv  Kvideiicc,  Ai)ril  Juno,  1879. 

thiiiaalamt  that  ?- We  really  know  very  little  at  all 
alanit  it.  few  nenspaper  i«imgrapli»  Imvo  apiKiareil 
on  the  sul.jei  t  and  I  have  been  very  nincli  inton-atod, 
•TseveryUidy  ha.s.  ll,.s  nephew  told  me,  liiniaelf,  that 
lie  hxs  seen,  I  think,  over  200  lighta  in  „„e  cirenit.  I 

that  nmii .  ' 

^tvi  ••“lletl  in  and  oiamined  : 

0.1.  W  hat  position  do  you  hold  in  the  laad-oflice  ? 
am  eloctiicmn  to  tlio  jK)st  oflice. 

•■510.  I  think  you  have  laith  eon.sidercal  and  made  es- 

i»  tie  iMlwv'nrdler  t -T", 

zine-y-l.ii,].  I’hiloaophical  Miiga- 

snhdividin.r  the  ll-ht  «  ’  *'*•  ^ 

string  wind.  I  hold  in  tnVha’.ri.^’rwl're* 

l<>'Vrorwe  mighS!k''r‘  "■  "'o"Cd 

‘l‘-'n  ,.in  v  2  ‘  tevendlampa  and  join 

'■■‘vevourwi  «  pnmllel  are.  Yott  mav 

<»'«  it.  o..el  IV  r  T","'-''  «-ith 

‘l‘«t  when  lamps  iire  t  1  «>><>«• 

the  number  inserted;  md'whertr  "f 

““'‘Perollel  are  the  bol  ■.  “P 

tlio  cube  of  the  number  'T*  '  •  *'*’*'^  diminiahes  aa 

‘«'>pt  to  subdivide  the  liohtT'"*’’ 

I'alt  I,  reallv  1"'“  !!'«  cloctric 

. . . 


Parliiimei 


Iitary  Evideina-,  Aiiril-Jtitie,  1879.  .Hic 

yidod  form?— It  is  otily  oeonomienl  wwhen  one  maeliino 
is  used  to  prodiieo  a  single  light. 

310.  Atid  any  departure  from  that  means  waste,  eeo- 
nomieallv  speaking?  Corlainlv. 


I'liin.vY,  9th  Jlay,  1879. 

MeJIIIKIIS  PltfcSKNT. 

Jlr.  Alfred  Oathonie  Hardy,  Dr.  Lyon  Playfair, 

Mr.  Hardciutlle,  Mr.  Ptiloston, 

Mr.  Mitchull  Henry,  Mr.  Speneer  .Stnnho]si, 

Sir  Ughtrod  Kay-Shuttleworth,  Mr.  Christopher  Talbot, 
.Mr.  Artintr  Moore,  Sir  David  W’edderbitrti. 

Earl  Percy, 

The  Right  Honotirahlo  Lyo.n  PuYFAiit,  in  the  Chair 

Mu.  John  Hoi-Kl.-tsox,  D.  SC.,  P.  R.  S.,  called  iti,  and 
examined. 

580.  Cll.YIiiMAN  :  You  are  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Soci¬ 
ety,  I  helicvo  V  Yea. 

587.  And  a  Doctor  of  Science  of  the  Dnivorsity  of 
Tjondon  ?  Yes. 

588.  Have  you,  aa  a  civil  engineer,  paid  attention 
to  the  electric  light,  and  to  lighthouses  ?  I  have  for 
the  last  seven  years  been  engaged  in  the  constrnetion 
of  lighthouses,  and  consequently  I  have  taken  great 
interest  in  the  subject  of  olotric  lighting. 

024.  There  is  positively,  however,  in  practical  work- 
ing,  a  loss  of  economy  in  dividing  the  current  into  sev¬ 
eral  electric  lights ;  what,  iu  your  opinion,  is  the  cause 
of  that  waste?  I  think  it  is  realh-  twofold.  In  the 
first  place  you  have,  in  these  divided  lights,  generally 
much  smaller  lights  than  the  full  light ;  and  for  the 
reason  which  has  been  already  mentioned,  of  a  lower 


CIIAIIIIIA.N:  do  not  require  to  ask  vo 

who  yon  are,  but  perhaps  yon  will  allow  me  to  ask  y.i 
fonnally  whether  yon  are  Professor  of  Xatnral  Philos. 
]>hy  in  the  University  of  Glasgow  ?  I  am. 

17-f3.  You  have  been  lately  President  of  the  lJuy: 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  have  yon  not?  I  was  presid.'ii 
for  fivi!  years,  and  I  retirc.I  in  due  eonrs..  at  the  begii) 
■dug  of  the  pres.-nt  se.ssion. 

17-11.  Yon  an-  a  I'ellow  of  St.  Peter's  College,  Can 
bridge?  Yes. 

1745.  Yon  have  devoted  mneli  time,  have  von  nol 
not  only  to  eleetrieity  as  a  seienc.',  but  to  the'  appliei 
tion  of  electricity  to  practical  pnqmses?  I  have. 


1770.  Would  yon  alhiw  me  to  ask  yon  about  the  .li 
vision  of  tho  electric  light  into  various  snndl  lights 
Hcittnlilicnlly  do  yon  ngnss  with  caleidations,  the  resnl 
of  which  liavo  been  put  before  ns,  that  the  elTect  of 
division  ninst  be,  in  some  cases,  to  decrease  the  lights 
divided,  according  to  tho  squares,  or  according  to  th 
cidrcH  of  tho  distance  ?  We  have  no  scientitic  law  e 
tho  economy  of  tho  electric  light  in  difTercnt  degrees  n 
division  and  concentration  ;  but  pnictice  and  tlicorot 
iad  guesses  seem  to  agree  in  making  the  economy  mud 
less  when  wo  K|>cnd  the  same  quantity  of  energy,  fo 
oxainidc,  in  ten  feebler  lights  than  when  wo  spent  it  ii 
one  strung  light;  when  wo  do  this  wo  do  not  get  near! 
one-tenth  part  of  the  whole  light  by  any  of  the  plan 
hitherto  in  use. 

1780.  lint  there  is  nothing  in  the  mathematical  dis 
cussion  of  tho  question  that  should  render  that  redne 
tion  necessarily  by  the. square  or  the  cubes?  No;  i 
is  quite  possible  that  a  i)lan  of  using  electric  energv'  fo 
light  might  bo  found  and  may  yet  bo  found,  in  which  tei 
feebler  lights  will  give  a  sum  of  light  equal  to  that  ob 


111!) 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “Thomson-Hoiuton 
Vibrating  Eamp  Article  No.  1  of 
October.  1878."  S.  M.  H.,  Ext.  ’ 

•lOriiNAL  OF  Tin.  FItANKLIN  INSTITUTE 
Of  tiik  .Statk  of  I’knxsvu.vama. 

Vol.CVl.  Octol,«r,  1878.  Xo.  1. 

('ol.  LXX\  I.  Tliirtl  .Serifs.) 

.\  XEW  sy,STE.M  OF  ELECTIIIC  LIGHTING. 

U.V  Profs.  JCi.iHF  T110.M.S0X  and  Enwiv  T  _  , 

tl'>’  Plnlad.'lphin  Central  High  School.  '  '  “ 

1  "■  ""  ‘^noHot.x- 

'-«n  -liroded  to  t  .  /  .r  ‘  '"r’ 

Parent  the  „s«  J  „  fj"  '  ‘  !'  “‘“t  "’i" 

‘-•laetrie  li-ht  tl,-.  .  ■  Pro'Iuci'ig  an 

'vonls,  tl!:  nse  ;  ,  !  °  "'T''’'’ 

‘^^aat  intensitv’lo  nr  "  “•"■'•Olil  of  iiiMiffi- 

-  ‘  c  J"*-  Vtthe 

‘•'"•■•'-’'■I,  in  sn.  h  a  ‘ °f  "  laJ'vtTfnl 

iiiinilier  of  elcutri,.  i"”  “■’‘•“’’"lo  a  coiigidorahlo 

is  well  k!'.!!!;!;.  ;  ’’f  "*  ‘i‘“  “'»«>  circuit. 

I'u«.s  throiloh  a  current,  which 

sii'Menlv  hink.  n  I  •  1  aoasiderablo  length,  ia 
“''■'“-■a*  !l!o  '.i  ,  ‘  oxtm  sp^rk. 

appear,  alt  .o  ,1.  The  oxtm  apark 

-asiain  an/o;  JS  ■'*  ««««'■«'“  “> 

'epaiatioii.  ■  “Ppreciahlo  length  at  the  point  of 
fa  onr  svst.'in  oi 

'aa.v  he  tin;  ordhinr^  T  I  ^  ‘  ‘-‘'®<=‘''o<lc».  which 

"-and  t;;-  -used  to 

placed  at  such  a  distai  °  "iactrodas  are 

''■’‘■■ae  .pa.t  !u.,  ■  ^T‘‘’  “ffonvards  recede  « 

'llaalions  are  n.adrto  ^0"*’’“''““’-  Tl*ese  motions 
that  the  elTect  of  the  p  ?’  T 

'  '  "  11  l>..o,,n  hJ^'n  *7’“““'’  "  “““‘i'-ono  i 

"1*™  fl«sl.es  of  light  follow  one 


Thou 


>ii-IIoiiston,  Vihratiiig  Limp. 


•IPJl 


another  at  a  rate  greater  than  twentv-tive  to  thirty  per 
second,  the  efTcct  prixluctal  is  that  of  a  coiitimioiis 
light.  The  vihratorv  motions  may  he  communicated  to 
the  electrodes  hy  any  suitahle  device,  such,  for  cx,aini)le, 
as  mechanism  opemterl  hy  a  coil  spring,  a  weight,  com- 
liressed  air,  etc.,  hut  it  is  evident  that  the  current  it¬ 
self  furnishes  the  most  direct  method  of  obtaining  such 
motion,  ns  hy  the  use  of  an  aiitoinatic  vibrator,  or  an 
electric  engine. 

Ill  practice,  insteail  of  vilirating  Imth  electrodes,  we 
have  found  it  necessary  to  give  motion  to  hnt  one,  and 
since  the  negative  electrode  may  lie  of  such  size  as  to 
waste  very  slowly,  motion  is  imparted  to  it,  in  prefer¬ 
ence  to  the  positive,  'llio  carbon  electrodes  may  Is- 
rcplnceil  hy  those  of  various  substances  of  sufTicicnt 
conducting  jiowor. 

In  this  system,  when  desired,  an  indciiendeiit  battery 
circuit  is  employed  to  control  the  extinction  nnd  light¬ 
ing  of  each  lump. 

I’hilndolphin,  Septembor  10th,  1878. 


Complainanfs  Exhibit  “Thom.on-HoMton 
Vibrating  Lamp  Article  No.  2.  of  Octo¬ 
ber.  1878."  S.M.H.,Exr. 

•TOl  itXAij  oi’  kuaXKLI.V  I.\.STITUTE 

Ok  TllK  Staik  (IK  Pknnsvi.vaxia. 

Vol.  C\-|.  Oct.ilior,  1878.  X„. 

iVol.  lAXVr.  Tliinl  SorioA.) 

A  NEW  i:r.i:cTiuo  l,uip. 
li.v  Priifs  Euuk  Tikimson  «„.1  Eimi.s-  .7.  H,„:hton  of 
tlic  Pli.la.l..l,,l,i„  Ccntml  Iligl,  .School. 


sA.st.Mii  of  oloctnc  lislifing; 

■i>=  \  Tr"  ■  fln.'iiljlo  bnr,  A.  of  motnl  ia 
1^— *"■"'1.''  »ttiiclio<l  at  one  of  its 
•<>  «  pninr,  p,  and  Ixmrs 
1,  ^  It'S  other  011(1  nn  iron  annn- 

:  JJ’'  «.  placed  opirosito  tlio 

;  i  adjiisb.hlo  polo-pioco  of  tho 

l:  cl,..ctromaKMct,  A  ,i.ofal 

cj'llar,,-,  KiipportsthomT-ntivo 

electrode,  tho  positive  olcc 
ociiig  supported  by  an 
3  “rai,./,  attached  to  thepillar,  ii. 

:V— JiL_CQla  1“  /'•  ■»  ‘lividdd,  by  ia- 

7^  Ll"^  an  ntion  at  i,  into  two  sections, 

:  “Ppor  one  of  which  con- 

'  S  ^  ‘''"‘-•"••■■ont  from  tho  bind- 

J  "  J  marked  +,  to  the  arm 

‘’‘®  '■ml.  n  snpiKirting 

s.  ia  the  circ’n-t T  ""  I''"  'l-'ltml 

I'*"  liKlit.  Tho 

'  eiicloscd,  which  ,.r.„  ""  ■  *"**"'"lcd  conducting 

'jm(hiig.,,o.t  n  K  1  ""■""'l-closor,  i>,  to 

a'  aegativc  electrode  tl  ’  convoyed 

'Vhen  the  ’eloeSs  X’ in  “  f 

“■*  '"^c  'n  contact,  tho 


Vilmitiii"  T.am|i. 


1122 


Tho 


current  circulating  through  m,  renders  it  magnetic  and 
attracts  the  armature,  o,  thus  separating  the  electrodes, 
when,  on  the  weakening  of  tho  current,  the  elasticity  of 
tho  rod.  A,  again  restores  tho  contact.  During  the 
movement  of  tho  negative  electrode,  since  it  i.s  caused 
to  occur  many  times  per  second,  the  positive  clectriHle, 
though  partially  free  to  fall,  cannot  follow  the  rapid 
molions  of  tho  n("gative  (dectrode ;  and.  therefore,  does 
not  rest  in  purmauent  contact  «ith  it.  The  slow  fall  of 
tho  positive  electrode  may  bo  insured  either  by  properly 
proportioning  its  weight,  or  by  partly  counterpoising 
it.  Tho  I>ositivo  electrode  thus  becomes  self-feeding. 

Tho  rapidity  of  tho  movement  of  the  negative  carbon 
may  bo  controlled  by  means  of  the  rigid  bar,  I,  which 
acts,  practically,  to  shorten  or  lengthen  the  part  vi- 

In  order  to  obtain  an  excellent  but  free  contact  of 
tho  arra,y,  with  tho  positive  electrode,  tho  rod  r,  madiv 
of  iron  or  other  suitable  mobil,  piutses  through  a  cavity, 
f,  Fig.  2,  filled  with  mercury,  placed  in  electrical  con- 
ly^  p  tact  with  the  arm,  ./•  S5iuce  tho 
•  mercury  dims  not  wet  tho  metid  rod, 

V,  and  the  sides  of  the  o[ii)ning 
through  which  it  pas.sos,  free  move¬ 
ment  of  the  roil  is  allowed  without 
any  o.scape  of  the  mercury.  Wo 
believe  that  this  feature  could  bo 
introduced  advantageously  into 
other  forms  of  electric  lamps. 

In  order  to  prevent  a  break  from 
occurring  in  the  circuit,  when  tho 
electrodes  are  consumed,  a  button, 
c,  is  attached  to  tho  upper  extrem¬ 
ity  of  tho  rod,  at  such  a  distance  that  when  tho  car- 
hons  are  (musiimed  as  much  as  is  deemed  dcsindde,  it 
comes  into  contact  rvith  a  tripping  lever,  t,  which 
then  allows  two  conducting  plugs,  attached  to  the  bar, 
0,  to  fall  into  their  respective  mercury  cups,  attached, 
resiroctivoly,  to  tho  positive  aud  negative  binding- 
posts  by  a  direct  wire.  This  action  practically  cuts 
the  lamp  out  of  tho  circuit. 

Philadelphia,  September  19th,  1878. 


Co.^lainanfsExhibit»Thom.on.Hon»ton 
1879?Tm.T 

JOUitXAL  OK  thIC  KItAXKLIX  IXSTITUTE 

Of  Tin:  Statk  Of  PKXNSn.VANlA. 

Vol.  evil.  Jannurv  1S-.1 

(\"1.  KXXVII.  Tliinl  Si'rio.s.) 

for  Iisu  in  eloelrir  ill  •  *•”  rovorsoil  curruiits 

lie.ni  puMi.Ve!}.  "f  "'Iiich  liiw 

Oiir  nii'lhod  of  oporation  in  nu  f,,ii 

“r » 

«  e...nlarv  currents  iro  .Z"*  ‘'■•-■rofor.  Tlinso 

l'.ni  -I.Ttroiles.an.l  tlierel.rni  n  ‘o  or- 

l'|>■•tiaI  are  l,ct„..  c,.  II  '  ‘‘“o  Prodnco  n 

"  ‘  .L 

-'■<>-  a“ 

"  'i'--  mnSat’o  JhrSi" 

'I'a'^ldain  the  1,  'he^  °P';'e«ao»t  glass  is  „so,I 

. . . 


eoiilicctvil.  Tito  Htroiigtli  of  tlie  etirrunt  iluvelo 
ill  llio  socundary  coil  is  greatest  when  the  eon 
which  is  inorablo,  is  inserted  so  that  Iioth  ol 
extroinities  are  in  cuntnet  with  E  and  E.  l{.v  w 
drawing  this  core,  the  current  fnnn  the  seeon. 
coil  may  he  weakened  to  almost  any  desired  ext 
This  coil  is  liest  ailaptcl  to  the  use  of  primary  ciirre 
whoso  direction  is  constantly  changing.  All  the  i 
being  completely  surrounded  by  iron,  whose  diroc 
of  magnetic  iiolarisation  is  also  idianged,  the  higi 
inductive  oirect  is  thereby  prodnceil  in  the  second 
coil. 

The  variations  in  the  intensity  of  the  induced  . 
rents  will  of  course  be  followoil  by  variations  in 
intensity  of  the  light  emitted  by  the  lump.  The  me 
ment  of  the  core  may,  therefore,  bo  made  to  lucre 
or  dccrou.so  the  intensity  of  the  light. 


1 1 -in 

Complainant's  Erhibit  “  Thomson-Honston 
Paper  on  Dynamo  Effloionoy  of  Janu¬ 
ary.  1879."  S.  M.  H.,  Ext. 

THK  TICLKCiliArillC  JOUUN'AIi  AXD  ELECTHI- 
OAL  HEVIEW. 

\c>l.  \II.  •Imiimrv— I)eeomlK)r,  1879. 

IjdXDON.  H.Mr.llTllX  ,V  C'o.VI'.»XY. 

ClIiCL'.Msr.lN'CKS  iiif  I.'..,... . .  t. 

IM  M  hM  ISO  Iiih  op  DV.NASIO- 

P.I.WTIIIC  M.VCIIISP>!.» 

l*v  I'-'-K  Emv.v  .1.  h.„:ston-  ..m,  e,.„h:  Thomson. 

lillS  ^  'T  of  -o-'o 

I  T  ‘•.'■'iiiiiio-olci'lriu  macliiiifs,  llio 

r?  “‘o  "•O'-''  of  •lotor- 

. ' /.V  >»otIinnic4il  powor 

^  1  >  i  the  .fetnc  arul  ti.enai.,  offeej  pro- 

.'.rofai  1.  ;  oironlcl.  to  make  a 

It  is,  7.“''“=.' "f  niacliine.s. 
laaiiv  ^1^,?,',','",  '  I'opor  to  select  from  the 

iat,.n.sti„.r  „  "  f“"’  of  ‘'>0  '"ore 

ati,.,,.  oti'ors  for  a  future  coiisidor- 

lii'l,/  ii'i' which  oo»>l>awlivoIy 

■>•■“'1  "f  the  electrical  ttork  f'?!"  "o  reliable 

before  hue,,  oUaiiin,!  tl  of.‘‘‘“°  machmes  having 
lint  bn.  ,lt,cs  c  ustuitbaros^ 
■levelopiaca.s  a.s  to  operation,  and  new 

'■aried  coii,liti,„,c  Jeia.iorof  the  machine.s  under 

A  eouveuieat  ,^’r  ‘-'““’'‘'"■‘b;  met. 

‘  '"■'■“"nOaieut  of  tile  particular  circuin- 


I  1110  ciroiii  ,  mi.i  that  oxpondoil  in  local 
U  .OW  that  Ins  latter  is  in  no  ivi.so  to  bo 
M  one  instnnco  an  niuoiint  of  powor  Komo- 
'  ‘'■■‘n  -looblo  the  total  ,v„rk  of  the  circuit 
ex|)on.lc.,I.  In  tins  instanco,  also,  it  consti- 
‘  bvc  times  the  total  amount  of  power 
1  tile  aic  for  the  proilnction  of  liKlit.  In 
.  aiice  It  eonstitiite.1  loss  than  one-thinl  the 

e  «ork  expemieil  in  local  action  is  simply 
II,  smeo  It  a, his  only  to  the  heatiiiK  of  tho 
-  .l.s.m-«  the  latter  inereasos  its  Ixitrical 
U  I^  <loiil)lyinjjinou8. 

'  machines  is  nnal- 

'•  loeal  action  of  „  battery,  and  is  eriunlly 
'ts  elloets  upon  the  ayaihiblo  current.  ’ 

s  iW  1 

•  ntntualU-  reduced  to  heat  in  the  ma- 

™!n  L  '  action 

and  the'’i  .""i’  ‘■‘quid  to  tho 

.7  .  'd  Inst  acquire  a  eon- 

•  rc.  Ins  tomperuture,  howoyor.  will 

dnre  wS'iMir''  ^  1 '"•««  “ 

IH  em  •  I  .  ‘ ' .m  "!'■  '■“•‘ixtanco  is 

'o«ed  that  beranse  a  'r'  I 

‘-‘‘nee  la  1 
inonieieilcy  s 

slionhl  a  niaehin  ”  ‘boreby.  On 

n‘ Ion" Smt ‘'to  ™  f 

■me  to  replace  them  by  „ 


tho  latter,  to  posses  an  eipial  internal  irsistanee,  would 
hiiTO  to  bo  mado  of  very  large  dimensions,  so  that  the 
eflicioncy  of  dyiinmoHileetrie  maeliines  cannot  be 
stated  in  terms  of  battery  cells  as  ordinarily  con¬ 
structed. 

In  reganl  to  tho  second  division,  viz.,  tho  external 
work  of  tho  the  machine,  this  may  be  applied  in  the 
production  of  light,  heat,  electrolysis,  magnetism,  .ke. 

Whore  it  is  desired  to  produce  light,  the  external 
resistance  is  generally  that  of  an  arc  formed  between 
two  cnrlion  electrodes ;  the  resistance  of  the  are  is, 
therefore,  an  important  factor  in  detoriniiiing  the  elli- 
cioncy.  To  realizo  the  groaUvst  economy,  the  resistann- 
of  the  arc  should  bo  low,  but,  nevertheless,  should 
constitute  the  gnsiter  part  of  tho  entire  circuit  lesist- 

In  Homo  of  our  measurements  the  rosistance  of  tho 
arc  was  surprisingly  low,  lieing  in  one  insbince  .51  ohm. 
and  in  another  .7!)  ohm.  It  was,  however,  in  some 
instances  ns  high  as  5.18  ohms. 

It  may  bo  noted  as  an  interesting  fact  that  when- 
the  greatest  current  was  flowing,  the  resistance  of  the 
all!  thereby  produced  wius  low.  This  is  undoubtedly 
duo  to  higher  tomperatuie  and  increased  vaporization 
from  tho  carbons.  In  this  latter  case  also  the  greatest 
amount  of  light  was  produced. 

The  amount  of  work  appoaring  in  the  arc  as  meas¬ 
ured  by  the  number  of  foot  pounds  e(|uiralont  thereto, 
is  not  noces.sarily  an  index  of  tho  lighting  power.  In 
two  instances  of  measuromont  tho  amount  of  energy 
thus  appearing  in  tho  arc  was  equal,  while  tho  ligUting 
poivors  wore  proportionately  ils  throe  to  four.  This 
apparent  anomaly  is  explained  by  considering  tho  ro- 
sistanco  of  the  arc,  it  being  much  less  in  tho  case  in 
which  tho  greater  light  was  produced.  Tho  heat  in 
this  case  being  evolved  in  le.ss  space,  tho  tomperatnro 
of  the  carbons,  and  therefore  their  light-giving  powers, 
was  cousidonibly  increased. 

A  few  remarks  on  tho  oconomiad  production  of  light 
from  an  electrical  current  may  not  bo  out  of  place. 


'’'’''“''‘'"e  liglil  from  ok-c. 

’Mclinsol.tr'  'I*'*'"*’’  “  '■"*'*'‘^'"™of»omo 

»-;SHEW-= 

itioimlilv  imt  f  .•  ^  P■'‘t•»lllIl,  whicli 

itliioiint  i-t.  f'llling  off 

«  Lk* 

St'  -“li‘ 

l""l.vl.«l,I  l"|,.  ,  <■  •"■il 

“'"■•it  <if  liolit  uiM  i'‘  .  “•  -f 000* 

as  immi,  f  *■  "‘“'■‘-‘'““‘I  f«r  more  tlmn 

™‘l'‘-‘r..ta,o  of  11  "  H. 1st  u, CO. 

'■  ‘■•'ui'loviiieiit  of  tlio  .  •»  ‘•‘“""o'uical 

'b'’l'igl7kil.fXtn iu 

■  "*«  moat  limited 


liit^Iiost  jKxsililu  tompornture. 

I’erliiips  tbe  liiKliost  estimate  that  i-ii 
the  efficiency  of  •lyiianio  tilectrie  machiii 
lily  used,  is  not  over  50  per  cent.  Unr 
have  not  niven  more  than  3H  per  eeiit. 
proveiiient.s  may  increiise  this  propurtio 
effieieiicv  of  an  ordinary  steam-eiii;ini'  ; 
ntilir.iliK  the  heat  of  the  fuel  is  (irohahly 
at  20  per  cent.,  the  apparent  maxiiini 
of  heat  that  conld  Ite  recovered  from  the 
oped  in  a  dyimniosslectric  inacliino  wi 
estimated  at  10  pur  cunt.  The  uconomii 
hnildings  hy  ineatis  of  electricity  may,  tl 
garded  ns  totally  impmcticahle. 

Attention  has  long  ago  Is-eti  directe 
dynanio-uluctric  machines  for  the  conve\ 
Their  employment  for  this  purpose  wonl 
to  ho  (piito  promising.  Since,  in  this 
eliitio  is  employed  to  produce  electrical 
reconverted  into  ineehanical  force  hy  am 
the  ipiestion  of  economy  rost.s  in  the  pe 
mauliines  and  in  their  relative  resistance 

In  respect  to  the  relations  that  slionh 
the  oxternnl  and  internal  work  of  dynaii 
chines,  it  will  bo  found  that  the  greatest 
of  conrso,  exist  where  the  oxternnl  work 
than  the  internal  work,  and  this  will  ho  | 
greater  iw  the  external  resistance  is  greal 
nrements  gave  in  one  instance  the  relat 
of  the  ate  Ui  ,4il  ohm  of  the  iiiachii 
which  indicates  economy  iu  working, 
tromo  was  found  iu  an  instance  where  tli 
the  arc  was  1.93  ohms,  while  that  of  th 


Complainnnfs  Exhibit  Morton’s  Oovora 
mont  Report.  S.  M.  H..  Exr. 

ui:i>oitT.s 


"  ‘  -fune  ^SO,  IS7!K 


''  *  iV,  !•',?' Foil  Plio- 

ti.i:niiic  Lioiit. 

X  j  November  20,  1870. 

n'lMvri'.HrrV'r  <’f  .'-our  letter  of 

iii.icliiees  1*  '"""'^“'■ofcspurimoutii 

■'  . . 

'■li  dri,-  i,..„  ..  .  ^  oleetnc  roeii- 

*”*.  "■••ii-'li  such  currents 


Slortoii’s  Keport,  Xovoml)er,  1870.  11.'12 

limy  bo  iitilirx'il  in  tlie  production  of  ii  brilliiuit  source 
of  light. 

Ill  order  that  tho  whole  subject  may  bo  miido  iilniii 
ill  nil  its  rolntioiiH,  I  have  thought  it  best  to  begin  1113- 
rc|)ort  wifli  a  general  discussion  of  the  principles  on 
which  all  such  lunchincs  are  founded,  and  a  knowl- 
edgo  of  which  is  iniportant  for  their  sncc&ssful  iiian- 
agoniout. 

Li  tho  first  place,  an  electric  light  is  some  source  of 
light  developed  by  electricity,  and  as  there  are  three 
distinct  methods  by  which  electricity  may  be  caused  to 
develop  light,  wo  have  natundU'  three  distinct  sorts  of 
electric  light. 

Xaming  these  in  tho  order  of  their  intensit3’,  thev’ 

Tho  electric  arc ; 

Ignited  conductors ; 

IiicaiiduHcuiit  gases. 

These  I  will  briefly  explain  in  their  order. 


ISC.tStJESCK.NT  CO.VI)lCTOIl.S. 

In  some  of  the  early  oxiieriiiieuts  of  .Sir  Hunijihrey 
Uavy  wo  find  mention  of  tho  heating  to  luminosity  of 
wires  of  various  metals,  ns  tests  of  tho  comparative 
power  of  dilToront  batteries ;  and,  in  1858,80  great  an 
advaiico  hiul  been  made  in  tho  practicid  iitdi/Jiti.^ii  of 
this  iiioaiis  of  lighting,  that  M.  Jobart,  in  a  report  to 
tho  Academy  of  Scioiicos  at  Paris,  was  able  to  speak 
as  follows : 

“  I  hasten  to  announce  to  tho  academi'  tho  im- 
])ortant  discovor3-  of  tho  dividing  of  an  electric 
current  for  lighting  purposes.  This  current,  from 
a  single  source,  traverses  as  mnu3’  wires  lus  may  bo 
desired,  and  gives  a  series  of  lights  ranging  from  a 
night  lamp  to  a  light-house  lamp. 

“  Tho  luminous  arc  between  tho  carbons  pro¬ 
duces,  as  is  well  known,  a  verv'  intense,  flickering 
and  costl3'  light.  JI.  do  Changy,  who  is  a  chemist. 


l-'-lx^n.tnry,  ,vl,„ro  l.o  xvorfccl  nl,,,,.. 
•I  MX  years,  I  saw  n  Imttcry  of  txvolve 
Lin.  iits  pnalueinf;  a  eonslant  luminous 
■n  two  earbons.  in  „  reK«|„(or  of  hig  own 
tins  n  ^nlator  kmiK  t|.o  most  simple 
M'l  i\ersi'en.  A  ilo;;i>n  small  minurs' 
'•  •Jls"  11.  tin.  circuit,  ami  he  eonhl  at 
I'^lit  or  extingnisli  either  one  or  the 
>11  t'V.ther,  without  (liminishiiiK  or  in¬ 
i'"  tm.  i.sily  of  the  light  tlmmgh  the  ex- 
■f  til.’  neighhonng  lamps,  'n,.,  lamps. 
‘■lo>;"il  It.  hermetically  seale.l  glass  tubes. 

*'i  Uw  hjjlitin^  uf  inine«  in  wliifli 
-'l»i»p.  ami  for  iho  stamt  lamps,  which 
Its  system  be  all  lightcil  or  put  out  at 

riie'  V  "I*  •  '  ’’""'b'  “IxtiUHl  or 

•  "  'l.t>;h  It  h:e<  one  point  in  common. 

l|.».l.»t,on  by  the  incamlescenco  of 
■  tt'ii  I>il>es  are  tx-phieeil  l.v  simple 
"M'l"»ionK,  bad  smells  or  fitvs  can 

'riiils  that  have  been  hitherto  ma.le,  with 

I  Pi  “8'“  '•■=«>•>* 

of  li' .  «»  acconnt  of  the 

t  bv  V  ^  lias  lieoii 

"f  the  li.'rht  :  *  ‘’‘''''I't'B  regulator, 

lam,'  I  's"st.matedtobe  half  that  of 
H'“-'««l  at  the  nuLst-head  of  „  ship 
wi.i,,,:'  •''■"■"‘■‘“'-t  siKual  for  abont  six 

Vith  sevenVrTr'V’^ 1’'"“’' 

‘  ".av  eo„I,I"im  owi  ^v 

frota  the  deck  «>‘<1  "ilighted 

‘ eonsiderablo  ampH. 

. . 


tonishmiMit.  lit  in  the  hollow  of  my  hand,  ami  re 
mained  alight  after  1  bad  put  it  in  m.v  imclmt  witl 
iny  handkerehief  over  it." 

In  the  CVm/ifrs  /.Vm/«s.  or  minntes  of  the  Frencl 
Academy,  I  lind  that  the  cominnincation  of  M.  .)»l>ar 
was  rucoivial  at  till)  meeting  hehl  March  1,  Ih.iH,  aia 
was  ruferrcil  to  M.  Hecipierel.  At  a  meeting  of  Apri 
nth,  M.  Hecipierel  reported  that  ho  did  not  liml  mix 
thing  snffieientlv  delinile  to  warrant  the  Aeademy  t. 
express  an  opinion  ns  to  the  iiiiportanco  of  this  discov 
ery,  "  All  that  was  desirable  at  present  was  fuller  in 
formation."  At  the  meeting  of  April  lUth,  M.  .  o  mi 
responds  to  this  reipiest  by  stating  that  "he  conin  m 
give  more  precise  details  without  exjxising  the  nntlio 
to  see  another  profit  by  his  discovery. 

It  would  appear  ns  if  this  brillant  and  comp  ote  sue 
cess  descrilied  by  51.  Jobart  as  achieved  by  .M.  i 
Clinngy  in  Paris,  in  February,  ISoS,  was  very  rap  i 
followed  up  in  this  country,  for  I  learn  f™"' “ 
the  “  Salem  Observer"  of  November  2,  18b8,  that  . 
Moses  G.  Farmer,  in  Salem,  lit  his  parlor  every-  oveiiini 
during  July  of  1859  with  electric  lamps  oporatcil  o 
like  iiriiiciple.  ,  .  . 

Notwithstanding  this  very  promising  beginning,  ho 
over,  little  or  no  progress  seems  to  have  l)Oen  ® 

this  methoil  of  liglitiug  for  the  twenty  -'“‘‘.r.’"  en 

ing  between  the  dates  above  given  am  ,, 

tiL,  for  we  certainly  have  no  system  o  electric  l.£ 
iiig  by  iucandosceiice  superior  to  that  above  desoribei 
nor  has  the  older  one  or  anv  of  its  newer  iiva  s 


Il.io  Mortoirs  I!o|.ort,  Xovombor,  1879. 

1  I'o  in  place 

"I's::.':'"'” . . 

»t "« l“w' . . . . . 

ri  “  -o  i» 

iy  nf  ciyiric  cmCt' 

- . .  „nlv  pro  |I‘‘a  iL  .'f  f  1 

‘■"■‘-'•■N,.,!.  rather  v  .pJri/Iu. ’rp ’“7 

li'li'-dt  Ju,  '>'• 

Platiaou,  t  '"‘n  aucoeded  it.  ro- 

nM,el,  li.her  ten . ^1";  ‘‘  nnduro 

f'"-"  -vinhl  a  n.ore  e,  ',n„‘n.i  r  .  7" 

nltereil  iiali'linitelv,  ''oiiinii)  m,. 

it  w..,ihuyni''iy'Mf"'‘r'  ‘■■“'■‘■""‘•Xl  OX- 

wonhl  rival  a  f^cn  in- 

■‘“'l  l.v  ivusca,  „f  ll“!“olootri(jar<." 

. . .  n. nn.:!:t 

-yyiILa;'td;ayi;!f'ii7“  if  /«r !««» 

'  ‘1‘at  thhs  sahie  '  '■“'nn;  and 

•'ll-l'liaation  of  e  e  .trie L:  P'«C- 

'■'l‘^•'•na<a,tallv  i.,  iV,":' •'  »  •‘"•■reo  oflight  oven 

■'a  rat,  nevertheless  son.,/"':  l’™‘•■ficnlIy  useful 

;;;  -••■■nale.seen,.,..  ,s  .Z  “  7“  “7'-'-ods  of  luting 

refe,enee.  S''eu  historically  for 

''.'■'la.Anle.i:  .;;  s  l>o  that  iJ. 

•  ■  ‘arr,  a  p„te„t  for  which  was 


taken  out  in  England  liy  lii.s  agent,  King,  in  181". 
which  has  thus  come  to  la;  known  ns  tlie  King  1 
This  Ininp  has  heen  modified  in  details  until  it 
reached  the  fonn  shown  in  Fig.  3,  known  ns  the  1 

(Note.  Here  is  given  in  the  original  the  saiiio  0 
lignre  3  of  Dr.  Morton's  “  (iaslight  Journal  ”  .\rtic 

This  nppnnitus  consists  of  a  gla-ss  vessel  pro' 
with  a  metal  cap  and  packing-hox  lielow,  hv  men 
which  it  can  he  closed  air-tight. 

A  connector  at  K  allows  of  the  exhaustion  < 
from  the  interior,  and  the  tilling  of  the  interior 
any  inactive  gius. 

Two  upright  metallic  conductors,  connected  re 
lively  with  the  two  poles  of  the  electric  circuit,  pa 
'through  this  glass  vessel,  and  at  their  upper  ends 
|K]rt,  as  shown,  two  or  more  rods  of  carhon  or 
conductors.  Thu  electric  connection  with  these  rc 
nindo  from  C  hy  means  of  the  lever  I,  which  conn 
cates  first  with  the  longest  ind  E,  and  when  ll 
hiirned  tip,  falls  upon  the  next  longest,  and  so  on. 
light  is  produced  hy  the  rod  of  carhon  heated  ' 
hot  hy  the  current. 

Various  slight  nicHlificutions  of  this  lamp  have 
miulo  and  elahorately  experimented  with  ;  hut  tin 
show  the  same  essential  characteristics. 

The  first  of  these  is  that,  as  long  as  any  oxygei 
mains  in  the  vessel,  the  carlsni  rods  consiiiiio  rai 
the  first  one  generally  lasting  only  twenty  mil 
The  second  carhon  will,  however,  last  two  hours  il 
light  doexi  not  exceed  forty  hiirnei-s ;  hut  oven  whi 
active  gas  has  heen  removed,  the  carhon  suffers  a 
of  Vaporization. 

The  second  characteristic  of  these  incandc 
lamps  is  that,  with  the  .same  ciinent,  thei’  do 
much  less  light  than  is  obtained  from  the  electric 
Thus,  a  battery  of  -48  elements,  with  a  Serrin  1 
gave  an  electric  arc  equal  to  100  humors ;  hut  witl 
of  these  lumps  gave  a  light  equal  only  to  80  bin 
and  when  divided  between  three  lamps,  gave  oul 
light  of  10  burners  each. 

The  third  characteristic  is  the  manner  in  wliicl 


ISSlIfr"  na  it 

'  '''•‘’'"'"■''■'1  I'ffueon  a  nuinl.er  of  |„„„„  Tl.n«  .1 
cnrreiit  from  a  Hive,,  |mtl,.rv  the 

<liiee(l  a  light  iH.tHPeii  four  and  fivn”'] 

ono-lhird  to  two-thinls  „f  „  „  ”  “  [  « 

■"■other  hattorv.  the  onrrent  on  a  sin-de  Z 

Inin,,..-  ......1.  one-ninth  of  a 


liZ ’“'"P  S-ve 
■■■.nps;  Zti 

Another  liattm*  with  on  I  ^  **nnier  onch. 

''’"•"O'';  "ilirtuo  laniiK  7"'’ of  fid 

IJ,  burners ;  with  four  I  ‘’"-oo 

"  '*"»"-■■•:  ••".d  wit  ,  !  ,  . . .  ‘'■^"o-fottrthH  of 

••'■■other  n.odilieation  0'""^ 

Vo, It  as  the  Saw vee  M  oxhihitotl  in 

■•■■t  feature  eseej.t  that  the  interioe"^*!',"  '"’P°'-t- 
*'»  •'»;  fillet]  with  nnri.  uit  vcasol  ih  siiid 

'‘’'■0  earhon  ,ods  !„•«  s  ,id'uor‘t"‘  P«-'«>ire. 

"■■■tl■o■■t  linowine  a,  ""■‘y  in  these 

""'■jo-'t,  niv  opinion  is  ,'.“""8  Pn^tivoly  on  the 

l■eon  Iteated  to  tl,e  extent 

■'■■e  or  two  hurnen,.  Un.llr  tl  ‘?'"8 ‘'K’'*  “f 

"‘■■'■oas  of  the  Koun  l«,„p  will  IT  “■^“"‘■■•“nuces.  the 

‘■'‘;-''«-soo«hove.^  ■«  "ot  oeonomi- 

''  ■<■■■  exl,il,ite,l  in  Xew  V  , 

T";'.  ‘'-t  ‘ivo  hnnps  only  weJe°'^ 

of  Ar„o„,x'.t  H.^^hra  ."2"",““" 

7’ power  stea,„  engine  ai  T't  '’T 
"'''’•■'■■^-■■■o-haifho^opo’uT  °“'-V 

'''cry  respectfully, 

,,,  Chairnmn  f’o  Heniiv  MoirroN, 

CnMUMux  E^P-riaonts. 

Hfc  i^iciiT  House  Boaiid. 


Complainant's  Exhibit  Siemens'  Paper. 
S,  M.  H..  Ext. 


•'  /.dUchrifl  fur  Angeimtiultc  KlcklriciUttulehre"  MunirM 

IS'O.  J  o/.  I.,  jtp.  :s.',:i-.!r,(j. 

(Translation.) 

KLIXTltlClTY  IX  UkI.ATIOX  TO  fjIFK  IIV  Dlt.  WkUXEII 
SiKMKXS. 


*  *  *  Imt  wo  can  I  hoiie  even  now  sa3-  with 

eonlidenco,  that  with  the  d\-i,nnio  eloetrio  niaehinc  an 
additional  important  help  is  I'iven  us  for  rendcrii,)'  the 
forcas  of  iiature  useful  in  the  service  of  i,innkind.  This 
appears  partiuiilarly  evident  in  the  progress  whieh 
eleutriu  lighting  hips  made  in  recent  tinie.s. 

Xow  there  is  liardl}*  an  important  lighthouse  built 
which  does  not  have  an  electric  light.  With  the  elec¬ 
tric  light,  oven  now,  the  larger  ships  seek  to  distinguish 
the  danger  threatening  reefs  and  vessels  in  their  course ; 
with  the  idd  of  the  same,  tow  boats  arc  id.so  able  to  iind 
their  waj'  at  night  in  rivers  and  cainds.  The  electric 
light  already  illuminates  s-ary  many  factories,  ilock- 
yanls  and  larger  halls.  It  plays  an  important  part  in 
otVensivo  as  well  as  in  defensive  warfare  and  has  cverv'- 
where  had  a  wide  application  where  great  elcarncss,  the 
beauty  of  the  daszling  white  light  and  its  comparatively 
slight  heating  power,  as  well  as  the  ab.senco  of  noxious 
products  of  conibustion  are  of  the  first  imporbince.  Dp 
to  within  a  few  years  however  a  great  obstaelo  stood  in 
ill  the  way  of  the  more  guncral  extension  of  the  electric 
light— its  slight  divisibility.  It  wils  not  po.ssible  until 
then  to  place  more  than  one  arc  light  in  a  conductor 
with  safety.  This  is  owing  to  the  reason  that  the  regu¬ 
lation  of  the  mechanism  which  regulates  the  distance 
between  the  carbon  rods,  botween  which  the  electric 
light  is  formed,  is  effected  by  the  strength  of  the  cur¬ 
rent,  which  prevails  in  the  conducting  circuit.  If  the 
arc  light  of  Davj-  becomes  longer  b^'  the  burning  away 
of  the  carbons,  then  the  resistance  of  the  same  beco,nes 


Iiiei  .11111  tlierclJV  llif  .stroiigtli  «if  the  current  in  tli 
(Uieling  ein-iiit  liceoiiips  weaker,  thereupon  causiii 
jriesiioiiiliiig  iipproach  of  the  airbons  togetlier  h 
ms  of  the  Iniii].  ineehiuiisiii.  Now  if  there  nroHoven 
lighls  in  the  siiiiie  coiiduetiiig  circuit,  tlio  strcngtii  t 
eiiireiil  in  the  siiine  i.s  ilepenilcnt  u|)on  the  sum  o 
lesistanees  of  all  the  arc  lights  together,  for  whicl 
ion  it  leinaiiis  oipiiil  however  great  tlie  resistance  o 
ngle  arc  light. 

he  strength  of  the  current  then  hecoines  no  hinge 
iliilile  for  the  regulation  of  the  length  of  the  arc  o 
single  are  llght.s.  In  order  to  rcincd.v  this  fault  nni 
Iiiake  an  iiiiliinitid  ulidinsion  (Iheilmig)  of  tin 
trie  light  po.ssihle,  very  many  atteniiits  have  heei 
e  and  up  to  the  nio.st  lucent  time,  to  make  use  ol 
oarhon  or  metal  rods  (instead  of  the  arc  light!, 
di  are  inade  iiicandeseent  hy  the  electric  current  m 
J'f  I'Hiit.  A  light  so  produced  however  is  com. 
'  ■'ell  'ery  feehle,  takes  miieh  current,  therefor. 
.'o«.i.,nd,nid..sl,isasyetha.^^^^^  <=""“<1 
I  light.  .lah  nghkoir  made  a  first  important 
diieetion  of  the  suhdivision  of  arc  lights. 
t«e  small  earhou  rods  side  hy  side  and 

lill.ei.lly  fiisihle  suhstmice.  Four  to  six  of 
-'Wine  eandles  "  could  be  placed  in  a  condnet- 
lixedforeriyol;!. 

'•dteL  oi!’'’'''"'  of  both  car- 

Kciirreiits  were  used  iustead  of  con- 

dv  h!!,",, of  the  light,  as  had 

l'-•-’■|■■■'esuhstal  r  “electric 

lighting,  hut  afoiimhsl  t'l'‘“‘' 
rfeetlv  heeuis.  II  „  '  ''‘'*“"■l’'>^>os«lmtvory 

fails  'for  anv  r  ‘  1''"'"^'“  “•''‘‘'■Si>i»lied  if 

not  then  • ,  i”'"  ““>1  bocause  the 

"•'•ant  tiinc'to  obtain  Tl"'"'’  ‘1'° 

■  -'-livi-sion  of  til 

'httric  are  light  by  the  use  of 


the  mechanism  regulated  by  the  length  of  the  arc,  and 
thoretiy  to  remove  the  real  obstacle,  which  up  to  that 
time  stood  in  the  way  of  the  gencrnl  application  of 
electric  lighting. 

(1.)  This  discourse  was  intended  for  the  general 
meeting  of  the  Xntiiml  Philosophy  Society  at  Baden- 
Baden,  but  liy  reason  of  too  late  announcomeut  could 
bo  considered  only  in  the  abstract  in  the  Physical  Sec- 


Complainant's  Exhibit  Chap.  IH.  Bern 
stoin's  Booh.  S.  M.  H..  Exr. 

Translation  of  Cliap.  III.,  70  to  80,  of  tlio  Gcr 
man  work  entitled, 

‘  On:  1:.u:(  tiiis(:iikI3ei.kl-ciitl'xo  "(Ei,w-niif:  Lioiitiso) 


Ai.kx.  I!i:i!Xsteix,  Civil  Engiiieor, 


in  lierlin  in  1880,  witl.  the  profaee 
Xoveinlier,  1870. 


Nt;w  .Alirniiiiis  ok  I*iii)|)Iti.n<i  Lioiit. 


n'Vlel'.M  ‘l-o  intm.l,,olio,,  that 

neleetne  earl,,,,,  hf^ht,  in  the  form  i,  1  „I 
lieach- .•onsi, 1, •rial  the  s„„...  ,  7;  . 

"lit  whiel .  I  1  .  ’  '  '*■’  kind  of 

"er  •  is  d  .  '  7  “f  “lectricitv  ; 

n  i.  to  in’ 

i  .  I'o'vnver. 

-,n  r;5, 

<■  naihon  .-odl  T  "'‘‘i”''  hetween 

IftlKitwoeai  hon  ,„,ls  i„  „  ,^,,,,1,,, 

•t  with  each  oti,....  1  nrn  in  eon- 

«■  thioii^rl,  tiiuii,  I  '-•l'‘ctne  enrront 

n™  .Tubi"”",,;""  'z: 


contmted  at  the  point  of  the  thin  carhon  |>encil  from 
which  will  radiate  a  aparkling  lioiit.  This  ithenoinenoii 
liaa  lx;en  made  the  foundation  of  sevend  ty|)es  of  Inmiis, 

Fig.  1-1  (p.  72)  shows  the  lamp  niailo  by  Werilermaiin 
ill  London. 

The  carbon  block  is  seen  alsive,  the  eross-seetioii  ol 
which  is  01  times  greater  than  the  cro.ss-seetioii  of  the 
thin  carbon  rot!  placeil  below  it,  which  is  pressed  ii]i- 
wards  by  a  weight,  moving  in  the  long  cylindrical  tiil>e, 
by  means  of  the  use  of  grooved  pulleys  ami  cords 
(^hnurrolleii). 

Xow,  if  the  light  is  thus  radiateil  only  from  the 
point  of  the  thin  carbon  rod,  a  wasting  away  of  the 
upper  plate  also  takes  idace,  and  the  carbon  rod  works 
itself  into  this  plate  ;  for  this  reason,  after  some  time 
there  must  be  another  point  of  contaet. 

In  order  to  ofTcct  this  automatically  with  the  lamp 
Keynior,  in  the  uoiistriiution  shown  in  Fig.  1",  (p.  72) 
iniikoH  use  of  an  easily  turning  l  arbon  wheel.  The  tliii 
carbon  rod,  lying  a  little  off  the  centre,  by  means  of  ih 
weight,  causes  a  revolution  of  the  wheel,  correspoml 
iiig  to  its  wear,  whereby  a  eontinued  renewal  of  tin 
points  of  contact  takes  place.  .\ii  entirely  siinilai 
consCruction  was  almost  simiiltancou.sly  made  publii 
by  Marcus  in  Vienna. 

The  results  which  have  been  obtained  with  these 
contact  lamps,  up  to  this  time  eaiiiiot  bo  considered  n> 
satisfactory.  They  operate  generally  only  fur  a  short 
time  without  trouble,  and,  in  roferouce  to  ecoiiomy 
hare  likewise  no  esjieeially  favondde  tigures  to  show 
There  is  however  an  advantage  in  that,  with  sulliciunl 
current  strength,  a  large  number  of  these  lamps  can  b, 
placed  in  one  circuit,  the  illuminating  power  of  which 
is  stated  to  be  from  uO  to  lUU  candles. 

In  experiments  made  in  Paris  not  long  ago,  livi 
lamps  were  placed  in  one  circuit,  under  which  condition 
the  light  of  each  lamp  measured  120  units,  so  that  tin 
total  quantity  of  light  araountml  to  GOO  units.  On  thi 
other  hand,  when  ton  lamps  were  applied,  the  light  ol 
each  lamp  amounted  to  40  units,  and  the  total  resull 
therefore  was  equal  to  400  units.  The  motive  powei 


1,  Ml  a  circuit  niucli  ofTora  a  snml 
cumuli,  n  very  (iiio  cnrboii  pencil  i 
■f.v  of  the  carbon  larncil  intrnt  Ijo  tli, 
■■■se  ofthe  hiKh  rematanco  of  the  pen 
heatiny  occurring  on  tliia  ncconnt 
"  ISO  been  made  use  of  i,,  (bo  con 
l«,  III  reference  fo  whicb  tbc  un- 
>»  "f  lirioritv  baa  often  been 
"f  merit-taken  hou 
•nsu  ought  to  Ih)  changed,  for  in  nn- 
I  inline  but  several  are  to  be 
IIH  ease  as  wo  have  done  in  all 
'I.  "<•  allow  the  cpiostion  of  priority 
.  mnlo  ernnno.1,  merely  stating  that 
•in,  in  the  year  laid,  „nd  Ixalygnino, 
.  Irnie  conslrnoteil  lamps  of  this  kind, 
.  seioral  imi.rovenionts  havo  been 
li  ihsadvantageof  all  these  lamps 

‘  "  thin  carbon  pencil  has  only 
railv  obv-'^™.^?!  point. 

Mtnned  in'the  !ii"^  mirbon  imncil 

?elll“  '"“'monon- 

bi  s  boll,  and  later  on  this  has 
a  "i  '=°'"l"mtioi..  But 

Ic'  e,  ““  ^ 


iploved  Zl 

mnt'  withot"l‘' '  r  "■■‘'mtaud 

,,  “'“'t  oliuiical  changt  and 


ticnlarly  adapted  to  this  end. 

Thus  we  come  to  that  form  of  electric  lighting  which 
lia-s  been  particularly  associated  with  the  name  of  Kdi- 
<011,  although  the  .system  il.self  was  known  even  earlier, 
lieforo  liklison  had  yet  oeenpied  himself  with  this  mat- 
ler,  and  the  known  forms  of  construction  made  by  this 
inventor  up  to  this  tittle  do  not  vet  by  far  merit  tbc 
seal  of  SUCCC.HS. 

It  is  a  known  fact,  that  all  solid  bodies  begin  to  glow 
by  a  heating  of  about  1,000’,  and  indeed  with  reddish 
light.  By  raising  the  temperature,  the  color  changes 
and  the  amount  of  light  increases ;  at  1,1100°  the  light 
becomes  yellow,  at  1,500"  Idue,  at  almut  •2,000’  all 
colors  of  the  spectrum  are  |iroduuud,  and  a  white  light 
is  obtained,  Fcw'bodics,  however,  bear  this  degree  o; 
heat  without  being  destroyed,  among  such  are  platinum 
iridium  and  osmium. 

If  the  heating  is  carried  still  higher,  the  ipiantity  oi 
radiated  light  increases  in  increased  proportion.  Thin 
the  ptatinuni  at  2,000’  is  said  to  develop  a  light  wbicl 
is  40  times  ns  intense  as  when  at  a  temperaturo  1,000' 
But  at  the  high  tuiiiperature.  the  application  of  whici 
is  adviintageous,  danger  of  .immediately  destroying  tin 
platinum  is  iueiirrcd. 

The  manner  in  which  Edison  seeks  to  ovorcoiue  this 
danger  is  seen  in  the  drawing  Fig.  10  (p.  TO). 

Upon  a  hollow  stand  is  jilacod  a  case  of  modorati 
length  in  which  the  regiilnting  lever  s,  free  to  niovi 
upon  the  axis  o,  is  placed.  This  lover  is  supported  b; 
the  rod  x ;  ns  soon  as  the  latter  expands  by  strou; 
heating  the  lever  *  touches  the  screw  v  and  thus  comei 
in  cleetricld  contact  with  the  metal  piece  i.  .-Vbove  tin 
case  is  placed  a  glass  cylinder,  in  the  centre  of  whici 
the  luiuinoiis  platinum  spiral  u  is  jilaced. 

The  current  passes  from  the  binding  post  «  tbiougl 
the  wire  Fiiito  the  lever  «,  through  the  rod  x  and  iut< 
the  cap  of  the  glass  cylinder  into  the  wire  m;  then  t( 
the  right  hand  binding-post  in  the  glass  cylindci 
through  the  platinum  spiral,  into  the  left  hand  binding 


Ik'nist.'iirs  I5o<.k,  Xovemlx-r.  1879. 


.St ;  theiice  to  tlie  metal  piece  !  ami  ihrongl,  the  wire 
to  the  bindiiig.post  X-.  But  as  soon  as  the  rod  x  lin« 
cre.ase(l  m  length  l.y  a  li.^ed  amount,  in  conseqnenco 
th(  too  gnat  licating  hy  the  cnrront  itself  and  by 
le  railiation  from  the  platinum  spiral,  the  lover  » 
■mes  m  contact  with  the  .screw  e  and  offeis  to  the  cur- 
ZuUto  T  '  /’  ‘l"•otIgll 

w-ti"-?'  r'"':'* 

‘  ■  ith  1  -S  heat  the  ro<l  .r  contracts,  and  tho  cnrront 
vun  nows  through  the  spiral. 

The  apparatus  may  work  von-  ..-..ll  i  i 

"iiliencr^''''  •■"'n.'tod  by 

;.ii-.rE!r‘'Sn!i'ii;T";''"  '"'r 

ue  of  the  .,1,,.:.  •  '  .  Unit  the  sur- 

nnd  the  p'lrtin'um'tl" 

I'..  >eason  f.,r  the  orl  ‘  i";, «ttribulos 

Ills  proce.ss  is  . . aJl  ’  ‘i"  P"'npe'l  out; 

then  the  Ir"''”"  main- 

’  K  n.  iT  -Icusity 

"nn,  the  .air  will  ..Lin  1,„  I  «"Pposod  that,  in 

"•itl.  wires  ilrepm!  ,  I'  «““«>• 

''"'‘■“i‘rof S  '.InlotltH  ?o  loi"’  ‘'‘'“'‘'■“"""‘"I 

power  Was  necessary  for  their  *  liorso- 

,  "  «  c.ertainly  wisl  L  '^ '“.'‘■'‘•■‘"■“■■co. 

'"‘ewsting  experimeiq  may  '"'•“'•‘or, 

•  *o  n  profitable 


Wo  have  considered  at  length  tho  electric  light  in  the 
form  of  the  so-called  voltaic  arc  light,  whicli  wins  ex- 
liibiterl  for  tho  first  time  by  Davy  of  England  in  the 
year  1813.  With  regard  to  construction,  this  form 
is  clmracterir.ed  by  tho  light  being  principally  radiated 
from  the  op|>ositoly  lying  ends  of  two  carl)on 
rods.  The  arc,  lying  between  both  carls.n  rods,  is  not 
tho  chief  source  of  light,  ns  it  is  incorrectly  statetl  in 
many  text -books.  In  reference  to  tho  olTect. 
it  appears  that  this  construction  is  especially 
adapted  to  tho  production  of  very  intense 
sources  of  light.  With  an  expenditure  of  1  hoi'se-power, 
a  light  cflect  of  -1,000  units  is  obtained  or  a  light  of 
1 ,000  standard  candles  ])er  horse-power.  Then  wo  have 
considered  tho  JablochkolT  candle  in  detail,  ns  a  special 
type  fur  tho  application  of  tho  arc  light,  and  have  found 
that  it  rocpiires  about  1  hurso-puwer  for  its  operation 
and  ])roduccs  a  light  of  almost  -100  units. 

Tho  application  of  tho  electric  light  hy  means  of  tin. 
arc  light,  alone  has  claim  to  bo  considered  in  detail, 
fur  the  reason  that  this  application  is  confined  to  it 
alone  of  which,  up  to  this  time,  very  successful  ])nic- 
tical  use  hies  boon  made.  Wo  have  finally  also  briefly 
montionod  tho  mothods  of  production  by  feeblo  sources 
of  light,  which  are  intended  to  supplant  gas.  It  is  sup¬ 
posed,  that  in  the  contact-lamps,  in  which  a  thin  car¬ 
bon  rod  is  brought  in  contact  with  a  thick  pieco  of 
carbon,  a  light  of  about  200  units  is  genoratod  with 
tho  consumption  of  ono  hursc-puwor,  and  that  tho  fig¬ 
ures  before  statorl  are  to  bo  considered  ns  approxi¬ 
mately  correct ;  while  Edison,  in  his  lamps  in  which  an 
incandescent  platinum  wire  is  tho  source  of  light, 
obtains  a  total  amount  of  light  of  10-1  units  with  the 
consumption  of  tho  same  power.  Thus  tho  closer  wo 
approach  to  those  systems,  which  permit  a  division  of 
tho  total  amount  of  light  into  many  feeblo  light  centres, 
tho  more  unfavorable  becomes  the  ratio  between  tho 
power  roijuired  and  the  light  produced.  Add  to  this, 
that  tho  expense  of  tho  carbon  rods  for  tho  feeble  light 
in  relation  to  tho  total  amount  of  light  produced,  is 


. .  “H***  UV  1110  Know 

forms  of  elortriral  nirbon-Iiglits.  whid,  cannot  Im  ovc 
stepiicl  without  the  exces.sivu  cost  of  opemtioii  nppoai 
ill"  iis  :i  .siilistaiitiiil  loss. 

The  feehle  eh  etrie  light  ha.s  much  hottoi  proH|)cct« 
we  .sueceoil  i.i  ot.taimng  „  ,„etallic  wire,  which,  h 
staiuhug  a  very  high  heat,  is  therefore  little  inclined  I 
Ilestriictiou,  au(!  when  the  necessary  .lovices  arc  foiin 
for  preventing  tl  is  1  stnicti  n  1  v  means  of  an  accii 
■  ale  rcgiihition  of  the  strength  of  1110  current.  It  nm 
rei.iarkc.1  I.ere  that  an  ini,,orta«t  piece  of  appamtii' 
for  thepurpose^ofregiilatingthe  strength  of  the  c.ir 
hri’enllm,’"""  "’illian.  Siomeii 

tri!h''.i  r‘nT'' !"  ‘'••-•o''jeclinn«,  the  elec 

■H.ght  of  tins  type  has  a  very  important  future  i, 

ah'.m;i.a':u;a::u!hi,:i;;!;i:;^^ 
li^hiii’T  ? '""1  “f 

Tie  O  unless  the  p«,p. 

dUmhyiehl  additional  advantage  under  other  coiidi- 
'1'1‘c  examples  cit«l  can,  indeed,  serve  proof  that 

-on  “  "'■'■ra- 

veam  w  lW^  ■“••qui-'e.l  in  recent 

iucrcasedeZb  ‘o  „u 

iiroornss  II..  I'facticnl  applications  lend  to 


Complainaut'M  Exhibit,  Trant  liotter.— 
S.  M.  H..  Ex’r. 


["  .iVi/tio-d,”  I  of.  /.9,  Aoa  /oii,  .V»c.  .'/,  /.ST!),  r,-J.\ 

TiIK  DiVISIIIIUTV  ok  TUK  Kl.KlTlilC  lilOIIT. 

The  Knglish  and  .Ainerican  periodicals  devoted  to 
electrical  science  now  announce  “  on  authority,”  that 
the  clcetric  light  discovered  hy  Edi.soii  is  a  light  liv 
incandescence.  If  this  ho  tnie  thero  is  nothing  new 
or  startling  either  in  the  di.scovery  of  the  light  or  of 
its  divisihility.  Lighting  hy  ineandescence  has  heon 
studied  for  a  long  time ;  indeed,  it  has  been  studied 
much  more  thoroughly  than  any  other  kind  of  electric 
lighting.  Thirty-three  years  ago  a  nietliod  of  pro¬ 
ducing  and  subdividing  the  light  was  patented  in 
England  liy  a  Mr.  King.  The  light  was  produced  by 
heating  to  wdiito  heat  in  a  vacuum,  by  means  of  the 
electric  current,  either  platinum  orcarlsms;  and,  the 
specitication  adds,  “  when  the  current  is  of  sbfticieiit 
intansity,  two  or  a  larger  uninber  of  lights  may  bo 
placed  ill  the  same  circuit.”  For  some  years  after  this 
discovery  sovcral  iniprovomonts  on  King’s  invention 
were  palentud  in  America,  Franco  and  England  ;  “  but," 
says  M.  Fontaine,  “none  of  these  appear  more  complete, 
more  explicit  and  more  practicable  than  King's ;  it  is. 
then,  useless  to  continue  our  nomouclaturo.”  The 
principle  of  lighting  by  incandescenco,  althoiigb  not 
neglected  or  forgotten,  seems  to  have  made  but  little 
progress  until  1871,  when  JI.  Lodyguino  showed  an 
exiioriment  in  the  Admiralty  Dockyai-d  in  St.  Foters- 
burg,  when  he  divided  the  circuit  into  no  lass  than  two 
hundred  lights.  This  naturally  made  a  great  sensation 
at  the  time— as  great  a  sensation  ns  that  caused  by- 
Mr.  Edison’s  telegram  of  the  7th  nlto.  The  Academy 
of  Science  awarded  to  M.  Lodyguino  the  largo 
Lomoiiossow  prize  of  50,000  roubles.  A  company  was 
formed  in  St.  Petersburg  with  a  capital  of  200,000 
roubles,  and  the  excitement  in  Europe  was  then  almost 


as  ^'rca(  as  lias  liui'ii  Hitiiessod  in  hiigliiml  liitok. 
It  was  soon  found,  however,  tlmt  Lodygiiiiic'K  dis- 
eoveries,  like  Iho-e  of  Ids  i)rcdeec8.sor8  in  the  snine 
Held,  Wi'ie.  after  all,  ini|irricticalile,  and  tlmt  this  illimit- 
ahle  division  of  the  light,  however  ingenious,  was 
onh  a  fancifnl  exia'riment.  Every  penny  suhscrihed 
to  the  eonipany  refened  to  was  lost,  and  Lodygnine’s 
groat  disooverv  is  now,  where  it  wirn  then,  in  Ids 
lahoratorv. 

It  has,  however,  heen  urged  that  these  early  inven- 

"f  . . I''<•>rie  light  knew  only  of  the  galvanie 

lattery  a.s  a  generator  of  a  powerful  current,  and  that 
laid  they  known  of  the  (irainine  inachine  or  other 
lynamo  or  inagneto-electiie  innchiiie,  the  results  might 
lave  heen  dilTereiit.  'I'he  rennirk,  however  only  applies 
o  King  and  the  improvers  who  iininerliatelv  sncceetlcd 
iiin.  The  great  division  of  the  liglit  l.y' Emlyguino, 
o  winch  reference  has  just  heen  made,  was  in  a 

. .  ‘"O  “Alliance"  machines. 

■.veil,  however,  if  sneh  were  not  the  ease,  there 
ire  at  present  hefore  the  world,  in  more  or  loss 
;‘lail,  ronr  recent  inventions  for  the  prcKlnctioii  of  a 
li'iiled  light  hy  incandescence.  These  are  the  iiiven- 
■“■■S  of  .M.  Iti-vnier,  of  M.  Ainand,  of  Mr.  Rlison,  and 
>0«  recent  of  all,  M.  Werdermann.  From  the  wav  in 
h  ‘  discoveries,  if  they  are  discoveries,  have 
‘  iisliercil  into  the  world,  it  is  found  that  great 
I  "IIS  are  made  on  their  Imlmlf,  and  there  are,  thore- 
•.  na  ..rally  great  ex,.ectations  on  the  part  of  the 
regard  to  the....  It  cannot  be  ..Tjed  ..ow  in 
s.  .0.1  of  he  shortcomings  of  the  incandescent 
cl  t, ,  S  It  Inns  heen  urged  in  the  past,  that  it  Inm  not 
■  .1  .in  t.iiil,  on  the  ground  that  the  lamps  in  exist- 

.nsi,n!.in.‘"‘‘'ci  and  complex  in 

le  in  its  «',!v  •  T-r'i'"'.’  seems  iidmira- 

"•  li'dit  of  'fi  "f  !  ""•■'"“'oseence  were  to  he 

ill  cert  iinlv?  >‘“‘1.  >»  «»v  case,  it 

-ns  into  lu.  ""'■"'•‘'•■‘t  place  in  .dl  inve.stiga- 

ipcais  to  h  lai'ip  of  M.  Wordonminii 

''leidieal  ...  principle  with,  and  only 


slightly  difTcrent  in  detail  from,  that  of  M.  ilcyidei'. 
and  wo  may  fully  expect  that  thirse  inventors  will  have 
to  come  to  terms  with  each  other — so  iinich  alike  are 
their  inventions.  Of  the  details  of  Mr.  Kdi.son’s  inven¬ 
tion,  if  there  are  any,  nothing  is  known  licyond  the 
fact  stated  in  the  “  Hcicntilic  Aiiiericaii,"  that  it  is  a 
light  prorl.iced  from  a  spiral  of  iucande-scent  platin.iiii ; 
while  the  reports  in  the  .-Vinericaii  daily  press  show 
such  an  ofTervesceiit  ignonince  of  the  fniidamentid  prin¬ 
ciples,  Imtli  of  electricity  and  of  dyiinmics,  that  no  le- 
liaiico’  whatever  can  lie  placed  n]ion  them. 

Exporienco,  then,  has  shown  that  a  light  by  incaii- 
dcsconce  conies  before  ns  in  a  very  ipicstioimble  shape, 
and  it  is  cscntially  a  light  which  discmirages  the  notion 
of  its  practical  application.  The  .piestion  indeed  may 
Ixj  very  properly  asked :  How  is  it  that  light  by  incan- 
.Icsconce  has  always  jiroved  such  an  utter  failiiic?  It 
has  had  a  period  of  thirty-three  years  in  which  to  ile- 
volop ;  it  has  been  divided  into  various  lesser  lights, 
iiumboring  from  two  to  two  hundred ;  mid  it  has 
arrested  the  attention  and  taxml  the  skill  of  the  great¬ 
est  olcctriciaiis  in  the  world.  How  is  it  that  it  is 
obliged  to  give  way  to  light  by  the  voltaic  arc  ?  The 
answer  is  at  hand.  The  light  by  iiicniidoscenco  can 
only  bo  obtained  and  divided  by  a  great  sacrilico  of 
light  aud  power.  This  is  imperative  from  the  fiinda- 
mcntal  principles  of  electrical  science.  The  diiiiinii- 
tioii  according  to  the  “  sipiaro."  and  not  according  to 
simple  proportion,  applies  to  electricity  just  as  it 
applies  to  light,  heat,  sound,  gravitation,  aud  other 
physical  pheuomenu.  Thus,  if  a  circuit  bo  divided 
into  two  bnuichcs  whoso  resistances  are  eipml,  a  ciir- 
ront  of  liidf  tho  strength  passes  through  each  branch 
producing  at  tho  point  of  rcsiataiico  not  half  the 
light  but  only  a  quarter,  because  the  effect 
follows  tho  square  of  the  current  strength. 
If  tho  current  had  been  divided  into  three 
equal  bniuchcs,  in  each  branch  only  oiio-niuth 
part  of  tho  original  light  would  bo  obtaiuerl,  and  so  on, 
so  that  if  an  electric  light  of  1,000  candles  wore  di¬ 
vided  into  toil  equal  lights  the  result  woidd  bo  ten 


lights  of  ten  candles  each  instead  of  one  of  1,000  cniullcs. 
When  this  law  is  home  in  mind,  and  when  it  is  niso  re- 
nieinheied  that  to  produce  the  electric  light  ly  inenn- 
descenee  at  least  one-half  of  the  current  is  lost,  it  will 
easily  he  imagined  what  a  wastefid  light  it  is.  Recent 
experiments  prove  this.  It  was  recently  stated,  in  ref-  ‘ 
erenee  to  .If.  Werdermamrs  incandescent  light,  that  he 
produced  two  lights  of  320  candles  each  (total,  CIO 
candles),  with  a  prime  mover  of  2  horse-power,  and 
this  was  consideri!,!  a  great  resnlt,  lus  indeed  it  was  for 
an  incandescent  light.  l!nt  how  this  sinks  into  insig- 
mticanco  when  eomjiured  with  the  residts  of  lighting  by 
the  voltaic  are.  .\  few  days  ago  .M.  RnpiefT,  with  two 
of  his  regulators  and  a  small  Cirnmme  machine  known 
as  the  M  machine,  and  which  SI.  Gramme  says  requires 
only  1  j  horsc.powcr,  produced  two  lights  which,  when 
c.irufnllv  ni(..t.surcd  hy  the  photometer,  wore  found  tolsj 
each  eipnd  to  1,1  SO  candles,  or  a  total  of  2,.300  candles, 

«  11  (.  wit  I  one  of  II.  (inimme's  A  machines,  requiring 
-1  hoi^e-power,  a  light  of  (1,000  candles  can  he  oh- 
taMicdfrom  oneof  M.  Iia,,ie(rs  rcgulato«.  Some  ex- 

-  „  t.^  gave  a  similar  result.  JI.  Fontaine's  experi- 
mos  f,  ™  '  n  ''Kid  sliow  that  under  the 

the‘snhdividel”’irf  ' ^  d'«>iuution  of 

five  K^«'dthnt  where  he  put 

e  S  n  one  circuit  he  only  obtained  a  total  illmu- 

Till  mil, ’  '■'"'P  fifty-four  burners. 

"  tl  s  I  .."‘'l 

''•Ia  n  divided  Wdtl  tl  {’“  '-'’ffi®  ''Sfit  diminishes 

It  will  1)(*  ' 

that  1  ^  «l>ovo 

light  l,v  ! . .,'  "‘'‘7*  ""'f  f'o  divisibility  of  the 


''•‘stofiil,  iiuhvil  as  f  *1  "'nsteful  process,  so 
'"‘l'"‘'sihle  for  ,7'."  7  '•«  pwclical  niiplication 

ouitral  lighting.  If.  therefore,  all  Mr. 


Edi.son  has  to  announce  to  the  world  is  that  he  In 
succeeded  in  dividing  an  incandc.scent  light,  and  tl 
announceroent  that  such  is  so  is  made  on  authority,  h 
discovery  ninounts  to  very  little.  Roth  the  light  ai 
its  divisibility  wore  discovered  long  ago.  It  will  casi 
1)0  seen  that  it  is  not  in  that  direction  that  any  gre 
practical  results  can  be  obtained.  The  voltaic  arc  sir 
plies  the  only  divisible  light  of  any  utility  and  ccononi 
and  it  is  in  its  development  that  any  real  jirogress  mu 
bo  looked  fur. 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “Preface  2d  Edi¬ 
tion  of  Fontaine,”  March  13,  1880. 
S.  M.  H.,  Exr. 


EriKCTKIC  LIGHTING. 


•-M  Etiitioii— Paris,  187!l. 


into’En..li.sh  a’a.rGe’rm'nimi  JV,'"*. 

•'oo-  rapidly  ,.xl,auslo,l'  •'“''o 

This  success  VL.rvr,,!..- 

is  Parlicularlv  da.  p,  "'orks. 

siidj..ot  TOnsid,.rL.d  “•‘nmeU.r  of  the 

which  wc  lnv»‘  siii-i.  i'  i  ^  i?  ***’'*®^*‘'*“*  i»fonimtioM 
arnuigirig  i„  m  “* 

tiiCMi? “8'“ « of 

i-i«i  in  in,,r... :  r  I':;""'"’*'  i  °<=o«- 

n“'i  l‘nvocolk.c.ti.d a "'"‘“"'‘tions 

tlio  labors  of  Eroaelnu.d  forSflr^""-’'’"  ‘-•"'"'•“'•‘““S 

■•‘')>ina  us  to  eons!  I  i  •  "  '  “■‘-•‘-•‘riomiw  ;  thus  oii- 

lislied  data.  '""‘ibor  of  iinpiib- 

In  a  few  «-or,Is,  t|,e  foil, ,, 

■‘aiitiii-  by  eloctrieitv.  °  *  *“  state  of 

I  III!  iiivoiition  bv  jfr  r:-,,  ,  , 

i  intro, lactioa  of  the  el..  .  «''0»t  the 

niacbiiio  shops;  .Messrs  tl'**  factories  and 

I’l'illiaiith.  started  it  in  Iiemoniiier  have 

Hr.  Bregnet  Ii-is  i  «nd  tbo  art  of  war  • 

•’"■slo-tspoeiallv  know..  i„  l,.Uorato.’ 


Fiiiiiaiiie,  2d  Edition,  1879. 


Ilbi 

ries  and  in  England  ;  Mr.  Jaspar  is  occupied  in  firoinot- 
ing  it  in  Holginni ;  Mr.  .Siemens  in  Prussia,  Mr.  Mercicr 
in  Austria,  Mr.  Konn  in  Russia,  Mr.  Dalnian  in  Spain, 
etc. ;  and  all  at  once  tbe  candle  of  Mr.  .TablocbkolT. 
aided  by  tliu  Gmmmo  niaebinc,  sbeils  its  light  in  shops, 
in  hotels  and  also  upon  tbo  public  ways. 

Has  this  develn])munt  appeared  to  increase  forev.'r 
ns  electricians  hope,  nr  are  the  existing  iiisbdlations 
going  soon  to  disappear  as  gas  companies  nflinii  ?  To 

.\n  industry  is  transient  when  its  only  foundation 
is  fashion  and  when  it  does  not  meet  a  general  want. 

On  the  other  hand,  when  it  is  of  real  sors’ico  and  is 
based  upon  tndy  economic  principles,  it  grows. 

Now,  it  is  incontcstible  that  when  there  is  need  of  a 
very  intense  light  at  one  point,  as  is  the  ease  in  forts,  to 
watch  the  enemy,  in  harlKirs  to  combat  the  destructive 
intent  of  torpmlo  Imats,  in  lighthouses  to  guide  mariners, 
the  electric  light  is  not  only  the  most  economical  of  all 
lights,  but  it  is  quite  often  the  only  light  which  is  ap¬ 
plicable. 

It  is  equally  certain  that  fur  a  large  dockyard  like 
that  of  the  outer  port  of  Havre,  or  for  a  vast  tinclosure 
like  that  of  the  Hipixslrome  of  Paris,  where  it  is  ini- 
(rossible  to  siupend  lighting  apparatus  and  place  lamp 
posts  on  the  tmek,  the  electric  light  is  alone  jmssi- 
ble,  the  only  light  which  can  hike  the  place  of  the  absent 

First  of  all  it  can  l>o  aOirmed  that  lighting  by 
electricity  bos  a  field  which  is  iioeuliar  to  it  and  where 
it  does  not  oven  fear  the  competition  of  other  .systems. 

This  alone  is  sufiiuiont  to  assure  to  it  a  great  future, 
as  also  that  it  will  not  answer  for  many  other  applica- 

For  lighting  pri\-nto  dwellings,  gas  ofiers  the  most 
desirable,  the  most  convenient  and  the  most  economical 
means  (solution).  Electricity  will  indeed  bo  able  here 
and  there  to  ponotrate  into  some  large  drawing-rooms 
or  into  some  costly  mansions,  but  this  will  bo  an 
exception  so  rare  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  take 
account  of  it. 


(iictoricH  n  |ioworfnlly  dilTiHoil  (iimliioiit)  lif'lit 
fiiciliiiitoH  iiiH|HM-tiuii,'(liininiKlieH  tli.)  I'lianc-.s  . 
ileiitM  mill  Miiiipliliiis  the  hihors  of  mmm”eiiieiit 
furnish  fuel  of  mi  nxtmoriliiiiiry  power  to  ilh 
splices  fur  iiwiiy  from  the  place  of  their  proilacti 
to  shed  around  it  a  splendid  dilTiise.l  li^'ht ;  it  i 
dangers  of  lire,  and  its  cost  is  extremely  small 
portion  to  its  lighting  ]K)wer. 

Its  inconveniences,  which  are  especially  tl 
soipience  of  its  recent  introduction  (miV  rii  jt, 
and  ivhieh  the  exiiorionce  of  some  years  will  c 
partly  ovoR-omo,  can  lie  summed  up  as  follows ; 
much  of  its  intensity  whim  it  is  divided  into  sn 
which  renders  it  diflieult  of  application  to  smal 
ments;  it  is  liahle  to  extinction  forashort  time  it 
hut  with  a  disagreoahlu  ofToct  upon  public  ways ; 
sitates  the  use  of  an  engine  ;  its  production  i 
noise  often  very  fatiguing,  and  it  reipiires  som 
ling  for  renewing  the  carbons  or  candles. 

If  the  workshops  are  made  up  of  comparativi 
rooms,  if  the  ceilings  are  low,  the  machine  toi 
lelove)  and  crowded  together,  gas  is  genenilly  pi 
to  electricity.  If  the  rooms  are  large,  the  ceili 
llciently  high,  the  tools  well  apart,  idectricity  i 
ally  preferable  to  gas.  In  each  particular  cas 
tions  are  to  bo  taken  into  account  which 
especially  upon  the  price  of  gas  in  the  loca 
upon  the  class  of  work  to  bo  done  in  the  shops. 

But  in  spite  of  the  rivalry  which  will  be  ost 
in  certain  cases  between  lighting  by  oloctri 
lighting  by  gas,  the  gas  industry  will  never  bo 
in  its  development  by  the  electrical  industiy. 

Wo  have  said  at  a  meeting  of  the  British  Ins 
Mechanical  Engineers,  and  wo  cannot  ropca 
often,  that  the  electric  light  can  neither  injure 
oil  lamps,  nor  candles,  but  on  thacoatrary.  It 
ehango,  as  certain  fiunuciers  pretend,  the  ipn 


Mf  niuiiu  nil  tiio  milimtrinl  nppli- 

us  its  plnco  fueJ  by  n  miiltituilu 
'nr  from  causing  tlio  cud  of  othcr 
liu  use  of  tlinin  by  duinuustnitiiig 
more  intense  niid  more  perfect 

iiig  this  now  industry  is  immense, 
ot  represent  the  one  Imndrcdtii 
;liting,  and  it  may  Imj  predicted, 
ggemtion.  tlinl  goiieml  lighting 

urefore,  pursue  their  researches, 
lill  receive,  without  any  doubt, 
the  other  hand,  the  managers  of 
remain  tranquil,  their  rights  are  ' 
>1  from  a  fall. 

nmble  opinion  of  the  author. 


Complainant's  Exhibit  Extracts  from 
Chapter  VTTT..  2d  Edition  of  Fontaine.  S, 
M.  H.  Ext. 

(Translation.') 

KLECTllIC  LIGHTIXO, 


HIPPOLYTE  FONTAINE, 

‘At  E.lition,  Paris,  187<.». 

CH.AITER  Xlll. 

LlOIITI.NO  IlY  ISCANDhWCKSCK. 

While,  thunks  to  the  tifforts  of  JI.  M.  Gramme  am 
.labbKdikofr,  lighting  by  the  voltaic  arc  has  receive, 
eonsiderablu  development,  lighting  by  iniaudLHum' 
has  likewise  made  nipid  progress,  which  has  eve 
reccntlv  caused  a  great  disturbance  in  II  t  it 

'  ot  the’  gas  industry,  although  it  has  not  yet  been  d. 

vuloixsl  into  anything  i)ractical.  An  American  Joui 
mil,  having  stated  that  Jlr.  Edison  was  going  to  ligl 
an  entire  section  of  New  York  by  electricity,  a  larg 
number  of  the  share-holders  of  gas  companies,  of  th 
Old  World  as  well  as  of  the  Now  World,  hastened  t 
1  sell  their  holdings,  and  threw  the  market  for  these  e: 

celleiit  investments  into  a  veritable  panic. 

To-day  tranquility  is  restored,  the  statement  of  tl 
journal  is  justly  con’sidered  as  a  hoax,  and  shares  hai 
returned  to  their  old  value.  But  the  market  remaii 
very  sensitive,  and  wo  would  not  be  surjirised  to  so. 
see’ it  a-ain  agitated  by  reports  also  devoid  of  found 

tiou-  .  ,, 

The  truth  is  that  the  celebrated  inventor  of  tl 
phonograph  has  only  re-edited  a  platinum  wire  lam 
which  has  already  been  experimented  with,  perfect, 
and  finally  confessed  to  be  unsuitod  to  industrial  use 
,  sovorul  electricians  of  great  merit, 

i  Wo  will  mpiclly  examine  the  devices  which  have  be 


i  l«aiy  co.HliKting  l,.Hly.  n.is,-<I,  by  ll„.  ...irront-  t-  -i 
|■ln|)e^atllrt!  near  the  point  of  fusion. 

'I’lies,!  (levie..s  can  lie  diviiled  into  three  olnHoen  :  Igt, 
m  lalhe  spind  lamps  ;  -id,  lamps  with  earlKiim  hold  in 
■lamps  or  .soekets  (chm  tmis  enensfm)  ;  ;Jd,  senii-incnno- 
rent  l.amps  {t.imps  „  amlad  impm-fuil).  We  will  meil- 
i"ii.  partn  nlarly  in  the  1st  elnss,  the  lamps  of  Do  Mol- 
uis,letri.-,de(;hangyand  E.lison ;  in  the  2<1  ehisa 
lie  amps  of  King,  Lodygnine,  Konn.  Bonlignine  and 
e  1  .line,  ••m, I  in  the  .'(d  c^hess  the  lamps  of  Varlov 
leMiier,  "  erdermaim  and  Dnerelal. 

W.  LtmpH  int/,  nwI.iIHc  opmiU 

“  T  I""'"”'”"'" 

■•■‘■•ie  light  llv  m.,.‘;i  .*’,7  r,"  ''‘""“'“it.'-  of 

('J>l•^■sh.torv^,ote; 

lison’s  Fivneh  t  '  .1  “  “wioiint  of 

But  all  this  doe  -it  "■  **l'inil  lamp.) 

„1,,  '  . .  .“ttat  Of 

■SfcSrto,!"",.'''  . . .  ” «“!."» i«» 

ion  has  met  with  sm.t"’’' "Ppli- 

>•  to  he  tlmt  to^Ly 

?e.  although  to-d.iy  .,  ..  7  •  '*  wiontific 

ell  work  |,retty  well  'lovieos  exist 

t'l'an.slator'.s  mite  W .  r  n 

'"■1  l.iiiips  of  Kim-  Ko7L  n  "T  "f  the 

"  ^"'"‘•Bonhgnmeand  Fontaine.) 


3.  Scmi-incaiiiU-fceti 


nt  lamjif. 

(Translator's  note.  Here  followi 
lamps  of  Varley,  Heynier  and  Wer 
Of  all  the  physiei.Hts  who  have 
with  incandisieenee,  31.  de  Chang 
spiral  lamp,  M.  Komi  the  be.st  hii 
in  eliimps  or  soeket-s,  and  SI.  Keyii 
enndeseent  lamp.  The  last  wonl 
rive  at  a  praetieal  solution  of  the 
by  small  ehs-trienl  fm-i,  did  it  not 
ties  alnio.st  insiirmoimtable. 

In  the  netmil  state  of  allairs,  wil 
erators  in  iisi.  and  the  lamps  prop 
eleetrieity,  we  do  not  believe  that 
electrieity  can  Is-  made  to  sneceee 
Cireiimstanees  may  present  tliei 
plieation  will  be  interesting  and  e 
velop  them,  it  is  neees.sary  to  inv 
moderate  price  or  thermo-eleetri 
eome  really  praetieal.  In  the  me 
mend  iiieimdeseent  lamps,  part 
Heynier,  in  laboratories  and  in  fii 
have  eleetrieal  lamps  for  powerfn 
without  ineonvenienee,  intcrpolati 
iueandcseent  lamps  in  the  eireiiit. 


4161 


Complainant  a  Exhibit  "  Dr.  filorton’s  San¬ 
itary  Engineer  Letter."  January  20 
1890.  S.  M.  H.,  Exr. 


Ilf  thu  Hiiliji-et.s  iilioiit  ivliicli  tliev  trwit  in  ii  uuv  timl 
will  iiiseimniljly  it  with  ilisiTcilital.li!  iliocinisi 

fnlsu)  cliiiiiis,  cvidoiitly  iiiaili;  in  llin  inti-ri.-st  of  Unnncia 
spL'cnlators. 

No  Olio  can  numi  tliuroii<'hlv  aiiprociato  tlian  1  ilc 
tliu  originality  of  concuptiun,  tiic  imlofatigalilo  patiunci 
anil  iinniunso  ialior  wliicli  have  hcen  involvcil  in  tin. 
Horiea  of  uxpciiinuiits  of  which  a  .sketch  ha-s  heen  given 
in  the  “  New  York  Heralii  "  of  .Sunday  the  'Jlst  ;  hnl 
when  I  SCO  the  conclnsiun  of  these,  which  every  oin 
acipniinted  with  the  siihject  will  recooni/.e  as  a  eon- 
spiciioiis  failure,  trumpeted  as  a  womlerfiil  siiccc.ss,  1 
have  only  left  before  me  the  two  alternative  conchi- 
sioiis  that  the  writer  of  such  matter  ninst  either  In 
very  ignorant,  and  the  victim  of  deceit,  or  a  <•01^0^011! 
accomplice  in  whaf  is  nothing  loss  than  a  fraud  upon 
the  public. 

Such  writing  as  this,  in  fact,  has  the  melancholv  re¬ 
sult  of  placing  Mr.  Edison  and  his  electric  light  in  tin 
same  category  with  Mr.  Keoluy  and  his“  water  motor,’ 
Mr.  Payne  and  his  “  cleutrie  engine,"  3Ir.  Oarey  and  hi.i 

magnetic  motor,”  and  others  of  the  same  clas,s. 

Against  this  I  protest  in  behalf  of  true  science  ainl 
for  the  sake  of  Mr.  Edison  himself,  who  has  done  and 
is  doing  too  much  really  good  work  to  have  his  record 
defaced  and  his  name  discredited  in  the  interests  of  any 
stock  comiianv  or  individual  financiers. 


P.  S.— Wlieii  I  siiy  timt  tlie  nuliiovomeiits  described 
)3-  tlio  Herald  of  .Siiiidn^-,  tlio  21st,  constitute  “  a  coii- 
ipicHous  failure,"  I  do  not  of  course  iiiean  that  Jfr.  Edi¬ 
son  Inns  not  now,  as  he  had  a  year  ago,  a  lot  of  electric 
iiuips  miming  at  Jfcnlo  Park  ;  but  that  his  years  work 
darting  out  with  tlio  most  confident  assertion  of  an  ac- 
-•oniplislied  success,  only  awaiting  granting  of  patents 
;o  bo  made  public,  has  ended  in  landing  liiin  in  an  obi 
inotbod  repeatedly  tried  and  abandoned  by  otbera  and 
ivliicli  tips  description  fumislies  no  reason  to  believe 
las  received  any  im])ortnut  iniprovoiiiont  in  Mr.  Edi- 


Complainant's  Exhibit  ‘Dr.  Morton’s 
Times  Interview  of  December  28, 
1879."  January  20,  1890.  S.  M.  H., 
Exr. 

[jWic  York  Thins,  //tciiiiher  /.S'r.9.| 

.SCIE.NTIFIC  VIEW  OP  IT. 

PiioFKssou  Hkniiv  ■  .Moiito.n  Xot  .S.txoui.vi;  .Anorr 
Eiiison's  Srcctxs. 


Professor  Henry  Morton,  tlie  President  of  the 
•Stevens  Institute  of  Teclinology,  who  is  well  known  foi 
bis  researches  in  physics,  and  whose  experiments  were 
a  .sonree  of  unfeigned  pleasure  ami  lustonisbment  to 
Prof,  lyndall,  recently  sent  a  conimniiication  to  the 
Sanitary  Engineer  protesting  against  the  triiuipeling 
of  the  result  of  Edison’s  experiments  in  electric  light¬ 
ing  as  "a  wonderful  snccess,”  when  “every  one  ae- 
cpiainted  with  the  subject  ”  will  recognize  it  as  a  “  con¬ 
spicuous  failure."  To  this  was  added  the  .statement 
that  Edison  “  has  done  and  is  doing  too  much  realiv 
good  work  to  have  his  record  ilefaced  and  bis  naim- 
di.seredited  in  the  interests  of  any  stock  eompanv  or 
iiidivabial  linaneiei-s.  Edison,  to  whose  attention  this 
letter  was  called,  was  reported  in  a  newspaiier  yester- 
ilay  morning  as  inviting  Prof.  Morton  or  any  otbei 
electrician  to  visit  the  Menlo  Park  laboratory  and  see 
the  light  in  pnictieal  operation.  In  conversation  with 
a  “Times  ”  reporter  yesterday  Prof.  Morton  said  that 
for  several  reasons  he  did  not  think  ho  would  accept 
Mr.  Edison’s  kind  invitation.  “  What  is  needed  to  be 
learned,”  said  the  Professor,  “  is  the  durability  of  these 
new  lamps  of  Mr.  Edison’s  and  the  actual  economy  in 
the  conversion  of  power  into  light  by  bis  arrangement. 
For  example,  according  to  the  statement  in  the  Sun, 
Mr.  Edison  places  bis  present  himiw  and  machines  as 
yielding  him  what  is  equivalent  to  10  gas  burners 
for  every  boiwe  power.  Now,  my  own  experionco  with 
the  best  dynaino-oloctric  machines,  such  as  those  of 
Siemen.s,  AVeston,  Brush  and  Alaxiin,  using  the  ordi- 


Will  lie,  in  all  essentnil  rosiieets  iileiitic-iil  willi  tlie 
ilescrilied  l,y  Jlr.  Edison  Imvo  been  in  constant  c 
|.en.nental  use  for  seve.al  yeans  past  witi,  „no  invari 
Ue  resnl  namely,  that  wliile  the  carbon  would  opera 
Miccessfiilly  for  penods  varyin-;  from  a  few  hoiii-s 
levend  ,  ays,  it  Inm  I.een  foumi  utterly  impo.ssil,!,.. 
endtr  tliuu  leliably  pormunent.  It  is,  tlierofore 

omr  rotr‘l‘\  ■■'■■‘••‘-■‘“'lO-  timt  experimunts 

i  at  leiifetli,  likewise  under  the  entire  control  of  tl 
1  e.sti{,mtor,  should  bo  nmde  in  order  that  a  deeisii 

onhdeiit  assertions  of  success  which  reach  mo  fro 

.rv'";,“T  -"I": 

;  ;«™.* “r 

line  across  one  from  a  friend  of  mine  wl.o  i 
>  .  of  iig,  St. Hilt  11  s  .t  till! 
intimate  terms  with  Mr  p,i: 

Ins  letter  is  dated  October  187S  „i  I' 
wnredthatMr.  Edison's  lamp  isa’perfis  cds 

le  of  replaeing  a  e„s-b„r„er  with  per  0^217/“ 

hen  I  see  it  I  shall,  no  doubt,  be  chare.Il  !':.i’ 


mt  are  some  of  th.'  chief  ditliciilties  in  the  wav 
success  of  Mr.  Edison’s  light  V  " 

Well,"  I’rof.  .Morton  leplied,  "  the  first  dilliciiltv 
i  the  |ir(Mbiction  of  a  lam]i  which  shall  be  tlioroue|| 
ble,  and  neither  complicated  or  expensive.  All  :i 
its  lip  to  the  pre.seiit  lamp  in  tiiis  direction  are  a 
iledged  to  be  fnibire.s,  and,  as  I  have  pointed  oi 
L-  does  not  seem  to  Is.  any  novelty  such  as  wot: 
orizeiis  toho|)cfura  bettersiiccc-ssin  the  present  oi 
next  dinieiilty  isiii  the  economical  production  of  sin; 
s  by  electricity.  This  is  what  is  commonly  iiiea 
lie  phrase,  ‘  Dividing  the  electric  light.’  I'p  to  t 
cut  time,  and  including  Afr.  Edison's  latest  expei 
Is,  it  apjiuare  that  this  involves  an  iiiiinen.se  lo.ss 
ency.  Next  comes  the  dilliciiltv  of  distribiitii 
ay  huge  scale  the  imiuun.su  electric  currents  whii 
d  be  needed,  and  to  provide  for  their  eipial  actii 
itrureiit  points  under  varying  conditions  of  tl 
lier  of  lights  used.  In  reference  to  this,  lus  far  i 
Igo  from  the  reports,  .Mr.  Edison  has  been  ruiinii 
Ivor  iiO  lights  in  all,  while  his  80  h()rso-])ower  ei 
ought  to  supply  800  lights.  The  small  numbi 
illv  in  use  does  not,  therefore,  develop  this  prol 
111  any  practical  way.” 

riie  ipiestion  of  measuring  the  current,”  added  tl 
issor,  as  the  reporter  tiirnml  to  leave,  “  the  lo: 
veil  from  the  necessity  of  running  the  luachiiiei 
ant  a  mnment’s  intermission  during  the  entire  tin 
any  light  is  needed — in  other  words,  the  abseiii 
ny  storing  capacity  in  electricity — and  varioi 
•  iiiatteis  of  detail,  while  less  important  than  tl 
!  iirinciiial  dilhciilities  which  I  have  niveii  von  ar 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “Sawyer’s  Sun 
Letter  of  Deeember  22.  1879,"  Jan¬ 
uary  22,  1890.  S.  M.  H.,  Exr, 

[Al-w  york  Siw,  December  22il,  IS7n.\ 

KI-ECTIIICIAX  SaWYKII’s  CIIALI.EX0K  TO  Ei.ectiiiciax 


If  n  piirty  i)os.sesso.s  mi  interest  in  sometliing  Hint  he 
-•onsnlers  ynlmihle,  lie  is  not  vei  v  likely  to  part  with  it 
espeeiiilly  if  it  bo  something  in  the  lino  of  oleetrie  linht- 
injj.  where  what  may  nominally  Im  SI  may  really  he  SI  ,000 
Iherefore,  when  Jlr.  Edison  sells  ontnll  his  interest  in 
IMS  electric  light  there  is  a  reasonable  chance  for  a 
HtHe'^'"'^  ‘"'entioii  worth  very 

Mr.  Edison’s  reputation  before  the  public  is  founded 
upon  the  newspaper  iniblicatioiis  about  ;  1.  The  onad- 

S'S,!*”"'-""'"’  3.Ti,;  pC. 

As  to  the  qinidrtiple  telegrniih,  I  may  say  that  it  was 

S'- 

Telegraph  Company,  whom  I  l  ife  imt 

As  to  the*  telophoijo,  Air.  likliKni,  io  «■  . 

Andrew  Graham  Kell  «  M, „  ■  ‘  '“'““‘or. 

Astothe,d.onogm,:rt;i:rs;:it'’'Edr 
EXiri';:  ;s 

The  real  inventorof  the  phono^rapS  neT"  1  ‘’r'’'’*"’' 

Ml  all  probabilitj-,  for  I  imdeistand  thnf  v  j!® 
t.eipate.s a  Western  man  but  three  lafs  '‘"■ 

invention.  P'lority  of 


Letter,  Dee.  21,  1.S7!). 


Now,  all  that  remains  for  Jfr.  Edison  is  ebrntrie  li<dit 
He  is  going  over  the  same  ground  that  lionlieninc 
Lodygroine,  Ko.sleff.  Konn,  .Starr  King,  mvself  ami 
others  have  traversed-li,-st.  iron  ;  second,  Jdatinnm  : 
third,  carbon  in  different  shapes.  And  Edison  has 
failed,  in  iny  opinion.  To  show  that  f  mean  what  I 
say,  I  deny  every  one  of  his  allegations  made  at  tlie 
Saratoga  Convention  of  the  American  Society  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  and,  speeiticallv.  1  challeiiee 
him : 

Fiii.st.  To  maintain  a  vaciinm  in  his  lamps. 

•SkcoxI).  To  run  his  carbonized  paper  lamp  three 
hours  (In  practice,  in  a  perfect  vacntiin.  it  will  hist 
twenty  miiintes). 

ThiiiI).  Toconsolidate  platiniini  by  hcatingelectrically 
in  the  Sprengel  vacnnni,  as  he  claims. 

Eouimi.  To  prove  that  his  dynanio-electrie  machine 
develops  not  ninety,  lint  even  forty-five  per  cent,  of  the 
feet  pounds  applied  to  it. 

^  Fimt.  To  show  that  he  can  obtain  a  light  of  tweiitv- 
live  candles  from  platiniiin  with  less  than  three-horse 

Sixth.  To  show  that  platinniii  or  iridium  will  not  dis¬ 
integrate  in  twenty  lioni-s’  aetnal  running. 

SEVT..vril.  To  |)rovo  that  with  his  carbonized-]iaper 
lamp  ho  can  obtain  twolighU  of  ten.eamlles  each  per 
horse  power. 

Eiohtii.  'To  show  that  the  effect  of  the  oxide  of 
inagnesiMMi  is  to  harden  his  wire,  and  make  it  more  re¬ 
fractory. 

And  I  further  allege  that  all  .Mr.  Edison’s  statements 
are  erroneous,  and  I  offer  $100  as  a  prize  for  him  to 
prove  each  of  the  above  eight  allegations.  Let  him 
run  one  of  his  lamps  three  hours  and  the  public  will  be 
satisfied  that  I  am  correct. 

W.  E.  Sawyeii. 

78  'Walker  Street,  New  York,  Dec.  21. 


4170 


Complainanfs  Exhibit  »  Sawyer’s  Herald 
letter  of  Dec.  24,  1879."  Jan’y  22. 

S.  M.  H.,  Ext. 

[^Veic  York  Herald,  Deceudter  2itl,  1S79  ^ 


Xkw  Yoiik,  Due.  2;i,  1870. 
To  THE  Eonoit  OK  the  Heieu.d  : 

l-oor  intere-stiug  clitorial  of  to-, lav  a.lvise.,  .„o  not  to 
to  condnsions  with  tl.e  Wizard  of  Menlo  Park.  I  am 
<  uite  anxious  to  trv  tlieni  and  nni  i  i  ■ 

ments  nas  so  far  eondumnod  timt  .Mr.  Mann  and  I 
chided  we  would  not  waste  enough  o  o  u  to 

SHSSS 

pntout  it.  I  fail  to  see  wimt  d!L7'’'"”\  ’* 
the  “  Herald  ■>  .vLZr  Mr  S'’""'' 
invents  the  successful  eleetriL-famp  "  Mr*  Rif 
n  vear  ago  began  tliis  coiitrovei^  bv  m 

me.  He  bas  received  one  in  retim,  ‘  i  ^  "i’““ 
not  like  it.  I  expect  lie  will  t  ’ 

'■imself  in  retnrfi  for  bid  and  I 

. . . simtr 


Next  week  I  sball  show  my  systeni  of  electric  bouscbiild 
lilniuiiiatioii  III  tin's  city  in  practical  operation,  and  if  I 
do  not  prove  it  superior  to  nnytbiiig  else  I  am  mucb 
mistaken,  and  if  I  do  show  to  those  interested  that  it  is 
superior,  all  the  iiorsonalties  in  the  "  Herald  ”  or  by  Mr. 
IMison  will  not  prevent  capital  putting  it  where  it  will 
<]u  tho  most  good. 

W.  E.  .Sawveh. 


CompWnant's  Exhibit  “Sawyer's  World 

*•  «»»■ 

fjAcio  I'oc/r  WorM,  Decemhcr  Q'llh,  IS'!).] 
KDISON’S  ELECTRIC  EIGHT. 

Mil.  .S.\HyEit  QuE.sno.Ns  the  Xovelty  .\m)  the  Pmc. 

IICAI,  ■\.\LUE  OK  THE  DiSCOVEIlV. 

To  THE  EoiTOH  ok  THE  WoilEO: 

.SHi:-jryutt.-,ck  upon  Mr.  Edison  in  tlio  Mond,.,  - 

l>o.snys  ninstlio  ‘ 

m.u.y  Mures  timt  1.0  ,s  .UT^  —>• 

uieolmnieal  Hunius  Wl.nt  1  I  •  ‘7  “ 

i",:  "•  . . 

-.1',™  1  “"■«  ■» 

that  wlion  Mr.  Edison  ...adn  I  !*='  ‘‘*"8  '‘lone,  so 

fifteen  months  a-o  l.o  miiar  I* 

printed  ..eeords  of  the  Patent  oZ  whh'  r"!  ‘I"' 

<-  -or  fails  to  provide  himself,  that  what  he  el  ” 
not  Ins  own.  His  i-  x  olainieil  was 

covered  by  my  patents.  The  ver  ’.J,  j-  f""-'- 

"as  so  much  noised  about  had  I  ^  lamp  that 

Efiiaon-s  annonneei:.,t  of 

^t  aside  as  worthle.ss  by  Mr  H  s  M  “"'I 

It  was  east  aside  beeanse  nM  ^''"'’^""*^^'- 

«"’‘--d  because  it 

l’o"cr  to  pro- 


:o  inpire  the  }>ils  interests.  I  sim])ly  iwnnt  out  the  fac 
;hat  the  .Sawyor-SInn’  lamp  and  various  iniiirovoniun 
ipon  it  us  bust  as  made  have  been  sncee.ssfnlly  exhibiti 
Air  more  than  a  yeiu',  and  that  the  brilliant  lamiis 
ither  inventors  are  notoriously  in  pnictieal  use  in  o 
dreets  to-day,  while  idl  wo  have  hoard  from  Jleii 
Park  in  that  Sir.  Edison  is  a  great  and  eeecntric  geiii 
who  divides  his  time  between  eating  herrings,  weari 
iild  hats,  rolling  tar  abstraeledly  in  his  lingers,  goi 
without  his  dinner,  and  linally  founding  his  gre 
iiehievement  upon,  lus  has  always  really  been  the  ne 
L'otton  thread  and  pajior. 

This  does  not  jirovo,  hoivever,  tliat  Jlr.  Edison  nii 
not  some  day  do  sonictliing.  I  only  allege  that  nii 
this  time  he  has  done  absolutely  nothing  that  is  new 
valnablo  in  electric  lighting,  and  I  am  prepared 
stake  inv  rcpniation  ns  an  electrician  upon  tills  stat 
mont. 

The  immediate  cause  of  niy  clinllenge  to  Mr.  Edis 
was  my  information  that  friends  of  his  saw  in  my  In 
oratory  months  ago  the  identical  horseshoe  lain])  tl 
is  set  np  ns  his  latest  and  grandest  auhievoment,  ai 
my  belief  that  ho  eonid  not  have  failed  to  know  that 
was  my  invention.  I  object  decidedly  to  his  claimi 
my  invention  as  his  own,  especially  when  it  seei 
clear  that  the  object  of  the  announcement  wius  to  rai 
money.  Over  a  year  ago  I  experimented  witli  t 
horseshoe  lamp  and  found  it  a  failure,  even  with  t 
carbon  inncli  harder  and  more  tenacious  time  pal 


Hit  wliero  ruptiiro  occurred  wlicn  tlio  lamp  broki 
,  is  still  liermetically  sealed  in  its  glass  tube,  am 
larged  with  nitrogen  just  ns  it  was  taken  froii 
lekot  ill  January  last.  I  liniided  it  to  JIc-ssis 
s  it  Hocliliaiisen,  2  Howard  street,  yestordai 
ig,  at  nine  o’clock,  in  order  that  no  loophole  iiiai 
for  iirestidigibitioii  at  Jlmilo  Park.  If  this  doel 
tie  the  <iuestion  of  iiriority,  I  don't  know  wlia 
ttio  it.  A  further  fact  about  the  horseshoe  laiiii 
it  is  so  complete  a  failure  that  we  decided  iicnrli 


it  upon  it.  The  time  has  passed  for  nnv  iiiort 
!  light  sensations.  The  only  thing  that  "can  re. 
0  subject  is  proof-practical  demonstration,  with 
ips  kept  out  of  the  bauds  of  those  whoso  iiitercsl 
he  to  iiianipiilato  them.  I  accept  the  situation  ; 
lore  timii  anxious  to  try  conclusions  with  Sir! 
;  I  reiterate  my  challenge  to  him,  and  I  don’t 
0  that  >Ir.  Edison  shall  escape  the  issue  ho  has 
upon  himself. 

ays  he  iiroposos  to  exhibit  his  light  at  Menlo 
e.xt  week.  Next  week  I  shall  exhibit  niv  light 
•.iork  11.  primt.Lid  household  use.  The" public 
III  judge  for  itself  whether  mv  system  is  a  fail- 
d  whether  Mr.  Edison  has  not  been  either  him- 
leived  (ir  persistently  deceiving  the  commiiuitv. 
lion  I  shall  have  no  “more  last  words"  on  the 
siiojeci. 

Uespeetfully  yours. 

New  York,  December  23d.  " 


Complainant’s  Hxhibit  “  Sawyer's  Tribune 
Interview  of  Jan.  2,  1880."  Jan.  22. 
1800.  S.M.H..£:xr. 

[A-eic  york-  Tnhuu,,.J„nu„nj  AV.yo.i 

•AIH.  iSAAVYEU  .SKEPTICAL. 

His  Vikws  is  Bko.mio  to  thf.  Pn,«mc.Miii.iTV  of  tiii; 

Nkw  Eniso.v  Lamf. 

Mr.  W.  E.  Sawyer,  of  No.  78  Walker  street,  in  this 
city,  who  has  made  long  and  careful  re.searches  into  the 
problem  of  the  electric  lamp,  was  found  at  his  olliee 
yesterday  busily  engaged  in  the  perfection  of  a  new  in¬ 
vention  designed  for  illumination.  Ho  is  very  much 
.  intcastteil  in  the  new  claims  of  Jlr.  Edison,  and  was 
(juitu  willing  to  express  his  opinion  in  regard  thereto 
He  said  ; 

“  The  public  hiui  received  from  Jlenlo  Park  the  fol¬ 
lowing  positive  a.s.sertions :  (1)  That  Jfr.  Edi.son’s  new 
lamp  consists  of  a  liorscshou  of  carbon  about  two  and 
one-half  inches  long,  elampud  in  platiniiiu  holders  ami 
liurmetically  setded  in  a  ghuss  globe  from  which  the  .lii 
has  been  exhausted.  (2j  That  the  horse.shoe,  consist¬ 
ing  of  carbonised  bristol-boani,  is  so  tough  and  flexible 
that  it  can  bo  twisted  nearly  half  way  round  without 

breaking.  (3)  That  tbo  horaeshoo  of  carbo . .  oxygen 

being  present  in  the  globe,  will  last  an  ordinary  life¬ 
time  ;  that  it  has  already  been  run  over  100  hours  with¬ 
out  sufTcriiig  deterioration.  (4)  That  the  light  from 
each  lamp  is  about  equal  to  an  ordinary  gas  jot,  or  saj 
10  or  12  candles.  (5)  That  no  dynamo  machine  knowi 
can  generate  sulticicnt  electricity  to  destroy  one  of  .Mr 
Edison’s  horaeslioos.  (0)  That  the  chief  point  of  ad- 


•117(1 


Sawyer’s  Interview,  Jan.  2,  1880. 

speak  positively  about  many  jjoiiiLs  that  to  those  un¬ 
familiar  or  only  jiartially  familiar  with  the  subject  nm3- 
seem  uncertain,  or  else  correct  when  entiruU-  wrong.” 

“  First,  then,”  asked  the  reporter,  “  what  is  j'onr  idea 
about  the  use  of  platinum  for  conducting  wires  ?” 

“  The  use  of  platinum  ns  a  holder  for  tlio  incandes¬ 
cent  carbon  conductor,”  replied  XIr.  Sawyer,  “  is  fatal 
to  the  dund)ility  of  a  lamp.  Carbon  only  of  larger 
section  than  the  incandescent  carbon  can  bo  funployed, 
for  the  reason  that  at  a  white  hejit  the  carbon  combines 
with  the  platinnm  to  form  the  platinic  carbide,  and  dis¬ 
integration  takes  i)laee  with  great  rn))idity.  The  same 
is  true  of  any  metal.  I  have  welded  carbon  pencils  in 
all  shapes,  and  the  best  way  to  establish  the  connection 
of  the  iiKandestont  i  irb<  n  ith  itii  holders  is  to  wold 
the  two  together.  This  I  have  done  by  first  clamping 
the  horsosboe  in  carbon  holders,  then  inverting  the 

lamp  and  immersing  horsc.shoe  and  holders  in  anv  liv- 
dro-carbon,  preferably  iturc  olive  oil,  finally  turning  on 
a  torrent  of  electricity  so  that  the  horseshoe  is  made 
intensely  ineandoscont.  With  great  violence  the  oil  is 
decomposed,  the  1 1  Ir  „e  esc  p,  g  nlth  carl  on 
being  ilejiosited,  most  rapidly  at  the  points  of  contact 
of  the  horseshoe  and  its  holders.  The  weld  is  so  per¬ 
fect  that  the  horseshoe  will  break  anywhere  else  rather 
than  at  the  joints.” 

“  XIr  Edison's  jiaper  carbon  is  very  mueli  longer  than 
\onr«,  Mr.  Sawyer?” 

Yes ;  and  when  a  length  of  iiicandescont  conductor 
of  ono.lialf  inch  is  reached  the  enrrent  can  no  longer  bo 
economically  used  because  to  increase  the  size  is  to 
increase  the  radiating  surface,  and  the  short  carlion  can 

23o”Sle°s  25  ‘o 

“  What  do  you  think  of  the  kind  of  carbon  which  XIr 
Edison  employs’?"  ‘c,.  ,ur. 

“  The  denser,  harder  and  more  lioniogeneous  the  car¬ 
bon  he  tougher  it  is,  and  the  more  dLble  the  laZ 
for  the  reason  that  the  whole  action  of  the  emroat 
(that  very  action  which  produces  light,  an  intense  vibra^ 
foil  of  the  atoms  or  molecules  of  the  carboli;  louZ 


ribed,  wlieroby  it  is  built  up  with  carbon  so  bard  ai 
iniogeneons  that  it  may  be  polished  like  jet.  .-Is  v 
•scend  from  this  we  gut  le.ss  durable  material,  tl 
der  of  durability  being:  («l  Carbon,  deposited  I 
ictric  action  ;  (/<)  The  hardest  retort  cat  bon  ;  (i;)  Tl 
st  artificial  carbon  ;  (>/)  Hard  coke  ;  (c)  Hense  elm 
Ill  (chnmial  iui|iregnated  with  syrup  and  the  syrii 
rbonized)  ;  (/")  Willow,  paper  and  other  fin.'  elm 
111  :  ('/)  Ordinary  charcoal  ;  (//)  Oraidiite.  Xl 
lisou's  carbon  belongs  to  the  class  c  or  and  lus  ca 
111  in  all  its  forms  is  oxtreniely  brittle,  his  stateniei 
at  bis  paper  carbon  is  so  tough  and  flexible  that 
11  be  twisted  half  wav  round,  Ac.,  without  breakin; 
open  to  eriticisin.  The  best  carbons  of  the  ebarco: 
iler  we  have  in-odiiced  by  iinpregnating  with  syniptl 
est  French  willow  charcoal,  used  by  artists,  and  ca 
nizing  the  same,  i-epeating  this  process  a  siillicie 
iiiber  of  tiine.s.  'I'liis  is  siibstantialk  the  procc.ss 
lyretandof  Ciaiidoin.  In  pencils  of  i  inch  dianieti 
d  i  inch  length,  with  perfect  carbon  connuctioiis,  ai 
an  atmospliore  of  jiiire  iiitrogcn,  not  even  tl 
0.1) i«. Soli  of  oxygen  being  present,  these  carboi 
II  last  as  follows,  under  the  action  of  the  uluctr 
rrent  :  («)  At  a  red  heat,  giving  a  light  of  perliii] 
of  a  candle,  100  to  200  hours;  (A)  At  betwei 
red  and  a  white  heat,  giving  a  light  of  1  or 
iidles,  20  hours;  (c)  At  a  white  heat,  light  -1  candle 


■I  ITS 


r’s  Jiitorvii-w,  Jaii.  'I  1880. 


Tlie  larger  the  section  the  more  eiiiTent  reiiiiintd.  The 
longer  the  pencil  the  more  ciirront  reipiired." 

“  Do  yon  think  that  the  horsc.shoo  lamps  are  liable 
to  1)0  injured  by  an  accidental  and  sudden  ineroa.se 
in  the  strength  of  tho  current  ?" 

“  'When  a  carbon  is  in  a  high  state  of  iiu'nudesc.uieo  " 
replied  Mr.  .Sawyer,  “double  tho  current  invariably 
ruptures  or  disintegrates  the  carbon.  If  Mr.  Etlison 
will  only  bring  tho  current  necessary  for  tun  of  his 
lamjis  suddenly  into  one  of  them  ho  will  be  surprised  at 
the  beautiful  manner  in  which  it  will  disappear.  Experi- 
ence  has  demonstrated  that  within  risLsonable  bounds 
the  less  the  resistance  of  an  electrical  circuit  which  iu- 
c  udes  the  resistance  of  the  wires  of  the  machine,  and 
that  of  the  lamps  outside  of  it,  the  less  the  power  re- 
iimred  for  eirective  work.  Tin  r  „e  ,  t  of  Air 
Misou  s  lamps  in  multiple  circuit  .so  mi  to  le.sson  the 
e.\ternal  resistance  where  a  largo  iiumlier  of  lamps  are 
to  bo  run  IS  hazardous.  In  riiniiiiig  2,300  lamps  by  a 
single  generator  the  mean  will  be  found  in  a  square’  of 
hfty  111  a  series  ami  lifty  in  multiple.  This  would  mako 
tho  oxtornal  resistance  of  Mr.  Edison’s  circuit  IdO  0 
roquinii^g  aii  intensity  of  eurroiit  that  would  give  violent 

shocks  to  those  who  might  by  accident  toiicdi  Hiol,'  . 

iietors,  and  a  most  costly  insulation  of  tho  main  wires 
lo  place  loss  lamps  in  series  and  more  in  .01.5^1^ 

«f  low  resistance."  ‘  l™ctical  iiiiloss 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “Sawyer’s  Sun’ 
tetter  of  Jan.  5.  1880."  Jany.  22 
1890.  S.  M.  H..  Ext. 

.V.,a.  ./„nn.,ru  /VW.J 

Mu,  Eni.so.v  CiiAi.i.KxoKi.  nv  .Ain.  .Sawvkii. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  “.Sun,"  Sir:  Notwithstanding 
the  ass..rtion  that  on.-  of  .Air.  Edison’s  electric  lamps 
has  l,een  rnnning  210  hours,  I  .still  as.sert,  and  am 
preiiarcsl  to  back  up  my  assertion,  that  .Air.  Eilison  can 
not  run  one  of  his  lamps  ii|)  to  tho  light  of  a  single  gas 
jet  (to  be  more  deliuite,  lot  us  call  it  twelvowindle 
|)Owur)  for  more  than  three  hours.  To  be  still  more 
.lotiiiito,  I  oiler  to  Mr.  Edi.son,  at  22(i  AVast  Fifty-fourth 
street,  m  this  eity,  an  opportunity  to  prove  what  he 
says.  From  the  jirivate  residence  in  that  street  wires 
are  run  a.eircuit  of  1,000  feet.  Air.  Edison  shall  have 
every  faeility  ;  ho  shall  use  my  wires  ;  he  shall  have 
any  dynamo-machiiio  or  other  generator  of  eleetricitv 
lie  may  prefer  ;  and  all  I  ask  is  that  tho  power  of  his 
light  shall  be  measured  by  a  phuto-melur  ;  that,  once 
in  phiee,  it  shall  not  be  interfered  with  ;  and  that  a 
eommittee  of  gentlonion,  preferably  nominated  bv  the 
editors  of  tho  Xow  York  prcs.s,  shall  be  present  and 
eortify  to  tho  facts  of  tho  test. 

Furthermore,  I  will  place  one  of  inv  lamps  side  by 
suit*  witli  Mr.  lS<liKon*8 ;  it  slmll  bo  run  at  the  power  of 
twenty-live  candles  ;  it  shall  outlast  the  entire  forty 
lamps  at  Aleiilo  Park,  run  at  the  power  of  twenty-five 
candles  ;  my  lamp  to  sbiiid  as  it  is  put  up,  and  Mr. 
Edison  to  put  up  a  fresh  laui])  as  fast  as  tho  preceding 
lamp  shall  have  burned  out. 

1  am  anxious  for  this  test  ;  and  if  Air.  Edison  hits 
really  run  one  of  his  horseshoe  lamps  240  hours  ho  will 
not  refuse  to  accept  my  offer,  for  ho  will  bo  treated 
with  the  utmost  courtesy,  and  shall  have  everything 
Ins  own  way. 

I  adhere  in  every  particular  to  niv  origiual  challence 
to  Air.  Edison.  '  ^ 

fQ ...  „  ,  ,  'V.  E.  .Sawyeu. 

(8  \\  alker  street.  Now  York,  Jan.  4. 


Complainant's  Szhibit  “  Sawyer's  Herald 
Letter  of  Jnn.  5,  1880.”  Jany.  22,  1890. 
S.  M.  H.,  Exr. 

[.fVi'ir  Yni-h  l/eraUI,  .lanmirij  o,  IHSlK] 


No.  78  Walker  Street 
Xi;w  Yoiik,  .Taminry  I,  18 
0  Tin;  Eiirroit  of  ttik  “  Hkiuui  ” : 

N..t..itli.stainliiiK  the  aRsertioii  that  one  of  .Air.  Eili- 


been  riimiiiig  for  210  hoars  I 
still  assert,  and  ain  laeparcd  to  back  up  iiiy  a.ssertioii, 
that  .All.  Eilksoii  eaniiot  ran  one  of  his  lamps  ap  to  the 
hght  of  a  single  gas  jet  (to  be  more  dellaite,  let  as  call 
It  tttelve-eandle  power)  for  more  than  three  hoars.  To 
be  still  more  deliiiite  I  olTer  to  Sir.  Edison  at  No.  22(1 
West  I'ifty-foarth  street,  in  this  city,  an  opportaiiitr  to 
prove  what  he  says. 

From  the  ]a'ivate  residoiico  in  that  street  wires  are 
laii  a  eireait  of  1,000  feet.  Sir.  Edison  simll  have  ovorv 
tauility;  he  shall  aso  my  wires  ;  ho  shall  have  my  dv- 
iianio  machine  or  other  generator  of  eloetricity  he  mav 
['refer,  and  all  I  ask  is  that  the  power  of  his  light  shall 
I'e  measured  by  a  photometer ;  that  once  in  ])Inco  it 
dial!  not  he  interfered  with  ;  and  that  a  coiainiftoe  of 
ieiitleiaon,  preferably  nominated  by  the  editors  of  the 
Sow  Aork  press,  shall  be  present  and  certify  to  the 
facts  of  the  test. 

Faitheraiore,  I  will  place  one  of  mv  laiims  side  I.,- 
side  with  Sir  Edison’s;  it  shall  ran  a't  a  power  of  k'l 

1  a  k  uia  at  the  power  of  25  candles ;  my  lamp  to  stand 

as  fast  as  the  preceding  lamp  shall  have  bariied  on 
i  am  anxious  for  this  tost,  and  if  Sir.  Edison  l..,»  r,.,.ll.. 


Complainant's  Exhibit  “  Sawyer's  Herald 
Letter  of  Jan.  6, 1880.”  Jany.  22,  1890. 
S.  M.  H.,  Exr. 


A'oar  remarks  this  morning  were  both  interesting  and 
to  the  point.  \  great  new.spaper,  as  the  Herald  nn- 
donbtedly  is,  should  be  impartial.  I  don’t  know  mneh 
about  the  newspaper  business,  but  I  know  that  mneh. 
In  all  the  timuthat  I  have  been  workiiigat  this  problem  of 
(deetiie  lighting,  I  have  lieen  working  simidy  and  solely 
with  a  view  to  a  gonnino  seientitie  sneee.ss.  I  have 
made  no  inoiioy  out  of  it.  Instead  of  .selling  out  1  have 
increased  my  original  interest  by  .810,000  ;  have  bought 
my  own  stock  from  those  to  whom  1  made  a  gift  of  it 
at  .50  per  cent,  of  its  par  value.  I  think  I  know  enough 
about  this  business  not  to  make  a  very  groat  mistake, 
and  not  risking  my  reputation  bv  any  wild  challenges. 

’I'lie  Herald  is  in  error  in  implying  that  this  is  my  resi¬ 
lience,  and  that  in  consccpioiico  this  is  a  kind  of  a  family 
matter.  I  hnntod  New  York  over  to  find  some  one 
who  would  permit  me  to  use  his  lionse  for  a  ]mblic  ex¬ 
hibition.  As  may  bo  imagined,  it  wits  not  an  easy  thing 
to  do.  Allow  mo  to  correct.  Aly  residence  is  No.  201 
West  Forty-second  street ;  my  oflico  is  No.  7.8.AValker 
street,  my  shop  is  No.  Ml  Elm  street,  the  exhibitorinm 
is  No.  220  AVest  Fifty-fourth  street. 

W.  E.  .S.VWYEII. 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “Dn  Uoncol  La 
Lnmiere  Eleotriqne  Article  No.  2 " 
Feb’y  28,  1 890.  S.  M.  H..  Exr. 


Nil.  1,  lor  .Tniivier,  18S0.,  |)|).  12- 


SOIIE  llEl’LECTIOXS  IX  UEGAIil)  TO  THE 
NEW  LAME  OF  MIL  EDLSOX. 


It  is  not  witlioiit  iistoiiisliiiiunt  tliiit  I  hour  iif  tho 
rre.sh  excheinont  prodnce.l  in  tl.o  linnncinl  nn.rkots  l.v 
^lo.nereil.lilopnfrwhioh  I  reml  in  tho  “  Xo,v  York 
Honihl.  on  tho  sniijoct  of  Mr.  Edison’s  now  hiinn 

vhioli  1.S  tnxod  IIS  n  yroaf  i/woi-erv,  nnd  rognrdod  ns  li 
; . fji--  In  truth,  o.,:  inns;  I.  v 

ost  all  rec'olI(j(?tion  of  tlio  i 

ntel.>  notlmig  new,  ,01  rof-ards  its  principio,  tho  nrtiolo 
oins  inspired  by  a  thought  which  .  ,  1  o  c  s  1,  1 

mod  I»  roforring  to  a  ooimminioatioi,  from  Mr  God 
nrd,  soorotarv  of  tho  Edison  Light  Company  who  a 

-r.s  ir : 

feulu  1  uH  IS  mngmfieont,  hut  tlmt  !t  h  A.  ' 

mcejHion  to  !l,  re,UhU!„„.  ' 

'' liat  astoiiislies  nic  is  Ilif.t  n 
-ms  which  have  come  to  I  .  t,  ^ 

ans  frmu  Menlo  Park,  _pcoplo.shonhlstiS^^^^ 


LodYguino,  Hoiiligninu  and  Saw3cr-Miin, 
not  oven  oiler  tho  ingenious  arrangoment  i 
lamp,  which  prevents  tho  oxtinetion  of  th 
of  tho  rupture  of  tho  ineandcseont  earl . 

In  ISTd  much  noise  had  also  been  madi 
jeet  of  tho  lami)  with  ineiindeseeiit  earhon 
diieed  in  I'nineo  hv  Mr.  KoslofT,  was  tesi 
time  at  Mr.  True's,  laniji  maker,  of 
it  was  ehiimed,  at  that  time,  thal 
iiiioi'  machine  could  illuminate  la 
this  kind ;  hut  in  fact  1  have 
alilo  to  SCO  more  than  two  opemting  at  a  t 
in  eonscipieneo  of  those  discnnihtiircs 
llc^vnier  nnd  IVcrdorinnnn  had  tho  ideal 
efTccts  of  combustion  and  of  the  voltaic  ni 
inenndoseenco,  and,  as  has  been  seen,  t 
inueh  bettor  results.  To-ilay  Mr.  Edis 
backwards,  and  it  is  the  Lodyguine  lai 
resuscitates  iiiidor  a  ditrcreiit  form. 

Instead  of  small  needles  of  retort  car 
their  extremities  in  cubes  of  tho  same  mat 
kind  of  bundle  of  sheets  of  charcoal  ol 
Bristol  cardlxinrd,  .separated  by  a  metal 


•1181 


Ou  Mimi'fl's  Articlo,  Jan.  1,  1880. 


cation  witli  tlio  rlieopliurcs  of  the  circuit  liy  platin 
wires  reinlered,  no  doubt,  less  fusible  by  a  pro( 
which  has  already  been  talke<l  of.*  Tlio  rocoivci 
which  this  system  is  enclosed  is  besides  void  of 
like  that  originally  used  by  ^ronsiciir  Lodyguino. 
is  possible  that  the  arrangement  of  which  wo  have  j 
spoken  may  be  better  than  those  which  have  prcce 
it,  blit  assuredly  it  does  not  con.stitiito  an  iiivontioi 
the  standard  spoken  of  in  tlio  American  papers.  E 
the  idea  of  the  intercalation  of  metallic  bodies  in 
interior  of  the  earbonized  mass,  in  order  to  make  i 
better  conductor  and  more  solid,  is  not  new,  for  it  1 
already  been  realized  by  Messrs.  .labloc’hkoir  i 
Ikelnier. 

It  is  besides  dinioiilt  to  admit  that  this  horse.shoe 
charcoal,  so  slender  and  so  delicate,  does  not  detorior 
by  a  prolonged  incandescenco ;  for  besides  the  calor 
aetion  whiob  tends  to  disaggregat  tl  1 
particles,  a  meclmiiical  action  of  the  current  is  n 
(lueed  which  tends  to  carry  them  off  and  deposit  tl. 

on  he  sides  of  the  receiver,  as  is  noticed  in  the  t.i 
of  Cteissler. 

On  the  other  hand,  this  metallic  tissue  whi 

separates  the  (airbonaceoiis  layers  of  the  incandesc. 
horseshoe,  might  well  be  impaired  by  the  heat  in  t 
long  nin.  thoiigh  it  wera  constituted  of  platinum  wii 
almost  infiisib  e.  In  this,  experience  will  «l„.io  bo  al 
odec.de  and  that  is  why  it  is  prudent  to  rem, 

oo'orrn’i^  1  “>‘»o..neeme, 

-  . 

Amertaf  ■“•'cording  to  tl 

Amc  .can  papers,  constituted  especially  the  suneriori 


Mi  ho  spark  passes  at  a  distance  as  with  the  mota 

the  two  points  of  contact  tl  tl  cl  c  Is 

m,.ch  hrujhler.  If  this  spark  is  sl.o.tc.ed,  it  soc 
on,  at  the  negative  pole,  a  purUclar  „u,l  rw/k 
fng  wind,  may  cnmjmral  to  that  a  mi 

ofdectnr  liylu  issuing  fro...  a  strong  voltaic  bidterv  : 
JS,- moreover,  perfectly  white. 

“  The  retort  carbon  presents  the  same  effects  as  tl 
wood-charcoal,  bid  th,-.y  are  kes  briyht,  it  h  thr  ulnm 
when  the  Uyhl  produed  in  radialiny. 

“  Mithcork  made  conducting  by  inii.ioraing  it 
sulphuric  acid,  or  sheoiiskin  moistened  with  acidiilat 
water,  the  jdwnomcnon  k  Ml  much  more  deve/oned  ni 
’'nwh  more  iatroee  than  with  varbou.  So  himinons 
point  IS  then  obtained  that  it  is  diniciilt  to  look  at  i 
At  the  same  time  the  cork  and  the  sheop.skin  are  ca 
noni^setl  and  burn.” 

At  the  time  when  I  presented  my  luminous  tube  f 
the  illiimimition  of  the  obscure  portions  of  the  Iiiiiin 
Ixxly  to  the  Academy,  jointly  with  Monsieur  Eoi.ss 
gnves  I  had  thoughtof  utilizing  this  illuminating  pro 
orty  of  the  carbonized  vegetable  substances,  and  lu 
IS  what  I  say  about  it  in  the  4tli  edition  of  my  not! 

Pu'ilisliwl  in  ISfifl  (s 

“  Tlio  problem  may  bo  solved  in  two  ways,  either  I 
means  of  the  passage  of  the  induced  current  through 
small  recurred  tube  and  void  of  air,  or  by  means  of  tl 


vatioiis  coiieoiiiiiig  tlio  ilvimmo-electiic  iiiiiuliiiio  of  ti[(i 
Siiiiie  iuveiitor,  wliicli  offei-s  iiotliiii..  ,,nito  new  nu,!  o 
the  subject  of  «  I,ich  theories  have  Wen  ju.t  forth  whiel, 
.f  they^re  true  wouhl  u.odify  the  so  well-estnhlisl.e.l 
laws  of  Ohm  ami  of  Joule,  theories  which,  besides  dis¬ 
agree  with  a  1  the  experiiueuts  luade  with  the  other 
.uaelnues  I  prefer  to  Irelieve  that  Jfr.  Kdisou  has  uot 
.ocouuted  for  the  uuuiumu.  effects  which  ho  .lescrih  “s 
iml  winch  have,  besides,  been  contested  by  two  well-’ 
known  electricians  of  his  own  country. 

May  I  bo  perniittod,  in  closing,  to  iirotesta-aiusl  tl... 
)ff-humloduoss  with  which  the  .Vinericans  treat  h,. 

iMiiopeaninventioiisiitisl  rll  t  lei  led  t 


Complainanfs  Exhibit.  Engineering  Ar- 
tide  of  January  2.  1880.  S.  M.  H.,  Ex‘r. 


/■ytrad  JrutH  mi  nrliclii  iu  “  ICityiitiKriny,"  of  Jaininry 
mo,  Vol.  XXfX.,j,.  /.I,  n.lllM, 

“TiiK  Bnusii  Ei.KfTiiic  Lir.iir.'' 

More  than  a  year  has  passed  by  since  the  scientilie 
world  wiLs  startled  and  a  panic  struck  into  the  breasts 
of  gas  sharehohlei-s,  by  the  cablegram  announcing  that 
Mr.  Kdisou  had  solveil  the  pioblem  of  the  divi.sibility 
of  the  electric  light  and  that  ho  would  speedily  supply 
such  lights  into  all  households  at  a  cost  f,ar  below  that 
of  gas  IhithiisnLsLs  in  his  rare  invenlive  faculty  were 
dispo.sed  to  believe  this  iiiiiiuiinceincnt ;  but  iiioiu  pru¬ 
dent  critics  throw  doubts  on  its  reliability  ;  and  as  time 
went  on  without  bringing  with  it  the  promised  lamp 
the  public  at  large  began  to  bo  sceptical  of  the  allege.l 
iliscovery  ;  and  all  the  sangnilio  coiilidence  of  .Mr.  Jidi- 
son  himself,  and  the  highly  colored  reports  of  Yankee 
correspondeuts,  could  not  shake  the  opinion  which 
gradually  gained  ground  that  he  had  discounted  suc¬ 
cess.  The  coniniiinieation  made  by  him  iliiring  the 
suninier  to  the  American  Association  for  the  Advaiice- 
iiicnt  of  Kcience  on  the  tempering  of  metals  in  vacuo 
however,  showed  that  he  was  still  tighting  manfully 
with  dillieiilties  occasioned  by  the  lack  of.  a  metal  sulli- 
ideiitly  refractory  to  withstand  the  high  temperature 
which  it  is  in)';es.sary  for  his  metal  biiriier  or  “  electro- 
pyre,"  if  we  may  be  ))crinitted  to  coin  a  word, 
to  actpiiro  without  fusing  and  few  who  know 
the  strength  of  his  genius  and  the  resoureus  at  his 
coniinand  will  doubt  that  if  success  can  [lossibly  bo  at¬ 
tained  in  the  line  which  ho  has  chosen,  ho  of  all  other 
living  inventors  is  the  likeliest  to  reach  it.  The  great 
advantage  of  the  incandescent  mode  over  the  arc  is  that 
it  yields  a  softer  and  steadier  light,  in  fact,  a  light  as 
nearly  perfect  as  any  light  need  be.  But  this  advantage 
is  more  than  counterbalancod  bv’  the  extra  cost  of  pro- 


iietion.  Mr.  E(li.son,  it  is  iiiiilorstood,  liiis  nt  liust  iip- 
iroiiclied  very  near  to,  if  indeed  ho  1ms  not  nchiuTcd,  a 
omiileto  success.  The  latest  information  from  Sfeiilo 
’ark  is  to  the  elfect  that  after  vainly  ransacking  the 
rorld  ill  quest  of  |ilntinuin-iridium  in  quantity,  ho  has 
liscovered  in  a  sheet  of  stout  drawing  pajiur  all  that  he 
ciiuires.  Not  the  bowels  of  the  earth  nor  the  inctal- 
urgist,  but  the  desk  at  his  hand  and  the  paper-nniker 
s  to  bo  his  friend  after  all.  Mr.  Eilison  takes  a  strip 
)f  the  c.artridgc-iiapi^r,  cuts  out  of  it  a  small  slip  in  the 
lattern  of  a  horseshoe,  bakes  it  in  an  iron  niotild,  puts 
I  inside  a  glass  globe,  from  whieb  be  exbaiists  the  air 
;o  one-millionth  of  an  atniosphere  by  means  of  a  Spreii- 
jcl  pump  with  a  JIcEeod  gauge,  and  having  provided 
the  requisite  wires  for  the  transmission  of  the  electric 
current,  ho  sends  tho  electricity  through  tho  charred 
paper,  and  behold  1  it  glows  with  a  soft  and  brilliant 
light.  The  lamp  may  bo  hung  tip  anywhoro  and  the 
light  will  biko  caro  of  itself.  It  is  to  cost  only  a  shil¬ 
ling  (twonty-fivo  cents),  and  Sir.  Edison  intended  to 
celebrate  the  advent  of  the  new  year,  and  his  own  vic¬ 
tory  over  tho  jiowcrs  of  darkness,  by  illntninating  the 
village  of  Slonlo  Park  on  Now  I'oar's  Eve  with  800 
lamps.  Eixty  lights  have  been  burning  for  some 
weeks  in  Mr.  Edison's  laboratory,  and  the  "Times" 
corrcsjiondcnt  reports  that  he  has  scon  them  and 
believes  them  to  bo  a  complete  substitute  for  gas. 
Each  individual  lamp  gives  a  light  of  10  candles, 
equal  to  one  first-cliLss  gas-jet;  tho  rc.sistniico  of  the 
carbon  and  connoctioiis  being  100  ohms.  Light  is 
turned  on  or  off  with  tho  saiiio  ease  as  gins  is,  while  the 
current  cun  be  transmitted  through  a  wire  its  small  as 
No.  80.  A  central  regulator  is  used  to  inaintaiii  an 
even  current  from  tho  gonomtor  to  the  lamps,  while  tho  ' 
amount  of  electricity  used  by  each  consumer  is  meas¬ 
ured  by  meters.  Mr.  Edison  is  said  to  find  that  tho 
bast  generators  are  those  of  five  to  seven  horse-imwer, 
each  horse-power  being  able  to  feed  eight  lamps.  As 
regards  the  cost  of  light  he  avers  that  three  pounds  of 
coal  lus  fuel  will  supply  eight  to  ten  lamps  for  an  hour. 
Tho  light  itself  is  said  to  be  bright  and  clear  but  luel- 


and  available  for  at  least  every  pnrjioso  to  which  gn 
light  is  n])plicd.  Wo  can  of  course  understand  how 
slip  of  carbonized  paiier  can  be  made  to  produce  ; 
excellent  electric  light  in  this  way ;  but  until  fiirth 
experience  has  shomi  that  tho  slii’i  will  endure  witho 
disintegrating  it  would  bo  premature  to  congratula 
5Ir.  Edison  on  his  undoubted  success. 


Complainant's  Exhibit  “  En^neoring " 
Article  of  January  9,  1880.  S.  M. 


bilitorinl  [irofiicu  from  an  article  in  “  Knginoering,'' 
.Tannary  !Uh,  1880,  p.  37.  Under  the  heading; 

“  Almost  the  whole  civilized  world  appears  to  U 
waiting  with  feverish  anxiety  for  fall  details  and  eon. 
Iirmation  of  Prof.  Edison's  latest  discovery  in  electrli 
lighting.  If  ho  had  indeed  arrived  at  the  solntioi 
claimed,  and  has  produced  a  domestic  light  free  fron 
the  disadvantages  hitherto  attendant  on  electric  illnmi 
nation  and  tho.se  which  are  inseparable  from  gas ;  i 
light  at  the  same  time  cheap  in  production,  eulirub 
under  control,  capable  of  regulation  and  re(iniring  ni 
special  ninnagemont;  it  is  certain  that  for  the  firs 
time  since  the  problem  of  electric  lighting  hius  beei 
studied  that  gas  has  found  a  dangerous  rival.  Pendin' 
precise  and  technical  information  on  this  all-importani 
snbject,  we  are  compclleii  to  content  ourselves  with  tin 
inoro  published  noti(!es  of  American  jonmals.  IVo  be 
Hove  that  the  following  description,  taken  from  tin 
“New  York  Herald,"  is  the  most  complete  that  lias  ve 
aiipoared.”  Hero  follows  a  copy  of  the  ‘‘Xew  Yorl 
Herald  ”  article  of  December  ‘list.  1S7<I 


uprovemcnis 
[cam  was  four 
'!)••  In  1862  p 
lamp  into  a 
Brazil  tried  tl 
this  failed  to 

■ntionofthcG 

itrtimciit  fully 
(or  yeais  in  tl 
>ity)  at  last  U! 


j;£>/SO,VS  ELECTRIC 


went  to  England,  and  touches 
for  the  use  of  platinum,  the  elec 
■cady  cmployeil  m  habora-  the  Icvi 
Ithotigh  it  had  never  been  lamo. 


£DJSO^''S  ELECTRIC  LIGHT. 


ctmncnt  liaiiking- 
&  Co.  I)cing  ihc 
$100,000  in  cash 

M^/'cSn  a 

unhan)pcrc<l  by 
(Icccssors.  He  h: 
light.  He  took  h 
u.sual  clear-headed 
solving  a  iirnhleir 

Mr.  E(ll'o“"saw' 

the  two" 
soon  discarded  tl 
ccived  that  from 

upon  the  destruc 
also  that  it  preser 
thewayofsubdivis 
in  conquering  the  I 
abled  to  produce  si 


Complainant's  Exhibit  ••  Nature  PubUca- 
tion  of  February  12.  1880."  Feby.  28. 

1890.  S.  M.  H.  Exr. 

"  N.mni;.”  Voi..  -Jl.  ii’. 

IjoiiiIoii.  ri'lMu.irv  I'J.  I.SSI). 

Ivlitoriiil. 

KUI.SOX  AND  THK  KMICTKIC  MCIIT. 

.^[r.  hilisuii  lias  micu  iiion-  l•l>tnu  fonvnnl  witli  an 
tric  lamp,  wliicli  wo  aro  assiiroil  siilvos  tlio  pmlilom  of 
tlio  ceumimic  sulHliviKioii  of  the  oloctrio  lioht.  Wo  liavo 
lioar.l  tills  statomoiit  so  inaiiv  times  witli  rospoet  to  on., 
form  or  other  of  lamp  ileviseil  liv  this  most  iiiooiiioiis  aiul 
imlufatif'iihlo  inventor,  oaeh  of  which  in  turn  has  como 
to  no  taiif’ihlu  result,  that  it  linc.imus  lianlor  Ilian  over 
to  trust  to  the  rash  annonnoumeiits  tlonrishoil  so 
airilv  hv  the  newspaimr  press  on  hnth  siilos  of  the 
.Atlantic. 

AVimt  is  then  the  iiatnro  of  the  invention  thus  her- 
nhleil  before  the  world  y  Ifcoardeil  ipiietlv.  and  without 
prejudice,  from  a  scientilic  standpoint,  what  is  the  value 
of  the  discoveries  which  can  thus  play  havoc  on  the 
Stock  Kxchan^e  ? 

.A  recent  iinmber  of  the  "  AV'ir  York  //rnihl"  con¬ 
tained  a  long  and  debiilod  history  of  ICdison’s  exjicri- 
ments  on  electric  lighting,  from  which  the  following  de- 
soription  of  the  new  lamp  is  taken  : 

“  With  a  suitable  pnneh  there  is  cut  from  a  piece  of 
‘  Bristol '  cardboail  a  strip  of  the  same  in  the  form  of  a 
miniature  horseshoe,  about  two  inches  in  length  and  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  in  width.  .A  nnniber  of  tho.se  strips 
aro  laid  Ihitwiso  in  a  wrought  iron  monld  about  the  size 
of  the  hand,  and  separated  from  each  other  by  tissue 
pa])or.  The  mould  is  then  covered  and  ]ihiced  in  an 
oven,  wliore  it  is  gradually  raised  to  a  temperature  of 
about  six  hundred  degrees  Fahrenheit.  This  allows  the 
volatile  portions  of  the  paper  to  pass  away.  The  mould 
is  then  placed  in  the  furnace  and  heated  almost  to  a 
white  heat,  and  then  removed  and  allowed  to  cool  grad- 


l)e  taken  out  with  the  greatest  eare.  else  it  will  fall  t( 
ineees.  After  being  reinovcl  from  the  inouhl  it  i 
placed  in  a  little  globe  ami  attachcl  to  the  wires  lead 
mg  to  the  generating  maehine.  The  ghd.e  is  then  con 
nected  with  an  air-pnmp,  and  the  latter  is  at  once  sc 
to  work  extracting  the  air.  After  the  air  has  l)oen  ox 
b  acted  the  globe  is  scale, I,  ami  the  lamp  is  ready  for  nse 

mor'etlln  hrnT'T*’^""*"^ 

Sincethedate'ofthisarth,leapa,,er  has  seen  pnb. 
l.sho.l  in  “&1-, Mnnihhi  J/„„, for  Febrnno' 
'vr.tt.in  by  Jlr.  Upton  (“  Mr.  Blison's  malhenmtieian  " 
butat  e-stedby  Mr.  Edison’s  signature  as  the  -lind 
correct  an. Unthoritative  nceoimt”  of  the  invention 

Sat." 

AVe  fear  Mr.  Edison  is  thirty-tivo  vents  behind  the 

'peeially  dwells  on  the  a.lvatlage  ’  of  I  e  T" 

^hese  lamps  and  that  now  brought  forward  is  that  Edi" 

:osso.;  thS  r  :"i 

atervioweis,  for  these’  aeeouiti.  we'‘2!°o"'t“"C'‘ 
on  cannot  be  held  responsible.  Af  v 


lnnmg-f.,rk  which  sh.ml.I  b.-  vibra 
The  friction  and  waste  .if  pow.w 
tation  was  to  be  completely  ab.di 
"  the  machine  was  not  praeti.-nl  < 
In  .ilher  w.ir.ls,  it  was  a  h.ip,de.ss 
sign,  wr.ing  in  principle,  nsefiil  .1 
singularly  .I.'V.iid  of  s.mmi  s.dunti 
practical  man  may  lav  The  next 
inean.Iescent  ni.'tallie  stri]i  give  lij 
it  t.i  commnni.-nte  its  limit,  eith.'r 
intervmition  .if  retleet.irs,  t.i  a  pie. 
Tin-  fusible  nature  of  |ilatinum,  I 
efforts,  and  he  proimse.l  oxponsi 
an.l  .isniium,  only  to  tin. I,  what  a 
indandescent  m.'tals  Im.l  I.ing  kii 
constant  .lisintegrati.in  going  .in 
eunsei|iient  waste.  Mr.  K.li.son  ili 
evi'ry  stu.Iontof  the  theory  of  ele. 
pie  and  obvious  eoneliision  from 
'•  that  economy  in  the  iiroduction 
ile.sconce  domanded  that  the  inc 
Hhoul.l  offer  a  very  great  resistane 
the  electric  current."  Forthwith  tl 
iridium  ami  indiu-osminni  wore  tl 
l>on  filament  prepared  from  charre 
"as  adopted.  It  will  lie  ilillicult  t 
the  fragile  horseshoe  paper  cindei 
^ration  better  than  the  carbon  use 
by  doxens  of  other  exnermientors 


It,  luiil  ill  two  nilininilili.- 
iow  of  tliu  Imltury  of  rami 
iiitml  station,"  tliu  iiatiin 


■  "f  ““'-ore.. 

t’liis  lave-  of  ir’oM  resL i.b  .s 

Id  in  tlin  ,.r,  .  m  II  kiml  of  waj 

k  10  oi  '■■itcl.inc. 

siron  0,1-^?,  ^  '  I'"’  "“iwlniit  r„nu. 

. . 

lino  'Mr  F.ti  fccoivos  from  tlie 

CO  of  the 

I'oed  of  lovolutiou"*!-'''  oo"s>nnt  (luantity 
“ 

cofteut  genemted.  Tl.is  e,n  n  r“i"  ‘ 


sistonirios  in  tlio  7V//i.w  i 
>n  Kilison’s  oivn  data,  idiaii 
-fortiotli  of  tlio  price  of  gai 
itlis  as  iniicli,  or  alioiit  tliir 
'/'iiiiuk  eorrosjiondent  ilecla 
lamp  itself,  witli  its  niiefiil 
I>i>er,  its  glass  glolm  oxliai 
itinospliere,  and  its  platiii 
loss  we  do  not  know  where 
inytliing  like  the  cost  of  a 
ho  transmitted  on  wire  ils  i 
ic*  reporter,  who,  prohahl^' 
itance  of  a  yard  of  sneli  « 
,  avoids  saying  wliat  long 
!•  With  a  generating  inacl 
,  perhaps  a  half-mile  awav,' 


'Vitli  a  Iraly  scientilic  spirit.  tl,e  soionlifia  ina 

ami  the  myentor  part  rompaiiy.  siiK-o  tl...  habits  of  ae 
mirato  thinking  ami  tlm  imee.s,sarv  camlor  of  tin-  seirm 
hhu  inotho,!  pnmlmh.  tho  truly  scicntifie  man  froi, 
Ignoring,  oven  for  the  sake  of  scientilie  iliseoverv,  tha 
"hich  IS  alre.aily  a  part  of  seieiitifie  truth.  We  are  do 

that  if  !  •  1  v  -'f  'l*«  inventor,  not  t. 

that  of  the  .seientihe  thinker,  that  he  aspires 

seiJiinrnmlf  .I.Le'i;;;,  llj 

"St 

tlm  iiiiprineipled  siieeiilatorl  .  ■'■‘ovfnroiicu  of 

‘Vill  ho  in  spite  of  tl...  r  •  ®  'iltiia.itoly,  it 

-■■'ttlmhanger.s.onofti:Xr^^rk",:e‘^^^^ 


Complainant's  Exhibit  *•  Engineer  ”  Arti 
olo  of  February  13,  1880.  S.  M.  H 
Exr. 


Kxtraets  from  “The  Kngi . .  K.l.niary  IH,  ISSO 

p.  120.  rml.'r  the  hea.ling  : 

“Mil.  Ki.ison  ..X  Ki.r.-nm-  |,i,i„r." 


"  Kither,  ns  ive  hav.r  sai.l,  Mr.  K.lison  ami  .Mr.  l'pt.>i 
know  little  or  nothing  of  el.'ctrie  lighting  or  .•Ise  ihei 
have  put  forward  stat.'inents  whieh  are  in  a.lvane..  o 

faet.s,  1111.1  that  knowingly  amt  of  set  pnrpos..."  *  ♦ 

"  lint  he  iind.'rstands  s.i  little  th.>  (pi.'stions  inv.ilv.'.l  it 
tlm  prmliietion  of  theeleetric  light  that  he  has  faih.il  t. 
N'O  the  cmseipieiiees  which  must  .  nsii..  from  the  fm.i 
that  if  the  resistanee  1..*  iimreas.sl,  tlm  pow(*r  must  In 
iiieroascd  also." 

"  Me  have  said  nothing  of  .Mr.  Kdison's  .seti.'ines  f.a 
lighting  towns  from  central  .stations,  as  set  f.irtli  l.v 
Mr.  Upton.  •  It  is  propo.se.l,'  he  .s,iy.s,  ‘  to  estal.lisii 
oieli  stations  in  the  course  of  a  few  months  in  the 
lieart  of  several  of  oiir  large  cities.  TIm.s..  will  supply 
lenses  for  ipiito  a  distaime  aroiin.l  tlmni :  101)11  horse- 
lower  is  thought  to  he  siilliciunt  anioiint  for  a  unit,  and 
die  stations  will  bo  at  such  distanei«  from  one  niioth.T 
hat  each  district  will  reipiire  about  this  ainonnt.  Th.- 
nigiims  will  bo  divided  into  four  groups  of  2")()  horse- 
lowor  each,  with  a  spare  one  in  eaeli  station  of  the 
laiiie  power.’  .Seeing  that  five  liglits  would  rispiin- 
'lie  horse-power  indicated,  and  that  twenty  lli-.’iin- 
lle  biiriiers  per  horse  is  certainty  not  a  high  aviM-- 
ig",  it  is  evident  that  engines  of  lOOO  horse-power 
■Oiild  not  supply  more  than  200  hoiise.s,  or  say  a  single 
treet  of  very  moderate  dimensions.  Thus  at  every 
urn  the  moniont  Mr.  Upton's  statements  are  siib- 
nitteil  to  the  test  of  ealcnlation  they  break  down  or 
‘ppcar  in  the  light  of  wild  vaticinations,  lianllv  deserv- 


Cotmt  of  £disoii  Iitimp  of  January 
1880."  S.  M.  H..  Zxr. 

•lOUKN’AL  OK  THE  KUAN-KEIX  IX.STITUTI 


(Tliii-,1  Sories.  Vol.  EXXIX.)  |).  M.x 
THE  EDI.SOX  Er.ECTUIC  LIGHT. 
lVoc«liii-s  of  111,.  Moetiii;'  of  the  Iiwtitufe, 


.iiai'kV.'' >>- 
Ml!.  ClUIIIMAN  \Nll  CiPVri  I'Ml'v  I,.  !• 

i.m.i»iiv  I..,;,  ,  .“,1, 

fool  t..s|ieci.illy  well  iiimliliuil  he  leLo,,  f  ^  ^ 

w, ..a  I.., 

to  prcsoiit  a  remiiii/.  fvf  it  i  -  *  ^  1  ark,  nml 

■liscaissedthrsev^ii 
It  Is  seiiroelv  iioeossiirv  for  me  (  .  i  • 
tl>o  problein  wliieh  Mr.  Edison  has  l.eeu  m 
solve  for  the  past  two  year  1  I  »oni  „  t 


Ontcibriilf-e  Artiili-,  Jmii.  -J],  1880. 


romulgiiteil  hv  that  ivlieii  a  |>ie(:«;  of  iiiotal  (a 

H-iro)  is  movoil  butaecMi  tlie  poles  of  a  magnet  (or  cut 
le  field  of  magnetic  force,  is  its  teelmieal  term),  n  |)nlH 
r  electricity  llous  in  one  .lirection  wl.ilo  tlio  «-iro  i 
iider  the  inllnonce  of  the  magnet,  and  returns  in  th 
pposite  ilirectioii  when  it  is  removed  from  the  sphor 
'  attraction. 

The  earlier  forms  of  magnet, -electrical  maehii.c- 
ose  of  Pixii,  Saxton,  Clarke  an.l  others-consiste, 
sontially  of  a  permanent  hors, •shoe  magnet  of  steel  ii 
TOt  of  the  poles  of  which  were  two  l.ol.hins  or  siMmh 
insulated  copper  wire,  wrappcl  in  opposite  direction, 
,  n  soft  iron  core,  an,l  moimtcl  upon  a  horizonhd  axi, 
■Ich  wius  turncl  hy  a  hainlle.  “  When  the  Inddiim 
were  revo  ved,  the  two  spools  I.,,,  ame  nlternatel, 
imignetized  in  contrary  directions  under  the  inllnenc, 
<f  the  magne  ,  .n.,1  in  each  s,m.d  an  indnccl  current 
. '‘-■“■■■‘•'^''•'"■•'->-n«ednteacl, 

m.tad'“  "‘"“'1  ‘I'O  tutor."  was 

•ce,l  to  llmv'^i  '(  enrrcnts  were 

OLtion.  Ihe  earlier  machines  were  onlv  iinulo 
'dnee  f«el>leand  intermittent  pulses  of  eleetricitv  until 
n.-..ssel.H.  cmSiS:! 
•  hit  ,’t  *•  •"  “'111  partially  ruvcaled 

iiinitnl  I'>-"'«i|'l<i«  involvetl  in  the 


>f  tin- Si, ■nn-ns  armature,  in  which  th,'  wiv  , 
|i,-d  hingitinlinally  ,in  an  axis,  insti'.id  ,if  tra 
ly,  as  in  the  hnliiiins. 

cn  ,'am,-  Wihl’s  nnu'liinc.  whi,-li  c,>nd>ini'd  the 
armature  with  a  n,'W  piinciple.  that  ,if  tlm  "  in 
itioii  of  the  cnrn-iit."  Th,-  current  in'lui'e.l  in  i 
lire  is  nseil  to  change  a  large  ii,'hl  magnet  o  lct 
idi,  t>ctw,'eii  the  poles  of  which  a  larg,'  .Sii'in. 
lire  was  revolved  at  the  rate  of  l.TlIII  revohiti, 

ct  ,•01110  Liihl's  in,)diti,'ation,  in  which  two  S 
armatiinis  were  ns,',l,  tiinl  the  pi'rinanent  inagn 
ilisp,"nse,l  with  alt,,g,'th,'r.  Mr.  I.aiM  found  tl 
large  (doctro-tnagnet  was  once  charge, 1  with  ,•! 
•  fniiii  a  hattery  ,ir  ,itlier  .source,  sntlicient  r-'siil 
•tism  remaiiie,l  ever  aftenvanls  in  the  .soft  ii 
to  act  np,in  tlm  armature  ainl  pro, luce  a  f,',' 


ng  lip,  as  it  were,  of  snccessiv,'  wi'ak  iinpiils,'s. 
ler  iniprovomuiits  liavi-  fiillow,',!  rapiilly.  sni'h 
ift  iron  ring  armatnru  of  tiramnio,  the  nioilitii 
of  Wallace  and  Farmer,  the  IJrnsh  niachiii,',  a 
in  point  of  time,  perhaps,  is  the  machine  of  L’r, 
son  and  Houston,  the  patent  speciticatioiis 
wore  piihlislie,!  within  a  few  days  past. 

V  wu  coino,  intelligently  I  hope,  to  view  the  n 
in  Mr.  Edison's  lahoratorv.  which  is  the  foniiti 


ictioii,  uitli  Sifvneiis)  rovolvoi  in  tlio  cvlindricnl 
lotncen  the  cast  iron  blocks  at  about  500  rovolii 
or  minute  ;  there  is  the  usual  cominntnting  axle" 
npper  wire  brushes  for  drawing  off  the  oloclricitv. 

field  iiiagutjt  is  "  charged "  from  a  separate 
lie,  and  the  aniouiit  of  electricity  jioiirod  into  it 
Is  u|ion  the  amount  of  electricity  re(|uirod  in  the 
iiie.  This  is  ingeniously  and  IsMintifnliy  accoinp- 
as  follows  : 

illecting  galvonometer  is  placed  in  tlio  main  cir- 
nd  a  small  fraction  of  the  current  is  contimmlly 
g  into  it,  the  amount  of  deflection  of  the  needle 
road  by  the  varyiii!.'  position  of  a  ,s|H>t  of  light 
ling  over  a  .scale,  as  in  the  siib-nmrine  telegraph 
I.  A  series  of  resistance  coils  are  placed  in  the 
I  circuit  Is'tween  the  charging  machine  and  the 
nagnet  of  the  generator  proper,  and  a  boy  who 
es  the  record  on  the  scale  cuts  oat  or  adds  rosist- 
ly  turning  a  little  wheel,  thereby  increasing  oi 
ising  the  How  of  electricity  into  the  Held  magnets, 
Jllocting  the  How  on  the  main  line  just  siiHiciontly 
ng  the  spot  of  light  back  to  its  normal  position, 

I  dram  on  the  main  conduit  is  increase<l  by  turning 
)«!  lights,  the  galvonometer  indicates  the  fad 
itly,  the  boy  in  charge  ]ionrs  more  electricity  iutr 
uld  magnet,  the  armature  develops  more  current 
ho  engine  burns  more  coal  by  reiuson  of  the  addi 
•  ‘  1  I  iwer  reipiired  to  Im  converted  int< 

loiial  electrical  power.  If  we  now  look  at  tin 
^'vewill  Hnd  that  they  are  very  simple  in  cen 
boil.  Ihere  is  a  small  glass  bulb,  into  the  nod 
l  eh  IS  introduced  a  small  bulb,  containing  twe 
i  wires,  iHTmotiwiIlysealciljauil  torininutiiiK 
lamp  in  two  little  mebd  clips  which  hold  tin 
to  hereshoe-shaped  lilam,  at  of  c  irbon.rod  pape 
'1  ^d.licib  Ido  not  111.  an  fragile,  for  Vcsi 
CO,  due  O..S  are  woiuh.rfully  tough  and  elastic,  as 
by  twisting  and  breaking  several  which  Mi 


Menlo  Park  will  bo  found  orpial  for  g 
purposes  to  an  ordinarily  good  gas  h 
from  the  best  laniiis  is  certainly  ver' 
I'mk  at  U,  but  the  simplest  test  of 
power  is  to  turn  your  back  upon  the 
look  at  the  space  brightened  by  ii 
trial  I  found  to  bo  an  effective  check 
.uithiisiasm  in  regard  to  the  ilhiintim 
light  as  compared  with  a  gooil  gas  hi 
eace  in  this  respect  between  the  orili 
the  carbon  horseshoe  light  seems  to 
expro.s.so<l  in  the  vulgar  phnuso,  that 
IS  “  too  thin,”  1.  e.,  while  the  light  fro 
proceeds  from  a  moderate,  large  (pii 
liiminons  particles  of  carbon,  the  ligh 
liorsjshoo  proceeds  from  n  veru  lh!n  / 


It  iippcirs  to  mo  limt  Mr.  E,li.soii.  «l,iIo  ii.sing  tlio 
same  matorials  ami  similar  ajiparatiis  to  that  of  liis 
inuilcoessoi-s,  has  in  point  of  fact  inailu  (piito  a  now  cit- 
partnro  in  tl.o  emplo^-niont  of  a  now  form  of  a  familiar 
material  which  thus  on'ore,  hi  a  shurt  circuit,  an  onor- 
mons  rosi.stanco  ( 100  ohms)  in  conjunction  with  a  otirront 
of  sniliciontly  hifth  tension  to  overcome  that  resistance 
with  the  smalle.stpo.ssihle  sacrilice  of  jiowur,  thus  roallv 
.liscoverin}-  a  now  path  thronj-h  a  fichl  which  hml  al’- 
ready  been  prospcctc.I  by  nnmorons  explorors.  Whether 
tins  “  lead  "  reveal  a  mine  or  jirovc  to  lie  a  mere  i,j„„, 
fiiltiiig  I  will  not  veiitiiro  to  project. 

The  secretary,  e.vhibitint;  one  of  Mr.  Udison's  lamps 
(.sent  to  the  institute  by  Mr.  .\ddison  U.  lJurk),  called 
Upon  tiui  luttor  for  a  fow  roniarks. 

1  ‘I'  l>«  feured  ho  could 

add  little  to  the  admirably  clear  description  of  tlio  lamp 
muUeneiiitor  given  by  Mr.  Oi.terbridge.  Having 
o!  11  ?  vr‘‘'"o  1‘0'vover,  ho  could 

■*'»'  •iortainly  produced  a  lamp 

IIlre’o^iL  ’ 

of  dnr.oT'  “M-nmentiiig  with  lamps 

■cst  .suited  for  his  piirposes.  .\s  a  result,  some  of  the 
I'»«ps  now  e.vhibited  give  forth  a  light  ninel.  below,  t be 


Outerbridge  .Vr-tielo,  .Jan.  21,  1880. 


■1210 


Imt  in  lamps  of  low  resisbinee,  where  the  carbon  is 

oca«,."liV  ‘fi  ™--coof  the  light  disap- 

pears  and  the  globe  appeal's  as  a  ball  of  lire. 

tlnlt'ti  r""™  ‘'■"•'b'l-t 

that  the  dimness  of  two  lights  near  the  station 

foiled  by  Mr.  Outerbridge,  was  due  to  their  diLtan^m 
from  tho  goiiemtoi*s.  ^ 

Mr.  Uurk"  plied  that  h.  thought  the  distance  from 
the  gonoi-a  or  had  nothing  to  do  with  it,  but  that  these 
f««i«tHnce.  Within  a  few 
V.rds  of  the  lamps  at  the  entnince  to  the  park,  there  is 

soirof'ir'l  •'  “T  UP‘<>»’.S  parlor 

some  of  the  lamps  close  to  the  generator  are  no  better 
timn  lamps  at  a  disbinee.  .Afr.  Hark  lias  siiicv  mscor 

wartha  n 

coiidiictora  too  small  for  tlio  purpose.  >  c  In  t  1 
Joeii  laid,  and  tlio  most  distant  lamps  . . .  -is 

IrigUm  the™  of  the  same  resistance  els  1  r  tie 

III  answer  to  other  qnostions  Mr.  IJnrk  said  that 
nmny  dillicultios  had  been  met  with  in  the  manufactnre 
of  the  amps.  .\  record  is  kept  of  the  life  and  death 
o  each  lamp,  and  inquest  held  whenever  a  lamp  fails. 
Mr.  Edison  was  recently  reported  to  have  said  that  ■>!> 
per  cent,  of  tho  Innii.s  failed.  Mr.  Uurk,  from  his  hastv 
oxamiuatioii  of  tho  records,  judged  that  there  had  been 
fully  that  many  failures  with  lamps,  actually  put  on 
uruiit,  while  there  wore  very  many  lamps  that  never 
fcot  beyond  some  one  or  other  of  tho  stages  of  maim 
facture.  The  causes  of  failure  were  numerous.  Some 
of  the  lamps  exploded  or  collapsed,  iirobablv  because 
t  hey  were  not  strong  enough  to  withsbiiid  tho  air'  pressure. 

In  others,  the  inner  bulb  cracked  after  the  lamp  was 
lighted.  Mr.  Burk  had  watched  the  bovs  puttiic'  the 
platinum  wires  thi-oiigh  the  inner  bulb.s;  and  h.«r  no¬ 
ticed  that  sometimes  when  tho  direction  of  tho  wires  did 
not  suit  them  they  would  bend  them  over,  thus  proba- 
>ly  putting  tho  glass  iiiidor  straiii.  AVhen  heated  under 
Mich  conditious,  cracking  might  bo  anticipated.  This 
“ccident  had  occurred  to  tho  lamp  shown  at  the  Institute, 


H-'III  i:iirt.s  of  the  carl .  Iiorsi'slioo.  One  of  these  h 

•on  examine,]  l,y  Mn  IJ.irk  iimler  the  niicroseopo. 

>  not  appear  very  ditrerent  from  the  carlioiii;'e(I  par 
■fore  heiiio  made  iiii-aiideseent,  Imt  liad  a  higher  In 
I  «ius  more  metallic-looking.  There  was  nnoth 
ipi’osed  source  of  failure,  ami  that  was  the  leakaeo 
r  through  th,.  top  of  the  hull.,  where  it  is  seal., 
r.  Kd.so»  ha.l  uote,l  the  fact  that  a  much  larger  p. 
-'W  of  the  heaps  set  iu  fixtures  failed  tie.u 
"Se  hung  U|,s.de  ,lowu  from  wires.  Ho  thorefo 
."'“■"e-l  the  .seal,  aud  «...w,  or  thought  he  saw, 
Imitecnuk.  He  thou  examine, 1  some  of  his  vacmi 
mmtus,  similarly  seale.l,  aa.l  f.aiial  a  similar  sii, 
SL  d<.fect.  Mr.  hdrsoii  calls  all  difliculties  “  bugs 

i  m'tl  r'"r  l''>ni«  I'v  mloptiiig 

uUhod  of  Muhiig.  (.'oaceiviug  that  the  difficult 

■de  l  h.  ,'l  '•Heiiiim,  he  tin 

S",:,'  t  '-r . .  «”■  °-i  z™3,;r“ 

!'  V' 

-•1111111.  '’“Xtrov  tie 

“Sl.t«  fur 

*  i^t.  Mr  Biirlf  H  1°^^  *^**”‘^  "*  practice  to  t 
ne  of  them  hm  a  ‘"’1'“'“  -o  doubt  tlia 

I'er.  Ho  had  seen 

■>-vs,,aper.s,  w  c"  ‘'-o-ti-f 

^oortuialyuo  dffiic!  t  ''"noo  this  point.  Ther, 
tl*  "  light  much  greater  tl'nm’f ‘'l" 
had  been  tiiruld  o 


(hit.'rl, ridge  Article,  .Jan.  21,  1880.  .1221 

lurgo  rooni  much  better  than  the  .speaker  ha.l  seen  simi- 
111  rooms  in  I’hila  lelphia  light.,, 1  by  three  g,„  jets 
I3u  he  bcsteyideuce  that  the  light  w,ns  a  fair  e,„iv  : 
lent  for  that  of  gas  was  to  be  foimd  i„  the  fact  (hat 
SLcpties  yisited  .Alenlo  Park  ami  came  away  lefiisiiio  to 
boheye  that  the  lamps  had  sufficient  illiimiaating  power 
to  take  the  place  of  gas,  ami  yet  the,se  .same  .sceptics 
would  admit,  on  eioss-examiimtioa,  that  they  Inullt.-n 
tlmirsuppei-s  at  .Mrs.  .Iordan’s,  at  .Menlo  Park,  with- 
oiit  noticing  that  the  .lining  room  was  lighte.l  with  two 
of  I'alison  s  lamps! 

It  is  well  known  that  the  yoltaie  arc  lamps,  oiyimr  a 
light  of  say  -  000  candles,  cannot  take  the  |dace  of  gas 
jets  luiMiig  the  same  camllo  power  iu  the  aggregate. 
The  speaker  doubte.l  whether  these  large  lamps  wouhl 
replace  more  than  one-third  of  their  candle  power  in 
Wus  jets  xyell  distributed.  Mr.  Edison  claims  that. 
«hilo  he  may  lo.su  by  a  division  of  the  current  iu  the 
aggregate  eandh,  power  obtained  from  a  generator,  h.- 
gams  on  the  other  haml  by  the  .listribiition  of  his 
Hmullnr  )jglit8. 

Prof.  Elihn  Thomson  said  ; 

Tliore  seems  to  be  little  .loubt  that  an  incamle.scent 
electi-m  lamp  of  1  o  1  rate  [  ti  i  s  a  mechanical 
possibiliy.  Whether  the  lamp  in  question  answers  all 
tl-  I  nr  cuts  in  this  ca.se  is,  of  conisie.  for  the  future 
to  detoriniiie.  It  wouhl  seeiii,  indeed,  that  a  consiilera- 
tioii  of  facts  long  in  the  po.ssessioii  of  electricians  and 
others  iioints  to  the  eoiistrnetion  of  a  practically  per- 
niaiient  incandescent  lamp  as  a  possibility. 

The  earlier  lamps  were  short-liyed ;  tho.se  succeeding 
wore  more  lasting.  The  element  of  iiermaneiicv  .seemed 
to  have  been  gradually  introduced,  and  the  re.snlts 
chinned  by  .Mr.  Ellison  point  in  the  same  direction. 
Whether  any  new  tlopartiirus  have  yet  to  be  taken  to 
scciii-e  a  practical  enduring  lamp  cannot  jis  yet  be  d.'- 
termiiiod. 

riie  sbitemeiit  lavs  been  made  and  repeated,  that  Mr. 
tdison  wivs  able  to  /un,  the  full  current  of  one  of  his 
geiionitoi's  on  a  single  lamp  without  destroying  it. 

Ibis  is  altogether  an  erroneous  idea.  The  statement 


!  liL'Uii  Hint  he  wiw  iilile  to  lake  af  nil  the 
)iie  fi'oin  his  iimeliiiie,  Iweniisu  from  the  re- 
ereil  liy  this  roiimiiiiiij.  lump  only  such  cur- 
llo'v  Ilin.UKh  It  lus  its  cmulitcling  pone, 

|>  was  nhio  to  stami  the  whole  olectro-inotiv. 

maelnne,  hut  not  the  whole  current.  I, 
s,  the  Keiiemtor,  with  n  single  Inmp  iu  ih 
I  not  more  enrrent  timn  the  himi 

V  stami. 

.  In.wever,  one  phn.se  of  this  subject  that  i 
t  IS  success  or  failure  to  lighting  by  iucnu 
I->oes  it  pay  ?  Can  it  competo  with  gas 
competiliou  gas  is  to  be  regarded  under  it 
nib  «  aspects,  when  most  of  the  leakages  nr 
mid  and  not  alsive.  hilisou  gets  eight  of  hi 
liorse-power ;  but  those  who  have  not  give 
to  the  subject  will  say  :  but  when  all  the  iu 
S  are  made,  may  not  sijcteou  [lor  horse-powi 
■  \e.sayno;  it  is  im|>os8iblu  to  obtni 
,  Its  Oi  e,,ual  power  to  the  eight,  oven  with  tl; 
"“•■M  and  under  the  most  favorable  com! 
reiLsoii  IS  tlml  tli«  heat  eutiry^-  given  out  i 
ainiis  as  at  present  used,  nearly  equals 
itr,  and  we  cannot  recover  iu  the  lights  mo: 

isre^vS.’  ' 

comes  the  question,  assuming  eight  lights  d 
"er  attainable,  what  is  tl,,.?..  ^  ii'  ' 

‘h  lielil  ,1 .  .1 

>0  In l  e  e.  ‘"ff* 

sti  k  1  '  Parkmn 

orimecui.ll  c-omparativo  feobleuei 

;‘'“^o'thghts80caTdKo; 

■III V  desirmi  cal' n  course  incandesce 

-‘-a  iuSu"* 

pm-  liorse-iiower  Vo.t  o  "“''““a  “ 

*  «nsih*  possible 


bon  has  lowered  the  prices  consiilendilv.  There  see.  ! 
nnlocd,  to  be  two  lields  of  usefulness  ?or  elellirSt 

‘•-.relight  is  a  deilioustraM^::^ 

ne.ss  IS  a  ■'ecommendation. 

.Second.  Illuniiuation  of  small  .ip-s  --s  =■  ho.,s 
ligliting,  to  uhich  lighting  by  iiicandesceiice  woiih' 
sctin  to  be  peculiarly  adapted,  but  the  success  o 
winch  rests  on  the  permniioney  of  the  lamp  ami  tl..' 
ocotiomy  of  power  consu.ne.l,  Imth  ...atte.x  Jhich  !.•  v 
not  as  yet  been  sullicioutly  deterniined. 

Irof.  Itobert  E.  Hogors  ha.l  noticed  ,it  Menlo  Park 

he”  'iMm"- “  r  '*l>l».r..tii.s  for  .Ictcrmining 

the  illuniinatiiig  power  of  the  hiinp.s.  His  own  i... 
pressioii  was  that  the  light  did  not  in  a.iv  cese  eieeed 
one-hidf  that  given  by  a  g.us  burner  coiisi’iniiiig  five'^reet 
of  gas  per  hour.  ” 

II  iiiil're.s.s.sioii  similar  to  that  of 

Ii-of.  Hogors.  A  new  lamp  which  had  just  been  put 
HI  oporation  did  nut  eipial  a  5-foot  burner-  niaiiv  f 
the  lamps  were  iiiiioh  below  that  standard.  While 
Jikliig  supper  he  .ltd  not  notice  for  .some  time  that  the 
'I  miiination  w.us  from  electric  lami.s,  one  bei.ig  place.l 

resm?i''T  1“  ‘1'“  f ‘Imt  the  light 
esembled  clo.sely  that  from  gas  or  oil. 

-Mr.  .Sinethurst  was  of  opinion  timt  the  light  had  a 
.i-ea ter  illiiininatiug  power  than  an  or.li.iary  gas  light, 
ml  thought  that  roadiiig  by  it  was  not  a  reliable  test 
•Notes  following  the  foregoing.) 

1-  ^'>1845  an  American  inventor  iiaiiied  .Starr  took 
MU  III  hnglaiid  tlironiili  his  Iviinr  «  /v« 


“A  vn<„u..i  is  |.revi„„slv  ostal.lisli.-.l  i„  t|,o  l.dl,  „,„1 
«ppar»<>.s  venial, ly  f„n„s  „  la.ro, net., r,  .vitl,  o„o  .,f 
i<  l>oe.s  o  the  battery  in  eomin.ii.ieatioii  with  tin- 

olu,anof.„ere.,rya,anhe  other,..,!,  tho  ..on.luotor 
'tothe  V.’"'  M  i’* 

'.■/-if '5 

'""‘p-*-  If  the,-, .for..  ,  ^  I"''*'’'"'*"  "> 

"SO  so  ..Iso  u  i  “f  "“>•  praoticttl 

f 

tPiviie  IConii,  p  lotno,  Loely- 

Sawvei-.  Koiioof  M  and  more  recently, 

Hunt  snceeiss  in  the  ilr, rif"'r  '''-‘"‘-•■>'-‘‘1  «iy  poniin- 

uireninstanees,  and  lioiv  farll  *° 

''•’f>-‘oU  in  their  svl,  f™'"  "“HhoI 

•"It  it  is  evident  that  ^  ‘’“‘‘-•■'"'""-■‘I. 

planted  «ith  devices  and  ‘'“’‘■""g'**.'' 

spring  a  frnitfnl  ‘  •."‘‘‘-■'•fs  from  wliieli  w  ill 


spniig  a  frnitfnl  „  of  I!,:,, 

"11  the  part  of  one  o,-  n  "  "I.o.ild  nny  siicoess 
-ds . t'. the  closely  allied  meth- 


trarerses  ns  many  .vires  a.s  may  be  desire.]"  and  Jv 
senes  of  bght  mngi„g  from  a  nigbt  lamp  t..  a  ligbth. 

is  .velU..o.v„.  a  veryV,ltelril  10^11^^ 

M  .le  Changy.  ..bo  is  a  chemist,  n.echanician  an.l  ph' 
HSt,  ,s  thoroughly  conversant  .vith  th.,  latest  .lisc 
,nes,  an.  has  just  solved  tho  preblem  of  .livi.Iino 
dectrie  bght.  " 

“In  his  laboratory., .-here  he  has  .vorked  alone 
hu  past  SIX  years.  I  sa.v  a  battery  of  t.volve  IJnn 
.lements  producing  a  constant  lumiii.>i,s  ..r-  l-t'  - 
.VO  carbons,  in  a  regulator  of  bis  invention  t 
cgulator  being  tbo  mo.st  simple  and  pei-bjct  I  bav.'  .■ 
eon.  A  dozen  small  minor’s  lamps  .vere  also  in  i 
irouit,  and  be  could,  at  pleasure,  light  .,r  ..xtin.oi 
ithor  on.,  or  the  other,  or  all  tog.,tl„Tr,  .vithont  ,lhn 
ihing  or  iiioreiLsing  tho  intensity  of  the  light  thr..u 
le  extinction  of  the  neighboring  lamps.  The  liiini 
hieb  are  enclosoil  in  hermeticiillv  sealeil  glass  tub. 
•0  intended  for  the  lighting  .,f  mines  in  .vlii.;!,  th.-r.. 
io-ilamp,nnd  for  tho  street  lamps,  .vhich  .vonl.l,  I 
IIS  system,  bo  all  lighte.l  or  put  .mt  at  tho  .sam..  ti, 

I  the  circuits  being  opene.l  or  eh.sed.  The  li.-h’t  is 

Into  and  pure  as  Gillorfsga.s,  .vith  .vhich  it  hius  oi 

lint  in  common,  namely,  its  iiro.luction  by  incamle 
iiuo  of  platinum.  The  gas  pipes  are  roplaeo.l  1 
iiplo  .vires,  and  no  explosions,  bad  .sni..||s  .ir  fir. 

II  take  iilaco. 

‘  Iho  trials  that  have  hitherto  been  made  .vitb  th 
ject  of  ])roducing  electric  light  by  means  of  liejite 
itnium  have  failed  on  account  of  tbc  melting  of  th 
res.  This  dillicnlty  has  been  overcome  by  If.  .1 
aiig.-’s  dividing  regulator.  The  cost  of  tho  light  i 
iiuated  to  bo  half  that  of  mis.  \  ..1„ . lT., 


••xliiiKiilslitsl  mill  relii;lit..,| 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  Barker’s  Xeotnre 
S.  M.  H.,  Ext. 

l-Vnir  York-  HcrM,  -/’/.nr^/ay,  M„rch  Jo,  m0.\ 


Franklin 

Suenti  ic  Soeie  y.  An  Unc.,,nalifie.l  In.loi^e.nnnt  nf 
1  hu  hihson  Lif-lit.  Cheaper  Than  Gas  At  Sixty  Cents 
A  llionsanil  I'eot.  A  Trilnite  To  The  Great  Inventor 
(Hy  Telegraph  To  The  Herahl.i 

PillWliKU’iilA,  March  21,  18H0. 
Professor  Geoige  P.  Parker.  M.  i).,  Professor  of 
lOsies  of  the  LM.x^..s.ty  of  Pennsylvania,  lectnreil 
l>eforo  the  iTunkliii  Seientitie  Society  to-night  on  the 
electric  light.  Great  importance  attaiheil  to  the  lec¬ 
turer  heeanse  of  his  recent  return  from  Jlenlo  I’ark, 
where  ho  hml  been  engaged,  witli  Professoi-s  Voiin- 
Prackott  and  Powland,  in  making  an  exhaustive  series 
of  experiments  with  the  Kdisoi,  electric  Light.  He 
had  repeatedly  declined  to  state  the  result  of  his  visit 
declaring  that  not  until  he  imd  thoroughly  tah.ilated' 
<dl  the  data  in  l.is  po.ssession  would  he  make  the  result 
of  Ins  vi.sit  imhlie. 

After  introducing  the  general  subject  of  electric 
ighting  Profo.ssor  Parker  directed  his  remarks  solely 
to  tdison  8  liglit  in  its  latest  form. 

Pirst,  as  to  the  new  generator,  which  he  pronounced 
a  perfect  success.  “  1  know  all  other  generators,"  said 
the  lecturer,  “  and  Edison’s  is  best  of  all.  With  a  re- 
sistance  of  only  one  ohm  ho  gets  1C  1  units  of  energy. 
Ihe  theory  upon  which  it  is  built  is  exactly  the  revers'e 
of  previous  inventom  of  electrical  generators.  Edison 
mins  at  low  resistance,  but  high  motive  force."  The 
lecturer  then  took  nj)  the  lamp  itself.  “  Careful  experi¬ 
ments  convince  me,"  said  ho,  “  that  the  vacuum  in  the 
■imp  IS  now  within  one  four-millionths  of  a  perfect  ox- 
tiaustion.  The  strictures  regarding  the  exhaustion  are 
oiercly  absurd.  A  long  series  of  experiments  with 


lilire,  forever  settl.'il  in  I’rofussor  Iiarker«  opinion,  llie 
practiail)ilitv of  flat  light.  It  dispostal  of  the  platinnin 
prohleia  and  left  only  one  question  of  economy  to  la- 
c(aisidiTed.  “  I  now  propow  to  show  that  wo  got  onr 
light  energy  (for  there  is  nothing  Is.nght  or  sold  in  this 
world  that  does  not  repri.'sont  energy)  cheaper  through 
electricity  than  gas.  To  calcninte  with  exactness  the 
comparative  nuwits  of  electricity  over  gas,  wo  must  re- 
dnce  it  to  heat.  This  is  done  liy  hnrning  one  of  these 
lamps  innneiscd  in  water.  This’  is  called  the  tost  l.v 
the  cidorimeter.  To  this  enil  when  at  Menlo  Park  ii 
e«  d.i\s  .igo  I  (,hos(  one  pair  of  lamps  of  low  ro- 
si-stance  one  pair  of  high  resistance,  one  pair  with 
the  smallest  horse.shoes  y.it  used,  all  these  of  ,,nper. 
am  one  lam])  (X„.  S17)  „,(], 
connection.  I'he  lecturer  hero  read  tho  tabular 
ic.snlts  of  his  investigation.  "Now,"  said  ho, 
losnnnng,  "  I  shall  jirove  the  cheapness  of  this  light  hv 
s  demonstmtion  on  tho  hlacklKiard.  Tho  gas  engine 
hat  drives  the  Gramme  generator  lielow'  requires 

Pontr.  len  ights  of  si.vteen-eandle  j.ower  are  pro- 
toed  for  each  horse  , lower;  therefore,  'wo  get  KiO  can- 
.lesion,  twenty  cubic  feet  of  gas.  On  tho'^^ithor  hand, 
iiso.de  O.T'''  "‘•''‘“u-candle  power,  giving 

twentv  enr^r  ™"s'iitiption  of 

i!.  r"  ’  m  ^  <-->toapor.  there- 

timnto  t^lectrical  gencratoi  witli 

^oiitiiiiis  In  other  words,  it 

more  Ju-at  energy  tlinn  light.  To  state  this 


luniiiiig  an  engine  inuy  ho  very  litci'iillv  set  down 
Ihi-ee  cents  ,,er  horse  power  jicr  hour.  ’This  applied  : 
Iriving  lulison’s  generator  gives  us  ten  lights  of  sixtet 
candles  each,  that  is,  ten  lights  jier  three  cents  1 
three.tcnths  of  one  cent  for  each  light  of  sixteen-cai 
lie  iiowor.  Now,  look  at  the  contrast.  Gius,  we  wi 
my,  is  $2  |)or  thousand.  Fiveenbio  feet  of  gas  costs 
the  rate  of  one  cent ;  that  is  to  say,  we  get  three  ele 
Inc  lamps,  siich  as  yon  see  before  yon,  for  tho  san 
:ost  a,s  one  livo-foot  gas  burner  liglil.  In  langimgc  st 
more  simiile,  I  can  iiositively  say,  after  tho  most  ear 
rnl  eomimtation,  into  which  ’l  caiinot  go  on  this  occ 
sioii,  that  until  gas  can  bo  fnrnislied  for  sixty  cents  ji 
1,000  eiibie  fisit  the  eleetrie  light  is  ehenpor." 

Tho  lecturer  closed  with  a  trilnilo  of  rosjiect  and  a 
miration  for  Jlr.  Edison.  A  few  days  ago,  when  he  a 
snred  tho  Wizard  that  eideiilntion  convinced  him  th 
ninety-eight  jior  cent,  of  tho  energy  was  seetired  I 
his  new  gonemtor,  Edison  oxelniiued,  “  If  that  lie  s 
iiinii  is  absolute  master  of  nature.  Ninety-eight  pi 
cent,  of  nature  means  the  control  of  tho  forces  of  tl 
world.  Electricity  is  light  and  heat.  We  have  only  1 
place  onr  eiigiiics  at  tho  coal  iniuoa  and  transmit  tl 
heat  and  light  wherever  it  is  iioctled.”  Tlio  lecture  w 
listened  to  by  a  very  largo  aiidieiieo. 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “  Sawyer's  Tribune 
Letter  of  March  26,  1880,”  January  22 
1890.  S.  M.  H.,Exr. 

[Aew  York  Trihoiie,  JAire/,  ,'6',  JSSO.] 

A\ .  E.  Sawvkii  ox  Edison's  Lioiit— Somk  of  tiif.  Is- 
ciiKmiii,!;  Claims  of  Piiofkssoii  ISaiikkii  Denif.d. 

To  TDK  Editoii  of  i  iii:  "  Tiiiiidne  ”  : 

.  Siii-It  Iimv  Imve  boon  a  wise  iiiovo  on  the  part  of 
the  iiiaiiiigers  of  tlie  lulisoii  electric  light  to  organize  a 
lioaril  to  report  upon  its  merits.  The  public  not  being 
siipposeil  to  know  eiioiigli  to  jiiilge  for  itself,  a  Boaril  is 

Professor  (icorge  E.  Barker,  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  (if  the  iiewsiiapor  accoiint.s  aro  correct, 
uii'I  I  siipimse  they  are)  is  the  liea.l  of  the  board.  In 
a  lecture  delivered  in  I’hiladelphia  last  ovouing  the 
1  rofessor  made  some  erroneous  stateinents.  Ho  said : 

I  know  all  other  generators,  and  bklisoiTs  is  best  of 
■■d  .  To  this  1  would  reply  that  .’)Ir.  Ellison’s  gene- 
mtor  IS  inferior  to  several  others  in  practical  use  to- 

Professor  Barker  said:  “  Xinety-eiglik  per  cent,  of 
he  energy  was  secured  by  his  (Ellison’s)  now  generator." 
J  positively  iLssert  that  Mr.  Edison’s  generator  does  not 
*tn  it  ^*^*'*’  “^^*‘'*****'^*^y  of  tho  power  applied 

•I  ■’“PO'ledto  have  tied  a  knot  in 

•  bmid  eof  carbonized  inanilla  liorseslioes.  This  is 
have  taken 

Lmt«lrtl“  ‘'‘T^  <>»ly  uiKu,  the  surface  and  tied  a 
o  Ur  t  ,  "  '‘"  '‘hearbonized  inanilla  or  any 

-■-.aaterml.  Carbon,  however  fibro.Ls,  is  as  brittli 

horsepower"  1  P'’e‘htced  for  each 

■aere  than  two  li.,hts';'|  10'!,^^;  “’’tain 

power  Afr  F 1:  1  I><>wer  each  per  horse 

1  ^I’.Ldi.son  does  not  get  more  than  L  candle 


light  per  horse  power— not  100, 
asserts.  Air.  Edi.sou  has  not  v 
greater  tho  resistance  of  a  lamp  t'l 
required  to  oi>emte  it. 

Possibly  Profe.s-sor  Barker  is  m 
lions,  and  may  in  future  correct  tl 
Iriends  will  be  pleased.  If  not.  In 
asm  ;  and  I  am  prepared  to  meo 
iiomont  it  is  reduced  to  ligures. 

Rospcctfiilly, 


Now  York,  March  2.o,  1880. 


Complainant's  Exhibit  Rowland 
Barker  Paper.  S.  M.  H.,  Ext. 


From  the,  American  Jnunuil  of  Science,  I'nl.  .17.1'. 
Ajiril,  ItSO. 

(Piiblisheil  in  lulvnin-e  in  tliu  Now  Vork  “  Heriild  ’ 
for  .Miiroli  -27,  ISSO.) 


H.v  I  rofe.s.sor  H.  .\.  Unwiaxi.  of  tlio  Johns  Hopkins 
L  nivcrsity,  nn.l  Profossor  Owiioi:  !•’.  Hakkkii, 
of  the  llnivorsity  of  Ponnsylvnnin. 


I  t  yea  inlorest  whifh  is  now  hoinK  foil  throiiKl.. 
out  the  .nv.hze.  worl.I  in  the  s«cco.s.s  of  tho  vnrion.s  nl- 
tonipU  to  light  honstts  l.y  oloctrieity,  togotlior  with  tho 
contra, hctory  statomonts  nia.lo  with  rospeot  to  .Mr. 
™I"ti''^  “■  “‘•“■“Ptu  brief 

he  more  important  bocaiiso  most  of  tho  inform.,- 

a  trns  word.“!  r'  P>>Wi“  i" 

brief  blit  0,/ 1  ""  ‘-‘'"'“"'■“'•uil  to  mnko  a 

tiiiit  u  hT  f 

Ihrce  niotlio,l8  of  tost!,,,,  ii.,  a-  • 


Rowlm.il  and  Ihikor  'J’,-.st. 


e  rest  ...re  o  ..,1  ...  ..  t  f  e ,  t  ,  assi,,. 
O  Igh.  a  single  lamp.  Ih.t  the  instrnn.o.iLs  a  aih.bi: 
tlLspiirpaso  woro  very  rongb,  ami  so  this  method 
as  nbandonod  for  tho  third  one  I|.  tl  1  o 

stod  in  putting  the  lam, . lor  „a,o,  s,„l  obsorvi,,.'. 

i  k  of  I  ,  ■'  '""■'T'’  “  l-ldingabon, 

'■«  «ns  heldhrmlyin  the  eont.-r,  so  that  a  stirrer 
onhlworkaronn.lit.  The  tom,  rt  r  o  t  1 
I,  liuito  Bandiii  thernionietor  graduated  to  0"  ]  (’ 

Ast  ,o  o.vpori„.o„twaso..lymoant  to  give  a  roimh 
Icno  thoonioionoy  within  two  or  three  p.w  cent  nl, 
orrecl.on  wn.s  made  for  radiation,  but  tho  error  was 
voided  as  nil, eh  as  ,,o.,siblo  by  having  tho  moan  ten,- 

eratiiro  of  tho  oalorimote.  lus  near  that  ..f  . . dr  as 

■ossiblo,  and  tho  rise  of  tomporatiiro  small.  The  .•nor 
voidd  then  bo  niiich  loss  than  one  ,,or  oont  -1  sumll 

jortioi,  of  the  light  osea  iod  through  tho  a,,ertnros  in 
cover,  bat  tho  amonnt  of  energv  must  bav..  b,.e„ 
ery  mitinto. 

In  order  to  obtain  tho  amonnt  of  light  a.i-l  eliminate 
II  ehaiigos  of  tho  oiigino  and  inaehine,  two  him,is  of 
■early  oqiml  i.owor  wore  gonorally  used,  ono  being  in 
he  oa  onmoter  while  the  other  was  being  measiired. 
hoy  «uro  then  i-ovei-sod  and  tho  m.'an  of  the  rosidts 
ikon.  Tho  njjparatiis  for  measuring  tho  ligl  t  s 
rtho  ordinary  Biinson  iiistrnnionts  n.sod  for  determin- 
ng  gas-hglita,  with  a  single  candle  at  ton  inches  dis- 
mnJ.  ion  "'•‘'"■“•■.V  standards 

mrning  120  grams  per  hour.  They  wore  weighed  bo- 

.iiLd"  !  1  ‘7  ns  the  amonnt 

»»  0,1  did  not  vary  more  than  one  ,,.  e.  from  lOOgrains 
>01*  Hoar,  no  correction  was  made. 

As  tho  strips  of  earbonizcl  pn|>er  were  flat  verv 
nno  1  more  light  was  given  out  in  a  direetion  per,.e„- 
henlartothosnrfaeothanin  tho  plane  of  the  ..dee 
wo  observations  wore  taken  of  tbo  photometric  , lower 

tl  j  m  t Im  direction  of  tho  edge,  and  wo  are  reqnire.l 
“l^lnin  tho  average  light  from  these.  If  L  is  tho 


omnotera.i.l  fl,eKl<i«s  of  tlio  liiinp  iiiul  tliormoinctcr. 
llio  ralorimoli-r  and  cover  wuiglied  (1.103  kil.  and  (lie 

lamps  about  0.035  kil. 

First  oxporiment,  Xo.  201  iu  cnlorinietor  and  No.  580 
‘!!J.  of  mdorimotor  =1.153+.000+ 

r  l-'il  1  w‘!  ‘“‘“ixsi-atiire  rose  from  18'.28  C. 

to  3  .11  C.  m  live  ,„i,„,to8,  or  1».75  F.  iu  one  minute, 
laki  ig  the  mechanical  eipiivalcnt  as  755.,  wliich  is 
about  right  for  the  degrees  of  this  thermoiiioter,  this 


varied,  we  tried  aiiotlior  exporiiii 
of  lamjis,  mid  also  used  some  wl 
was  smaller,  and,  coiiso(|uently,  t 
be  higber  to  give  out  an  equal  lij 
We  combine  tbo  results  in  tbe 
valciilatcd  the  number  of  candles 
power  by  taking  70  per  cent,  of 
thus  allowing  about  30  jier  cent, 
engine,  and  the  lo.ss  of  energy  in 
nmchino,  heating  of  wires,  etc. 
chine  is  undoubtedly  one  of  ti 
made,  it  is  believed  that  this 
liractically  conoct.  The  e.vperi 
made  by  oliserving  the  pbotomet 
ifter  the  calorimoler  o.vperimenl 
miild  not  bo  found.  As  the  libei 
■early  eipial  light  in  all  direefio 


mul  Unrkor  Test. 


!-potter  iiii-'lit  not  be  I'reiitlv  in- 
umotint  wliicli  can  be  obtliineil 
OO  to  1,500  cainllo.s  per  horse- 
imp  can  be  nnulo  oitbor  cheap 
i'll,  tliero  is  no  reasoimblodontit 
of  the  light,  bill  this  point  will 
farther  experinient  before  the 
practicable. 

st  thank  Mr.  Kilison  for  placing 
at  otir  ilis|)osal,  in  order  that 
and  unbiassed  estimate  of  the 


Vol.  VIII.,  pp.  151.  152.  London  Mavl.  ,880. 

^IEA-SUKEMENT-S  OK  OVE 
01  MR.  EDISOX’S  HORSE.SHOE  L.VMP.S. 

Bv  M-uto^  P,,.  1)..  Au.,.Kn  M.  M.UHn.  Ph.  D.. 

and  B.  I.  rnoM.rs,  A.  M.,  at  the  Stevens  Insti- 
tuto  of  Toclinologv  : 

Much  Inus  been  written  and  said  within  the  last  few  ' 
luonths  on  the  subject  of  Mr.  Edison’s  new  horseshoe 
amps,  and  with  all  the  writing  and  saving  there  has 
been  wonderfully  little  produced  in  the  wav  of  iirccise 

est^na?;  T  “-o  means  of 

£wm  t  I  I  rul  St  tisof 

tills  widely  discussed  invention. 

It  was,  thorofore,  with  groat  pleasure  that  the  present 
nnte«  found  themselves,  thrangli  the  kindness  of  the 

bciontitic  American,”  placed  in  pos.sos.sion  of  one  of 

thmo  horseshoe  lamps  of  recent  construction. 

To  satisfy  tliomsolves  as  to  the  real  facts  of  the  case 
they  soon  made  a  series  of  careful  measurements  and’ 
defcrniinations,  and  as  the  results  of  those  are  likelv 

A  further  examination  of  other  lamps  would  have 
bans™  °  time  had  opportunity  offered  ; 

but  as  a  communication  on  this  subject  addressed  to  Mr 
Edibou  did  not  evoke  a  reply,  they  are  obliged  to  con¬ 
tent  themselves  with  the  one  lamp  as  a  suldect  of  ex¬ 
periment.  '  •' 

They  would,  however,  here  remark,  that  the  behavi¬ 
our  of  this  lamp,  under  the  tests,  and  the  agreement  of 
Its  lesults  with  information  otherwise  obtained,  eon- 


imps  (if  this  form  so  fur  prodiicod  nt  Moiilo  Park. 

1  he  first  oliject,  on  reeoiving  thn  lamp,  was  to  de- 
ermino  roiiglily  what  amount  and  cliaraoter  of  oleotric 
iirrent  would  he  needed  to  operate  it  elHcioiitly.  With 
his  view  a  niimber  of  cells  of  a  small  Orovos  battorv 
lore  sot  up,  having  each  an  active  zinc  surface  (if 
weiity  S,,iiare  inches  and  a  platiiiimi  snrfaco  of  eigli- 
oeii  scpmre  inches. 

The  lamp  being  placed  in  the  sitnatioii  nsnallv  oe 
-il-iod  by  the  standard  burner  in  a  .Sugg's  photoineter. 
Im  battery  was.  cell  by  cell,  thrown  into  circuit. 

nhe.,t,.Mi  cell.s  had  been  introduced  tbe  bomeshoe 
s  iowe.  a  dull  red,  with  lifteei.  cells  a  bright  red,  with 
fhirly.fonr  cells  the  light  of  1  candle  was  k-iven  with 
rorty  cells  the  light  of  .f^  „„„dles,  and  with  forty-, iv.. 

i'c'ls  I're  i'ndlef 

rei!!' ‘-'"‘I'/i  ""  >'monntof  eleelric  ciir- 

\vL*rt‘"r*  *1  *  *  «xporimontH,  arrnngtMnciiU 

I  *  \  accui-ately  tlio  roHintanco  of 

...11  Ml  as  Iiad  boon  shown  by  Mattliiessen  (Phil.  Mag,, 

diminish  *  ’ll'*'-  ''“•‘''“t"*.™  "'Ol.l'l 

■l.'nniisli  witl,  rise  of  teniponitnro. 

the  aplmratiis  these  circninstantvs 

fr.ni  r  ‘  f'’"""-":  The  current 

^  mf  'T  •  t'VO  which 

a  dilTerontiid  'T'  ”  H.o  two  equal  coils  of 

■•ised  tre  lal^’'  ‘Len  trav- 

a.ljnstable  resistanee!  »  set  of 

sfctched  in'  the  free  «ir“’ortl 

that  no  sensible  I,.,  c  resistances  showed 

stances).  ‘^‘•‘ciiirod  under  those  circnin- 

-Mattors  being  thus  nrrn..„„i  o 
justed  until  the  °  ‘  ‘ '®  '■'■‘••‘“‘‘“nces  were  ad- 

the  galvanometer  showed  no  dolloetion 


-Morton’s  Test. 


q-nt^photoineter.  and  the  amount  of  lesis!,:;::: 
These  measurements  were  s..v<.r,.i  c 

■shifting  the  cnls  of  tl  g  o  '/  “ 

the  direction  of  the  enrrent  ' 

The  results  so  obtained  were  lus  follows- 


l.^"  ".i'll 

'-‘■..proiin.  so  as  to  bring  the  earbon  107  '  ?;/  “ 
£  of' tT'  I>'->‘-'-“'‘r.  A  e.,  tile 

i7t  w^'g 'eT7‘;'''‘“‘  I’'‘°‘«'»eter  disc,  the 

li=lit  was  gri^atly  diminished,  so  that  it  was  reduced  t,. 
almost  one-third  of  what  it  was  with  the  loop  sidew- ‘s 

to  tilo  ])hotomotor  (list*.  ^ 

when' in'®  “f  H-o  lamp 

l.e.i  111  actual  use,  it  was  iie.Kt  desimble  to  ine  is i  ie 
«ty  Of  the  enrrent  flowing  under  th“ 

To  do  this  the  curient  from  fifty  cells  of  battorv  was 

rhid  cltor'of  “  mere  check 

or  iiHlicntor  of  variations,  and  then  through  a  copper 

pWes  w?tb  cupric  iil- 

i  tes  ithcopicr  electrodes  immersed,  and  then 
tmongh  the  lamp,  ,, laced  in  the  photometer. 

Under  those  conditions  it  was  found  that  duriii- an 
at '/  eradually  varied  from  about  IG  candles 

at  the  beginingto  about  U  candles  at  the  end  maWn" 

Xlio  galvanoineter  during  this  time  only  showed 


ilfil  for  till!  <Ii!ti'riiiiimtion  of  tin 
il  or  oxpciidud  in  tliu  lump,  uxprussiM 
I'or  this  wo  mnlliply  toK«tlier  tli 
irmiit,  till!  rusistanvo,  tlio  oonstaii 
tpriisses  tho  friiction  of  ii  foot-]ionn. 
mt  of  one  Weber  tniversing  ii  resist 
lor  one  second),  and  the  number  o 
mite.  Thus,  in  the  preiiont  case,  w 
!a,  and  0.,Sl-.>-,  x  7(i  x  0.7:!733.a  x  « 
ninis. 

foot-pounds  per  niinnto  ly  the  mini 
i  per  minute  in  a  liorse-power,  that  ii 
t>-08,  that  is,  about  eight  ono-hnn 
elftli  of  a  liorse-power  ns  the  enuri.' 
laiiii). 

I'poar  that  with  such  lamps  ,as  tliii 
'f  energy  in  the  current  would  opera! 
line  resistance  with  an  avorngo  candl 
es  each  or  120  candles  iu  the  aggr. 

•I  Siemens  or  Brush  niachino  were  on 
“  ‘  '-‘■'-‘«‘l■ic  current,  such  a  cnrrei 

ei  ,  a.s  hius  been  shown  by  numcror 
"I  lo.ssof  about  10  per  cent,  of  tl 
ajiphed  to  the  driving  imlloy  of  tli 
Tia.’;  lamps,  therefore,  w 


l-oimlley  of  the  machine,  so  that  when  this  hiss 
transformation  had  been  encountered  there  should 
one  horse-power  of  electric  oiiergv  prodi..-ed  Tl 

o  dy  namo-electric  machine  by  the  steam  engine, 
lo  produce  one  horse-power  in  a  steam  engine  of  t 
best  construction  almnt  3  Ib.s.  of  coal  i.er  hour 

for  13  horsepower  .7  IbT 

Ontheotl  rTiiln,  of  gas  coal  will  produce  ti 

<  lb  c  feet  of  gas,  and  will  leave,  besides,  a  la, . . 

of  Its  weight  in  coke,  to  say  nothing  of  other'’"  re 
di  a  s  which  will  repre.sei.t  practically  about  the 
ICO  Ml  >uluo  betwooij  “Htcani-nmkin;r  ”  ,„j(j  4. 

ofts  cmd  iT  ‘  r"'  -  1’ 

or  VIS  coni  im  the  o,,u,vaIe„t  of  .7  lbs.  of  steam  coal 

Iheso  o  lbs.  of  gius  coal  will  then  yield  2.7  cubic  f. 
of  b’lw,  winch.  If  burned  in  live  gas  biiriiers  of  the  b, 
coiiHtructioii,  will  !;ivo  from  to 4.  m  m  1 

100  to  110  caudles  in  theX-ilo . 

IVo  have,  thmi,  the  twelve  Edison  lamps  produci 

-  can, lies  and  the  five  gas  bn  I  rs  1  h  ]oo 

110  candles,  with  an  equivalent  expenditure  of  fuel 
If  each  apparatus  and  system  could  bo  worked  wi 

so  nothing  III  favor  of  the  electric  light,  but  when, 

olit,  which  demands  vastly  more  machinery,  ami  tl, 
f  a  nioro  delicate  kind,  requires  more  skillful  niaiiar 
■iiont,  shows  more  liability  to  disarraiiBemeiitand  was( 

"  111  presents  an  utter  lack  of  the  storage  capaci 
which  secures  such  «  vast  ellicieney,  couvenieiice  a, 

ooiio  ny  disappears  or  ceases  to  have  any  coiitrolli 
'-ioot. 

N0TE.-This  article  is  followed  by  corrections  and  < 

I"  I'.. .....  i™,.! 

18S0,  on  liagol78,  which  read  as  follows  • 

J;.Diso.v-s  Hoicseshoe  L.vMPs.-Mossr,s.  Henry  Mortc 


nensiireiiiciits  of  one  Mr.  Edison’s  horseshoe  Ininps. 
iiid  whicli  wo  reprinted  in  our  Inst  issue,  have  sine.' 
nd.lished  the  followinf;  ndditioim  and  corrections  to 
heir  past  article : 

“  In  rc.'idin"  our  first  article  in  print  we  notice  soin.' 
jrrors  which  rcipiire  correction,  anil  some  points  call- 
ine  for  a  more  full  expli.natioii- 

'•  It  was  sidd  in  the  article  that  the  loss  of  weight  in 
caie  of  the  electrodes  was  l.Ofi'il  granime.s. 

“This  was, in  fact,  the  ammint  gained  by  the  cathode, 
the  loss  of  the  ano.le  being  a  trifle  greater.  The  gain 
>f  Weight  was,  of  course,  what  it  was  intended  to  take, 
so  that  the  error  was  only  in  the  expre.ssioii,  and  not  in 
the  proces.s  or  result. 

“  In  the  next  place,  in  the  foot  note  at  the  end  of  the 

. .  »''»l'b’  sli'twl  that  the  average  of 

the  maximum  and  minimum  lights  in  azimuths  at  right 
angles  and  in  the  plane  of  the  loop  was  taken  as  the 
average  luminous  power  of  the  lamp.  Our  reason  for 
thus  however,  was  not  mentioned,  but  was,  in  fact,  that 
've  found  by  measuring  the  light  at  every  azimuth 
r  arying  by  ten  degives  between  0’  and  180",  that  this  was 
approximatelv  the  true  expression  for  the  total  amount 
of  light  emitted.  We  see  from  the  article  of  Profs. 
Kowland  and  Parker,  in  the  .-ImcWcoa 

•  '  Kace,  that  they,  assuming  certain  conditions  and  dis- 
ciissing  the  ,«me  in  „  mathematical  manner,  have 

bed  a  difreient  i-esiilt ;  but,  lus  the  experiment 
I  o«s  this  result  not  to  be  attained  in  fact,  it  is  evident 

•  L  ■■■'“••omatical  reason- 

the  ex,’.erhl,ei','t.""‘ 

Ldve.^'T  '-•■’tporiinents,  made  since  those 

'  ,  Apri  which  the  eandle- 

»  tlie  loop  wiLs  in  its  best  iiosition.  17.G  and  19.8 


-Morton’s  Test. 


■I2.|.’f 


9.1  lamps  per  horse-power.  This  would  .dvo  lio  c... 
d  es  and  120  candles  lespoctively  per  "horse.;,'::; 
of  electne  energy  consumed  or  transformed  ii,  the 
lamp.  These  results  certainly  agree  very  closelv  with 
each  other  and  with  our  former  determinations 


Test  of  jBdison  Dynamo. 

I’rum  the  A  ./onnm/  of  , 


th...  ..,v,,..ri.,»,„ls  of  I'rofossorH  Jt,„v|„„,l 

. . 

‘oxit.vimd  cniciuiicvof  tlu.'l  ^  ''“"“'‘iici-,  Inn 

.  .1  i„,  ,.o,,m.t::: 
. . 

'  •■■'ctrtMUL.  nmirncv  m  elni.n  V 

■  I'fliovu  thniii  1,1,  "  “>>■•  resnllH-thonKl 

v,  will, in  one  or  tiv*"  ‘■•oncct-llmf  is  l.i 

\V,.  (•  V  ^  "  I"-'*' 

tin-  n«  ,1  '  “■«  ''‘"er  bnin, 

diti. 'n  1 1  ‘'■•'-b-nnmo-.na! 

the  now,..-  ^  ~"y  ■cgist.-red  93.2  per- 

nit  . . '^‘"'«'«'tt«l  l.v  the  aiison.  This 


.  .  . puiuiluai  in  volts;  r  is  tho  r 

fool  Ihs.  of  work  done  in  one  niinnto  Ijv  un  eleetr 
Xn iT  01 

lion  tll'T  n""'iv  -  '**  '*f'“-’toronil)odvingthoius.sum| 

tioii  tl ml  the  onicienc.v  of  the  innehino,  prodncing  tl 
-imKiietiznig  cniTout,  i.s  80  per  cent.  The  ainonnt  , 
Ins  oxpondituro  is  trifling,  not  oxeeeding  three  pt 
■on  .  of  the  work  used  in  driving  the  nrnniture,  but  it 
leglect  might  lend  to  niisnppreiiension. 

On  Slarch  lOtli  the  current  produced  was  nieasiirc 
0  the  eleclrol.vtic  iiiotliod.  Wo  oniployed  copper  elec 
lodes  ]ire.sonting  opposo-l  surfaces  of  about  one  sipiar, 
oot  each,  and  iilaced  about  one  incb  apart  in  a  so 
■ition  of  cupric  sulplmte.  AVo  also  measured  the  re 
■stance  of  tbe  circuit  by  tl.e  bridge  metho.l  both  a 
1*0  beginnmg  and  end  of  the  expeiinient  so  ,ls  to  tak. 
ceonnt  of  heating.  For  a  check,  wo  also  measure.: 
>0  diflerenco  of  potential  between  the  terminals  ol 
10  .machine. 

On  .April  3d  wo  bad  recoin-sn  to  tl.„  _ 


15inokett-Yii 


■mi 


Tlie  rise  in  tei.ipenitiire,  measured  l,va  fherinoinet,-.- 

ea.s.Iyroa,ltoV„of„,Iegree,  ,v«s  IG.V^K;  a.'l  ,i„; 
l.R'eanl,on  was  taken  t„  ter.ninate  fl.e  experiment  when 

tlm  tenn.eratnrolnu  nsenasnn.eha  that  „f  the 

iie-  M  ”  '  tlinsohviat- 

uig  the  necessity  of  a  radiation  correction 
file  resistance  of  the  coil  in  the  calorimeter  w,us  ]  ?■> 
«.  nns:  that  of  the  leading  w  lies  was  Old,  al.oni  0  OPG 
3,0)  of  the  preceding.  Hence  as.siiming  772  ft  Ihs  ’ 
a.s  the  me,  hanical  eipiivalent  of  heat  wo  have— 

Energy  developed  in  calorimotor . 2,227  500  ft  Ihs 

tiicrgv  deielopod  in  loading  wires....  T-m  “ 
Energy  develoiied  in  nrinatiire .  ISa’lifo  “ 


Total  miergy  realized . o.,i8,000  “ 

A\ailal)lc  oneigy  realized . .- _ 2,234,1125  “ 

'vlticl.  ..lakes  the  total  oftieieney  84.(1  per  cent,  and  the 
avnilaljJo  ofliuiency  78.2  percent. 

Haring  the  experiment  the  electromotive  force  of  the 

:ronl 

as  onlj  0.  o  volts,  eonseipiently  the  iiiaohine  was  not 
giving  iieiirly  its  iiiaxiimim  enrrent— the  eiierov  ex¬ 
pended  heiiig  about  6.25  horse-power  and  the  current 
about  4(5  webew. 

Hnriiig  the  next  test,  which  continued  nine  minutes 
the  electromotive  force  of  the  field  coils  wore  n.ain- 
f allied  at  14.11  volts,  and  the  cnriont  produced  was  77  7 
webore-consuiuing  9.5  hoi-so-powor. 

The  calorimeter  was  refilled  with  fresh  water-  ami 

proceeding  as  before  wo  found— 

Energy  measured  by  dynamometer...  2  827  550  ft  lbs 

Energy  o.xponded  on  field . . '72180  “ 


Total . 


Hncigy  renlizcd  in  calorinieler. 
Energy  realized  in  lending  wire 
Energy  realized  in ariiiatnro... 


. 2, -151,102 

. 2.207,238  “ 

Total  efficienev..  '  .... 

Available  eftieicnj;;;;:;;:;.;;;  ;;  -; 


Tlicse  results  were  confirmed  by  the  readino  of  tl 
Insb  resisbince  galvanometer. 

Tabulating  our  re.sulLs  they  stan.l  tli.m: 

... 

«1.«  780  .. 

5fean  83.8  "  784  « 

.non>etor'?re'r“r‘'!'‘,‘  ->f  tho  Prony  dyna- 

l>o«or  between  the  PdU,  .I'^v 

Total  elliciencv  „„ 

Available  ellicioney.V.V;. . .  gj' j 
••nice  of  the  nniehino'in'hs^'nre  ‘''o  porform- 

niacliine,  we  niav  meat!  J  oonstruction  of  this 
nia.ssos  of  iron  for  the  OelT  “'"i'loymont  of  large 
of  Hie  armature  coi-e  into  tl  •creaking  ii]. 

e.\|)endituro  of  iimal.  ..  .  *"*  •*  “‘os.  thus  avoiding  tlio 

“'most entire  be  ce  of  srarks'^l  h"’ 

parks  at  the  commutator 


2,259,700  ft.  lbs. 

7,532  •- 
183,930  “ 


Howlaml  and  Barker 

.  I'lrent  was  measured  by  the  .leposition  of  Conner  i„ 

ably  iiroportioued.  Thu  diirereneu  of  ..ot  i 

. 

II. '  .',',',','5,  '.'T 

Me  mear  phob.metrie  intensity  “  broadsi.le  on"w,. 
■18  candles  Calculation  shows  the  n.ean  illu.nina 

t lie'mea  ’"'-n  'r  '““-vinium.  hence 

tile  n.  an  illn.u.nation  was  about  10.1  candle.s. 

^  J  he  res..s^ancoof  the  lam,,  while  shining  was  found 
-.ndsw,^  - 

I  o  ,1  ‘'-'•■■“■"o-.i...ehine,  we  find 

«ould  ,na,„^^,„  „  ,.e,n-esented  bv 

. . . 


ealeulated  ,ui  before. 

Ihe  lesistancewiLs  ..  no  T  „i 

The  differonce  of  ijotential -  70,u  yoha 


orse-poH-er  applM  ,U  (Ac  d;,n„mom,ter  would  produe, 
1  a  lamp  of  this  pattern  ami  dimensions  a  light  of  10* 
uidlos ;  or  about  137  caudles  if  ,vo  estimate  tl.o  ouoru, 
-•tuallj^dcvoloped  in  the  lamp  in  terms  of  horse-powm 
Mr.  Edison  kindly  put  everything  we  required  atom 
isposal,  and  himself,  ,us  well  as  Sir.  Upton  and  In'. 


cxpeiiineiit  .-iikI  settle  tlie  wliiilc  <iiiestioii  li_v  tlioir  eer- 
titiciite,  with  ehout  the  sinne  iieeiimev  iis  ii  |)hvsieiiiii 
would  make  II  suit  of  clothes  or  the’ tailor  treat  his 
patient.  Is  it  not  alioiit  time  that  this  .sort  of  husine.ss 
should  reuse  V  or,  at  least,  that  those  really  familiar 
with  the  subject  should  tell  the  truth  about  it '!  When 
electricity  shall  he  more  {'enerally  umlei-stood,  thus.- 
who  loud  their  names  to  any  deception  will  bo  most 
thoroughly  undei-stood.  There  is  one  thing  that  never 
siieceodod  like  sucees.s,  and  that  issuece.ssful  deception. 
I  do  not  mean  to  charge  that  theiv  is  any  deception  at 
Menlo  Park.  That  would  certainly  be  unwise.  Hut 
what  I  do  wish  to  state,  and  am  prepared  to  substanti¬ 
ate,  is  included  in  the  following: 

Professor  Edison  claims  that  he  can  supply  his  elec¬ 
tric  lamiJS  at  thirty-live  cents  ai.iece,  Perha’ps  this  is 
so;  nndoubtedjy  Professor  Edison  is  able  to  give  them 
away,  lint,  nevertheless,  his  lamps  to-day  cost  him  ten 
tunes  timt  aintiniit,  and  when  it  was  aiinouncod  (with- 
(Uit  authority,  of  comxe)  that  their  cost  was  twentv- 
hve  cents  apiece  it  was  really  not  le.ss  than  or  $(i  fir 
each  and  every  working  lamp.  It  is  stated  that  the 
avemge  i.owcrof  the  Edi.son  lamp  is  lifteen  and  a  half 


SOO  of  Ill’s  lumps  at  timt  of  an  eiigino  of  100  liors 
power  and  a  03-11111110  niacliino  absorbing  tlia 
power.  Owing  to  the  liigli  inlonial  resistanro  of  bi 
lamps  and  tbo  incapability  of  tlie  borseslioo  fibre  t, 
stand  powerful  currents  Profe.ssorlidisoii  1ms  never  beei 
ible  to  operate  more  tlian  two  of  his  lamps  at  twolv, 
•audio  power  each  per  hoi-so  power,  and  it  is  said  tha 
le  cannot  so  operate  them  to-day  and  he  is  asserted  tc 
le  nnwilhiig  to  submit  the  same  to  a  test  before  com. 
-etent  engineeia  Professor  Edi.son  claims  a  life  ol 
IX  months  ordinary  use  for  each  of  his  lamps  run  at  11 
lower  of  tiftecn  and  a  half  candles.  This  is  so  great  an 
tli“t  his  present  lamps,  provided 
I  1.  enlarged  call  ,s  .11  1  ot  1  n  .  cel  it  that 
oner,  and  Ins  former  lamps  more  than  throe  linm... 

lliiig  o  electric  power  as  against  steam  power.  Pro- 

^soi  Edison  can  airord  to  operate  his  electric  light  at 

m  iworth'v 
e  ttlm  IS  ■  " 

MO  mi  l  ;  «tili><odont 

lat  s/„  °  "f  700  pounds 

wwt  of  olootrio  |K,„.er  '■■“"‘''"e'. 


second  dynamo  machine,  although  (not  to  .stieak  of  the 
loss  of  power  in  the  first  coiivemion  into  electricity, 
the  internal  resistance  of  both  machines  was  the  s„m,. 
and  the  current  being  necessarily  divided  eiiiiallv  be¬ 
tween  the  two,  the  second  machine,  as  it  thus  obtained 
only  one-half  of  the  current,  could  by  no  possibilitv 
Imve  been  able  to  convert  into  power,  even  if  a  perfcc’t 
machine,  more  than  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  eiccfricitv 
generated  in  the  first  machiiic.  The  new  Edi.son  elec¬ 
tric  locomotive  is  said  to  go  around  extniordinarv  curves 
at  ‘lio  rate  of  forty  miles  per  hour,  and  it  is  remarked 
that  although  the  track  is  only  about  half  a  mile  l.n.e 
this  Sliced  is  almost  instantlv  attained.  'J'his  must  be 
news  to  milroad  men.  There  is  no  magnetic  tniction 
between  the  wheels  and  the  .nils,  and  yet,  althomdi  the 
engine  is  very  light,  it  is  said  to  exert  upon  the  niils  a 
mast  extraordinary  traction,  enabling  it  to  draw  ,,ro- 
portionntoly  heavy  loads  np  nnnsual  grades.  Perhai.s 
Ins  will  Im  news  to  the  coal  carrier.  I  can  imaoine 
bow  anxious  the  Poiuisylvaiiia  roads  will  bo  to  trvlhis 
new  motor  first  where  it  will  have  the  heaviest  work  to 
<  o  on  freight  trains.  There  arc  some  other  points  of 
interest  to  elucidate,  but  as  the  world  is  likely  to  go 
round  ns  usual  for  some  time  to  come,  it  would  appear 

for  the“thuo  Sfr*’'' 

All  of  which  is  rospoctfiilly  submitted. 

W.  E.  SwAYEIt. 


4‘25(5 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  Crompton’s  Paper 
and  Bisonssion.  S.  M.  H.,  Ex’r. 

[Juiiriiul  of  the  Jhnjat  t'uHeil  S'ercke  IiiMltiitioi,  Vo! 

xr  r.,  /.omho,  m:.’.  i 

Xkuxkisiiav,  Jan.  20, 1881. 

O.N  THE  PiioGnEs.s  OK  THE  Ei.e.tiiic  Light. 

B.v  R.  E.  Ciio.MiTox,  Esy.,  Eleatria  Engineer. 

I  think  there  i.s  little  ilonbt  that  the  rear  1880  will 
he  looked  haek  to  aa  a  year  of  great  nro-’-ress  ii  (1  • 

trodiiction  of  the  electric  light.  ”  ' 

The  connaeneenieut  of  the  year  w.m  marked  l.v  the 

.  rice  of  maniindators  Of  the 

.ionrodl^"*'  ‘I’-  its  value,  and 

l-ave  Iiwd’lTvriM°/l?e‘lh.7«rrb  ^ 

hringing  forward  ii  povauvorouco  in 

lislied  public  eonfide..ee;  indeed  1  "'i.m  “  ’ 

Shi^iwSrtiJre  imrii  >°ro“«"n 

adoption  of  the  light.  "i'niimtes  in  the  general 

for  more  li<d,t  •  thisTs"'^  I»o.seiit  moment 

“  ’  “'•“’“•‘t  bv  the  faet  that  oven  our 


ave  described  new  applications  of  it,  seeming  to  j 

at  of  their  way  to  impress  on  the  public  that  tin 
iniiloy  some  now  kind  of  electricity ;  no  subject 
hleh  such  very  simple  principles  are  involved  h, 
( ui  so  clouded  over  and  little  iiiiderstnod.  I  think 
■lla.d  yy.r  undoratanding  of  my  deserii.tion  of  tl 
icont  ii.iprovemei.ts  in  electric  lighting  if  1  divi.le  tl 

hole  subject  into  two  heads: 

1.  The  means  whereby  wo  pro<l.iee  the  required'  eii 
‘»t  of  eleotrieity.  ^ 

f  The  transforming  of  this  current  at  any  desi.-. 
oiiit  into  light. 

Although  Sir  Humphroy  Davy  discovered  the  ele 
•c  liglR  eighty  years  ago,  yet  so  long  lus  the  so 
’urco  of  an  eleetrie  current  was  a  galvanic  battery,  e 
tasive  fuming,  uncertain  and  cumbious,  so  long  di 
■«  .-emain  a  mere  laboratory  appliance,  l^ar 
aj  8  discovones  in  dynamic  electricity  gave  a  fro« 
apulso  to  the  subject,  but  the  great  stride  was  in.n 


Ii'lco  ftl  III  ties  coil  >  '•<-^1  It>,  tl  s  IIjc 
■hole  of  the  coils  form  one  eoiitiimoiis  eomluclor,  tlie 
ire  of  Hliieli  is  Imred  iit  the  lit)  points,  whore  connee- 
loii  is  mmle  with  tlie  copper  soj-iiieiits.  If  I  ciiiise 
Ins  spill, lie  Willi  its  coils,  which  is  Kciierallv  eiilleil  the 
rmntiirc,  to  revolve  hetweeii  two  iiiiieiietic  poles,  two 
iirreiils  flow  into  the  two  separate  halves ;  thus,  if  1 
lawuiinu  joining  tlie  poles,  the  currents  wliieh  flow 
1  the  coils  on  one  side  of  this  line  will  lie  positive,  ami 
n  the  other  side  iiogative.  It  is  most  advantaJeoiis 
■  collect  those  currents  at  a  iioint  midway  hetween  the 
olcs,  on  each  half  ciroiinifcrence ;  wo  call  this 
oiiit  that  of  highest  potential,  and  the  wav 
■e  colloet  the  ciiiTeiits  is  l,y  allowing  I, 

jotallic  brush  to  rest  on  the  copper  segn.eiits 
hove  describe,!  at  these  points;  as  wo  collect 
ositive  electricity  at  one  liriish,  and  magnetic  at  the 


or  more  pioperiy,  rectangh's  of  s,)ft 
these  rectaii|;Ies  has  a  section  of  wj 
Hat  side,  leaving  the  corners  of  the. 
"bj,-ct  of  this  is  to  alhiw  of  greater  iii 
soft  b'on  ;  the  collecting  cylimh'r  is  , 

The  Urnsh  machine,  which  bmi  hit, 
into  the  linglish  market,  hius  a  ring 
coiisi,Iurably  from  Gi'anime’s,  the  ri 
ami  has  eight  deep  rmlial  grooves  in 
ing  the  armiitiiro  coils  is  wound  into 
fills  thein  osactly  Hush  with  thesnrfa 
collecting  cylinder,  also,  is  diffen-nt  t 
scribed  ;  it  is  claimed  for  it  that  it  is 
currents  of  o.\treinely  high  tonsion  i 
cimnee  of  reverse, I  polarity.  It  is 
the  oiirrent,  instead  of  wholly  p„ 
clectru-ningiiets  on  its  wav  to  the 
switched  alternately  through  the  nia^ 
the  e.vteriial  circuit.  The  lawo  mach 


leiits— that  is,  tliu  i)roilui:tioii  of  powurfiil  HkIiIs 
:  great  fog-piaietialiiig  |)o«er  ;  moreover,  it  is 
I  that  alternating  currents  are  dangorons  to 
\  All  accidents  to  life  or  limb  which  have  oc- 
with  the  electric  light  have  been  with  alter- 
enrrenls;  of  siieli  wjis  that  on  board  the 
din,  at  Aston  I’aik,  liiriningham,  and  elsewhere  : 
ns,  I  am  not  aware  of  any  accident  having  oe- 
with  conlimied  currents  of  modeinto  tension, 
now  see  how  compact,  simple  and  free  from  com- 
ons  are  the  modern  machines ;  there  is  only  one 
K  part,  the  revolving  spindle.  Wo  have  to'  con- 
low  best  to  work  thi.s.  On  board  shiji  it  has  al¬ 
ii  all  cases  been  worked  direct  hv  a  high  speed 
!  con])led  to  the  spindle  itself, 
therhood  s  engine,  1  am  told,  has  been  thus  om- 
1  in  nearlv  two  (lionsand  ciuses.  Wilhins  and 
1  s  engines  have  also  been  used  with  sneecss.  Tlie 
p-aiihs  on  the  table,  which  show  yon  very  neat 
.enionts  hy  which  one  Brotherhood  engine' driyes 
of  dynamo  nniehines,  and  the  whole  will  gointo 
:e  of  7x2x2’,  and  thus  occupy  a  very  small 
•  of  the  engine  room  of  an  iron-clad  ;.on  land  it 
d  to  drive  these  machines  by  belting;  such  is 
>e  witli  tiie  machines  working  to-night.  A  10 
engine,  slightly  modified  from  the  iigricultural 
lie  engine,  drives  eight  machines  bolted  down  to 
-■•■lor  carnage;  the  tumbril,  with  the  nmcliines 
can  le  (  rawn  on  a  good  road  by  two  lionies,  and 
!  coupled  up  to  the  engine,  and  all  bolts  put  on 
iw  niinntes.  * 

■y  shown  you  what  ready  and  simple  means  we 
■t  command  for  producing  a  powerful  electrical 


heat  111  any  bodies  through  which  th 
in  proportion  to  their  resistance.  It 
here  to  explain  to  yon  what  is  resii 
know  liow  electricity  passes  bodies, 
or  between  their  partiule.s.  At  any 
that  given  two  conductors  of  simiiar 
l  uctorof  the  large  cross-sections  ofl’. 
than  one  smaller,  and  conversely.  Ti 
the  conductors  is  of  the  highest' iiniio 
Inking  two  extreme  cases,  coiipi 
nearly  oiiuiil  to  one  another  at  one  ei 
otrering  least  resistance.  Carlion  is  a 
the  scale,  oflering  a  resistance  IdO  I 
either  of  the  above;  therefore,  if  voi 
tliat  by  interposing  a  high  resistnne 
teiupemtm-o  a  slender  rod.of  carlion  a| 
suitable  material  for  us  to  use,  and  th 
IIS  the  most  simple  form  of  electric  la 
leiimrk  that  I  have  inverted  the  iisiiii 
electric  lamps  are  described.  As  arc  , 
were  the  first  used,  they  are  generally  t 
but  as  obtaining  the  6iectric  light  by 
IS  decidedly  not  the  siniiilest  methoii, 
tile  incniidesceiit  lamiis  first. 

hen  wo  use  a  slender  rod  of  cart 


It  nil  Inf.. ,1  1  I  ,  I  ‘•'•rliomzuil  tin 

ISM  T  *“  ll"  -li 


tlio  liglit  . . .  of  till!  carl, on  I,,.;,!, 

loratiiri!  In-  the  passagu  of  tlic  current. 
SS,  wliicli  1  call  tin,  ipiiusi-incaniloscci 
I  tin:  carlxni  from  tliu  action  of  the  ail 
a  conshlcralilc  length  of  cxtrcniclv  H, 
111  pas.s  the  current  through  a  ipiartcr 
illi  of  one  end  of  it,  the  light  alTorded  I 
nee  of  this  piece  is  aided  liy  that  fro 
,  whieh  thins  down  to  the  end,  therel 
resistance  in,  and  conseipieiitly  inerea 
As  the  end  wastes  away  the  earhon  ri 
rd  to  crn.sh  it  down,  and  this  snppli 
or  the  action  of  the  current.  The  Audi 
id  AVerdeniann  lamps  are  all  varieties 
I  have  been  fairly  sncee.ssfni,  lint  see 
mtirely  sniierseded  by  the  true  inea 


reak  in  the  circuit,  but  such  a  resistani 


oiiy  time  the  light  slioiilil  bo  iioci 
r.  '  si  II  1«.  Ir  ,  {, 

leiiBtlion  tho  arc  whuii  tho  current 
(sjiivei-se  when  tho  eniTent  in  weak 
All  have  ai)i)roaclieil  this  prohli 
in  that  tho^-  have  obtained  the  eo 
the  inovement  of  tho  carbons  h^-  tl 
rent  itself,  exciting  certain  electro- 
to  work  tho  proper  ineclmnisni. 

Of  five  makes  of  lamps  in  very 
Semens,  Urnsh.  Brockio,  Serrin 
lint  throe  have  a  common  foatiiro 
ower  carbon  in  a  frame,  tho  iipi 
o'vards  it  in  a  slide;  Siemens  rel 
"tting  a  rack  on  this  slide,  and  gea: 
scaiiement,  somewhat  similar  to  t 
leetro-inagnet  is  so  arranged  that 
radnall_y  as  tho  carbons  are  consul 
ingiiot  is  at  tho  end  of  its  stroke  ii 
cut  to  come  into  action.  If  th 
•oaehed  too  near,  tho  streugthenii 
Ills  caused,  imparts  a  lifting  ac 
iigiiet.  In  the  linish  lamp,  the  ri 
the  upper  carbon  slide  is  by  mean 
3  ill  glycerine.  In  this  lamp  there 
Ignet  which  lifts,  lowers  l„ol.= 


ciirroiit  se|)ariito  from  tlio  ligliting  cmrront,  nml  Imving 
its  own  wire  tlicso  rcguinting  movomeiits  nro,  ns  it 
were,  telegmplied  to  tlio  Inmp  from  tlio  dyimmo- 
macliiiie,  b3-  means  of  a  revolving  contnet-brenker 
worked  at  tlie  maeliiiie,  ami  making  periodical  lironks 
in  the  cireiiit  of  tbe  se])arnto  wire. 

In  tbe  Serrin  and  tbe  Orom])ton  lamps  Imtb  carbons 
move ;  the  lower  one  is  fixed  in  a  frame  wbicb  can  de¬ 
scend  tbrongli  a  limited  stroke  so  as  to  form  tlio  arc  in 
tho  fii-st  instance,  or  if  afterwards  accidentally  oxtin- 
giiisbed,  tlio  upper  carbon  descending  only  to  siipplv 
the  waste  caused  by  tlio  burning  of  tlio  ends.  In  m'v 
own  lamp  I  obtained  a  very  groat  regularity  in  tliis 
movement,  which  wo  may  call  tho  fced-inovomont  of  the 
carbon ;  in  all  the  other  lamps  tho  whole  of  tho  carbon 
and  Its  rod  has  to  be  moved  up  or  down  whenovor  a 
feod-movoment  is  requisite;  in  my  lamp  a  very  small 
part,  only  weighing  a  few  gmins.  is  to  bo  moved  bv 
tho  slight  weakening  of  the  ciirroiit,  which  wo  dopenil 
on  to  start  this  food-movement.  Tho  delicacy  of  this 
movement  is  of  the  highest  importance  in  obtaining  a 
steady  light  from  tho  arc.  If  tho  feed-movomont  ocenm 
at  long  intervals  of  time,  oxtromo  niistoadiiioss  and  a 
fliekoring  and  ghastly  coloured  light  follows  ;  whereas 
If  the  movement  is  constant  and  regular,  tho  nro  is 
maintained  of  equal  length,  and  if  the  carbons  nro  of 
good  qiiahti- tho  light  will  bo  steady  and  white.  I  now 
show  yon  a  .Serrin  lamp  and  one  of  iny  own.  You  will 
see  hoM  tho  irregularity  in  the  feed-movement  of  the 
former  affects  tho  steadiness  of  tho  light ;  in  tho  latter 
0  0  he  movomont  yon  will  see  is  almost  continnoiis. 
and  the  are  remains  practically  of  constant  length. 

aiboiis  also  have  been  niiich  imiiroved  of  late; 
steadri*:  /“"y  •'o  our  lamps  we  cannot  get  a 

‘'■roaglioiit 

landiiessandresisbince;  the  carbon  must  bo  verv 
1  re ,  any  salts  of  sodium  or  ciilciiiin  rodneo  the 


carbon  in  tho  tliinl  lamp  in  the  sbind  gives  a  piir.il 
fringe  to  all  shadows  thrown  by  the  light ;  the  rwuso 

of  this  is,  that  impurities  in  it  have  decreased  tli 
ie.siHtaneo  of  tho  arc.  conse.inently  allowed  it  t 
become  longer  than  it  should  be,  a  larger  proportio 
of  tho  light  IS  given  by  the  arc  rays  themselves  than  i 

.10  per  cent,  of  tho  light  is  given  by  the  crater  of  th 
upper  carbon. 

This  brings  mo  to  what  I  believe  to  be  tho  tnn 
explanation  of  tho  superior  fog-iioiictrating  tiower  e 
■simio  electric  lights  over  others.  You  will  ofisorve  tin 
the  light  of  tho  oloetrie  arc  conies  from  two  soiircei 
hiret,  from  the  ineaiidoscont  surfaces  of  the  t« 
earljoiis,  that  of  tliii  upper  or  positive  one  being  en 
or  emtor  shaiiod,  this  crater  airording  <J0  i.er  cent  . 
tlio  light,  so  long  ns  tho  are  is  short ;  to  tho  lir 
source  must  bo  added  a  littlo  light  from  the  glowiil 
point  of  the-lowor  carbon.  Tho  second  source  is  froi 
tlio  arc  rays  jiroper ;  this  light  is  not  white  but  tend 
towards  violet  or  piirplo ;  whoa  the  arc  is  long  there'  i 
a  greater  propoiidomnco  of  this  colored  light. 

Now,  I  boliovo  that  tho  fog-penetrating  jiower  of  e 
electnc  light  is  in  proiiortion  to  the  light  whii 
proceeds  from  tho  orator  and  from  the  jioint  of  tl 
oner  carbon.  I  boliovo  tho  highly  refrangible  rays. 

10  arc  itsolf  have  littlo  or  no  fog-penetratiiig  powe 


temiioraturo,  wo  must  use  currents  ol 
great  quality;  high  tension  ones  a 
useless.  I  Imvo  had  considerablo 
recently  with  electric  lights  during  tin 
heavy  fogs  at  Glasgow,  and  my  men 
these  facts,  which  I  now  lay  before  yoi 
I  think  that  your  present  arrang 
the  eloetric  light  for  discovering  tho 
enoniy,  say  a  torpedo  launch,  under 


an  80  Weber  current,  properly  regnlated.  wonW  ni 
t:oinnian(l  of  a  circle  200  yards  diameter  even  in  tlii 
fog.  1  tl.ink,  also,  the  look-out  man  ought  to  bo  ,>lac 
consnlcrably  higher  above  the  water-line  than  here 
fore,  although  slightly  below  or  to  one  side  of  the  lie 
Itself,  as  it  is  evident  that  ho  should  not  look  across 
through  tlie  strongly  illumined  beam  of  fog. 

1  have  now  shown  that  wo  have  at  command  a  ve 
comploto  and  handy  aiipnratns  for  producing  the  ci 
rent,  and  using  it  either  in  the  small  units  of  light,  ns 
the  Swan  lainjis,  or  in  the  largo  arc  lamps  for  lightii 

furfre’*‘.T“’’'  3-o<i  with  doscribii 

further  the  great  improvements  that  have  been  inn< 
■;>  all  the  accessories  which  the  continued  use  of 
■ght  have  caused  ns  to  provide.  Although  the  st, 

lies  of  cost  do  not  greatly  concern  naval  and  mill 

:'3n;;«nients.  yet  you  will  no  doubt  lx,  glad  to  1 

2.  tlmlfu  ‘“"l"  "'“rob  in  cln 

-mii„  the  light,  and  whereas  a  year  ago,  no  one  wc 

■oM  to  supply  large  arc  lights,  such  ms  I  have  sh 

ia  1.  e  can  n'™"!*^'’  "" 

■aine  tan  now  bo  supplied  at  eight  pence. 

In  coinpariiig  the  cost  with  gas,  wherever  wo  1, 

n“  vein’s, mill‘“  7  “'‘"J-f 

in  ears  hnf  .  S'™" 

le  lcctine‘ha7with  "tlitve^T-"'".'''  “e*** 


these  figures  speak  for  themselves.  I  could  cpiote  y, 


eomparntive  economy;  but  it  ■is°evi;h;id"tlmt  7  t 
electric  light  wore  now  produced  on  the  .same  scale  ai 
with  the  same  vast  ni,|>liances  as  are  used  for  prodiicii 
gn.s,  wo  should  have  a  still  larger  margin  of  eeonomv. 

1  will  couclndo  my  lecture  with  an  iniaeiiiarv  scei 
of  ilisombarkatioii  of  a  large  ariiiv  cnrrieiron  at  iii'd 
ft  may  bo  often  nece.ssarv,  on  account  of  a  da  i<>!'"  ' 
•omit  of  signs,  of  appro'aching  ba  1  i  .tl  r  ti7t  Ih 
operation  should  be  carried  on  with  the  utmost  s,,ee 
,1  night  iLs  by  day.  All  the  apparatus  for  prodiicin 
the  current  would  lx,  retained  on  board  the  steal, 
sliips  ;  the  eomliicting  cables  need  only  be  passed  , 
shore.  Tripod  stands  to  carry  the  lamps  would  I 
p  aced  at  eonvonieiit  intervals  along  the  beach.  T1 
wholonrrangement  for  lighting  a  mile  of  foreshore  eon 
be  got  into  ixisition  and  the  lights  shown  with  le 
thnn  an  hour’s  work  by  squads  of  men  pro|,er 
trained  in  tbe  use  of  the  aiiparatus.  The  most  diflicii 
operations,  such  as  landing  guns  and  horses,  will  bo  i 
easily  carried  on  by  nigbt  as  by  dav.  If  oxtroii 
eelority  wore  needful,  it  is  not  absoliitolv  necossarv  t 
land  the  lighU ;  the  lanterns  may  be  hung  in  sue 

urgent  cases  from  spare  rigged  out’ on  the  steam  tend 

sre  or  launches,  the  dynamo  inachines  being  worked,  a 
lioforo,  on  board  the  largo  ships. 

A  distance  between  these,  i.  e.,  liotween  the  machine 
uid  the  lights,  may  bo  as  groat  as  a  mile  without  cans 
«g  a  cable  to  be  unnecessarily  heavy.  I  have  i 
Iwolt  on  the  advantages  which  the  light  gives  for  t 
light  signaling,  as  they  are  sunicieiitly  obvious;  Ij 
us  brings  mo  to  the  third  part  of  my  lecture,  whii 
•Itbough  on  a  subject  coiiiiectod  with  electricity  is  eo 
icctcd  but  remotely  with  electric  light,  namely,  t 
uiotophono  of  Professor  Graham  Bell. 

Four  years  ago  Professor  Graham  Bell’s  rese.arch 
ulminatod  in  the  telephone— the  sending  of  articula 
peech  by  means  of  electricity.  Since  then,  anoth 
cries  of  brilliant  e.vporinients  have  had  for  their  resii 


oughby  Smith  nni.oiiiicea  timt  the  ]>roi>lieey  u-.i 
filled  :  lie  find  hoard  a  beam  of  light  on  a  bar  of  sil 
hy  means  of  a  telephone  in  oircnit  nith  it. 

The  next  step  was  to  devise  an  arrangement  by 
a  beam  of  light  could  Ix)  thrown  info  rapid  and  rlr 
eal  vdiration  and  so  ]>roduco  a  musical  tone.' 
Graham  Bell  and  Tainter  accomplished  by  a  r 
revolving  shutter,  which  alternately  ccnered  an 
covered  a  slit  through  which  a  beam  of  light  p 
thus  interruiiting  the  Ix-ain  at  regular  intervals  of 
W  hen  a  beam  of  sunlight  thus  intenupted  was  al 
to  fall  on  a  silenium  cell,  a  loud  musical  tone  was 
from  a  telephone  in  circuit  with  it,  and  thus  the  m 

idiotophono  beciimo  an  accomplished  fact.  Hem 

cause  the  beam  of  light  to  vibrato  in  unison  witl 
humano  voice  was  a  trilling  step.  An  elastic  i 
was  irrovided,  made  of  cither  mica  or  very  th 
microscojiic  gliLSs,  silvered  on  the  one  face,  ‘to  i 
the  beam  of  light,  and  so  placed  that  the  voice 
bo  diroetod  against  the  back  face.  When  spoke 
this  mirror  vibrates  in  exact  unison  with  the  voice 
the  beam  of  light  reflected  from  its  front  face  als 
bratcs.  By  means,  then,  of  this  coinbination- 
tho  sunlight  collected  by  a  lens  and  thrown  on  the 
of  the  vibrating  mirror;  second,  after  being  retlo 
•the  rays  being  rendered  parallel  by  the  lens, 
thrown  to  a  distant  station  ;  third,  there  to  bo 
densed  by  a  parabolic  mirror  on  to  the  surface  ol 
sensitive  silenium  coll ;  fourth,  the  ear  applied 
telephone  in  circuit  with  the  coll-the  articulate  s] 
iiig  Iihotophouo  also  was  accomplished. 

Boll  and  Sumner  Tainter  conversed  across  a  disi 
of  240  j-ards  at  Washington,  the  solo  medium  of 
inunication  being  the  nbrnting  beam  of  light. 
Graham  Bell’s  words,  “  On  jmtting  my  ear  to  the 
phono  I  heard  distinctly  from  the  illuminated  reco 
Mr.  Boll,  if  you  hear  what  I  say,  come  to  the  wit 
and  wave  your  hat.” 

I  have  thus  given  you  very  briefly  the  histor}-  of 
wonderful  discovery  Tf  _ I 


nitlicr  for  the  laboratory  than  the  leeturo  room.  I  must 
tliauk  you  for  the  kind  attention  that  you  have  paid  to 
my  lecture.  I  had  intended  to  illustrate  it  much  more 
completely  by  e.\i)erimunt.s  and  iippanitiis  than  I  have 
done.  In  that  part  of  it.  as  a  manufacturer  and  ougin- 
eer,  1  should  have  felt  more  at  home  that  in  the  more 
descriptive  portion  of  iny  lecture. 

The  very  extraordinary  stoppage  of  traflic  caused  by 
the  snow  storm,  has,  in  spite  of  the  postponement  of 
mj  ec  lire,  pre\euted  a  great  pait  of  mv  a]>pnratus 
re.mhmg  me  ,n  tune,  this  I  beg  you  will  excuse 

CfUTts.  It.  M :  With  reference  to  the  posi- 
t  o  of  the  Uk-out  man,  I  think  instead  of  putting  him 
.U  the  numt  head,  he  would  see  much  better  slung^ver 
the  ship  s  side,  having  the  water’s  edge  so  as  to  give 
mil  a  view  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  horizon  (eom- 

1  '  T  ”  ^  ^ 

stead  of  above  the  light. 

Jilii.  Lioai.vs :  I  should  like  to  make  one  suggestion  • 
hiriv  b°T‘’l'‘‘"‘  r”  oxi)res.sod,^mrlieu.’ 

woidd  ^e  for  ^  •  The  light 

of  if  it  was  “PProved 

4ln™ro;  SS”"'-”-  "i 

of  efficieiipv  fr*  suflicient  degree 

■  ''‘"'"’^‘°'''^™““-’I»-“ctioally  useful.  The  lecturer 


cln.ss  of  light  is  wanted  for  large  open "air's'^ 
other,  for  largo  or  encloseil  siiaces,  such  i 
stations  and  public  halls ;  a  third  kind  for  fuel 
lastly,  another  kind  for  domestic  imrpo.ses 
hrst  purpose,  undoubtedly  largo  centres  of  lii 
groat  desideratum.  In  several  of  the  thoroi 
London,  lights  have  boon  erected  which  hav. 
edly  added  very  niuch  to  the  illumination  of , 
though  it  may  still  boa  <]uostion  whether  that  i 
of  electrie  light  for  the  town  illumination  of  I 
In  some  places,  particiilmly  the  docks.  Dr.  .Si 
erected  lights  on  a  largo  scale  and  at  much  gi 
vation  :  i,y  their  means  he  has  offected  a  com 
mination  of  the  area  reijtiired.  Xot  only 
sjiaces  outside  of  the  several  workshops  liec 
nated,  but  even  the  interior  of  such  of  the  i 
as  have  partially  glass  roofs  received  illumim 
the  fashion  of  day  light.  It  remains,  howeve 
still  further  in  this  direction,  and  I  sincerely  i 
'“fore  very  long  exporiineiits  on  a  still  larger s 

|noro  powerful  lights  at  a  much  greater  eloval 

'e  tried.  By  this  means  it  is  hoped  to  obtain 
■""'“i.c“  »f  difliised  light  by  rollectioii  from 


light,  that  it  is  not  so  nmch  the  intensity  that  injure 
the  eye,  ns  the  irregnlmity  or  nickering  of  tho  illnnii 
nation  ;  a  eonsidemtion  which  gives  the  highest  vain 
to  the  quality  of  steadiness.  In  tho  case  of  a  factory 
of  course  we  do  not  want  one  groat  light,  but  a  variet'i 
of  lights  of  more  moderate  extent,  so  as  to  illmniiinb 
the  dinerciiit  portions.  For  this  pnr|)o.se,  Mr.  Croni]) 
ton  has,  I  think,  sncce(shsl  beyond  any  others.  As  re. 
gards  domestic  purposes,  we  have  hen;  tho  vorv  beanti- 
fnl  invention  of  .Air.  .Swan  ;  he  certainly  is  the'  first  in 
the  field  so  far  as  this  current  is  concerned.  tVitli 
these  lights  it  will  be  worth  while  to  sacrifice  a  con¬ 
siderable  amount  of  illnmination  in  order  to  got  a  light 
of  this  dogri.-e  of  mmleration  and  steadiness  for  the  in¬ 
terior  of  oiir  buildings.  There  are,  I  believe,  one  or 
two  other  inventions  for  tho  same  purpose  already  ad¬ 
vanced  ;  and  I  hope,  without  disparagement  to  Air. 
Swan  s  hglit,  that  we  may  see  others  come  forward  with 
other  solutions  of  the  problem  of  domestic  lighting.  I 
heartily  wish  to  join  my  thanks  with  tho.io  of  f 
audience  to  Mr.  Crompton  for  his  interesting  lecture. 

AIii.  St.  OnoiiOK  L.vxe  Fo.x  :  1  believe  that  A 

Edison  who,  of  course,  is  referred  to  in  the  begiiiiiii 
the  lecture,  though  ho  is  an  American,  has  real 

<lone  a  very  great  deal  tor  this  subject.  He  began 
work.  It  IS  true,  jierhaps,  rather  got  tip,  as  it  were,  1 
.speculators  and  gas  people,  but  I  think  groat  credit 
duo  to  hiiii  for  having  stated  from  the  very  first  that 
«a.s  pos.sible  to  introduce  a  system  of  olcetrio  light  tin 
eou  d  be  so  distributed  and  .livided  as  to  bo  availab 
foi  household  purposes.  I  think  All  Edison  was  tl: 
n^  ,  and  no  Afr.  Swan,  to  produce  a  practically  «s: 

,,f  '  T  ’  tir  lie  tl  fl  e 

too  ii  ”  Mr.  Edison’s  resoarehi 

.  III  inspect  to  the  presence  of  occluded  gasc 
1  1  ttals  and  other  substances,  are  exceedingly  intci 

la-s  c..n,ed  them  out.  I  think  he  has  rn...ta,„,i 


.roper  credit  should  bo  given  bim,  more  esnecialh 
a  the  future  ho  will  bo  able  to’  show,  and  I  h 
o  doubt,  will  show,  that  ho  was  the  first  to  f 
eed,  and  I  think  it  a.s  well  to  recognize  it  at  oi 
say  this  entirely  disinterestedly,  because  it 
ery  much  to  my  disadvantage  that  Air.  Ivlison  sho 
e  first,  as  I  have  also  elaiins  in  this  direction  Th 
.  another  point  to  which  I  may  call  attention,  and  li 
a.s  reference  to  the  reason  why  more  light  ii;  prodm 
I  the  arc  light  for  a  given  amoiint  of  j.ower  than  it 
1  the  siimll  ine-ande.scent  lamp.  It  was  not.  1  tliii 
lito  right  to  say  that  this  is  duo  to  the  greater  resi 
ICO  in  tho  arc  light.  Tho  arc  light  has  a  resistan 
•obably  ono  hundred  times  le.ss  than  one  of  tin 
mill  iiicandescont  lights  that  yon  see  above  you. 
iiey  their  resistance  is  about  100  ohms,  whereas  t 
sistance  of  tho  arc  light  is  not  more  than  one  or 
ly  be,  imrlmps,  two  or  three.  The  fact  is,  you  canii 
t  an  arc  light  with  a  very  high  electrical  resistain 
le  real  reason  for  this  ditTereiico,  there  can  be  i 
milt  is,  that  a  greater  amount  of  energy  is  oxia-mh 
a  smaller  space  in  tho  cilso  of  the  are  light  than 
-•  iiicaiidescont  light.  In  tho  are,  you  have  an  in 
11180  eoncentration  of  force  in  a  small  siiace  ;  tho  r 
It  IS  that  the  luminous  radiance  is  far  greater  in  jin 
rtion  to  tho  amount  of  onorgy  exiieiided.  Again, 
mot  agree  with  Air.  Crompton  in  saying  that  the  in 
It  is  very  much  cheaper  than  the  incandescent  ligh 
e  iiicandescont  lights,  as  you  see,  have  a  very  greii 
'iiiitago  over  tho  arc  light,  and  I  think  they  will  nl 
iitely  have  tho  advautago  of  ecunomy.  It  is  aitu 
her  another  (juestion  to  estimate  the  economy  ii 
lit  of  horse-power  required,  or  in  jioint  of  th. 
Hint  of  money  which  ono  would  have  to  jiiiv  for  i 
111  quantity  of  light.  It  is  true  that  in  an  arc  ligh: 
amoiiut  of  eneigy  reciuired  to  proiluee  a  givet 
unit  of  light  is  very  small  in  jirojiortion  to  that  re¬ 
ed  for  the  incandescent  light,  but  an  arc  light  al- 
s  requires  a  considerable  amount  of  attention  ;  and 
0  can  be  only  a  few  produced  from  ono  tieueratiiii: 


|)ro(liic.!il  bv  tlio  coinbiistioii  of  l.J  lbs.  of  coal  per 
l.o.-se-i.ower,  per  hoar,  that  is  a  very  good  result  which 
IS  now  pra.^tieally  obtained,  for  there  is  a  firm  in 
breeaock,  prepare, 1  to  supiily  engines  with  that  gnar- 
loiteeil  eoiisnmption.  The  cost  of  li  lbs  of 
thmeite  coal,  the  best  coal  for  this  parpo.so',  is  onlv 
r.,  hofa  penny,a„d,r  think,  on  a  very  largo  scd'e 
•  ‘J'^pimses  «onld  be  fonnil  eonipnrntirciv 
..^|n,fieant  as  eon.,mre.l  with  the  expense  of  g„; 

I  «  pro'l'ifing  the  power  wouhl 

be  ho  chief  cost  for  the.se  small  lights.  .Such  lain,,s 
.us  those  will  probably  bo  prod, ice, 1  before  long  at  a 
cost  of  one  shilling  each  ;  there  is  hardly  any  expense 
«  material  then,  and  they  take  less  than  ini  hmm  o 
^mie  of'fl  •  “■“’^t'.vreniiireil  topro- 

a  ,0,0  f  “  '« '•“O' miieh  less  than  the 

•rtweli;t„  ->f  “•■“■•gvis 

arc  will  eivc  '(Tl’  1"*’ 

«ill  give  tvvelve  times  as  much  light  as  the  incai, 
descent  hg  it  for  the  same  expenditimo  of  energy,  y"  , 
uL  .  “  ,'‘''"■‘7“’*  •°  “  "-•■■■Poratfire.  but 

•i-eith-n: 

s  . . 

from  tlio  ,mH,,s  uijd'„,8o  o*  rl'oli'ictucs. 

. . 


tainly  could  distinguish  objects  best  wiren  1  was 
up.  I  could  distinguish  them  by  fore.shorte,iii,.> 
when  I  got  otr  the  ground  glare.  1  do  not  know 
the  cause  is  identically  the  same  on  the  water  a 

land,  but  I  am  iimler  the  imprcssioi,  tli„t  -.i . 

groat  causes  why  it  is  so  difiieiilt  at  prcsont  to  , 
toipedo-boat  approaching  when  the  look-out  in, 
placed  low,  is  that  nientioned  by  C'apt.  Curtis,  win 
said  he  wished  to  get  his  eye  as  near  the  hori/.c 
possible.  That  is,  of  course,  all  right  when  you 
to  see  one  object  relieved  against  the  light  bch'ind  ; 
I  cronceivo  ifyoi,  want  to  clearly  .listinguish  win, 
object  us,  the  higher  you  get  and  the  more  fores! 
eiied  the  sight  you  can  get  of  the  object,  the  easie, 
are  able  to  distinguish  the  imtiir..  of  it,  whethera  fi 
or  an  enemy,  a  tor,Halo.boat  or  a  harmless  craft.' 

>oxt  as  reganls  the  whiteness  of  the  light,  ft  i, 
fair  to  blame  the  light  for  being  white.  I  do  not  t 
ladies  woiihl  long  object  to  the  light  if  it  were  w 
It  is  when  it  gets  beyond  white,  blue  and  piinile. 

It  18  so  objectionable.  The  light  is  never  abso’li 
white;  it  is  always  on  the  yellow  side,  and  so  loin 
It  reiiianis  on  the  yellow  side  it  is  all  right.  Yello 
locoiniiig  color  to  our  complexions  ;  the  most  u 
'ninig  color  you  can  use  is  pink.  1  have  trieil  pu 
Ilk  shades  on  the  light,  and  it  makes  everyboilv 
illow,  whereas  if  you  put  yellow  shades  to  the’  1 
makes  evoryboily  look  pink.  I  have  yellow  ghuss  I 


It  s  ops  ..  great  deal  of  tl...  light,  hat  it  preveuts  the 

light  l.,.rt...K  voar  eyes.  Of  «,.,.,e  the  objection  to  its 
use  IS  that  a  large  proportion  of  light  is  «-,»tc.l.  First 
I  shonhl  s,.y  with  regard  to  Mr.  Spotliswoode's  re’ 
marks  that  he  h,us  really  hit  the  pith  of  the  matter 

3  I  S  use  lights— hniig  nj»  young  suhh  • 
«e  mnst  hang  ,.p  something  tln.t  will  snpply  the  place’ 
of  the  Sim,  and  .Siemens  certainly  has  done  that  to  a 
great  e.xteut  ..t  the  Albert  Docks.  IJnt  the  snns  to  1- 
-1.  b.  ^ 

ot ,  and  ..  order  to  get  the  fall  advantage  of  the  crat.-r 

r  on  mnst  have  yonr  light  at  great  elevation.  It  is  no 

■so  hanging  ..p  s.nall  lights  at  a  great  Inagl.t  ;  yon  want 
ghts  .nth  a  current  of  low  tension  bnt  enormous 
t)  a...  then  yon  get  those  sans  which  Inivo  a  big  g 
penotrativo  power.  Ill  ronlv  In  \r..  f.’  ’  " 

Mr.  Edison  I  in..v  «  IV  [\  .  ^  ”  remarks  about 

■•llo.vi..’«  hi-s  mime  lo'i;‘lll't'a“h?.t.^‘’'’‘‘°" 

The  CiuiitMAN;  Allow  mo  to  .sav  that  in  ti.;.,  <i 
I'ooki'like^  “'“’“'-Of  to  avoid,  if  possibh-,  a.  Ml  .  g  'll 't 
is  the  great  <Eu7irdec!Ih'ng^ll  “! 

therefore  wish  to  ca«tio.  vr  ‘’  -  r  ^ 

-t.e  he...urtt:rttr'" " 

l‘'•s  l'ee.i*riw,Ms^n.?f'°"™t 

'■gilt  i.ivontio.1  has  tr'ilso  m  *  v" 

'■  ^4"  .z™  r; 


scent  light.  Of  course  f,  who  have  been  nsiii 
?at  oAtont  the  electiic  ...c,  like  every  slioeiimk 
cks  to  bis  last  and  swears  bv  it, 'still  eoasi- 
'Otrio  ai-c  is  very  good  in  its  plnee,  bat  I  ad 
!oly  ns  any  one  does,  tlmt  tlio.so  gei.tlciiioii  wli 
oiiglit  forward  tlio  beautiful  iiicaiidcsceiit  li; 
0  greatest  inventors  of  tlie  year.  Witli  regard 
oslioii  about  the  area  tlmt  'ca.i  bo  lighted,  wl. 
lall.or  is  foggy  or  there  is  smoke  larnging  abo, 
entirely  a  iinestion  of  degiee.  I  l.iive  a  light 
.■i-ater  oiio-qiiarter  of  an  iiieli  in  diainoter"wit 
clmr  ciiri'cnl,  raised  !10  feet  from  the  gro.i. 
ods  yiiitl  at  Glasgow,  and  on  elenr  evenings  y 
fid  tile  labels  on  tlio  goods  wagons  aliont  ‘220 
I.)  from  the  light.  On  the  foggiest  evenings  v 
Glasgow,  yon  can  only  road  those  same  hibch 
.vnrds  away  from  the  light.  ]5nt  I  an.  perfect 
"■utoad  of  ..siag  a  SO-IVeber  e..r.-e..t,  I  ha.1 
ohor  current,  as  they  have  in  use  at  Cl.ntha... 

0  iiav3',  I  should  have  been  able  in  a  foa  of  tli 
mkaess,  to  have  rend  the  labels  at  a  drstance 


lion  ;  tliero  nmy  be  fogs  so  tliiek'  tiint  ‘vn,. 
anvtliing;  but  in  Ibe  ordiimrv  fog,  I  iini  certain  timt 

tbo  large  ligl.t  would  l»ive  enable, 1  ns  to  rend  at  tln.t 

-ay  station,  when  tbe  lights  are  bung  big],  „p 
no  means  an  imi)leasant  efTect.  \Vu  bare  ver  •  T 

ison  lias  rendered  sneb  veonian  serviee  T  .  ^  ' 

I  brongbt  fonvar.1  Mr.  Ellison's  name  bai^m  mT 

tuistworthy  rcsearcliHs  Oil  occluiled  L^aii  *  ^ 

oflbe  Meebanical  Engineensat  liny, ■o,y.iuJ,,n,"TZ 
■a.'  remarks  were  receive.1  with  consi.lembl  .  " 

as  bis  resenrebes  were  not  consi.b.r  r  ,  ‘'ens'on, 
'•able  of  that  kind.  ''‘’"'"■"I  to  bavo  sciontilie 

TheOimiiijiax;  I  amsnro  tlmt  V  .. 

J“„"  v‘"r  ■“  . . 

-  “.r r  /  r z 

‘l*a  trouble  be  must 
-St  interesting  sub  eet.  T 

tlie  (lav  and  it  is  oviduiiHr  i  •  subjects  of 

‘.'■a  Tlmmes,  tbl  i":’!';;''  ‘  On 

■‘b'lit,  and  ns  far  as  I  know  tl  ’O’  oloctric 

so  to  screen  tbe  1  g  it  f"  been 

bgl-ting  tbe  docks  it  sbol!r  .S“t'‘''T 

navigate  tbe  river  Tb.it  l  tbe  poojilo  wbo 

I  ‘lo  trust  tbe  electric  li.d  t  "‘-'‘'omplisbed,  and 

regard  taTe^l:?  P-grass. 

was  good  enoiigb  to  ask  n  Saaretary 

■  agard  to  tbe  idiotopbonc  T  1  «ivo  us  witli 

'nay  '"!'  e  a  full  lect,.;  upon  tlI,d“mo  t"'"  t 

upon  tliat  most  iiitorestiug 


pRODUmG  Uglit  by  heating  a  poor  conductor  of 
electricity  to  incandescence  is  a  favorite  conception 
of  experimentalists,  and  numerous  attempts  have  been 
made  toward  its  practical  realization.  In  nearly  every 
instance  these  attempts  have  resulted  in  failure,  not  so 
much  because  of  any  inherent  defect  of  principle  as  be¬ 
cause  of  imperfecHons  in  the  details  of  construction  and 
ojjeration. 

lighting  by  incandescence  involves  a  principle  as  sim. 
pl^  lighting  by  the  voltaic  arc.  The  conductor  ren- 
aered  lummous  is  of  poor  conductivity,  or,  in  other 
terms,  of  high  resistance.  The  resistance  of  the 

f^tegard^  Therefore  the  current  generated  is  divided 
Mtween  the  generator  and  the  poor  conductor  exactly 
pro^rtion  to  their  respective  resistances ;  and  as  the 
is  con- 

effects  sufficient  to  yield  light. 


INCANDESCENT  LAMPS. 


When  a  body  is  at  the  temperature  of  1,000°  C.  we 
have  the  heat-rays 

At  1,200°  we  have  the  orange  rays. 

“  1,300°  “  “  “  yellow  rays. 

“  1,600°  “  “  “  blue  rays. 

1,700°  “  “  “  indigo  rays. 

“  2,000°  “  “  “  violet  rays. 

Above  2,000°  C.  we  have  all  the  rays  of  the  sun.  In 
incandescent  carbon  lighting  the  conductor  is  raised  to  a 
temperature  much  in  excess  of  2,000°. 

Many  conductors  may  be  employed  in  the  production 
of  light  by  incandescence and  it  is  a  curious  fact  that 
experimentalists  have  almost  invariably  followed  a  beat¬ 
en  course,  passing  from  one  metal  to  another:  from  pla¬ 
tinum  to  iridium  .and  iridio-platinum ;  from  the  metals 
to  carbon-coated  and  intermixed  asbestos  and  other  re¬ 
fractory  materials ;  and  finally  to  carbon  alone.  As 
carbon,  pure  and  simple,  has  been  clearly,  determined  to 
be  the  only  suitable. substance,  we  shall  leave  out  of  con- 
sideratibn  all  other  conductors  of  electricity. 

There  are  two  t3rpes  of  incandescent  lamps  in  use, 
those  which  bum  in  the  air  and  those  in  which  the  lu- 
i^ons  conductor  is  enclosed  in  a  globe  exhausted  of 
air  or  contaimng  an  atmosphere  of  nitrogen  or  other  gas 
for  which  carbon  at  high  temperatures  has  no  chemical 
afltoily.  The  open-air  lamp  is  subject  to  so  many  ob¬ 
jections  that  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  will  ever  be 
successfully  employed ;  but  the  efforts  of  Renler  and 
Werdermaim  have  done  much  towards  reducing  it  tc 
practical  form.  The  Renier  lamp  (Fig.  34)  consists  of  £ 
long  pencil  of  carbon  continuously  fed  between  an  elas- 


tic  contact  to  a  iiearing  ujKjn  a  carlwn  roller  at  a  point 
between  the  vertical  and  the  horizontal  The  upper  or 
elastic  contact  compresses  the  pen¬ 
cil  laterally,  and  one  terminal  of  1  r 

the  conducting  wire  is  connected  i 

with  this  contact.  The  other  ter-  ¥  1 

minal  is  comiected  with  the  carbon  Ij 

roller.  The  pencil,  being  consumed  I  I 

at  the  lower  extremity  more  rapid¬ 
ly  than  at  any  other  place,  di¬ 
minishes  in  length,  and  this  di¬ 
minution  is  compensated  by  the 
continuous  downward  feeding  of 
the  pencil.  Rotation  of  the  car¬ 
bon  roller  to  carry  away  dead 
fragments  of  carbon  is  obtained 
from  the  'tangential  component  of 
the  pressure  of  the  pencil  on  the 
periphery  of  the  roller. 

The  Werdermann  lamp  (Pig.  35) 
is  the  reverse  of  the  Renier  lamp 
in  construction  and  operation.  In 
this  lamp  the  carbon  pencil  is  fed 
upward,  tlirough  an  elastic  con¬ 
tact,  by  means  of  a  weight  or 
spring,  against  a  solid  station^ 
block  of  carbon. 

Both  the  Renier  and  the  Wer-  TOrja**^**^ 

dermann  lamjw,  under  proi)er  con- 
ditions,  should  yield  a  higher  i)ercentage  of  light  per 
horse-power  than  lamps  in  which  the  carbon  is  protected 


•i2ai 


INCANDESCENT  LAMPS.  37 

from  oxygen;  but  in  both  these  lamps  the  constant  re¬ 
newal  of  the  carbon  pencU  and  points  of  contact  neces- 
sary  are  objections  to  be  surmounte<l. 

The  earliest  attempt  to  isolate  an  incandescent  carbon 
conductor  from  oxygen  appears  to  have  been  made  by 


as.  Tbe  WerdenaaaD  Ltsp. 


StOT  in  the  year.  1846 ;  *  and  it  is  a  matter  of  some  sur¬ 
prise  that  this  patient  investigator,  whose  conception 
included  the  entire  range  of  divisibility  of  the  light; 
should  have  stopped  but  little  short  of  realizing  a  prac¬ 
ticable  system  of  lighting.  The  Starr-King  burner  (Fig. 

•  Stur-Klns  t  EnglUh  patent  No.  lO.BU,  1845. 


68  KLECTRIC  UOnTlNC  BV  I.VCAXDf-SCEKCE. 

36)  conaists  of .  a  conducting  wire,  D,  sealed  in  the  glass 
of  a  Toricellian  vacuum-tube,  and  connecting  with  a  car¬ 
bon  rod.  A,  whoso  lower  extremity  is  in  contact  with  a 
second  conductor  resting  in  the  quicksilver.  The  bar 
B,  of  iwrcehun,  serves  as  a  support  for  the  apparatus. 
For  several  reasons  this  lamp  could  not  have  been  a 
successful  one,  as  will  be  made  clear  in  another  cliapter.* 
In  1873,  nearly  thirty  years  later,  came  the  invention 
of  Lodyguine,t  a  Kussmn  physicist,  who  was  awarded, 
during  the  subsequent  year,  the  great  prize  of  the  St, 
Petersbuig  Academy  of  Sciences.  Tlie  Lodyguine 
burner  consisted  of  a  single  rod  of  carbon  diminishing 
in  section  at  the  incandescent  part ;  and  two  or  more  of 
th^  rods  were  placed  in  a  globe  provided  with  an  ex¬ 
terior  rheotome,  in  order  that  the  current  might  be 


Th«  Sto-Kin;  i/Btfis  of  lighting  included  a  generator  of  electri- 
ot  thaderioea  of  which  are-TarionsIr  »t  the  present  dap. 
rao  following  auuimary  of  tha  leading  points  of  Starr’s  English  patent, 
»nd  enUUed  Irnprorements  in 
the  Prrfnctlon  of  Magneto-Electricitp."  is  of  interest : 

1.  Tha  principle  of  tha  machine  consists  in  rcmlring  between  the  poles 
M  ^rmanent  magnets,  arranged  radiallp,  a  disk  having  near  its  edge 
'•‘'‘■f  “o  parallel  to  the  axis  of  rotation. 

*.  Winds  around  the  iron  cores  a  continuous  flat  strip  of  copper,  in- 
serUng  cotton  between  each  laper  to  insuUte. 

.  Collects  tha  current  from  the  separate  bobbins  with  separate  springs, 
to  ^low  of  subdivision,  if  necesmrp. 

4.  To  prevent  neutraliiing  currents  being  induced  in  the  brass  or 
rther  metallic  pUta  which  forms  the  wheel  carrying  the  armatures,  a 
the  edge  to  tha  hole  in  which  the  armature  is  in- 

each  *  sofUiron  bar  to  the  inducing  magnets,  so  that  thep  may 

n  ^  a  second  time  bn  any  armature  during  each  revolution, 
n  Shepard  in  1850,  Engluh  patent  No.  18,803,  and 

^^rta  in  1853.  EnglUh  patent  No.  14,108.  invented  and  experimented 
With  incandescent  carbon  larnna. 


INCANDESCENT  DAMPS. 


passed  through  a  fresh  cal-bon  when  one  should  liav 
been  destroyed.  Unaccountably,  Ixjdygtiine  lia.s  bee 
severely  criticised  by  many  writers,  'who  have  prc 
nounced  his  apiiamtus  the  least  practiail  and  the  leas 


studied  of  all ;  whereas  it  was  the  most  practical  and 
the  most  studied  of  all  that  Imd  preceded  it,  for  Lody- 
ffiiine  recognized  the  value  of  a  perfect  connection  with 
the  incandescent  portion,  such  ns  results  from  enlarge- 
■ment  of  the  carbon  at  the  points  of  contact  with  the 


KUECrniC  LIOIITIVO  BY  INCA.VI)E.SCE.SXE. 


conductors  leading  to  it,  and  he  provided  for  the  inev¬ 
itable  destruction  of  the  rod  by  arranging  another  tc 
take  its  place. 

After  Lodyguine  came  Konn  and  Kosloff,  whose  in¬ 
ventions  do  not  differ  essentially,  although  the  Konn 
lamp  of  1875  (Fig.  37)  was  pcrha])s  the  more  practiKible. 
Tills  lamp  consists  of  a  base,  A,  in  copper,  on  which  are 
fixed  two  terminals  to  which  the  conductors  are  fas¬ 
tened  ;  two  bars,  C  D,  in  copper;  and  a  small  vrdve,  K, 
opening  only  from  within  outwards.  A  globe,  B,  e.x- 
panded  at  its  upper  pirt,  is  clamped  to  the  ba.se  by 
means  of  a  collar,  L,  pressing  on  soft  nibber  washers. 
One  of  the  vertical  rods,  D.  is  insulated  from  the  base 
and  comnrunicates  with  a  terminal,  also  insulated.  The 
other  rod,  C,  is  constructed  in  two  parts:  (1)  of  a  tube 
fixed  directly  upon  the  base  and  in  electrical  connec¬ 
tion  therewith ;  and  (2)  of  a  copper  rod  split  for  a  part 
of  its  length,  wiiereby  is  obtained  sufficient  elasticity  to 
permit  the  rod  to  slide  freely  and  yet  Ire  held  in  place  in 
the  tube.  Carbon  pencils,  E,  are  placed  between  two 
small  plates  which  crown  the  rods.  Each  irencil  is  intro- 
duc^  into  two  smaU  blocks,  0,  al.so  of  carbon,  which 
twelve  the  copper  rods  F  G  at  their  extremities.  The 
rods  G  are  equal  in  length,  and  the  rods  F  are  of  une¬ 
qual  length.  A  hammer,  I,  is  hinged  on-the  bar  C,  and 
makes  connection  only  with  a  single  pencil  of  carbon  at 

'N  hen  the  lamp  is  plac?d  in  circuit,  a  pencil  of  carbon, 

^  is  traversed  by  the  current;  and  when  this  pencil 
is  consumed  and  drops  out  of  place,  the  hammer,  I, 
■••.dves  connection  with  another  pencil ;  when  all  the  «ir- 


4288 

I.VCA.VDESCEXT  LAMPS. 


bons  Lave  been  consnmed  the  hammer  r^.st.s  upon  the 
copper  rod  H,  and  the  circuit  is  not  interrupted.  Ac¬ 
cording  fo  M.  Fontaine,  the  maximum, liglit  obttiin.able 
from  a  Konn  burner  is  equal  to  about  175  candles.  Tlie 


carbon  is  protected  by  partially  exhau.sting  the  air  and 
depending  upon  the  carbon  monoxide,  subsequently 
formed,  to  preserve  it  from  further  change— an  error  in 
calculation  which  it  is  difficult  to  understjind,  and  tlie 
fallacy  of  which  is  proved  by  the  results.  The  average 
duration  of  the  first  pencil  is  about  twenty  minutes. 


•I28;i 

02  KLECTRIC  uoimxo  BV  INCANDESCENCE. 

The  succeeding  penciJs  have  each  an  average  life  of  two 
lioiirs. 

Xext  in  practical  order  comes  the  Bouliguine  lamp 
(Fig.  38),  in  which  a  long  pencil  of  carbon  is  fed  upwards. 
!is  in  the  Werdermann  lamp,  through  an  elaslic  contact, 
m  this  case  controlled  electro-mngneticaUy.  The  sealing 


Plj.  40,  FMimer'g  Uiap,  im. 


of  the  globe  is  effected,  as  in  the  Konn  lamp,  by  the 
lateral  pressure  of  soft  rubber  washers.* 

Tlie  last  of  these  old  lamps  of  which  there  is  record 
is  the  invention  of  M.  Fontaine  (Pig.  39),  in  which-  the 
carbon  pencils,  A  A,  are  held  in  rigid  contacts.  No 

•  Carbon-holOcn,  nude  in  the  form  of  long  tubes  end  filled  with  long 
eertxinj,  were  first  emplojed  by  Staitc  (English  patent  No.  12,312  of  1848). 
'*^'>0,  with  hilt  ftssocUte,  Edwards,  was  much  In  adrance  of  the  daj  in 
»hich  he  worked. 


allowance  is  made  for  expansion  or  contraction  of  the 
conductors.  In  this  lamp,  as  in  Lodyguines.  a  fresh 
pencii  is  brouglit  into  circuit  by  an  p.xtcrior  rheotoiiK! 
when  one  has  been  consumed. 

Among  all  these  lamps  that  of  Konn  maintains  its  su¬ 
premacy  ;  and  it  mhst  be  confessed  that,  considering  the 
time  and  means  devoted  to  the  solution  of  tliis  itroblein 
in  European  countries,  the  product  is  insignilicant. 

The  lamp  illustrated  in  Fig.  40,  which  was  patented 
by  Farmer,  March  25,  1870,  has  not  progressed  Ix-youd 
the  stage  of  laboratory  cx])eriment.  It  is  jterhaps  le.ss 
practical  than  the  lamjrs  of  Konn  nnd  others,  in  the.se 
respects:  that  the  incandescent  rod  or  peijcil  is  held 
between  large  blocks  of  carbon  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
greatly  objure. the  light;  and  that  the  .sealing  is  ef¬ 
fected  by  means  of  a  mbber  stopjrer  through  which  pass 
the  conducting  supports,  which,  being  good  conductors 
of  heat,  must  inevitably  cause  the  lamp  to  unseal. 


CHAPTER  V. 


CARBONS  FOB  INCANDESCENT  LIOnTINO. 

jgEFORE  entering  upon  a  further  survey  of  the  field  of 
incandescent  lighting,  it  is  well  that  we  should 
pause  to  consider  the  primal  clement  of  all  incande¬ 
scent  lamps — the  luminous  carbon  conductor.  Its  re- 
(jiiirements  are  simply  expressed.  In  cross-section 
it  must  bo  uniform  and  in  homogeneity  perfect.  The 
denser  and  harder  the  carbon  the  more  lasting  it  proves 
to  1)6 ;  and  density,  hardness,  and  homogeneity  in  the 
carbon  are  therefore  the  elements,  or  a  part  of  them,  of 
success.  Before  the  time  of  Foucault,  who  substituted 
gas-retort  carbon  for  wood  charcoal,  the  voltaic  arc  was 
little  more  than  a  laboratory  toy ;  and  thus  \vith  incan¬ 
descent  lighting,  so  long  as  the  luminous  conductor  is 
confined  to  the  product  of  the  gas-retort  its  uses  must 
be  confined  to  the  laboratory. 

One  of  the  earliest  methods  of  preparing  artificial  car¬ 
bons,  and  tliat  in  most  general  use  at  the  present  day, 
consists  in  reducing  coke  to  a  fine  powder  and  thorough- 
I.'  incorporating  it  with  molasses  or  other  glutinous  hy¬ 
drocarbon  substance.  The  resultant  mixture  is  pressed 
into  moulds  and  baked,  and  afterwards  placed  in  a  con¬ 
centrated  solution  of  the  same  hydrocarbon,  and,  when 
thoroughly  saturated,  again  baked ;  and  so  on  until  it 


CARIIOSS  FOU  INCANDF-SCENT  MOIITI.SO.  y.-; 

acquires  the  requisite  solidity  and  smoothness.  .Sucli 
carbons  are  imperfect,  since  they  pntain  many  im¬ 
purities. 

By  the  Jacquelin  process  carbon  is  produced  wliidi, 
in  purity,  density,  hardness,  and  homogeneity,  is  all  that 
could  be  desired.  M.  Jacquelin,  with  pure  iiydrocar- 
Ixtns,  closely  imitates  the  processes  of  the  gas-retort,  de¬ 
composition  of  the  compound  gases  l;eing  accomplished 
in  a  highly. heated  iwrcelain  tube,  upon  the  interior  sur- 
fjice  of  which  the  carbon  is  depositetl.  The  objection 
to  this  process  consists  in  the  difliculty  of  reducing  the 
mass  thus  formed  to  the  shape  of  rods  or  pencils,  lus  the 
otrbon  obtained  is  so  hard  that  it  can  be  cut  only  with 
the  greatest  difficulty.* 

The  best  artificial  carbons  for  incandescent  lighting 
that  we  have  obtained  are  made  by  the  CairC-  ]iro(;es,s, 
and  supplied  by  M.  Br6gn6t  in  mechanically  pr-rfect 
round  pencils  of  from  eight  to  twenty  inches  in  length, 
and  almost  any  desired  diameter  in  millimetres ;  bnt  in 
these  carbons  there  is  room  for  extensive  improvement 
"'hich,  no  doubt,  M;  Carrfi  will  turn  to  advantage.  .•Ac¬ 
cording  to  Fontaine,  the  process  of  manufacture  is  us 
•ollows:  A  composition,  consisting  of  very  finely  jtow- 
dered  coke,  calcined  lamp-black,  and  a  syrup  formed  of 
twelve  parts  of  gum  and  thirty  of  cane-sugiir,  is  tho-  , 
roughly  ground  and  intermixed,  and  sufficient  water  i.s 
•■dded  to  give  the  required  consistency.  Thus  prepared 

1  »»li«««tperiniented  wilhainiooth  disk  of  cellu¬ 

loid  rerolTiDg  at »  high  imt*  of  ipoed,  and  we  find  that  bj-  means  of  it  Urn 
^West  retort-carbon  is  as  easUj  aod  taoothljr  cut  as  so  much  hard  rubber. 


t;ti  ELECTRIC  LIGIITISO  RY  IXCAXRHSCEXCE. 

tlie  iMiste  is  compressed  and  iiasse<l  tliroiigli  a  (li«!-plate, 
\vlifrel)y  the  pencil  Ls  fonned.  Siilisisiiicntly  tlie  i)t>ndl 
Ls  subjected  to  a  higli  lemjKjrature  in  a  crucilile,  and  by 
various  openitions  and  reiretitions  of  the  lieating  the 
requisite  density  and  liardness  are  ol)taiue<l.  Tlie  ar- 
laugenient  of  the  pencil  for  baking,  after  foriuing,  while 
yet  in  a  pliable  condition  and  without  iMimiiiting  it  to 
twist  or  Ijcnd,  is  one  not  fully  understood  ;  and  all  at¬ 
tempts  in  this  coiintrj’  towards  dujdicjitiiig  the  inanu. 
faeture  have  signally  failed.  Pencils  of  one  thirty-sec¬ 
ond  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  nine  inches  in  length, 
made  exiiressly  for  us,  are  as  absolutely  straight  and  re¬ 
gular  as  a  wire  under  tension.. 

The  drsiwn  or  moulded  pencils  are  primarily  placed  in 
a  horizontal  position  on  a  bed  of  coke-dust  in  crucibles, 
each  layer  being  separated  from  its  neighbor  by  an 
iiiten-ening  sheet  of  paper.  Secondly,  a  layer  of  coke- 
dust  is  spread  over  the  carbons;  and,  lastly,  the  whole  is 
covered  by  silicious  sand,  llaving.been  kept  at  a  cher- 
rj’-red  heat  for  four  or  five  hours,  the  carbons  are  re¬ 
moved  to  a  vessel  of  boiling-hot,  concentrated  caramel 
or  sugar-cane,  and  there  left  for  two  or  three  houis,  the 
syrup  being  alternately  cooled  and  heated  several  times, 
in  order  that  it  may  completely  permeate  the  pores  of 
the  carbons.  Subsequently  the  syrup  is  drawn  off,  and 
any  sugar  ^hering  to  the  surface  of  the  carbons  is  re¬ 
moved  by  immersion  in  boiling  water.  Finally, 
drying  in  an  oven,  whose  temperature  attains  to  80  C. 
only  in  the  course  of  twelve  to  fifteen  hours,  the  bal^g 
operation  is  repeated.  Upon  tl\p  number  of  repetitions 
of  this  process,  to  a  certain  extent,  depends  the  value  of 


4200 


CAHUOXS  FQU  I.S'CAKDfLSC'KX r  LKillTI.VO.  0!) 

reeled  our  attention  to  new  proceswes  of  nianiifactiire, 
resulting  in  the  granting  of  Letters-Patent  to  Sawyer  & 
Man  in  January,  1879,  fora  jjrocess  lailieved  to  tjeiiew  in 
l>liysics.  In  many  cxixtrimcnts  previously  iiiaile,  incan¬ 
descent  lami>s  liad  been  charged  with  an  atiuospliere  of 
illuminating  gas,  naphtha,  and  other  iiydn)carbon  vapors, 
both  at  atmospheric  pressure  and  under  jKirtial  exhaus¬ 
tion,  wifli  a  view  to  arresting  consumption  of  the  carbon 
pencil.  It  wjis  found  that  the  globe  soon  blackened,  ami 
this  to  an  extent  commensurate  with  the  ainoiint  of  the 
confined  gas  or  vaiwr,  while  tlie  carlwn  pencil  became  of 
a  bright  gray  color,  but  otherwise  suffered  no  change.  1 1 
thus  appeared  that  the  deposit  which  blackened  the 
glolte  could  not  have  proceeded  from  the  iHjncil ;  and  in¬ 
vestigation  showed  tliat  the  hydrocarbon  atmosphere 
had  been  decomposed,  tlie  hydrogen  set  free,  and  the  car¬ 
bon  deposited ;  and  inferentinlly  it  appearetl  that  the 
gray  color  of  the  pencil  wiis  due  to  the  mechaniciil  com¬ 
bination  with  it  of  a  portion  of  the  dissociated  carbon. 

By  easy  advances  tlie  conclusions  were  reached  that 
if  there  was  any  deposit  upon  the  pencil  from  any  given 
volume  of  gas,  there  would  be  a  greater  deposit  from  a 
greater  volume  of  gas;  and  that  the  greater  the  heat 
developed  in  the  pencil,  and  the  slower  the  deposition, 
the  more  dense  and  perfect  would  be  the  carbon.  These 
conclusions  were  subsequently  verified.  It  was  found 
that  in  a  stream  of  hydrocarbon  gas  or  vapor  an  im¬ 
perfect  pencil  of  carbon  was  rendered  irerfect,  the  ori¬ 
ginal  points  of  imperfection,  being  of  proportionate¬ 
ly  high  resistance  and  heating  proportionately  to  a 
higher  degree  than  the  perfect  iiortions,  receiving  a  de- 


ELECTRIC  UGHTIKO 


IXCANDESCEN'CE. 


posit  which  compensated'  for  shch  imperfection.  Thus 
pencils  of  carbon  of  any  desired  diameter  up  to  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch,  and  of  a  density  and  homogeneity  be¬ 
fore  unthought-of,  and  capable  of  taking  a  polish  like  jet, 
were  formed  of  and  upon  a  mere  filamentary  conductor. 
'Hie  original  filament  appeared  to  be  unchanged,  the  de- 
j)osit  carbon  being  in  the  form  of  a  cylinder  surrounding 
it  and  possible  to  be  broken  off  from  it. 

It  was  found  also  that  the  pencil  could  be  as  veritably 
welded  or  joined  to  the  connecting  carbon  blocks  as 
two  pieces  of  metal  are  welded  or  joined  together,  and 
the  Sawyer- Man  carbon  horseshoe,  which  was  perfected 
and  exhibited  in  the.  winter  of  J878-9,  was  treated  by 
this  process,  the  ends  of  the  horseshoe  being  welded  to 
the  supporting  blocks  in  order  to  secure  perfect  elec¬ 
trical  contact. 

Prom  obtaining  a  cylindrical  deposit  of  carbon  upon  a 
filament  of  ordinary  carbon,  the  manufacture  of  pencils 
entirely  of  deposit  carbon  was  attempted.  The  cjdinder 
was  sawed  throngh  lengthwise  by  means  of  a  rapidly- 
revolving,  smooth,  thin  disk  of  steel,  and  the  original 
filament  removed.  The  two  portions,  semicylindrical 
in  shape,  remaining,  were  then  subjected  to  treatment. 
The  most  perfect  of  all  these  carbons  were  prepared  by 
hiking  sticks  of  fine  willow  charcoal,  and  first  saturating 
the  same  with  syrup  and  subjecting  to  heat  as  in  the 
Carrfi  process,  in  order  to  increaM  their  conductivity. 
The  sticks  were  then  divided  into  pieces  one-haU  an  inch 
in  length  and  three  sixty-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diam¬ 
eter,  and  placed  between  carbon-holders  for  treatment. 
Heated  to  extreme  incandescence  and  surrounded  by  an 


CABBONS  FOB  INCANDESCENT  LIGHTING. 


atmosphere  of  hydrocarbon,  the  deposit  descriijed  imme¬ 


diately  formed.  Tlie  pencil, 
with  shining,  rounded  end.s, 
was  then  filed  on  one  side  until 
the  originnl  .willow  was  ex- 
IKJsed,  but  leaving  the  ends  of 
the  pencil  untouched.  Tlie  wil¬ 
low  being  next  removed,  a  pen¬ 
cil  of  boat  shajie  and  remark¬ 
able  durability  was  obtained. 
The  Sawyer-Man  lamps,  as  ex¬ 
hibited  in  New  York,  were  all 
furnished  with  carbons  of  this 
character,  and  to  the  perfection 
of  these  Iwat-shapcd,  electri¬ 
cally-formed  carbons  was  due 
their  comparative  success.  To 
the  necessity  of  frequent  re¬ 
newal,  and  the  time  and  skill 
required  to  produce  the  car¬ 
bons,  was  due  the  commercial 
failure  of  these  lamps. 

In  preparing  long  pencils  of 
carbon,  allowance  must  be  made 
for  the  expansion  of  the  origi¬ 
nal  filament.  The  Sawyer  de¬ 
positing  apparatus  (Fig.  41), 
which  holds  the  lilament,  is  en¬ 
tirely  immersed  in  a  hydrocar¬ 


bon  bath.  The  decomposing  current,  entering  by  way  of 


the  metallic  uprights  fixed  to  a  soapstone  base,  passes 


ELECTKIC  LIOllTIXO 


tlirougli  the  iilnment  by  way  of  its  carbon-clamps.  'I’lit; 
upper  clomp,  balnnoed  on  a  knifo-odge,  is  removable.  In 
rlii.s,  when  removed,  one  end  of  the  filament  is  secured 
and,  the  clamp  is  then.put  in  position.  Ne.xt  the  lower 
end  of  tlie  filament  is  swung  between  the  jaw.s  of  the 
lower  fixed  clomp,  and,  this  haring  been  tightened,  the 
cam-lever  above  is  thrown  up,  and  the  filament  thus 
j)laced  under  tension,  ^^^len  the  current  is  ajtpilied 
there  ensues  violent  ebullition  of  the  liquid  composing 
the  bath,  due  to  the  rapid  disengagement  of  liydrogen  ; 
dense  volumes  of  smoke  arise,  and  in  from  fifteen  to 
thirty  seconds  the  filament  is  covered  with  a  shell  of  de- 
IJosit  carbon  from  one.  sixty-fourth  to  one  thirty-second 
of  an  inch  in  thickness.  Olive-oil  is  the  Itest  hydrocar¬ 
bon  for  this  treatment.  Next  in  order  of  ofiiciency, 
among  common  hydrocarbons,  are  the  following : 

Refined  sperm  oil ; 

Absolute  alcohol ; 

Naphtha  and  gasoline ; 

Turpentine. 

In  using  the  last-named  hydrocarbons,  great  care 
must  be  taken  not  to  overheat  the  bath,  and  to  see  that 
the  filament  is  wholly  immersed  before  applying  the 
current,  otherwise  there  is  danger  of  fire  and  ex])losion. 

Tile  cairbonizing  of  live  willow  twigs,  with  a  view  to 
obtaining  a  suitable  bent  carbon,  by  Sawyer  &  Man,  and 
the  carbonizing  of  jiaper  and  bamboo  by  Edison,  substan¬ 
tially  close  the  account  of  incandescent  carbons.  Re¬ 
cently,  an  attempt  to  better  the  texture  of  the  filament 
has  been  made  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Swan,  of  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne,  who  forms  it  from  cotton  thread,  which  is  sub- 


•iiuin 


CAUnOXS  Foil  IXCANDF-SCHXT  LIOIITINO.  7,J 

jwtod,  previous  to  carbonization,  to  the  action  of  siil- 
jiliiiric  acid  in  order  “  to  j)roduce  tlie  s.vne  kind  of  t-fTcct 
of  semi-solution  and  the  welding  together  of  tlie  cellulose 
lihre  !us  is  prodticed  in  making  vegetable  ptirchmenl  from 
bibulous  pjtper.” 

The  behavior  of  carbon  at  different  temiKjratna-.s  is 
siiikingly  similar  fo  the  behavior  of  glass  at  jjroportion- 
ate  temperatures,  simili^  results  in  the  latter,  however, 
liidng  attained  at  much  lower  temperatures  than  iu  the 
former.  As  examples  the  following  facts  are  cited : 
In  hardness  and  brittlene.'w,  glass  and  hnmogeueoiis 
carbon  at  ordinary  temperatures  are  siibstautitilly  alike. 
Glass,  drawn  into  fine  threads,  and  carbon  in  tihiments, 
may  be  bent,  and  to  a  certain  extent  twisted,  with¬ 
out  breaking.  Glass  and  carbon,  heated  and  twisted  nr 
bent,  retain  the  changed  form  and  tlieir  normal  strength 
at  the  point  of  twisting  or  Itending,  upon  cooling.  Glass 
moderately  heated,  and  carbon  intensely  heated,  if  given 
a  blow,  fly  into  fragments. 

Gloss  and  carbon  ate  better  conductors  of  electricity 
wiien  intensely  heated  than  when  at-ordinary  tempe¬ 
ratures. 

A  ten-inch  pencil  of  carbon,  heated  to  extreme  incan¬ 
descence,  exjuinds,  under  slight  tension,  to  a  length  of 
lOJ  inches.  Upon  cooling  it  does  not  return  to  its  origi¬ 
nal  dimensions,  but  only  slightly  contracts. 


4301 


CHAPTER  VI. 

NEW  FORMS  OF  LAMPS. 

JT  was  in  1875,  after  some  desultory  work,  that  we  first 
took  an  active  interest  in  the  subject  of  incandescent 
liKitting.  Subsequent  years  devoted  to  the  perfection 
of  apparatus  in  connection  therewith .  have  greatly  niig- 
nicnted  the  stock  of  knowledge  originally  pos.se.ssed. 
Tile  theories  upon  which  experimentalists  had  labored, 
and  the  probable  causes  of  their  failures,  were  given  «ire- 
ful  consideration,  and  in  all  matters  of  doubt  the  results 
"I  practical  experiment  were  made  the  basis  of  conclu- 
■sions. 

It  did  not  at  first  apireor  that  when  a  carbon  conductor 
is  excluded  from  contact  with  combining  matter,  it  is 
nevertheless,  in  the  sense  of  changing  form,  destructible ; 
otlierwise  speaking,  the'destructibility  of  all  matter  sub¬ 
jected  to  constant  and  varying  tension  did  not  primarily 
pre^nt  itself  with  the  convincing  force  that  is  bom  of  ex¬ 
perience.  Many  experimenters  in  incandescent  light¬ 
ing  had  failed  because  they  had  overlooked  the  fact 
tliat  nothing  is  indestructible,  or  nndisintegratable,  or 
unchangeable.  Additionally,  the  Starr-King  lamp  had 
failed  because  there  was  present  in  the  Toricellian  va¬ 
cuum  the  vapor  of  quicksilver,  due  to  heat,  with  which 
the  carbon  entered  into  chemical  combination.  Lody- 
gnine  obviated  an  imperfect  contact  with  the  carbon 


■«;to2 


NEW  FORMS  OF  LAMPS.  75 

cciiductor  by  making  the  luminon.s  .section  a  reduced 
jKirtion  of  a  laigo  cjirlnjii.  Lodygiiino,  Kotin,  Kosloff. 
and  Boulignine,  recognizing  the  de.strnciibiliiy  of  the 
cundnetor,  sought  coinjiensatiun  in  velf-nnifwing  de¬ 
vices;  but  their  lami>s  were  iniiierfect  in  that  tliey  did 
not  preserve  the  cjirbon  from  contact  wiili  ga.se.s  with 
wliich,  at  high  teniirenitures,  it  enters  into  clieniical 
coinbination.  All  \)t  the  old  lamps,  exceiiting  tliat  of 
tiiaiT-King,  were  inaderiuately  .setiled.  All  were  .“onie- 
wliere  attended  by  conditions  csilculated  to  prevent  the 
realiztitions  sought. 

To  preserve  incsindescent  carlion  from  chemical  change, 
it  must  1)0  hermetically  .sealed  in  vacuo,  or  in  a  globe 
containing  a  pure  and  jterfectly  dry  cyanogti^i,  nitrogen, 
hydrogen,  or  hydrocarbon  atmosithere.  If  there  isa  trace 
of  oxygen  or  other  gas  orvajtor  present,  or  any  third 
non-gaseons  Iwdy  in  condition  to  come  in  contact  with 
the  carbon,  chcmictil  change  is  the  result.  A'orcan  the 
incandescent.carlmn  estsiblish  connection  with  any  metal, 
for  the  reason  that  the  carbide  of  that  metal  is  then  form¬ 
ed.  Its  connections  must  be  with  carbon  of  greater  ma.s.s. 
in  order  that  the  temperature  of  the  mytal  contacts  may 
Isj  low  and  the  contacts  i)erfect;  and  it  must  itself  bo 
pure  and  also  homogeneous,  as  imperfections  in  its  .struc¬ 
ture  produce  consequent  points  of  resistance  at  which  the 
current  concentrates  and  where  disintegration  occurs. 
In  the  ^qxide  of  carbon  (carbonic  acid  gas),  which  in¬ 
stantly  extingnishes  ordinary  flame,  the  incandescent 
conductor  is  consumed,  not  quite  so  rapidly,  but  just  as 
surely,  as.  in  .air.  In  the  monoxide  of  carbon  consump¬ 
tion  is  certain,  though  still  less  rapid.  The  explanation 


KLECTRIC  LIOllTINO  BY  IKCANDESCENXE. 


of  tliis  is  found  in  the  fact  that  a  current  of  the  lieated 
atmosphere  is  constantly  flowing  past  the  conductor,  and 
tile  lieat  of  the  conductor  is  so  great  that  the  carbonic 
oxide  is  decomposed  before  the  two  come  in  contact ; 
and  the  oxygen  thus  set  free,  and  having  a  higher  afli- 
nity  for  the  carbon  of  the  conductor  than  for  the  less 
heated  atom  from  which  it  has  been  dissociated,  com¬ 
bines  with  the  former,  while  the  dissociated  carbon  atom 
is  deposited  either  upon  the  interior  works  of  the  lamp 
or  upon  the  inner  surface  of  the  enclosing  globe  ;  or  the 
oxygen  rises  in  a  free  state  (the  carbon  being  deposited 
as  described),  and  upon  subsequently  coming  in  contact 
with  the  incandescent  conductor  thereupon  combines  with 
it  to  form  the  monoxide.  The  monoxide,  not  the  diox¬ 
ide,  is  always  formed  when  there  is  a  limited  amount  of 
'  xygen  present.  Thus  it  will  be  clear  that,  however 
Might  may  be  the  trace  of  oxygen  in  the  sealed  globe 
"I  an  electric  lamp,  and  however  great  in  mass  the  in¬ 
candescent  carbon  may  be,  it  is  only  a  question  of  time 
a  lien  this  circular  process  of  chemical  dissociation  and 
1  ^combination  will  entirely  destroy  the  conductor  and 
ieposit  it  upon  the  interior  works  and  the  globe  of  the 
aimp.  IVTiat  occurs  with  oxygen  occurs  with  other  sub¬ 
stances  having  an  afflnity  for  carbon  at  high  tempera- 
fures ;  and  to  procure  a  non-combining  atmosphere  siifli- 
ciently  free  from  impurities  involves  a  very  delicate 
lalioratory  process.  The  employment  of  hydrogen  is  dis¬ 
advantageous  in  these  respects,  that  it  necessitates  a 
more  powerful  current  to  produce  a  given  light  than 
when  the  conductor  is  in  vacuo  or  surrounded  by  nitro¬ 
gen,  and  that,  should  any  leak  occur,  air  snffioient  to 


■1304 


NEW  FOItllS  OF  I,AMI>S.  77 

form  a  dangerous  explosive  mixture  soon  finds  acc*-ss 
to  the  globe.  For  the  latter  reason  an  hydrocarbon  ai- 
mosphere  is  impracticable,  in  addition  to  the  fact  that 
the  decomposition  of  the  hydrocart)on  so  blackens  tin- 
glols;  as  to  greatly  obscure  the  light.  The  inctinde-sceni 
ctirlioa,  therefore,  can  only  be  jtnictically  employed  in 
vacuo,  orsurrounded  by  an  atmosphereof  pure  nitrogen, 
or  in  a  partial  or  nearly  perfect  vacuum  of  hydrogen, 
nitrogen,  cyanogen,  or  hydrocarbon  gas,  which  hast, 
however,  speedily  becomes  a  vacuum  of  hydnigen,  for 
the  reason  that  the  hydrocarbon  is  decomposed  and  the 
hydrogen  set  free  in  the  lamp. 

The  idea  of  protecting  carbon  from  chemical  change 
by  enclosing  it  in  a  vacuum  or  a  carlxm-jiresen-ative 
atmosphere  is,  as  has  been  shown,  by  no  means  new. 
■Atmospheres  of  nitrogen,  hydrogen,  and  the  ctirlxinic 
o.xides,  and  their  vacuums,  as  well  as  the  ordinary 
'■ticuum,  have  been  employed  in  the  laboratory  for  matiy 
yearn,  and  are  common  property  of  which  all  e.\peri- 
mentalists  may  avail  themselves.* 

Next  to  preserving  the  carbon  from  chemical  change, 
tile  greatest  difficulty  is  found  in  hermetically  sealing 
'lie  globe  of  the  lamp.  The  sealing  of  ghoss  ujicn  plati¬ 
num  is  familiarly  8ho\vn  in  Geissler  vacuo- tubes;  and 
while  the  degree  of  skill  required  for  this  method  of 
•  The  foUoiring  diU,  abstracted  from  the  report  of  Colonel  Bollon  to  the 
‘f  ndoD  Socieljr  of  Telegraph  Engineera,  March  20,  187S,  refer  to  expiiwl 
English  patcnla  relating  to  incandescent  lighting: 

IMI.  Ua  Molctvs,  9,053.  Uses  a  coii  of  platinum  wire  at  tho  base  of 
which  is  a  piece  of  spongr  platinum  and  into  which  falls  a  shower  0 
Bnelr-pulretized  boxwood  charcoal  orplnmbago,  tho  whole  being  cn- 


4305 

78  ELKCTRIC  IJOnriNG  BV  I.VCA.VDESCE.VCE. 

sealing  is  rare,  the  Geissler  method  is  undoubtedly  as 
perfect  as  any  yet  devised. 

In  tlie  Edison  lamp  (Fig.  42)  the  Geissler  method  of 
sealing  is  employed,  the  two  conductors,  A  A,  leading 
to  the.carbon  loop,  D,  being  sealed  at  B  B  in  the  glass 
of  the  compound  globe,  E.  In  order  to  obtain  a  per¬ 
fect,  connection  with  the  carbon  lilameut  its  ends  areen- 
laiged  and  clamped  in  suitable  blocks,' C.  Exhaustion 
of  the  air  by  way  of  the  neck,  F,  to  the  one  millionth 
of  an  atmosphere,  leaving  in  the  lamp  a  portion  of  oxy- 
gen  represented  by  foUows.  The  filament  oii- 

ginally  used  by  Mr.  Edison  was  prepared  by  cutting 
card-board  into  the. desired  shape,  and  carbonizing  the 
same  by  placing  the  loops  thus  formed  in  layers-within 
an  iron  box,  with  inten-ening  layers  of  ti.ssue  paper, 
closing  the  box  to  exclude  oxygen,  and  raising  -the 
whole  to  red  heat  in  a  furnace.  Lack  of  homogeneity 
in  the  structure  of  these  carbons  subs’equently  led  Mr. 
Edison,  to  the.-  adoption  of  carbonized  bamboo- wood, 
which  is  worked  down  by  successive  cntting  and  scra¬ 
ping,  until  the  entire  length  of  the  loop  between  its  en¬ 
larged  ends,  which  length  varies  from  five  to  seven  inch¬ 
es,  is  reduced  to  a  uniform  cross-section  of  from  one 

dacton,  Intensely  heated  by  the  passage  of  a  suitably  regulated  cur- 


430G 

NEW  KOnjlS  OF  L AMI'S. 


sixty-fourth  to  one  tliirtj 


■-second  of  an  incli.  Tlie  deli¬ 
cacy  of  manipulation  of  tlie 
wood,  in  order  to  make  the 
iiinnient  .uniform  in  size 
tliroughout,  renders  its  cost 
e.\cessive ;  I)ut  lliis  didirulty, 
in  a  measure  at  least,  will 
probably  lie  overcome.  The 
resistance  of  the  loop  when 
ctirbonized  is  from  100  to  300 
ohms,  nnd  the  amount  of 
liglit  obtiiinuhle.  with  .safety 
to  the  conductor,  varies  from 
tavo  to  ten  candles.  Fig.  43 
is  an  illustration  of  an  Edi¬ 
son  bamboo  liltiuient,  full 
size,  before  bending  and  car¬ 
bonization. 

In  carrying  out  the  Edison 
method  of  manufacttire  a 
glass  bulb  (Fig.  44),  of  the 
size  desired  for  the  enclosing 
globe  of  the  lamp,  is  formed, 
with  a  supporting  neck,  ex¬ 
tending  in  one  direction,  of  'a 
diameter  sufficient  to  permit 
the  passage  of  the  illuminat¬ 
ing  conductor  '  through  it. 
Preferably  a  piece  of  tubing, 
of  the  size  of  tiie  neck,  has 


the  bulb  blown  in  it.  Upon  a  point  on  the  bulb  op- 


KLBCTRIC  LIOmiKO  BY  INCAXDESCEN'Cf:. 


posite  the  centre  of  the  neck  is  formed  a  long 
tube  for  attachment  of  the  bulb  to  the  air-ex- 
hnuating  apparatus.  ■  Upon  the  end  of  a  smaller 
piece  of  tubing  a  small  bnlb  is  formed,  and  the 
body  of  the  tube,  a  little  below  the  bulb,  is  en- 
loiged  for  a  small  space  to  about  the  size  of  the" 
supporting  neck  of  the  first  bulb.  This  portion 
constitutes  the  loop-Bupx)orting  part,  platinum 
wires,  terminating  in  clamps  for  holding  the 
loop,  being  passed  through  it  and  hermetically 
sealed  therein.  .After  the  filament  is  in  place,  as 


NEW  FORMS  OF  liAMPS. 


by  the  neck  of  the  latter,  when  the  two  mo  sealed  to¬ 
gether  by  fusion,  and  apjiear  as  shown  in  Fig.  46. 

The  mechanical  construction  of  the  lamp  being  now 


•J30!) 


.S2  KLECTUIC  LIGHTIXO  ItY  IN‘C.\XI)HsCKX(  i;. 


nmipletCj  it  is  ntinclied  to  the  vnciuim-puni])  by  tlie  neck 
Iwforu-inentioneil,  and  when  ii  proi^r  degree  of  exliaus- 
tioi)  lias  I>cen  attained,  the  end  of  the  tube  is  .•iofieiiiMl 
and  .scideil  by  heat,  after  whitdi  the-  Ianii)is  n-inoved  friiin 
ilie  pnnip.  Finally,  the  tube  is  softened  and  seali-d  near 
itsiwint  of  juncture  with  the  globe,  when  the  porlieii 
r'.'niaining  above  is  broken  off  and  the  neck  Jigidn  soft¬ 
ened  and  sealed  iinniediately  altove  the  sealing  liefoie 
nnide  at  the  point  of  juncture.  Fig.  -17  shows  the  coin-* 
pleted  lamp. 

The  Miudm  lemp  (Fig.  48),  recently  exhibited  in  N'.'w 
York,  differs  from  Mr.  Edison's  in  no  cs-sentiid  jiartien- 
liir.  The  Geisslor  method  of  setilitig  is  employed,  and 
the  csirbon  filament,  manufactured  from  card-board,  is 
made  in  the  form  of  a  double  loop,  closely  resembling 
the  letter  M.  Titus  prepared,  the  light  obt.iinable  is 
substnutinlly  the  stiine  as  that  fixnn  the  Edison  lam]). 
When  the  filament  is  treated  by  immersion  in  hydrocar¬ 
bon  by  the  process  of  depositing  alretidy  described,  its 
section  is  enluigerl  iind  improved,  and  the  light  then  ob¬ 
tainable  is  frotn  10  to  30  candles. 

Before  sealinghis  lamp,  Mr.  Sfaxim  fills  the  globe  tvith 
the  vapor  of  gasoline,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  air,  and 
finally  exhausts  by  metins  of  the  vacuum-puni]).* 

Bun  at  a  ixjwer  of  eight  candles,  in  ti  nearly  iierfect 


•  An  crronooiis  impivssion.  in  rcpnnl  to  the  JliTxiiii  in 
viiiphiriiient  of  gnsolino  in  the  process  of  cxlinu-.lion.  is  thn 
newini*  dericc — i.e.,  that  whenever  eonnuiiiplinn  or  ilhin 
the  tllnment  is  rc|«iire<l  by  nn  over  present  supply  of  hy( 
reverae  is  the  ciuse.  When  roiily  for  nso  the  globe  coiitiiins 
lino  vapor,  and  tliis  is  almost  iininedintety  deeom[io<ed,  set 
gen  free,  and  leaving  present  a  trace  of  hydrogen  rncrvly. 


tegmtio 


4311 


84  ELKCTIIIC  UGIITIXa  IIV  I.VCA.NDRnckXCI;. 

(luvice  of  tliese  exporinientiilists  to  wliicli  publicity  w.-is 
given. 

In  this  Innip  tlie  enclosing  glolte  wjts  provided  with  a 
flange  constituting  an  integnil  jMirt  of  the  globe,  and  a 
disk  of  gla.ss  iierfonited  with  two  .snnill  holes  was  accn- 
nitely  gi-ound  to  lit  tlie  stiine.  The  ground  surfaces  were 
coated  with  fir  btilsatn,  and  tlie  globe  tind  stojijier 
sti-ongly  clamiied  together  by  means  of  bolts  ptussing 
thitnigh  an  elastic  flange  Itelow  the  stopjier,  and  a  metal¬ 
lic  flange  Ijearing  tijion  the  glass  fltinge.  Through  the 
holes  in  the  stopjier  passed  the  diminished  ends  of  two 
stop-cocks,  wlioso  joints  were  made  jierfect  by  drawing 
their  shoulders  jxiwerfully  down  njion  jiaper  washers 
first  thoroughly  impregnated  with  balsam.  Stibsequent- 
l.Vi  melted  sealing-wax  was  jxmred  around  the  whole  of 
the  base.  By  this  means  -verj*  jierfect  joints  were  se^ 
cured,  and  to  retain  them  so  it  was  only  necessjiry  to  pre¬ 
vent  undue  heating  of  the  parts.  Therefore,  the  con¬ 
ductors  leading  from  the  outside  stop-cock  connections 
to  the  illuminating  jiart  of  the  lamp  were  given  consider¬ 
able  length  and  laige  radiating  surface.  An  insulating 
diaphragm  sujijxirted  the  upjier  works. 

The  incandescent  carbon  jiencil,  one-half  inch  in 
length,  and  varying  in  different  lamps  from  one  thirty- 
second  to  one-twelfth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  was  held  in 
small  carbon  blocks  let  into  larger  iilocks,  one  of  which 
was  fixed  in  the  lower  standard,  and  the  other  in  a  con¬ 
necting  arm,  which,  in  ortler  to  allow  for  expansion  and 
contraction  of  the  jiencil  without  friction,,  was  supported 
ujion«a  knife-edge  bearing.  This  connecting-arm  was 
held  in  place  by  a  coiled  spring.  Tlie  spiral  conductors 


(■(iiisistcil  of  tiiljcs,  onn  of  wliioli 
"as  pi-oi'idud  with  openings 
along  its  length,  and  each  con¬ 
necting  «itli  a  8top-c<x-k.  A 
lump  of  metallic  sodium  or  jk)- 
tassium  as  an  absorbent  of  oxy¬ 
gen;  and  its  oxide,  when  formed, 
as  an  absorbent  of  carlssnic  acid 
giis,  was  placed  in  the  lamp. 
To  clmige  the  himp,  a  stream  of 
nitrogen  was  caused  to  How 
through  one  of  the  tubes  to  the 
ultper  part  of  the  glolx,  escap¬ 
ing  by  way  of  tlie  openings  in 
the  other  tube.  Carbons  of  a 


88  KI<KC'JIllf  LIOIITIXU  1)Y  IXCAXDESCKXCt 

to  the  action  of  powerfnl  cnn-ents  will  sulTer  disintegta- 
:tion,  it  is  clear  that  some  means  of  renetring  the  incan¬ 
descent  conductor  of  an}’ lamp  must  be  provided;  and 
this  renewal  must  be  accomplished  without  destrojing 
the  lamp.  To  rejjlace  a  Sawyer-Man  carbon  requued  a 
workman’s  time  from  two  to  tliree  hours,  and  the  re- 
chaiging  of  the  lamp  with  absolutely  pure  nitrogen  cost 
about  seventy  cents,  without  taking  into  consideration 
the  cost  of  the  cm'bon.  It  was  therefore  an  inipiactiai- 
ble  lamp.  To  obviate  frequent  renewal  the  iiist  Sawyer 
feeding-lamp  (Fig.  53)  was  devised. 

In  this  lamp  several  short  carbon  pencils  were  held  I)y 
copx)cr  rods,  as  in  the  Konn  lamp,  and  as  fast  as  one 
was  consumed  or  disintegrated,  a  cam,  rotated  by  a 
coiled  spring,  forced  another  carbon'into  contact  with 
the  block  above.  Tims  a  very  durable  apparatus 
was  obtained,  but  by  no  means  a  successful  one; 
for  when  tlie  lamp  is  properly  charged,  or  exliausted, 
chemical  change  in  the  carbon  is  no  longer  to  be  con¬ 
sidered,  and  the  point  of  disintegration  is  generally  the 
upper  point  of  contact.  In  this  form  of  self-renewing 
device  we  do  not,  therefore,  obtain  the  full  value  of  the 
jjencil,  whicli  ordinarily  drops  out  when  it  is  only  iwr- 
tially  or  even  very  slightly  disintegrated. 

A  long  pencU,  fed  through  an  elastic  contact,  was  the 
oiigimdly-held  conception,  and  this  was  eventually  re¬ 
sorted  to  in  the  lamp  (Fig.'  64)  designed  early  in  the 
year  1879.  In  this  lamp,  by  means  of  an  electro-mag¬ 
netic  switch,  an  electro-magnet,  operating  through  the 
glass  stopper  of  the  globe,  was  caused  to  feed  upward 
between  elastic  contacts,  as  fast  as  disintegration  oo- 


NEW  Fouas  OF  UVMI’S, 


cnrred,  a  long  carbon  pencil  travelling 


Imperfections  in  the  operation  of  electro-magnetic 
■fpp/ling  devices  led  to  the  designing  of  another  lamp 


-NKft-  Fonus  OF  U\3II-S. 


Imperfections  in  the  operation  of  electro-magnetic 
feeding  devices  led  to  the  designing  of  another  lamp 


•4317 

90  ELECTRIC  LIGUTIN'O  BV  1XCANDESCE.NCE. 

(Fig.  66),  in  which  the  pencU  was  fed  upward  from  the 
outside,  when  necessary,  or  drawn  downward  from  its 
connection  with  the  upper  contact-rhllers  when  extin¬ 
guishment  of  the  light  was  desired.  With  lamps  of  this 
type  the  first  private  residence,  it  is  believed,  in  the 
world,  was  practically  illuminated  by  electricity  in  the 
winter  of  1879-80  and  during  the  following  month  of 
March.*  The  halls,  parlors,  and  upper  chambers  of  a. 
New  York  dwelling-house  were  supplied  with  electrici¬ 
ty,  through  a  single  conductor,  by  a  generator  located  a 
block  and  a  half  distant.  Each  light  was  turned  on  or 
off,  or  graduated  to  any  desired  degree  of  intensity,  in¬ 
dependently  of  other  lights.  The  intenial  resistance  of 
each  lamp  was  about  .26  ohm.f 

•  Jfo.  H9  West  Fiftr-tounh  Street,  Ne»  York  City. 
c.t  “'I'd  to  the-  f»ct  that  at 


4318 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

NEW  FORKS  OF  LAMPS  (CONTINUED). 

WE  may  now  be  supposed  to  have  arrived  at  an  ade¬ 
quate  conception  of  the  principles  underlying 
the  various  forms  of.  incandescent  lamps.  We  have 
seen  that  an  incandescent  carbon,  however  complete¬ 
ly  isolated  from 'gases  with  which  at  high  tempera¬ 
tures  it  enters  into  chemical  combination,  is  a  destructi¬ 
ble  mass  of  matter.  AVe  have,  perhaps,  reached  the 
conclusion  that  means  for  its  renewal  must  be  provided, 
and  that  this  renewal  must  not  be  frequent,  and  that  it 
must  be  cheaply  accomplished.  .  The  lamp,  furthennore, 
must  be  cheaply  and  hermetically  sealed,  and  readily  re¬ 
charged  with  a  carbon-preservative  atmosphere,  or  ex¬ 
hausted  of  such  atmosphere,  or  exhausted  of  atmos¬ 
pheric  air. 

The  new  Sawyer  lamp,  exhibited  in  New  York,  and  at 
the  Franklin  Institute  in  Philadelphia  within  the  past 
few  weeks,  is  designed  to  meet  the  requirements  men¬ 
tioned.  The  illustration  (Fig.  66)  shows  this  lamp  in  its 
perfected  form. 

.In  Fig.  67  the  lamp  is  shown  with  the  interior  works 
and  base  apart  from  the  enclosing  globe.  Upon  a  tlun 
metallic  base  is  fixed  one  of  the  upright  metallic  con¬ 
ductors  leading  to  the  top  of  the  lamp.  The  other  con¬ 
ductor  is  fixed  to  an  insulated  bolt  passing  downward 
through  the  centre  of  the  base.  These  conductois  are  of 


131!) 


92  ELECTUIC  LIGHTING  BV  INCANDESCENCE 


Steel,  in  order  to  prevent  rapid  con¬ 
duction  of  heat  to  the  base,  and  are 
formed  ns  shown  in  order  that  they 
may  be  readily  stamped  from  sheet- 
metal'  and  pressed  into  the  requir¬ 
ed  shape.  By  means  of  a  copper 
plunger  attached  to  a  wire  running 
over  a  winding-dmm  at  the  base  of 
the  lamp,  in  which  drum  an  ordina¬ 
ry  watch-spring,  furnishing  the  mo¬ 
tive  power,  is  coiled,  a  long  pencil 
of  carbon  in  the  plunger-tube  is  au¬ 
tomatically  fed  upward  through  the 
lower  elastic  carbpn-contacts  to  a 
connection  %vith  the  upper  perforat¬ 
ed  carbon-block.  Thus  the  pencil 
is  constantly  forced  to  a  bearing 
against  the  upper  carbon-block  un¬ 
til  entirely  disintegrated ;  and  when 
entire  disintegration  has  occurred  the 
plunger  closes  the  circuit  of  the  lamp. 
-As  heretofore  epqjlained,  the  point  at 
which  disintegration  mainly  takes 
place  is  the  upper  point  of  contact ; 
and  as,  when  the  jiencil  is  protected 
from  combining  matter,  this  disinte¬ 
gration  amounts  to  between  the  one- 
hundredth  and  the  fiftieth  part  of  an 
inch  for  every  hour  the  lamp  is  run, 
and  as  the  pencil  is  eight  inches  in 
length,  it  follows  that  the  useful 
lifetiine  of  the  carbon  is  from  400  ‘ 


■1321 


94  Kiiixrrnic  ligiiti.nc  by  i.n-caxdescexce. 

ui  SOd  hours,  equivalent  to  four  houi-s’  daily  use  for 
from  100  to  200  days.  In  this  calculation  it  is  assumed 
iliat  tlic  intensity  of  the  light  shall  not  exceed  that  of 
two  gf>o<l  live-foot  gas-burners,  or  at  most  thirty  candle- 
IKnver.  Run  at  a  higher  intensity  the  durability  of  the 
iwncil  is  diminished. 

The  glass  globe  of  the  lamp  has  no  direct  connection 
■nith  the  base  supporting  the  lamp  mechanism.  In  a 
thin,  spun-metal,  open,  cup,  amounting  practically  to  a 
short  tube,  the  glolm  is  sealed  by  heating  the  cup  and 
the  glass,  and  pouring  into  the  annular  space  between 
the  glass  and  cup  a  sealing  comiwund  which  is  elastic 
at  all  ordinary  temperatures,  adheres  to  both  glass 
and  metal,  and  does  not  soften  at  temiteratures  at¬ 
tained  in  the  lamp.  The  sealing  space  is  two  inches 
deep  and  one-quarter  inch  wide,  and  the  sealing  com¬ 
pound  substantially  as  homogeneous  as  gl.tss ;  hence  the 
element  of  leakage  at  this  point  may  be  disregarded. 

In  order  to  place  the  carbon  pencil  in  the  lamp,  the 
upper  carbon-block  is  carried  to  one  side  by  moving  the 
sustaining-arm  on  the  standard  connected  mth  the  insu¬ 
lated  steel  upright,  and  space  is  made  for  the  pencil  by 
moving  the  plunger  to  the  bottom  of  the  tube  and  thus 
unjvinding  the  wire  on  the  drum.  The  lower  carbon 
clamping-blocks,  whose  mutual  pressure  is  sustained  by 
a  spiral  spring,  placed  lower  down  in  the  lamp  so  as  to 
prevent -its  undue  heating,  are  then  separated,  and  the 
pencil  of  carbon  is  dropped  into  the  tube.  Finally,  the 
upper  carbon-block  is. moved  back  into  the  position 
shown,  when  the  lower  carbon-clamps  and  the  winding- 
drum  are  released,  and  tha.pencil  is  brought  to  a  bearing  j 


4322 


NEW  FORMS  OF  LAMPS.  j,,, 

in  a  cental  opening  llirough  tlie  upper  carbcm-block. 
The  circuit  is  by  way  of  an  insulated  wire  enclosed  in  the 
bracket  to  the  centnil  insulated  bolt,  one  of  the  upright 
steel  conductors,  and  the  upper  cariwn-block ;  and  down¬ 
ward,  through  the  pencil,  as  far  as  the  lower  damping- 
blocks,  and  the  other  upright  steel  conductor,  to  the  base 
of  the  lamp  and  the  bnicket.  To  connect  a  lamp  in  cir¬ 
cuit  it  is  therefore  nece.ssarj-  to  fix  it  to  the  ordinary 
nii)ple-tliread  of  a  gas-lixture,  the  two  contacts  thus 
being  established. 

The  peculiar  .shaping  and  pneral  design  of  the  parts 
of  the  lamp  are  such  as  to  facilitate  and  cheapen  their 
'manufacture.  Hie  ctirbon-blocks  are  formed  in  moulds. 
To  prevent  oxidization  from  liandling  and  exposure,  all 
of  the  parts  are  nickel-plated.  All  of  the  metallic  parts 
almyo  the  upright  steel  conductors,  and  the  pencil-tube, 
are  of  pure  copiter.  Hie  leading  wires  of  the  winding- 
drum  and  the  coiled  clamping-spring  are  of  steel.  All 
of  the  parts  at  the  binso  of  the  lamp,  excepting  the 
screws,  are  of  hiass.  A  stop-cock,  or  a  single  opening, 
through  the  base,  closed  by  a  short  brass  screw,  is  em¬ 
ployed  in  the  charging  of  tlie  lain]). 

"When  the  caibon  pencil  has  been  introduced,  the 
glass  globe,  sealed  in  the  brass  spun  cup,  is  lowered 
over  the  works  and  fits  clo.sely  to  the  shoulder  turned 
•on  the  base.  The  workman  then  passes  a  soldering- 
topi  around  the  junction  of  the  cup  with  the  base,  and 
this  joint  is  hermetically  sealed.  To  facilitate  the  sol¬ 
dering,  as  well  as  to  economize  material  and  prevent 
excessive  heating  of  the  sealing  compound  between  the 
globe  and  the  cup,  the  base  as  well  iis  the  cup  is  made 


80  ELKCTKIC  I.IGHTIXU  IlY  IXCANDKSCKXCK. 

only  thick  enough  to  l)e  substantial.  To  renew  the 
pencil,  when  entirely  tl&stroyed,  the  junction  of  the  cup 
and  biLse  is  rotated  in  the  tinine  of  a  Bunsen  bunier, 
wlien  the  solder  softens  and  the  globe  and  cup.  are  re¬ 
moved.  To  replace  the  pencil,  and  resolder  the  connec 
tion  of  the  cup  and  base,  is  the  work  of  a  few  minutes. 
The  globe,  once  sealed  in  the  cup,  is  not  again  disturl>ed. 
At  each  renewal  of  the  carbon  it  is  of  course  necessary 
to  refill  the  globe  with  nitrogen,  the  stop-cock  or  screw, 
closing  the  chapphg  opening,  being  also  finally  soldered, 
in  order  to  ensure  hermetical  sealing  of  the  lamp 
throughout. 

All. insulations  above  the  base  are  of  mica,  in  order 
that  the  heat  of  the  upper  works  may  not  disengage 
dust  or  vapors,  whose  action  upon  the  incandescent  pen¬ 
cil  would  be  deleterious.  The  diameter  of  the  globe  is 
2  inches  and  its  length  10  inches.  Lamps  have  been 
constructed  of  all  sizes  down  to  one  having  a  globe  J- 
inch  in  diameter  and  2}  inches  in  length,  but  the  dimen¬ 
sions  adopted  have  been  found  to. 

*  I  be  the  best  in  practice.  The  shape 
0^  l-lt®  globe  is  inconse- 
<inential,  which  may  also  be  said 
^  of  the  general  structure  of  the 
lamp,  except  in  so  far  as  questions 
economy  are  concerned. 

The  method  of  sealing  the  insu- 
rif.  68.  BiKka-conMcUan  Central  l)olt,  and  establish¬ 

ing  the  external  coimections  of 
the  lamp,  is  shown  in  Fig.  68,  in  which  A  is  the  arm  of 
anygas-lixture,  and  B  the  base  of  the  lamp.  The  upright 


NEW  FOIUIS  or  LAMPS.  1,7 

conductor  L  is  fa-stened  to  the  bolt  I  by  a  screw,  M.  In 
a  conical  canty  le-ading  to  the  long  bolt-hole  is  iilaced  a 
conical  fibre  washer,  .1.  In  p:issing  through  I  his  hole  the 
Ijolt  does  not  touch  its  sides,  but  while  the  base  is  hot 
the  annular  space  around  the  bolt  is  filled  with  the  same 


cement,  K,  as  is  employed  in  sealing  the  globe  to  its  cup, 
and  the  nut  G,  bearing  upon  the  conical  fibre  washer 
H,  is  firmly  screwed  upon  the  lower  end  of  the  holt. 
The  cap  C  is  then  screwed  on  to  the  projection  from  the 
base.  In  a  cavity  in  the  end  of  the  bracket  is  sunk  an 
insulating  washer,  D,  through  which  passes  the  insulated 


4325 


as  KLECTIIIC  LICIITISt;  IIV  INCA.VDESCE.NTE. 

wire  N,  screwed  into  contact-nut  F.  Tlie  coiled  spring 
E  gives  elasticity  to  the  lower  ]K)int  of  contact,  so  that 
the  lamp  may  be  turned  into  any  position.  The  long, 
narrow,  annular  space  around  the  lx)lt  I,  filled  with  ho¬ 
mogeneous  cement  adhering  perfectly  to  the  metal,  en- 
■surestho  hemietical  .sealingof  this  last  and  must  diflicult 
joint  to  seal. 

In  Pig.  69  the  arrangement  of  a  chantlelier  system  of 
lamps  is  illustrated. 

The  luminous  intensity  of  the  new  Sawyer  lamp,  which 
is  the  same,  under  like  circumstances,  as  that  of  all  the 
Sawyer-Man,  Konn,  KoslofI,  Bouliguine,  and  other  Saw¬ 
yer  lamps,  is  from  two  to  three  ordinary  five-foot  gas- 
burners.  AVLat  is  meant  by  this  is  the  intensity  of  light 
produced  at  which  it  is  considered  safe  to  run  the  lamp 
continuously,  when  it  is  desired  that  renewal  of  the  car¬ 
bon  pencU  shall  not  bo  necessary  more  frequently  than 
once  in  from  six  months  to  a  year.  Doing  two  hun¬ 
dred  hours’  actual  work  the  lamp  may  be  run  at  an  in¬ 
tensity  of  from  100  to  200  candles.  Doing  fifty  hours’ 
work  it  may  be  run  at  an  intensit)’^  of  from  200  to  000 
candles. 

Numerous  measurements  of  the  power  of  the  light 
have  been  made,  but  the  most  critical,  conducted  by 
Mr.  Edgerton,  with  a  Sugg  photometer,  accord  the  small- 
power  lamp  a  luminous  intensity  of  27.4  candles.* 


•  The  following  ccrtiUcatc  by  Mr.  Edgerton, 


4320 


XKW  FoltJIS  OF  LAMPS.  ,j,j 

In  order  to  obtain,  wlieii  de.siro(1,  greater  illuminating 
power,  a  larger  lump  (l-'ig.  (iO)  1ms  been  devised. 

The  dimensions  of  this  lamp  arft4  x  10  inches,  and  its 
luminous  intensity  is  from  100  to  1,000  cjindle-s,  accord¬ 
ing  to  tlie  length  of  iHiiicil  brought  to  inctindescence 
!ind  the  volume  of  current  sui)plied.  At  the  Franldin 
Institute,  in  Philadelphia,  on  November  0,  1880,  a 
single  latge  lamp  served  to  illuminate  the  lecture-hall 
with  the  brilliancy  of  mid-day.  There  is  no  difference 
in  construction  between  this  lamp  and  the  small  lamp, 
excepting  that  in  the  huge,  lamp  the  upright  conduc¬ 
tors  are  made  of  round  steel  rod.s,  which  is  sometimes 
true  of  the  small  lamps.  In  the  large  lamp  the  ctirbon 
pencil  is  12  inches  in  length  and  ^  of  an  inch  in  diame¬ 
ter,  with  on  exposed  section  of  li  inches;  while  in  the 
small  lamp  it  is  -itr  inch  in  diameter,  with  an  exposed  sec- 
New  Yoei:,  Novembers,  1878. 

The  iUnminating  power  of  one  of  the  Sswyer-Mnn  lamps,  tested  by  me 
thii  day,  gave,  in  comparison  with  a  standard  sixteen-candle  burner,  a  power 
of  1.714  bumen,  or  27.42  standard  sperm  candles. 

(Signed)  n.  H.  Kdoeictdk. 

in  order  to  compare  the  light  with  that  afforded  by  ordinary  gas-burners, 
the  different  bumen  in  ordinary  rrse,  with  coal  gas,  may  be  rated  about  as 
follor^  for  a  rate  of  five  cubic  feet  per  hour  consumption  ; 

Ordinary  Ssh-tail,  Scotch  tip,  about  G  candies. 

Young  America,  brass  fish-tail,  Scattdles. 

Gleason,  noiseless  Argand,  II  candles. 

Lava  tip  (excavated  head),  12  to  18  candles. 

A  very  large  flame,  burning  at  a  rate  of  8  or  9  cubic  feet,  will  give  a  pm- 
Tota  light  of  about  15  candles  for  G  cubic  feet. 

The  above  is  based  upongasmadefrom  ordinary  Pittsburgh  coal.  Mix¬ 
tures  of  cannel  or  naphtha  improvo  the  quality  according  to  the  amount 
used.  (Signed)  H.  H.  ErwEaio.v. 

London  is  supplied  with  gas  of  16  carrdle-power  per  5-foot  burner.  The 
Liverpool  street-lamps  give  a  light  at  the  rate  of  16  candles  per  5  cubic  feet 


4328 


101 


tion  of  i  inch.  Owing  to  the  greater  intensit}-  at  wliich 
the  large  lamp  is  run,  the  working  duration  of  the  pen¬ 
cil,  .when  the  globe  is  perfectly  charged  with  nitrogen,  is 
about  200  hours.  The  co.st  of  renewal  (iliat  of  the  c;u-- 
bon  and  nitrogen  elements)  is  largely  in  e.\cess  of  the 
cost  of  renewal  in  the  small  lamps,  and  varies  from  25  to 
30  cents  x>er  lamp. 

The  permanent,  elastic  closing  of  the  Sawyer  globe  in 
its  metallic  containing-cup  is  the  only  method  yet  de¬ 
vised  that  affords  the  necessarj'  hermetical  sealing,  ex¬ 
cepting  that  of  Geissler,  which  is  employed  by  Mr.  Edi¬ 
son.  Many  experimentalists  in  this  line  have  employed 
hydraulic  joints :  Kosloif  eni])loyed  a  bath  of  olive-oil 
around  the  joints ;  Guest  and  others  have  employed 
quicksilver ;  our  own  experiments,  of  a  similar  charac¬ 
ter,  have  been  confined  to  viscous  hydrocarbons.  But  all 
these  devices  are  inadequate ;  for  while  they  may  truly 
prevent  the  entrance  of  air,  in-leakage  of  the  mobile  seal¬ 
ing  substance  itself  cannot  be  prevented,  and  thus  there 


is  introduced  into  the  lamp  an  element  wliich  will  either 
destroy  the  carbon  or  so  blacken  the  globe  as  to  obscure 
the  light.  Every  part  of.  the  lamp  must  be  perfectly 
clean ;  and,  indeed,  the  delicacy  of  manipulation  neces¬ 
sary  in  the  construction  of  incandescent  lamps  cannot  be 
appreciated  by  any  one  not  familiar  with  the  subject, 
■and  who  only  observe  the  facility  with  which  the  skilled 
workman  •performs  his  duties. 

Operating  upon  the  principle  of  decomposition  of  hy¬ 
drocarbon  and  the  dejiosit  of  the  carbon  atom  upon  an 
incandescent  filament,  we  have  constructed,  an  open-air 
damp  of  a  somewhat  novel  description  (Pig.  61). 


102 


ELECTltlO  LIGHTING  BY  INCANDESCENCE. 


Upon  a  brass  wheel  ore  mounted  six  carbon  horse¬ 
shoes,  all  the  negative  poles  ot  which  are  connected  to¬ 
gether  on  the  wheel,  and  the  positive  poles  of  each  op- 


Flj.  M.  Tbc  Siitjrtr'Opra-AIr  lamp. 


posite  pair  of  which  are  connected  together  and  to 
opposite  segments  of  a  commutator  of  six  segments. 
The  current  is  directed  by  a  contact-brush  and  thedrame- 
work  of  the  apparatus,  and,  dividing,  passes  through 
the  npxiermost  and  lowermost  carbons  at  the  same  time. 


NEW  FORMS  OF  LAMPS. 


The  uppermost  carbon  bums  in  the  air  at  intense  incan¬ 
descence,  wliile  the  lowennost  carbon,  ininie.-sed  in  oil 
in  a  suitable  containing  vessel,  becomes  coated  with  de- 
iwsit  carbon.  .iVii  the  upjxjrmost  carbon  consumes  and 
decreases  in  size  the  intensity  of  the  light  does  not  in¬ 
crease,  for  the  increase  in  the  size  of  the  lowermost  car¬ 
bon  balances  the  effect  of  the  current  above  by  inci-e;is- 
ing  the  supply  below  and  decrejising  the  supply  above. 
By  means  of  intermittently-operating  clock-work,  before 
disruption  of  the  uppermost  carbon  occurs,  the  next  pair 
of  carbons  is  brought  into  position ;  and  the  operations 
described  continuing,  there  is  presented  the  anomaly  of 
on  incandescent  open-air  lamp  of  indefinite  duration,  in 
wliich,  by  one  operation,  light  is  produced  and  carbon 
manufactured,  so  long  as  the  supply  of  oil  is  main¬ 
tained.  The  objection  to  this  lamp  is  that  one-half  of 
the  current  is  always  employed  in  renewing  wasted 
carbon. 

Light  by  incandescence  is  considerably  more  costly 
than  light  by  the  voltaic  arc,  when  the  volume  of  light 
obtainable  is  the  sole  consideration.  The  same  expendi¬ 
ture  of  power  that  wili  produce  a  light  of  1,000  candles 
by  the  voltaic  arc  will  not  produce,  on  the  average,  more 
than  one-half  or  oue-third  as  much  light  by  incan¬ 
descence  in  a  divided  circuit.  It  should  not,  however, 
be  forgotten  that  the  power  of  any  light  decreases  as  the 
square  of  the  distance  from  it,  and  that  one-fourth  of  the 
light  of  the  arc  distributed  at  four  or  five  appropriate 
jxrints,  thus  reducing  the  power  of  each  light  to  one- 
sixteenth  of  that  of  the  voltaic  arc,  will  give  substan¬ 
tially  as  goci  a  general  illumination  as  the  voltaic  arc. 


4331 


KM  KLEfK  ItIC  LIOIITI.NO  UV  INCA.NDRSCKXI  K. 

The  inpandescent  light  is  whatever  may  be  desired. 
Tlie  voltaic-arc  light  is  necessarily  a  powerful  one.  Tlie 
objection  to  it,  if  ii.sed  without  a  .shade,  i.s  its  great  in¬ 
tensity  and  ghastly  effects,  and  in  order  to  obviate  tliese 
defects  glass  shades  of  more  or  less  opacity  are  em- 
jJoyed,  which,  acconling  to  practical  tests,  involve  a 
wastage  in  light  of— 

With  ground  glass,  30  per  cent ; 

With  thin  opal  glass,  40  i)er  cent. ; 

With  thick  opal  glass,  00  ptn-  cent. 

In  some  cases  the  wastage  is  nearly,  if  not  quite,  75  per 
cent. 

The  loss  of  light  involved  in  the  “toning  down”  of 
the  arc  is  clearly  set  forth  in  confirmed  tests  of  the 
power  of  the  Jablochkoff  candle,  now  extensively  used 
in  England  and  France.  The  actual  jiower  of  this  light 
is  453  standard  candles,  but  owing  to  obscnration,  occa¬ 
sioned  by  the  opalescent  globes  with  which  it  is  neces¬ 
sary  to  surround  the  light,  it  is  found  that  only  43  per 
cent,  of  its  full  power  is  available.  In  incandescent 
lighting  no  such  loss  occurs,  and  the  cost  of  the  carbon 
consumed,  which  in  voltaic-arc  lumps  amounts  to  from 
four  to  six  cents  per  hour  per  2,000  candles’  light,  is  re¬ 
duced  to  an  inconsequential  figure. 

In  concluding  this  chapter,  it  is  proi^r  to  remark  that 
the  light  of  an  incandescent  carbon  is  very  unlike  that 
of  the  voltaic  arc.  Its  cluiracteristics  are  the  ch.aracter- 
istics  of  daylight ;  and  this  is  tnie  to  such  an  extent 
that,  from  its  soft  and  •agree.'ible  nature  .and  absence  of 
glaring  effects,  the  degree  of  illumination  afforded  is  not 
always  readily  appreciated. 


•1332 


Complainant's  Exhibit  “Sn  Uonoel  Xa 
Xnmiere  Eleotriqne,  Articles  I7os.  3 
and  4.”  February  28,  1890.  S.  M. 
Exr. 

(Trniislntion.) 

LA  LUMIEUE  ELECTRIQUE. 

Vol.  5,  No.  53,  pp.  1  to  !l. 

P.im.s,  Oct.  Ist,  1881. 
THE  ELECTRIC  IN’C.ANDESCENT  LAMPS. 

Ill  II  preceding  article  we  have  shown  in  what  cases 
this  system  of  electric  lighting  was  specially  applicable, 
and  wo  have  seen  that  now,  thanks  to  the  important 
improvements  which  have  boon  lately  made  in  it,  it 
can  be  employed  for  the  lighting  of  low  intensity  in  the 
interior  of  liousos  ;  wo  have  also  seen  that  several  man¬ 
sions  in  England  have  boon  lighted  in  this  manner,  and 
that  a  certain  number  of  houses  in  the  City  of  New 
York  have  made  arrangements  with  the  lighting  com¬ 
pany  of  Mr.  Edison. 

Since  the  appearance  of  these  lamps  a  largo  nnmijcr 
of  systems  of  the  same  class  have  been  brought  for¬ 
ward  by  diireront  inventors,  and,  without  mentioning 
those  well  known  of'  Messrs.  Edison,  Swau,  Maxim, 
Lane-Fox,  Sawyer,  wo  know  of  a  lot  (line  quinsano) 
of  inventions  which  relate  more  or  loss  directly  to  it. 

It  consequently  appears  to  us  opportune  to  enter 
into  the  details  of  this  mode  of  liglitiug,  for  which, 
until  now,  we  have  not  had  in  Europe  a  great  interest 
for  diverse  reasons  which  wo  have  enumerated  in  vari¬ 
ous  articles  published  in  this  journal  in  the  begin¬ 
ning  of  the  year  1880,  of  which,  however,  the  principal 
reason  was  the  considoi-ablo  expense  relative  to  the 
motive  power  which  was  required  for  a  light  of  given 
intensity. 

It  should,  in  fact,  be  remembered  that  the  luminous 
power  of  an  incandescent  body  increases  in  a  much 


liou-l.  for  tins  roftsoti,  tli.it  incnndoscent  lamiw  n.’rui 
f  n  arKor,l.v,s.on  of  tho  electric  light,  there  n.e't  lj 
» 

Xcverthcl(!.ss,  the  .satisfactory  results  vriiich  liave  ( 
>te  lK..ea  ohta.ne.l,  oblige  us  to  review  those  syste.as. 
pfitiiig,  and  we  will  commeuco,  iiaturallv,  with  that  c 
r.  Edison,  which  is  the  be.st  known  (r,ui  a  fait  d 
It)  and  which  has  attracted  attention  to  this  ni.  tlm: 
f  producing  liglitiiig  by  electricity. 

IDISOXS  .SV.STE.\r  OF  ELECTRIC  LIGHTIXCi 

iliis  represented  l.v 

lups  nad.  from  an  incandescent  platiniin.  wire,  and 
itere-sfing  oxporiinoiits,  made  in  1859  bv  .M.  do 

irl^bi!;  1"?  "  >»tt  tho  practical 

rkiiigs  of  this  system  wore  not  satisfactorv,  iirinei- 
"'«1  partial 'fusion  of 
iiiLd.t  I  T*  “"®®rous  iniprovciiiciit.s 

Jiifci  t  o  bear  on  this  sytom  by  Mr.  Edison,  who,  l.v 
01  tlio  most  ingenious  of  processes,  had  roiideivd 
.  n  more  infiisiblo  and  harder,  still  they  had  to  be 
.0 h  tel  rejected-at  least  for  ordinary  Imiips.  Then 
iwod  if 

Xled  b.  H'"!’  "■ 

.aratiiB  ^  ‘f*®-'ront  nmingemoiits  of 

Oo'ii  le,  Boiihgiiino,  Swan,  Sawyer,  Ac.. some  avoid- 
com  mstioii  by  enclosing  tho  lamps  in  recoptach.s 

re-  °*^‘'‘i“cd,  others  by  lilline 

receptacles  with  gases  .mat  for  combustion,  as 

dmt  ,m 

hinnf  1  ^  >*ocoptaclo  to  bo  Vitiated  by  an 

pient  coinbuHtioii. 

Ilofeo  attempts  had  but  partially  succeeded,  to 
'Oil  fi’®  ”®'r  iucandcscent 

•Ills  uii  l°  ^fr.  Edison  was  announced,  and  man  v 
myself  m  particular,  doubted  tho  oxact- 


Dii  Monccl’s  .\rticle,  1881. 


■i:t.3.J 

nc.ss  of  tho  allegations  which  came  to  ns  from 
.Vmorica. 

Tho  carbonized  )ia|)er  horse-shoe  np|)oarcd  incniiable 
of  resisting  mechanical  shucks,  and  of  supporting 
iiicandoscoiico  for  any  length  of  tim'e.  .\t  this  epoch 
Mr.  Swan  himself  said  that  U|)  to  that  time  he  had  not 
been  able  to  obtain  any  very  .satisfactory  results  by  an 
analogous  disposition  of  tho  incanduscuiit  organ. 

Mr.  Edison,  however,  was  not  abashed,  and  in  spite 
of  tho  lively  opposition  iiiado  to  his  lamps,  in  sjiite  of 
tho  bitter  {xilcmic  of  which  he  was  the  object,  he  did 
not  cease  to  perfect  it  for  practical  puiposes,  and  has 
at  last  (irodiicod  lamps,  which  wo  have  scon  at  tho 
Exposition,  and  which  citii  be  admired  by  all  tho  world 
for  tfioir  {Mirfoct  steadiiic.ss.  These  lamp,  to  tho  number 
of  IfiO,  light  tho  two  salons  reserved  for  tho  dis- 
euvurios  of  tho  iugeiiioiis  Amuricaii  inventor,  and  wo 
shall  sea  still  more  important  results  upon  tho  in- 
stnlhitiuii  of  tho  groat  iiiachiiio  which  is  expected  from 
.’Vmcrica. 

.\8  at  prosoiit  mado,  those  lamps  aro  siilliciontly 
.solid  and  can  last  a  long  time.  Tho  originally  fragile 
earboii  has  become  oxtremely  ulastic  and  hard  and  of 
such  attoiiuatiou  that  it  can  bo  well  compared  in  size 
to  a  horse-hair.  By  a  cleverly  combined  system  of 
fastening,  tho  platiiiiim  coiidiiotiiig  wires  aro  not 
exposed  to  bo  cut,  and  they  are  so  sealed  in  tho  glass 
reecivor  that  thoir  cliango  of  volumo  under  tho  action 
of  heat  does  not  oiidangor  tho  perfection  of  tho 
vacuum.  By  tho  way  tho  carbons  aro  treated  when 
tho  vacuum  is  mado  iii  tho  globe,  tho  bubbles 
enclosed  in  their  pores  and  which,  iu  escaping, 
disaggregate  the  surfaco,  aro  ovacuatod  before  clos¬ 
ing  tho  lamp,  and  at  tho  same  time  the  filament 
of  carbon  acquires  a  peculiar  density  and  hardness,  as 
was  tho  case  with  tho  platinum  wires.  To  obtaiu  this  re¬ 
sult  tho  carbonized  filament  must  bo  brought  into  iiicau- 
descouce  while  the  vacuum  is  being  made.  The  very 
uaturo  of  tho  substance  of  vegetable  origin  employed  in 
its  fabrication  has  been  modified. 

Fibres  of  bamboo  are  now  used  instead  of  the  paper 


1^11  -Moiicol  s  Article,  1881. 

n^inally  employed.  Tl.ese  are  carbonized  bv  „ 
J  ..  l.roee.,.s  an,l  (be  s„ccc.s.sive  tnu.sfor,„„tio„-of 

. . . 

l-W.  will  gratify  tbc  enrions  amlToVortby  ?" 

O' 

C  eyoosdtio  ,  M  '  w"' 

ms' w!  e  I  w  °f  ‘l‘e«e  fil-unenfs  is 

■'"  <1  beta  ceil  two  lamjm.  wl.oso  filaments  are 
.  .dmgly  nmr...  less  i„.,g. 

-  enlarged,  are  pressed  in  a  kind  --f  -  = 

''soldure.n*'  '*  *'■"  '-■ondnetors.  and  wl 

■  Itrtd  by  an  olectrolyicnlly  deposited  con 

sir  dnEl'1  "f "'■'■'‘"8®™'-''“  °f  l«>i 

i’.  .ri Althongb  n 
^’200  honnr,  the  ,p.es( 

r  l>o  cots  i  t  “‘P"*’'*’  "f 

■«  ‘»»loro<l  a  practical  thing,  but  if  it  is  com 

aljutmm.“7’r‘'‘  30  cents,  t 

J  istmu  touts  support  cannot  Im  anv  simp 
;;‘_;  ,  vto  .s  evident  on  inspection,  it' is  "7 

a  tlian  to  r.  '**  iw’idile  to  replace  one 

•|,Ht  ‘  “  i'rokon  lamp  shade. 

lmUonst.t„tes  M,e^^  “ot  ale 

to  them  ai.r  nrrangements  ref 

>lici tv  t  "7  •""■“““wined  such  a  degree 

!  St  pSee”''r-  '‘"°‘'‘"’«  •’ 

iciiits  ih.t  11  machines,  distribntii 

ove’d  art  n  “'‘•‘""■"‘8 Of  curie 
"  liavesaSSl  immediate  applicatio 

.lie  s  Id,  this  appheatiou  is  about  being  ma. 

Sflilises  ar  '7’l  "••>m'o  a  great  mm 

mbtermnea  t-  f-, V“'“m  by  moai 
whSiT  from  a  centml  static. 

will  be  distributed  t 


Du  Jloncers  Article,  1881. 


•1330 


This  central  station  will  be  provided  with  twelve 
steam  onginc.s  of  150  horse-power  each,  actuating 
dynamo-electric  machines,  each  of  which  will  be  capa¬ 
ble  to  supply,  it  is  said,  2,100  lamps  of  8  candle  power. 

The  current  funiished  to  these  lamps  comes  through 
a  branch  taken  before  these  houses  from  the  hege  sized 
conductors  laid  in  the  streets.  These  deviations  bring 
the  poles  of  the  generator  into  each  house,  where  the 
lamp  wires  can  bo  brought  in  connection  with  them, 
thus  rendering  each  house  independent  of  any  other, 
both  for  a  supply  of  light  and  motive  ])ower. 

When  it  is  considered  that  in  the  S3'stem  of  distribu¬ 
tion  adopted  bj'  Mr.  Edison,  the  total  resistance  of  the 
exterior  circuit  is  extremely  reduced,  and  that  with 
2,400  lamps  it  is  only  say  about  .020  of  an  ohm, 
it  can  bo  seen  that  a  very  feeble  resistance  should  be 
given  to  the  generating  machine  ;  so  that  its  first  ar- 
rangoinent  has  been  modified.  To  begin  with  :  Thu 
field  magnets  were  arranged  on  a  derivation  taken  from 
the  commutator,  putting  it  into  the  induced  circuit  as 
in  Wheatstone's  and  Sioraous’  system.  Then  the  arm¬ 
ature  was  armngod  on  Siemens'  principle  so  that  the 
wire  consisted  of  bars  of  copper.  These  burs  tie  close 
to  each  other  around  the  cylinder  which  forms  the 
armature,  and  the^'  generate  the  current.  Their  ex¬ 
tremities  correspond  to  discs  of  coiiper  (at  right  angles 
to  them)  laid  one  against  the  other  at  the  ends  of  the 
cylinder,  and  insulated  from  each  other.  Each  bar  is 
fastened  to  its  corresponding  discs  in  such  a  way  us  to 
form  a  single  circuit  enveloping  the  cylinder  longitudi- 
nallj-,  and  which  is  made  perfect  through  the  bars 
coupled  two  and  two  with  the  commutator  blocks  (made 
after  the  Grammes  pattern).  Figs.  2  and  3  give  an 
idea  of  this  new  arrangement.  The  center  of  the 
cylinder  itself  is  occupied  outside  of  the  rotating  axle 
by  a  cylinder  of  wood,  which  in  its  turn  is  surrounded 
by  a  thick  tube  made  of  a  series  of  very  tbin  discs  of 
iron,  separated  from  each  other  bj'  tissue  paper.  This 
arrangement  facilibitos  the  rapid  changes  of  polarit3-  in 
the  nlates.  This  tube  is  terminated  at  its  two  extremi- 


JIoiicol's  Article,  1881. 


M.cl.  eoml.t.o„.s  .rs  those  the  resistance  of  thegen^l 

of  the  ;„r- 

bunuHl,  aiul  t  is  eve  "«  '>•-■ 

the  S  E-ii-..: 

in  the  verticah  °'“'''  I-'-'-l 

F'g-  -f  represents  the  whole  machine  as  i.,ni- 

compliZtl  ■■■■“='"“«  'tnfore 

«‘i-of  tLa‘  !  jrar’“  ?  The  nece.s- 

oMer  that  tl.!.  ’  ‘■‘'‘®‘  “"‘lorslootl,  if  wo  coii- 

■■nining  la.npl  ^  ■'O' 

nin  an  ‘’“visod  to  oh- 

‘  i«  preS  to“  ’■"  Atnorica.  itseen.s, 

Kl-opriate  contrSg  tenf 

tn  tins  system,  whoso  general  armngement  wo  see  in 
-ia  rt  r  m  "?'■  ’^Zs  » 

''  ot“o«  an  electric 

r  180,000  ohms.  “  tesistance 

JontllOvoUo  1  oipntro-motivo  force  should  be 
irrespoud  on  t'he**^  i*  ‘  ‘*^“"'0'*“'-  of  one  volt  should 
>'eu  divisions  indicating  apparatus  to 

nnsn  of  intend:  ““o'*  observed  in¬ 

i'  itshonld  beintrodr"*i"T  0“P“'''o°f  compensating 

«  established  a  e  ^^rr 

eirtidar  commutator  c,  with  bobbins 


of  dilToront  rosisbnice,  which  permits  of  an  increase  of 
resistance,  not  in  the  lamp  curcuit,  which  would  lead 
to  a  loss  of  work,  but  in  the  circuit  of  the  Held  magnets, 
which  weakens  their  action  on  the  working  coil.  From 
the  central  station  also  the  condition  of  the  current 
affecting  the  lamps  can  bo  controlled  by  means  of  a 
testing  photometer,  which  enables  ns  to  see  how  much 
the  intensity  of  the  current  mnst  be  diminished  or  in¬ 
creased  to  correspond  to  a  given  luiiiinons  intensity. 
For  this  purpose  the  photometer  is  mounted  on  a  little 
railroatl  placed  in  a  dark  chamber  ;  under  and  in  front 
of  it  is  placed  a  scaU?  arbitrarily  divided  so  as  to  indi¬ 
cate  immediately  the  candle-imwor  fnniished  by  the 
current  in  its  normal  condition.  The  loft  side  of  Fig. 
5  indicates  the  manner  of  arrangement  of  the  testing 
bench,  with  the  explanatory  table  at  the  bottom  of  the 
figure.  Fig.  (  shows  it  in  perspective.  The  manner  in 
which  derivations  are  taken  on  the  principal  conduc¬ 
tors  merits  especial  mention.  The  conductors  are  com¬ 
posed  of  two  rods  of  copper  of  homi-cylindrical  form, 
fiat  on  one  side  and  round  on  the  other,  whieli  are  en¬ 
veloped  in  cylinders  of  insulating  material,  contidned 
in  small  wrought  iron  pipes,  which  are  buried  under 
the  streets.  To  take  a  derivation  the  cable  is  laid  ban; 
at  the  spot  whore  the  branch  circuit  is  to  bo  estab¬ 
lished.  The  two  conducting  rods  (coming  from  the 
main  conductors)  are  cut  and  bent  outwards  and  intro¬ 
duced  into  a  damp  whore  they  are  soldered  to  the 
house  wires,  as  shown  in  Fig.  7 ;  but  in  order 
that  no  harm  cun  bo  dune  by  too  strung  currents, 
one  of  these  communications  is  made  by  in¬ 
tercalating  a  load  wire  in  the  branch  cir¬ 
cuit,  shown  at  the  bottom  of  the  figure,  and 
which,  by  its  fusion,  internipts  the  circuit.  This  is 
what  is  called  in  America  a  “  cut  off;”  and  in  thiswaj-it 
prevents  deterioriation.  The  box  is  then  hermetically 
closed  and  covered  with  an  insulating  coating.  In  the 
figure  the  branch  wires  are  shown  double,  but  it  is  evi¬ 
dent  that  they  could  be  single. 

IVe  said  that  all  arrangements  had  been  made  to 
make  the  system  a  perfectly  practical  one,  and  of  that 


J->ii  .Monters  Article,  1881. 
we  will  soon  be  nl)lo  to  judge.  Let  us  exumiue  f.n,t 

■.::er‘r'rtri,tr.rs:r‘r 

tans  of  plaster  and  screwed  into  cylindrical  civi 
terminating  the  supports.  These  are  „  kin.l  of 
-  ehandelien,?o. 

•iiirlc  two  articulations,  A  anil 

.  d  commutations  are  made  by  two  plates  of  the  bin 
«  ^-l-  «re  insulated,  and  in  ivhos^  ciroula  ,  . 
spr  ngs  pre.ss,  ,m  seen  in  Figs.  9  and  10.  Connl  t 
.Sove  t'-  ns  we  have  indioa 

-ItmidintlupSh^S  ■■ 

fty  of  current  should  endanger  the  lamp." 

reillil  b':  H 

which  allow  ll  iutrodne 

togot;  i  «>l>»rntoly 

E  lsiZ  movomenlof  t 

nf  n  *  ■  ^  ^“1  *^**c»k8 tbo  contact  bv  inoa 

nnd  on  a  i  "t  the  i.oin 

‘'--parkaUl^S'tn:^^^ 

Kxposit!fn‘i^7^‘''?‘'''?‘"‘'°"®  “*••  Edison  at  th 

■••'•.!ve  two  L-rat  r  “'“““foliora  like  th 

I'ig  P  renrtr  !  chandeliers  and  80  bracket. 

The“i2a“  “  ol-andeliem. 

eomnlete  as  tko  steadiness  being  a 

assured  theot^‘  I  Imvoboei 

light  for  lifrht  tT”  ”  ^  illumination  is  lower 

-^^idem  S’  ‘‘  considered  that  th, 

-f  electric  !‘®  ®.''®  °f  solution,  for  Edison’s  systou 
hat  of  gas  hJ"”  '?  P’“®®‘f  ‘>‘0  same  condition  as 

. ^®«';°-<l«tlic  presence  of  machines  in 


Du  Jloncel’s  Article,  1881.  43^0 

which,  by  their  vciy  nature,  require  care  and  manage¬ 
ment  not  to  bo  obtained  from  ordinary  servants. 

As  aconiplonient  to  his  system.  Mr.  Edison  has  con¬ 
structed  portable  chanileliers,  represented  in  Fig.  1.3, 
ami  a  current  regulator,  shown  in  Figs.  14  and  lo.which’ 
permits  of  reducing  the  light  in  any  desired  proportion. 
It  is  a  carbon  rheostat,  composed  of  carbon  iioncils  of 
diirerent  sections,  which,  as  the  current  pnss,«s  through 
one  or  the  other,  allowsany  desired  intensity.  The  appa¬ 
ratus  is  enveloped  in  a  cylindrical  cover,  pierced  with 
holes  to  allow  of  thoe-scapo  of  heat,  and  surmounted  bva 
lamp  wliich  indicates  to  the  eye  the  desired  degree’ of 
luminosit3-.  It  is  worked  by  a  disc,  shown  separated  in 
the  lower  part  of  Fig.  11,  which  can  bo  turned  so  as  to 
bring  a  contact  spring  on  any  one  of  the  supports  of 
the  carbon,  who.so  position  is  indicated  by  an  index  and 
ilivisions  engraved  on  the  base  of  the  cylinder. 

But  what  is  most  interesting  of  all  in  those  accesso¬ 
ries  of  Mr.  Edison’s  system  is  the  meter  which  deter¬ 
mines  the  amount  of  eluctricitj-  eonsuined  by  the  lamps. 
’I'lioro  are  two  kinds,  one  automatic  like  a  gas  meter, 
the  other  requires  weighing.  They  are,  however,  both 
founded  on  the  sumo  principle;  that  is  to  say,  in  the 
estimation  of  work  by  the  weight  of  a  copiier  deposit 
produced  by  the  current  used.  We  will  describe  those 
two  interesting  pieces  of  apparatus  hereafter  and  give 
drawings  of  them ;  to-day  wo  must  bo  content  with  only 
nioutioniug  the  principle  involved. 

Imagine  a  balance  having  at  the  u.xtromitics  of  the 
beam  two  cylindrically  rolled  plates  of  copper  forming 
two  electrodes.  Lot  us  admit  that  these  two  systems  of 
electrodes,  which  plunge  into  two  uessols  filled  with  a 
solution  of  sulphate  of  copper  and  furnished  with  faxed 
clectrodo.s,  aie  traversed  in  an  inveiso  direction  by  the 
current  employed,  and  which  can  cause  the  balance  to 
operate  under  a  given  weight  of  copper  deposited  from 
thesolution.  It  is  easily  seen  that  the  movement  brought 
about  by  these  conditions  can  set  in  motion  a  current 
reveiser,  which  can  change  the  conditions  of  the  de¬ 
posits  in  such  a  way  that  the  electrode,  covered  with 
copper,  is  transformed  into  a  soluble  electrode,  while 


‘•>11  Um  .Moiicul  s  Articlo,  1881. 

the  ono  which  was., rigi.mlly  i„  that  comlition  beco.u 
tl.o  re<h.e.n«  electrode.  From  tl.is  time  ou  „„  oscill, 

n.f;  motion  of  the  beam  of  the  balance  is  eatablishc 

and  more  or  le.s.s  fro<|nontly  repeated,  accordiiiL-  to  t 
rapi.lity  of  the  formation  of  deposit ;  that  is  to  s;i 
nccordine  to  the  intensity  of  the  cnrroiit.  .\s  the  s  u, 
movement  can  bring  about  tl.o  pa-ssage  of  a  derived  n. 
rent  (taken  from  tlie  total  current)  across  a  siiccial  ele 
tro-magnet,  which  com.nandH  the  movement  of 
<  onn  or.  It  i.s  easily  seen  (after  the  dutcrminatioii  i 
tl.o  naiuber  of  amperes  corresi.onding  to  the  wei-l 
of  the  deposit,  which  produces  the  oscillation  of  tli 
alance)  what  is  the  quantity  of  electricity  consume, 
rho  realmation  of  this  idea  him  necessitated  son, 
il  detarj".  "■  “  ‘  I  t^l  0  111  d  sc  I 

The  (1  tlrawings  of  the  apparatus, 

rim  other  system  IS  ...ore  simple,  consist  iig  of  tw 
tainetem  o  .sulphate  ol  copper,  ’  whose  cLlIh. 

c.m  1  e  e  r  f  It 

One  of  copper  deposit..,! 

Slier  s  !  t“  «  °PC.i  to  the  subscriber,  tin 

bins  iliT  T  ‘T  Besistance  bol, 

resist,.,  |“t°  the  circuit  corresponding  to  tlie.s, 

rntt.s"'Tlll  '“'“P  Plnced  beneath  the  app,,. 

.„etall!..  t  ^  >“‘o  “‘rcuit  by  a  sini]>l. 

whiJr,Tr.'"‘°“'“'‘ Edison’s  light, 
for  liL-ht!,.  "®  ''■•''1’°“'*'°"  >»  c  model  intende.l 

■••--■•cptacle  filled'^iv  ti  watir"!md  "herr 

^--JeatimioftheapJ^trtilhtli"^^^^ 

•over,.,l  I.v  P°*'‘‘»  of  contact  aiv 

n  mines  r  f 'T‘'T’  “oy  danger  of  explosion 

“■•w-  of 

epre-seuted  in  «L  T„S  enj  1 

rticle.  Fig  17  tl  '  ^  ''’liicli  accompanies  this 


by  fixtures  which  we  have  described.  The  electric  light 
ns^en  is  projected  from  above  downward  iiiider  con¬ 
ditions  convenient  for  reading  or  writing.  This  is  the 
method  which  Mr.  Edison  seems  to  prefer,  but  it  is  to 
be  noticed  that,  with  the  chnudlicr  of  which  we  have 
spoken,  lighting  can  bo  obtained  in  any  manner,  anil 
nnalagoits  to  that  obtaineil  with  candles  or  gas  jets  ;  it 
is  a  ipiestion  of  taste. 

Sir.  Edison’s  lumps  are  not  alone  employed  in  the 
two  salons  roservcil  for  him,  they  are  to  be  found  in 
various  places  throughout  the  great  nave,  notably  at  the 
exhibits  of  Messrs.  Heilman,  Dncouimon  et  .Stienben 
(of  wliicli  we  gave  a  -Irawing  in  a  previous  article)  and 
at  the  exhibits  of  Minssis.  Sautter  and  Lomonnier.  At 
those  two  places  the  currents  are  furnished  bv  two 
Gramme  machittes,  type  A,  and  each  one  lights  about 
■10  lamps.  Now  that  Mr.  Edison’s  great  niachino  (a 
ilrawing  of  which  is  shown  on  frontispidee)  has  arrived 
at  the  Exposition,  it  will  bo  po.ssible  to  obtain,  with  the 
...ciiiidescent  system,  illiiininations  of  greater  nmgnitiidc. 
The  landing  of  the  great  staircase  will  lie  lit  in  this  wav. 
It  is  proposed  to  nccompIi.sli  this  by  moans  of  a  crystal 
chaiidolior  of  144  lamps,  and  of  others  furiiishod  with  25 
lamps  each,  to  bo  hung  from  the  difforont  patials,  and 
of  girandoles  standing  on  the  l(i  pilastersof  the  staircase. 
This  will  produce  an  eiichanting  effect  and  a  billiant  il¬ 
lumination.  I  ani  not  quite  sure  that  this  mixture  of 
arc  and  incandescent  lights  is  a  happy  thought.  It  is 
evident  that  tlio  latter  destroy  the  effect  of  the  fortnor, 
and  might  load  one  to  believe  that  tiio  luminous  inten¬ 
sity  of  the  incandescent  lamp  is  less  than  it  really  is. 
Again,  the  difference  in  the  color  of  tiie  liglits  is  so  con¬ 
trasted  that  many  persons  who  reproach  the  electric  arc 
for  its  gliastly  aspect,  find  it  too  red  in  incandescent 
lamps.  It  is  evidently  an  effect  of  contrast,  for  the  light 
of  iiicandescont  lamps  is  whiter  than  that  of  gas  jets, 
which,  nevertheless,  tliese  same  people  find  very  agreea¬ 
ble.  If  required,  incandescent  lamps  can  give  a  daz¬ 
zling  white  just  as  well  as  the  others ;  it  is  only  neces- 
saryto  employ  a  stronger  electrical  intensity,  then  tliev- 
lose  their  peculiar  quidities,  that  of  giving  a  soft  light 


liti  Moncd’s  Article,  1881. 


Iiicli  .Iocs  not  fatigue  tLe  evo  nn.l  of  ... 

ore  coinpiete  subdivision.  '  * 

It  is  ccrtainlv  very  diftieult  to  satisfy  evorvbo.lv  an.l 
>er»on.s  nirdly  kno.v  what  tbov  '.lo  want  ■ 
■  II  1  e,  tl  c  effects  of  contrast  rnomentarilv  in.  ’ 
ti  c  power  o  j„.  g.ng  correctly.  On  the  ‘otl.c 
1  i  'ie.  w  r’  "1.0  ,.re  nev...- 

. 

.id  Co  ;  '’•■«<--°r-I-itsonn.Is 

I'lipptt-sliow  voices  could  bo  beard  in  tlic  t..l. 

.•«ni«Lrb‘V‘"  m" 

. 

nit . » ‘‘'‘Plions  with  tbe  electric  light,  an.l 

IK.  It  is  ccH-i.  « ‘ ’  disparage  electric  light- 

..V .« t„T.  "r““  'r  ®r 

'•bon  tbov  arn,«.  !>,  '"*;'  succeeding,  above  .ill 
ire  roallv  LMo,l  1  tl‘oi 

jr.d  parts '  Tli  r  ^°*'‘us  0“0  of  its  intc- 

‘■o.sented’ii.  fL  1 1 

“  I’ho'st'ir  '-So""" 

culiarconstr„!?;°"‘“  "  '““cbino  is  of  pe- 

t^ominuiiicatn  1  .*^*'' *“**^  speed  of  rotation  which  is 
Tl'is  is  not  a ' vn? .  “  “  350  turns  a  minute 

-  spaed,  but  tbo  armature  is  vorv 


Du  Moucel’s  Article,  1881.  431J 

half.  Tbe  maguotic  fluid  in  which  it  turns  is  formed  by 
three  powerful  electro-magnets,  united  so  as  to  form 
one  at  their  extremities.  In  the  salon  of  Mr.  Edison 
are  a  collection  of  photographs,  among  which  may  be 
seen  some  of  the  factories  whore  the  enormous 
amount  of  material  ro(]uircd  in  these  installations  is 
constructed.  As  wo  have  been  assured,  one  of  these 
turns  out  2,000  lamps  a  day,  giving  occupation  to  1.50 
persons.  In  accompanying  drawings  and  collections 
can  bo  seen  methods  of  glass  blowing,  the  carbonizing 
of  filaments  intended  for  incaiidescouco,  the  vacuum 
pumps  and  the  mounting  and  packing  of  the  lamps. 
The  pumps  referred  to  are  set  in  motion  by  dynamo- 
electric  machines. 

From  all  this  wo  see  Mr.  Edison’s  system  to-day  is 
complotod,  perfectly  studied  out  iu  all  parts,  and  that 
nothing  more  remains  to  bo  done  but  to  introduce  it  on 
a  groat  scale. 


Th.  Du  Moncel. 


4345 


Complainants  Exhibit  “Extracts  from  3d 
Edttion  of  Fontaine.”  March  13.  1890. 

o.  M.  H.,  Ext. 

(TrniisiBtion.) 

ELECTRIC  LIGHTING 


Hlri’OLYTK  Fo.vtaise. 

3il  Edition,  Paris,  1888,  p.  39G. 

Chaptor  XIIL 
INCANDESCENT  LAMPS. 

IxDUSTi«ALL.ijrps.  Altlmugl.  they  Imvo  only  boon 
introduced  into  general  use  for  a  very  fevv'^  years 

rwouM  I'ortWs  reason, 

.sta£  t  ,  iu-POMiblo,  for  us  to 

use?  n  r  “““““'•“fro  of  the  typos 

no7b!!Zi’'“'‘f  ^  ’““Ps  '•«!- 

tiio  true  '■'’P®®*  ‘‘  ‘°o  O'* 

toi“briii‘“  °“ii-  •«»“ 

mystery  wl  ’  A  '"®°™P‘®‘®  information,  because  of  the 
tlmdesLii  manufacture;  but 

■irs  ‘  ‘I-®  lOBtomary  methods  in  the  large 

o  this  new  *'*“  ^®“'l®^  “ 

or  this  new  and  great  industry. 

tion  with"^  P°BBiblo,  we  have  completed  our  desorip- 
l^rnnce  *  *  go  tlio  lamps  at  present  known  in 
Wt  (P1>*  *404-405}. 

•le  the  triie^m-  ^i’-  Sivan  is  considered  to 

true  inyentor  of  the  incandescent  lamp.  The 


fact  is,  that  long  before  the  Edison  lamp  had  b. 
heard  of,  ho  attempted  the  construction  of  a  pract 
apparatus,  and  ho  had  oven  shown,  in  a  public  ineeti 
lamps  sealed  with  a  blow  pipe  and  containing  a  sn 
incandescent  carbon. 

But  it  is  certain  that  these  lamps  were  not  yet  si 
cieutly  perfected  to  bo  utilized  industrially  when 
Edison  Gbrous  filament  lam])  appeared. 

It  is  after  the  glorious  success  of  this  lamp  that  i 
Swan  renewed  his  labors  and  brought  them  to  a  usi 
end  by  following  the  road  marked  out  by  the  Amerii 


»f sSiS"r5S‘  'gs 

matures  or  spools  of  Conner  wim  »  °  onnaturo  a  louff  solid 

3  oross^octiou  u  sucli  as  oppsars  ot  F  in 


k 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “Eaton-Cross  Let 
ter  of  May  17,  1881.”  Feby.  28.  '90.  S 
M.  H.,  Exr. 

May  17th. 

I'llOFIWSOll  ClIAIILIiS  E.  CliOSH, 

MiissAulmsott.s  Institute  of  Tueluiology, 

Ei).stoii,  Muss.: 

Deai!  Sill— Wo  send  yon  by  express  tliis  evening,  sc 
tlmt  you  will  rcjcoivo  it  to-inon-ow  morning,  postpiigi 
lirepciid,  two  Edison  lumps  .md  one  Mcixiin  lamp.  The 
Maxim  lamp  is  now  manufactured  in  this  citv  by  one  o 
our  rival  companies,  to  wit.  The  United  States  Eleetrii 
Light  Company. 

Mr.  F.  H.  Betts,  of  patent  counsel  to  this  compauv 
will  write  you  at  once  stating  what  opinion  the  com 
pany  desires  from  you  touching  the.se  lamps.  May 
lUsk  you  to  keep  the  Maxim  lamp  where  it  will  not  b 
broken  or  injured,  as  wo  experience  some  difficulty  i 
getting  samples.  As  soon  lus  you  have  linished  th 
matter  which  Mr.  Betts  will  write  you  about,  will  yo 
kindly  pack  the  Maxim  lamp  with  great  security  anc 
return  it  to  me.  The  two  Edison  lamiis  you  can  retail 
in  your  possession,  if  you  have  anv  desire  to  do  so. 

I  need  hardly  add  that  this  subject  is  necessarily  si 


4375 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “  Betts>Cros8  Letter 
of  May  27,  1881.”  Febrnary  28,  1890. 
S.  M.  H.,  Exr. 

FnEDEiiio  H.  Beits.  Law  Offices  of 

c."wvu.i  BErS''"”''^’  Betts,  ATTEanunY  .t  Betts, 

J  E  llisDox  llTDE  Equitable  Biiiltling,  120  Broadway. 

New  Yoek,  May  27th,  1881. 

Prof.  Cii.yrles  K.  Cross, 

Massachnsotts  Inst,  of  Technology, 

Boston,  Mass. 

De.yr  Sir— I  send  you  herewith  copies  of  two  patents 
of  Thomas  A.  Edison  fur  improveiuent  in  electric 
lighting  apparatus,  one  No.  225,898,  dated  January 
27th,  1880,  and  the  other  No.  227,229,  dated  May  4th, 
1880.  Y’on  will  notice  .that  tlie  latter-named  patent, 
though  siihsoqucnt  in  date,  is  prior  in  jioint  of  appli¬ 
cation,  the  aiiplication  for  it  having  been  filed  April 
21st.  whereas  that  of  the  other  was  filed  November  4th, 
1879. 

You  will  have  sent  to  you  a  specimen  of  tlie  electric 
lamp  of  the  U.  S.  Electric  Lighting  Company,  and  ye 
would  like  your  opinion  as  scieulifie  expert  upon  the 
following  matters : 

The  first  claim  of  the  Edison  patent.  No.  223,898,  is 
for  “ainelectrio  lamp  for  giving  light  by  incandescence, 
“  consisting  of  a  filament  of  carbon  of  higli  resistance 
“  made  as  described,  and  secured  to  metallio  wires,  as 
“  set  forth.” 

The  first  question  which  arises  in  connection  with 
the  U.  S.  Company  lamp  is  tiie  following:  Is  the 
carbon  which  is  made  incandescent  in  the  U.  S.  Co. 
lamp  “ a  filament  of  carbon  of  high  resistance?"  You 
will  notice  that  Edison  says  in  Ins  patent  that  previous 
to  this  invention  light  by  incandescence  had  been  ob¬ 
tained  from  HODS  of  carbon  of  one  to  four  ohms  resist¬ 
ance.  It  is  clear  that  he  means  to  say  that  such  lamps 
were  of  low  resistance,  and  that  such  “  rods”  were  not 
“  filaments.”  The  question  is,  what  is  the  resistance 


of  the  carbon  in  the  U.  S.  Co.’s  lamp,  and  is  such  re¬ 
sistance,  whatever  it  may  be,  a  h'ujh  resisluncf.  in  the 
sense  of  the  Edison  patent?  You  will  notice  that  Edi¬ 
son  does  not  limit  himself  to  any  special  amount  of 
resistauco,  though  ho  states  that  he  has  discovered  that 
even  a  cotton  thread  properly  carbonized  and  placed 
in  a  sealed  bulb  exhausted  to  oue-iuillionth  of  an  at- 
iiiOsphoiC,  ufibis  from  one  Iiundred  to  five  hundred 
ohms  resistance.  I  do  not  think  that  lie  intends  to 
confine  himself  to  lamps  having  so  hiijli  a  resistance. 
It  has  occurred  to  me  that  the  only  rule  given  by  Edi¬ 
son’s  patent  as  a  test  of  wimt  is  a  “  high  resistance  ” 
is  to  determine  whether  a  given  lamp  can  or  cannot  bo 
worked  in  large  numbers  in  multiple  arc  without  the 
employment  of  main  couductoi-s  of  largo  dimensions. 
In  other  words,  is  it  not  fair  to  say  that  a  lamp  which 
can  bo  used  in  multiple  are  with  conductors  of  the 
ordinary  dimensions  of  oloctrical  wires  is  a  lamp  hav¬ 
ing  a  “  high  resistance,”  in  the  sense  of  the  Edison 
jiatont?  Flense  give  this  matter  your  early  considera¬ 
tion  and  lot  us  know  whether  the  U.  S.  Company  lamp 
is  such  a  lamp. 

The  second  question  arises  on  Patent  No.  227,229. 
Y’ou  will  notice  that  the  first  claim  is  for  an  electric 
lamp  in  which  the  metallic  conductors  pass  through 
the  glass,  and  around  which  the  glass  is  melted.  On 
examining  the  U.  S.  Company  lamp  you  will  notice 
that  the  metallic  conductor  passes  through  a  blue 
tinted  substance  resembling  glass.  We  should  like  to 
know  whether  this  is  really  glass,  and  whether  in  that 
lamp  the  conductors  do  pass  directly  through  the 
glass,  and  ’.vhether  the  glass  is  molted  around  them. 
Wo  understand  that  it  is  claimed  that  the  blue  mate- 
riid  is  not  glass. 

I  send  you  also  a  memorandum  by  Mr.  Wilbur,  one 
of  the  solicitors  for  the  Edison  Company,  which  will 
throw  considerable  light  upon  the  Edison  patents. 

Yours  truly, 

Frederic  H.  Betts. 


Complainant's  EzUbit  “  Wilber-Cross 
Uemorandnm  of  May  25,  1881.”  Feb¬ 
ruary  28,  1890.  S.  M.  H.,  Exr. 

MEMORANDUM  OF  POINTS 

FOI! 

Mil.  Be-its’  Letteii  to  Piiof.  Cross. 

Prior  to  Edison’s  lamp,  that  is,  prior  to  1879,  Mr. 
Edison  alleRes  tliat  tlio  state  of  the  art  in  iucaiidescoiit 
electric  lighting  showed  that  the  incandescing  con- 
ductoi-s  used,  either  of  platinum  or  of  carbon,  were  of 
comparativol.v  low  resistance,  never  o.vceeding  2  or  H 
ohms  and  generally  not  exceeding  an  ohm. 

This  is  dediiciblo  from  the  dimensions  given,  method 
of  treatment,  etc.  of  carbons,  ns  laid  down  in 
Fontaine’s  Electric  Lighting ; 

Higgs’  Electric  Light ; 

.Sawyer’s  Electric  Lighting. 

And  other  works.  And  from  the  U.  S.  Patents  of 
Sawyer, 

Woodward, 

Farmer  and  others. 

And  from  the  English  patents  of  Staite,  King  and 
others,  epitomized  in  work  of  Snwver  noted  above 
It  is  also  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  nil  attempts  to 
use  a  number  of  lamps,  they  wore  arranged  in  series, 
which  necessitated  low  resistance  in  each,  ns  tho  re- 
sistances  of  tho  circuit  would  bo  tho  number  of  tho 
lamps  X  the  resistance  of  one  lamp,  hence  tho  resist- 

LTIiur  “• •• 

Mr.  Mi™  Wd.  li..,  a,.  „„  „[  „„ 

ctors  of  such  low  resistance  necessitated  the  use  of 
conductors  leading  thereto  of  exceeding!  v  great  rela- 

“pplr  '  “  .  •  "> 

Uopper  could  not  be  sealed  directly  into  glass,  owin- 

““  s'""* 


>ViIber-tross  ireinomndnin.  -IJJTS 

Hence  in  tho  old  lamiis,  tho  lamj)  globe  had  an 
aperture  covered  by  a  metal  cap  secured  thereto  bv 
wax,  etc.,  and  through  which  the  conduetoi's  passed 
into  t]ic  Inmp. 

The  laigo  mass  of  conductor  tended  to  conduct 
large  amount  of  heat,  destroying  this  sealing— by  the 
unequal  expansions  of  the  glass  and  metaraud  the 
cements. 

See  Patent  205,141,  Sawyer  .t  Man. 


This  low  resistance  in  tho  incandescing  conductors 
rendered  division  on  multiple  arc  .system  commercially 
or  economically  impossible,  while  if  a  system  of  central 
origin  and  distribution  of  currents  for  use  in  a  great 
number  of  lamps  wore  over  to  bo  used,  it  must  of 
necessity  bo  a  multiple  arc  system. 

Mr.  Edison  rovoraed  tho  iiractico  as  to  resistance  in 
tho  lamp,  preferring  to  use  incandescent  conductors  of 
an  100  ohm  resistance  alid  sometimes  much  higher, 
although  13  to  20  ohms  and  upward  gave  .same  advan¬ 
tages  in  a  lesser  degree. 

Advantages  of  this  are  : 

Division  by  multiple  arc  system  practicable  commer¬ 
cially. 

Tho  iucimdoscing  conductor  being  carbon  of  such 
high  resistance,  small  platinum  wires  may  bo  used  as 
conductors  thereto,  which  may  bo  sealed*  directly  into 
tho  glass,  so  that  tho  globe  or  envelope  is  in  substance 
one  piece  of  glass,  whereby  vacuum  is  preserved. 

Tho  small  mass  of  conductor  used  reduces  conduction 
of  heat  so  that  there  is  little  or  no  effect  thereof  at  the 
point  where  tho  conductors  (“  leading  in  wires  "}  are 
scaled  into  tho  glass,  hence  greater  economy  through 
rendering  permanent  the  vacuum. 

Tho  incandescing  conductor  being  of  great  resist¬ 
ance  is  of  small  mass,  a  mere  filament,  and  elastic,  so 
that  it  expands  and  contracts  withont  fracture  of  itself 
or  of  its  union  to  its  clamps  or  holders. 

By  using  incandescing  coiidnctoi-s  of  such  high  re¬ 
sistance  the  mass  of  metal  in  what  may  be  called  the 
”  mains,”  tho  conduetoi's  leading  from  tho  centre  of 


■1379  Wilber-Cross  Mcmoriiiuluin. 

generation  of  the  currents  may  bo  proportionately  di- 
iniuished,  whereby  great  economy  in  plant  in  fitting  no 
a  system  is  secured.  * 

Mr.  Edi^u  would  like  Prof.  Cross  to  investigate  the 
subject  and  determine,  if  possible,  what  was  the  prob¬ 
able  resistance  of  such  incandescent  electric  lights  as 
were  described  prior  to  1879. 

If  they  wore  of  low  resistance  (up  to  say  2,  3,  4  or  5 
ohms),  IS  the  u.se  of  incandescing  conductors  of  high 
resistance  relatively  thereto  (15  to  200  ohms),  a  practi- 

eal  adrauce  in  the  art  of  subdividing  the  electric  light 

and  fatting  the  electric  light  for  use  ns  a  domestic  il- 
aTn-r,ll  ‘“*^'"8  ■^  consideration  the  distribution  of 
a  eurieut  on  a  multiple  arc  system  ? 

'"'"P  snl^stantially  identical  in 
piinoiple  with  the  Edison  lamp  ? 

May  23th,  1881.  Z.  F.  WiLOEa 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  Cross-Betts  Eetter 
of  Jnne  11,  1881.  S.  M.  H.,  Exr. 


Mass.  Inst,  of  Teciixologv. 


Boston,  June  11, 1881. 

F.  H.  Betts,  Esq.  : 

My  Beau  Sik — In  reply  to  j-onr  letter  of  the  27th  ult. 

I  would  say  that  I  have  considered  several  of  the  points 
referred  to  me,  while  regarding  some  of  them  I  need  a 
little  more  information. 

1.  The  U.  S.  Co.’s  lamp  is  undoubtedly  a  lamp  of 
“  high  ”  resistance  as  compared  with  lamps  of  1  to  4 
ohms  resistance.  The  resistance  of  the  lamp  sent  is  43 
ohms.  I  should  say  that  beyond  a  doubt  it  is  a  higli 
resistance  lain])  in  the  sense  of  the  patent,  idthoiigh  of 
loss  than  the  lowest  resistance  specifically  mentioned 
therein,  and  less  than  those  sent  as  types  of  Mr.  Edi¬ 
son’s  own  lamps,  which  have  respectively  between  3  and 
4  times,  and  about  H  times  the  resistance  of  the  U.  S. 
Co.'s  lamp.  I  have  only  measured  two  of  Mr.  Edison’s 
lamps  and  therefore  do  not  give  the  o.vnct  figures.  1 
shall  measure  the  others  nest  week. 

As  to  what  is  meant  by  the  term  high  resistance  as 
used  in  the  patent  of  Mr.  Edison,  it  seems  best  to  mu, 
unless  there  is  some  objection  in  getting  up  the  case 
which  does  not  iininediatoly  appear  to  compare  the  re¬ 
sistances  of  lamps  made  by  him  at  or  before  the  date  of 
application  with  those  used  by  others.  If  there  are 
none  used  by  others  of  over  four,  sis,  or  ten  ohms,  there 
is  no  question  that  forty  ohms,  or  oven  twenty  ohms, 
would  bo  a  high  resistance  in  the  sense  of  the  patent. 
In  Mr.  Wilber’s  note  ho  asks  me  to  determine  the  prob¬ 
able  resistance  of  the  earlier  lamps.  It  will  be  an  aid 
to  mo  in  this  if  you  will  send  mo  a  list  of  the  various 
patents  with  their  numbers  and  dates,  so  that  I  can 
look  them  up  more  readily.  There  are  some  of  .  these 
referred  to  in  Sawyer’s  book.  I  have  not  found  Far- 
mer^s,  however,  nor  Slaxim’s, 


4381  Cross-Betts  Letter,  June  11,  1881. 

Witli  reg-jid  to  your  suggestion  tlmt  any  lamp  that 
that  can  he  used  with  conductors  of  ordinary  dimen¬ 
sions  in  multiple  arc  is  a  “high  resistance  lami>,"  a 
question  would  arise  as  to  just  what  ordinary  dimensions 
are,  the  art  of  electric  lighting  has  not  been  practised 
sufliciontly  long  to  determine  what  are  standard  sizes 
of  conducting  wires.  Also  what  number  shall  bo  taken 
in  multiple  arc  to  constitute  a  largo  number?  The 
terms  are  all  indefinite,  and  there  is  room  for  argument 
on  either  side,  but  it  seems  to  mo  that  if  possible  the 
comparison  of  the  earlier  with  the  latter  resistances  is 
best.  In  any  case  the  lamp  of  the  U.  S.  Co.  which  was 


2.  With  regard  to  the  other  point,  I  have  examined 
the  U.  S.  Co.’s  lamj)  ns  far  as  is  po.ssiblo  without  cut¬ 
ting  it  iu  pieces.  'Iho  material  through  which  the  pla¬ 
tinum  wires  pass  ,eei>,s  to  be  vitreous  in  its  nature  and 
me  tod  around  the  wires.  I  can  determine  more  about 
It  if  you  think  I  had  best  cut  one  of  the  two  Maxim 
lamps  sent  mo.  One  of  these  has  the  earbou  broken, 
which  IS  of  course  the  one  that  I  should  break.  As  to 
the  real  nntm-o  of  the  blue  suhstnneo,  wo  cannot  be 
certmn  except  by  a  chemical  analysis.  You  probably 
have  a  chemist  in  your  employ  who  could  aiialyzo  this, 
though  if  yon  wish  inc  to  testify  regarding  it  I  can  get 
tlio  analysis  made  for  mo.  Please  advise  mo. 

As  to  the  last  two  points  mentioned  by  Mr.  Wilber 
(1)  the  use  of  incandescing  conductors  of  high  resist¬ 
ance  is  a  practical  advance,  and  (2)  the  Maxim  U.  8. 
Ed1Mn^amp^'"'*""'*^  iJoutical  iu  principle  ivitli  the 
I  am,  youre  very  truly, 

OiiAS.  K.  Cross. 


Complainant’s  Exhibit.  “Eaton-Cross 
Letter  of  Jnne  16,  1881,”  Febrn^  28,  ’90. 
S.  M.  H.,  Ext. 

Ju.se  Kith. 

PllOFESSOli  Cll.SllLES  E.  CliOSS, 

.Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology, 

Boston,  Mass. ; 

Deaii  Silt — Horeuith  1  send  yon  ijy  express  two  vol- 
limes  of  United  .States  electric  light  drawings  and  siie- 
cifications.  Thc.so  are  sent  |>ur.suant  to  a  request  made 
in  your  letter  to  -Mr.  Betts,  dated  June  llth,  wherein 
you  ask  for  a  list  of  iiatonts.  with  numbers  ami  dates. 
In  order  to  save  the  delay  of  procuring  fresh  copies  for 
you,  we  send  these  volumes,  which  contain  every  pat- 
ont  as  yet  issued  touching  the  subject  of  electric  lights, 
ill  you  kindly  roturii  these  two  books  before  the  first 
day  of  July  ? 

The  English  patents,  which  can  be  found  in  the  Bos¬ 
ton  Public  Library,  are  ns  follows  : 

Exomsii  P.ITEXTS  Inca.\descf..\t  EtECTiiic  Lkihts. 

No.  9,033,  of  1841 . Be  .Molens 

“  10,1119,  of  1845 . King  (.Starr) 

“  12,212,  of  1848 . Staito 

“  13,302,  of  1830 . .Shepard 

“  14,198,  of  1832 . Eoberts 

“  3,809,  of  1872 . Konn 

“  441,  of  1875 . Ko.sloff 

970,  of  1873 _ Konn 

2,477,  of  1878 . .  AVerdermau 

Allow  mo  to  suggest  that  you  had  best  get  the  broken 
-Maxim  lamp ;  also  that,  as  regards  the  real  nature  of 
the  blue  substance,  vou  had  best  have  a  chemist  iu  vour 


4384 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “  Cross-Betts  Letter 
of  Juno  23,  1881.”  Foby.  27,  ’90.  S 
M.  H.,  Ext. 


Mass.  Ixst.  of  TEcii.voLoay, 

Bosto.v,  June  23,  1881. 

F.  H.  Betts,  Esq.  : 

Mv  Deae  Sib— I  liave  examined  tlie  American  pat¬ 
ents,  and  the  various  wbrks  on  electric  lighting,  with 
reference  to  the  matter  of  the  resistimco  of  incandes¬ 
cent  lamps,  previous  the  date  of  Mr.  Edison’s  patent 
I  have  not  yet  looked  at  the  English  patents,  prefering 
not  to  delay  longer  before  writing  to  you.  I  will  look 
thorn  over  to-morrou*  or  uext  day. 

From  all  the  statements  that  I  can  find,  or  calcula¬ 
tions  that  I  can  make  based  upon  these  statements,  I 
should  say  that  the  lamps  previous  to  .Mr.  Edison’s 
patent  had  a  resistance  of  not  over  Bvo  ohms,  and  .'en- 
erally  much  less  than  this.  I  infer  this  from  the  shite- 
lueuts  made  regarding  the  size  of  carbons,  in  which 
they  are  eallod  “pencils,”  “small  rods,”  .to.  Also 
from  the  measured  dimensions  as  given  in  the  drawin-s 
of  said  lamps.  In  Sawyer’s  book  on  Lighting  by  In- 
caudosceiice,  p.  90,  the  resistance  of  his  lamps  is  state 
to  bo  26/100  ohms. 

The  only  statement  regarding  a  higher  resistance  is 
in  Sawyer’s  book  and  also  in  his  Patent  No.  205,303 
(Distribution  of  Lamps)  the  resistance  of  lamp  is  called 
10  ohms  when  hot,  “  practically  nil  ”  when  cold,  “  prac¬ 
tically  nil  ”  being,  I  suppose,  1/4  ohm. 

But  the  effect  of  heat  on  carbons  is  (unlike  its  effect 
on  metals)  to  aVmin/s/,  its  resistance,  this  diminution 
being  according  to  Matthieson  about  12  per  cent,  when 
the  carbon  is  raised  to  incandescence.  The  increase  of 
resistance  from  heating  of  the  metallic  conductors  could 
not  be  great  in  any  lamp  that  could  be  iiractically  used, 
so  that  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  number,  10 
ohms,  is  stated  at  a  venture.  Mi-.  Edison  could  prob¬ 
ably  solve  this  question  immediately  from  his  practical 
knowledge. 


•1385 


Cross-Betts  Letter,  June  23,  1881. 


B_v  tlio  wnj-,  can  tlio  Sawyer  Patent  No.  205,303  for 
distribution  of  lamps  be  bold  ?  The  principle  on  wliicb 
any  resistances  slionld  be  arranged  for  maxitnum  effect 
lias  been  familiar  to  every  scientific  man  for  the  last 
forty  years. 

Compared  with  all  these  actual  resistances  (up  to  5 
ohms)  that  of  the  Maxim  lamp  is  cerbiiiily  “  high  ”  lio- 
yond  a  question.  The  only  point  regarding  which  an 
objection  could  be  made  is  that  100  ohms  is  the  lowest 
resisbince  mentioned  in  the  Edison  patent.  On  the 
other  hand,  Mr.  Edison  hero  describes  for  the  first 
timo'(if  I  am  right)  a  process  by  which  a  carbon  f  la¬ 
ment  can  bo  made  practically.  No  carbon  rtxl,  of  say 
20  ohms  resistance  upwanl,  could  readily  be  made  to 
emit  light  by  nicaudesccneo  by  any  current  that  could 
ho  practically  and  economically  'employed.  At  least 
this  I  should  judge  to  bo  case.  Bonce 'is  not  Mr.  E. 
justified  in  claiming  that  oven  20  ohms  would  bo  a  high 
resistance  under  the  terms  of  his  iiatont?  If  only 
o  ohms  as  a  maximum  wore  used  before. 
If  Mr.  Edison’s  process  is  a  new  one  giv- 
mg  the  possibility  of  making  high  resistance 
^rbons.  It  seems  to  mo  that  oven  though  the  ratio  of  5 
to  20  IS  the  same  as  20  to  100,  the  claim  can  readily  Im 
held.  Here  your  suggestion  that  the  iwssibility  of 
using  hgnts  in  multiple  are  is  an  index  of  their 

high  rosistmice,  in  the  tortps  of  the  patent,  might 
SrJoh^’  “  resistance 

As  to  the  sealing  of  the  Maxim  lamp.  I  have  eii- 
trnstod  an  analysis  of  the  blue  and  black  substances 
sed  in  sealing  to  a  comiiotent  chemist,  who  will  give 
T  m  ‘irst  of  next. 

M^nwhile  I  will  say,  that  from  a  careful  examination  of 
H  e  fragments  of  the  material  after  cutting  it,  we  are 

The  blue  “  g>“88  or  an  enamel. 

wHl.  i  r  colored  with  copper,  the  black 

uith  iron  and  manganese.  The  chemist  thinks  it  mav 

oossibtaT  Ho  thinks  the  only- 

possible  claim  that  could  be  made  is  that  it  is  “en- 
omel,  which  IS  a  kind  of  glass.  As  to  this  last  point. 


Cro.ss-Betts  Letter,  June  23,  1881. 


•13SG 


I  have  not  looked  uj)  the  chemistry  of  glass,  thinking 
it  hardly  necessary  just  yet  The  Eiicyclopiedia  Brit- 
tannica  and  Appleton’s  Encyclopedia  both  speak  of 
enamel  ns  a  glass,  and  the  latter  classifies  it  under  the 
kinds  of  glass.  The  conducting  wires  are  sealed  into 
the  glass  ns  in  Edison’s  lamp.  It  seems  to  mo,  then, 
that  the  Maxim  lamp  and  Mi-.  Edison’s  are  substan¬ 
tially  the  same  tiling. 

I  believe  that  I  have  touched  upon  all  the  points 
mentioned  by  yon.  I  will  write  again  as  soon  as  I  hear 
from  my  chemist. 

lam. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Chas.  E.  Cno.ss. 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “Cross-Betts  Eet- 
ter  of  Jnne  24,  1881.”  Eeby.  28,  1890. 
S.  M.  H.,  Exr. 


Boston,  Juno  24,  ’81. 

F.  H.  Betts,  Esq.: 

My  Dear  Sm — Lave  to-day  looked  over  the  various 
English  patents  relating  to  electric  lighting  by  incan- 
densconce.  I  find  nothing  to  change  my  opinions  ns 
expressed  in  ray  letter  to  you.  The  only  light  about 
whoso  very  low  resistance  there  is  any  question  is 
'Werdermann’s,  but  in  this  incandescence  proper  as  dis¬ 
tinct  from  a  very  minute  voltaic  arc  is  distinctly  dis¬ 
ced. 

Very  truly  j-rs., 

CiiAS.  B.  Cross. 


4388 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “Cross-Betts  bet¬ 
ter  of  Jnne  27,  1881.”  Eeby.  28,  1890. 
S.  M.  H.,  Exr. 


M.ass.  Inst,  of  Technology, 

Boston,  June  27,  ’81. 

F.  H.  Betts,  Esq.: 

My  Dear  Sir — Mr.  Sharpies,  the  chemist,  who  has 
examined  the  material  surrounding  the  platinum  wires 
in  the  Maxim  lamp,  writes  as  follows  : 

“  As  near  ns  I  can  make  out,  from  the  veiy  limited 
amount  of  material  at  my  command,  the  blue  substance 
on  the  lamp  is  merely  an  ordinary  enamel,  containing 
silica,  lead,  soda,  tin  and  a  little  coloring  matter. 

“  Enamels  are  mere  glasses  rendered  apaquo  by  tin, 
or  some  other  substance,  and  so  far  ns  their  use  in  this 
place  is  concerned,  aro  exact  equivalents  of  ordinary 
glass.” 

lam. 

Yours  veiy  truly, 

Chas.  B.  Cross. 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  Notes  on  Geissler 
Tubes.  S.  M.  H.  Ext. 


1.  All  tjas  and  vapors  are  non-conductors. 

“  At  no  degree  of  oxlinustion  is  air  a  coiiduetor.” 
(Ganot,  Physics,  13th  Ed.  1890,  p.  930). 

U  ’^'■“^specifie  resistance  of  “  air  ”  is  “  practically  iu- 

(Everett,  Units  .t  Phys.  Consts.,  188C  i) 
IGo).  ‘ 

“  Under  all  pressures  and  at  all  temperatures  ga.ses 
and  vapore  are  perfect  iiisulatore.” 

“  To  suppose  ns  is  generally  done  that  very  raretied 
gases  or  gases  at  veiy  high  temperatures  are  conduc¬ 
tors,  is  a  mistake  duo  to  confusion  hotweon  resistance 
to  disniptive  and  conductive  dischaiges.”  (Luvine, 
Mature  Vol.  xxxiv.,  p.  SIC,  1880.) 

Air  is -‘0110  of  the  he.st,  although  not  the  strongest 
of  insulators.”  ( IC.  Thenson,  Electros,  .fc  Mag.,  ig 

“If  any  conduction  were  now  to  take  place  through 

I  catmn  T"  I  i«- 

cZl  I  ,  «o»‘l«otiou  however 

could  he  observed  oven  after  the  lapse  of  a  quarter  of 
m  hour  and  when  hot  air  and  steam  wL  blow 
^irough  the  tube."  (Maxiodl,  Elom.  Elec.,  1881,  p. 

evil..™  f  ‘1‘0  olectroniotor,  but  no 

e  e  Then  “'^^on-ed 

v,Tr  i  I  l^'-isWy  and  its 

forT"  «  feeble  electromotive 

"0  could  support  ail  electri- 
ot}  on  a  perfectly  insulating  stand,  so  that  it 


TlmreS  "nru'rco'iT'T'"”. 
orvanora-  i..  'I‘>otigh  either  mcies 

o»Iv  perfect  insulator  the^T  t 

2-  Sparl-  through  gases  is  disruptive  not  condurtir 
.  Oppose.l  to  insulation  is  disch-..-.,e  ”  T.  /  . 
■sealledsimplyce,„/,a,mu  involve  f  I 

1  ‘1 1  ‘rci  tU  n  <lis,  1  .cement  of  ’  “  .‘TT 
corned.  ^  con- 

“  A  third  modo.  nunielv  tlmf  i...  . 

nmy  because  of  itw  imoI  ^  t*  i  ^  «I>iirIvS  or  bnislios, 

•hscharge."  (Furudn,,  W...,  disruptive 

If  tlio  elcciro’inotive  force  *. 

«  dielectric  is  gradually  increased,  a  limit  inZt'Zl^ 

sism? 

peraediiitho  form  of  vanor  Tl.i.  i  " 

i.p ..  b,  ■  'irrsy;: 

......Oita,,  .XrSLX::;  rir-t!" 

.X'fcZi™  °'“r  “-■•“■".-.■SiX" 

‘‘‘e  transmi.s.siou  of  elec 


4391 


Notes  on  Geisler  Tubes. 


wajs  aceonipniiied  by  a  ineelianical  stre.ss  np-ui  tl- 
mcilium.  If  this  sti  ess  is  very  great  tbo  non-eoiKliiet- 
iug  medium  will  suddenly  give  wav  and  a  spark  will 
burst  across  it.  Sucb  a  discliargo’  is  called  a  ‘  dis¬ 
ruptive  ’  disebarge."  If  a  charged  ball  be  lowered 
toward  a  metal  plate  lying  on  the  ground  "  the  more  the 
ball  is  lowered  down  the  greater  is  the  accumnlation  of 
the  opposite  kinds  of  electricity  on  each  side  of  the 
layer  of  air  and  the  stress  across  the  layer  becomes 
greater  and  greater  until  the  limit  of  the  dielectric 
strength  is  reached ;  the  air  suddenlv  gives  wav  and 
the  spark  tears  a  path  acro.ss."  {S.  P.  Thompson  'eIcc 
and  Mag.,  pp.  235-G,  1889). 

“  Chief  amongst  the  mechanical  effects  of  the  die 
ruptive  spark  discharge  is  the  shattering  and  pieroin- 
of  glass  and  other  insulators.  The  dielectric  strength 
of  glass,  though  mueh  greater  than  that  of  air  is  not 

infinitely  gi-eat.”  (/A.,  p.  237).  ’ 

“If  the  apj, lied  slope  of  potential  overatep  a  cer¬ 
tain  limit  fi.ved  by  observational  something  like  33,000 
VO  ts  per  linear  eentimotre  for  common  air,  the  molo- 
miles  give  way.  the  atoms  with  their  chaiges  rush  across 
to  the  plates  and  discharge  has  occuired.  The  number 
of  atoms  thus  torn  free  and  made  able  to  convoy  a 
ohiirgo  by  locomotion  is  so  great  that  there  has  ne’ver 
“"I- “mount  of 

dischZet^’  li  ot'mr  words,  dnrmj 

disc haigo  the  gas  becomes  a  conductor,  and  being  a 
conductor  by  reason  of  locomotion  of  atoms,  it  may  be 

2tsr" 

r^tiora  ^  m  “>o  >-o«>ilt  of  the  volatili- 

^^tion  and  the  ignition  (but  not  the  combustion)  of  the 

3.  Spark  disoharys  does  no!  folio, o  Ohm's  law. 


Notes  ( 


Geisler  Tubes. 


“The  electro-motive  force  nece.ssarv  to  produce  tl 

thr^'fl  •‘“■•m>gtb  ■  of  a  e.,s_ 

tion  and  beeond"g  fllhetlnj?'" 
i-tly  on  the  „at:;re  of  tim  S"  i 
pressure.  Koiighlv  one  nut  i  ?'  °  ““ 

air  4o  toi?°  “““Wmeter  break  down  ordinary 

-Tiled  .  ‘0  oT:‘c\ 

limeter'of  m2:;":  ;  '’r"™  “  '"il- 

.^2^o,oc,^;p.een;:n:2::!i^ 

reL  :  fc;™.>for  dielectric  strength.”  "l„ 

Mag.,  244, 1889).  '  ’  Elec,  and 

uas  ”  t.V  T>  O’l  °  ,  ‘ '  m  in  oarbonic-acid 

e  „7i  ■  ■''"’"'P*-’".  foe.  cit.,  p.  244) 

tthen  thedisehaige  either  of  a  coil  or  eleeiw  i 

rtldi vesseTio:.' 

diminishes  the  lengufof  Ipark'SiSTea"^  !I:  Sri 
...creases.”  (Gordon,  Elec,  and  Mae.  u  54  18801 


-  ....  .....  .  i.or  Iiio  words  in  italics  I  sub: 

stitiito  at  low  iircssiires  tlmii  at  liigli.’  Wo  iimv 
then  both  write  -  with  a  low  -  air  resistance  ’  than  witi. 
a  liigh  one,  or  ‘  with  a  few  air  particles  between  the 
lioints  than  with  iiinny.’”  (Gordon,  lor.  cil.,  p.  C2). 

“  The  length  of  spark  given  by  a  battery  at  oriliiiarv 
ntinospheric  pressures  in  the  following  giwes  is  the 

onpst  in  «.e  order  in  which  they  are^^nninerll- 

lijilrogen.  nitrogen,  air,  oxygen,  carbonic  acid— it  bcino 
nearly  twice  ns  long  in  hydrogen  as  in  air.  The  spark 
does  not  appear  to  be  dependent  on  the  specific  gravity 
of  the  gas.”  (Gon/oii,  1.  c.,  p.  Cl;.  '  ' 

B.  Jieatme  the  fall  of  jmteutial  In  the  ciraill  i«  not 

Bi  Ohm  s  law,  the  potential  along  a  conductor  falls 
legiilarly  along  the  resistance,  and,  therefore,  if  the 

loiild  hare  been  a  uniform  fall  of  potential  along  the 
«hole  eircu.t  consistiiig  of  tube  A  13  and  resistance 

from  I,  to  C;  im  ,t  was,  however,  it  was  found  that 
loiTOvcr  much  the  slope  of  the  part  M  C  varied  that  of 
representing  the  fall  of  potential  along  the  tube 
en.a.ned  constant.  This  shows  that  the  dLiargl  is 
use  of  true  conduction,  but  that  even  at  the 

Son- loe.  oit.,  p.  82) 
Gordons  own  investigation  confirms  Mr.  Do  la 

Wmi-s  hr”l6W^i"T‘ 38)*’^^ 

ud  bruslms  as  tl  e  pass 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  »  Deshler’s  Test 
Howell’s  Xamps.”  S.  M.  H.,  Exr. 


4300 


Complainant’s  “Exhibit  Jaohson’s  State¬ 
ment  No.  2.’’-S.  M.  H.,  Ext. 


4400 


Complainant’s  Exhibit,  “Eaton  Tribnne 
Interview  of  Angnst  13,  1881.”  S.  M 
H.,  Ext. 

New  Yoiik  Daily  XiaiiuxE. 

Satnrdiiy,  August  13, 1881. 

ENJOINING  THE  MAXIM  LAMP. 

Major  Eaton,  Vico-Pri.sideut  of  tlio  EiUson  Electric- 
Light  Company,  was  asked  last  night  if  the  report  was 
correct  that  the  Edison  Company  had  obtained  an  in¬ 
junction  in  Paris,  Fiiince,  against  the  United  States 
Electric  Light  Company,  preventing  that  company  from 
exliibiting  the  Maxim  lamp  at  the  Paris  Electrical  Ex¬ 
position. 

“  The  report  is  tnie,”  said  Major  Eaton.  “  We  have 
long  been  advised  by  our  patent  lawj-ers  that  Mr. 
Edison’s  patents  gave  him  an  exclusive  control  of  in¬ 
candescent  lighting,  and  that  other  analogous  .systems 
were  infringements  which  ho  could  at  aiy  time  sup- 
jiress  by  going  into  Court.  But  until  now  wo  have 
never  taken  the  trouble  to  assort  our  rights.  Some 
days  ago  wo  cabled  to  Mr.  Edison’s  agents  in  Paris  to 
begin  a  suit  for  infringement  against  the  Maxim  lamp, 
and  yesterday  wo  received  word  that  a  suit  had  been 
begun  and  the  United  States  Company  enjoined  by  the 
Frencli  Courts  from  exhibiting  tiieir  light  in  France. 
.French  Courts  gi-aut  these  injunctions  ivith  great 
reluctance,  but  our  case  was  so  clear  there  was  no 
trouble.  Li  due  time  wo  shall  begin  other  suits  there, 
and  also  enforce  our  rights  in  this  country.” 


4401 


Complainant's  Exhibit  “  Eaton  World  In- 

terviewof  AngnBt21, 1881,”  S.  M.  H.. 


The  New  Yohk  Wom.n. 

Simdny,  August  21,  1881. 

THE  MAXIM  LIGHT  AT  PAIUS. 

Tlio  following  (lispatcli  was  rocoivoil  last  ni.rlit  fir.,.. 
Paris,  at  this  onico  :  " 

To  TOE  EdITOI!  op  THE  IVollLD,  NeW  YoHK  : 

■•I  am  authorised  to  clonytho  report  cabled  to  the 

Uuited  States,  that  the  exhibition  here  of  the  Maxim 
Light  Company  ha-s  been  stopped  by  the  seizure  of  the 
apparatus,  or  by  any  other  proceedings  taken  in  the 
mterest  of  the  Edison  Company.  The  exhibition  is 
riioroughly  oigauized,  and  is  now  on  view  daily  at  the 
Palais  do  I’lndustrio.  •' 

Ib  1Vhitei.no. 

“  Paris,  August  20  ”. 

The  above  authoritative  despateh  from  the  resident 
corre^ondent  of  The  IVorhl  seems  to  be  fi.mft 
to  the  point  to  which  it  relates  Sir  F1!„t  n 

“I  don't °unZrf  I’fK  "'“1  fi»allv, 

dieato  of  Ereuch  bankera  Tl...  P  V 

“=r=- 


.States  Company  in  the  French  Courts.  That  is  we 
liegan  this  suit  by  our  agents.  The  French  law  pro- 
ude.s  that  not  only  shall  an  infringement  of  a  patent 
not  be  sold  but  it  shall  not  bo  exhibited.  Under 
this  law  we  ohtainod  a  (loeree,  and  as  a  result  a  process 
-something  akin  to  an  injunction  was  is.sned.  In 
hrance  they  seize  what  they  call  the  oirendim.  .mods 
and  in  this  way  Maxim's  lights  were  locked  up  bv 
what  wo  would  call  sherilFs  j.rocess.  Yon  must  not 
imagine  that  I  am  an  authoritv  on  French  ].atent  law 
but  I  am  telling  the  thing  to  you  as  I  understand  it  mv- 
self.  It  was  explained  to  me  bv  a  gentleman  who  caine 
HI  here  ju.st  after  wo  got  the  iiew.s,  and  I  tell  it  to  yon 
Its  I  undoretand  it.  In  referoiice  to  the  despateh  of 
which  you  speak  I  can  only  say  this :  We  are  in  con¬ 
stant  communication  with  'Paris ;  our  agents  are  fiillv 
alive  to  the  importaiico  of  anything  like  a  release  of  th’e 
goods,  and  certainly  would  have  telegniphed  us  had  anv 
change  been  made.  Beside.s.  there  is  now  in  this  citv 
a  gentleman  who  an-ived  by  the  last  French  steamer, 
and  who  is  a  member  of  the  French  syndicate.  Most 
assurally  ho  would  have  been  iiotiKed'had  anv  chan.'e 
HI  the  iiosition  of  nflairs  taken  jilaco.  There  is  one 
tiling  which  may  possibly  explain  the  seeming  coiifii- 
Sion  of  news.  Maxim  has  in  Paris  two  lights,  the  arc 
and  the  iiicaiidesceiit  carbon.  The  first  we  have  noth¬ 
ing  do  with,  ns  wo  do  not  iiiaiiufaeture  anything  of  the 
kind  and  lay  no  elaim  to  such  a  form.  The  second  we 
do  claim  and  believe  that  all  persons  who  manufacture 
it  have  stolen  it  from  Mr.  Edison.  Now  it  is  quite  pos¬ 
sible  that  the  are  light  shown  by  Mr.  Maxim  may  be 
burning  while  the  incandescent  carimn  is  in  possession 
of  the  French  olHcer  equivalent  to  a  sheriff.  However, 
about  this  I  do  not  know  positively,  but  I  shall  just  as 
soon  as  I  can  get  an  answer  by  telegraph  across  the 
water.  I  cannot  conceive  it  to  be  possible  that  any  re¬ 
lease  of  the  goods  coidd  have  been  made  without  our 
knowing  of  it ;  and  that  the  incandescent  burners  were 
seized  and  locked  up  under  a  decree  granted  by  a 
French  Court  in  a  suit  for  infringement  of  patent  right 
brought  by  our  agents,  I  am  ns  certain  as  I  am  that  I 
am  talking  to  you.” 


4403 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “  Times  Article  of 
April  27,  1882.”  S.  M.  H.,  Exr. 

The  New  YonK  Times, 

Now  York,  Tlim-sday,  April  27,  1882. 
ELECTEIO  LIGHT  MONOPOLY. 

The  Ediso.n  CoMi'A.Nr  .Joins  the  Giumme  Comhixa- 


A  PoTOrW  aiul  Bicli  Orgaiiization-Tlic  Ownership  of 
all  Elcctrie  Light  Patents  Claiined— Vice  Pre.si- 
dent  Eaton’s  Statement. 

One  of  the  nio.st  gigantic  monopolies  of  the  age  has 
been  created  by  the  union  of  the  Edison  Electric  LiJl.t 
Company  witli  the  Gramme  Elbctrical  Comi-anvon  Hie 
22d  of  last  month.  Hy  this  combination  the*  several 
Inige  companies  that  claim  to  control  all  of  the  imteiits 
■'Pplj-iug  to  existing  systems  of  lighting  bv  electricitv 

Grm  line  Company  was  established  in  the  latter  part  of 
Apnl,  1881,  and,  prior  to  the  joining  of  the  Edison 
Company,  was  composed  of  the  Ainerican  Electric 
Company,  of  New  Britain  Conn.,  the  Bn.sh  El-ctric 

E;,”  £5:5  frrf, "" 

<"•  SJ:;,  :!‘z^ 


H I  ■  ™-iSZ « • 

If . 

?|| 

i  I 

I  I  M  ®"''P"se  that  such  shoiihrL  expiussing 

W  I  naL^rbi^"  -‘'.V 

V'iir  ^  ""anythin."  Ihe^'^  ™ 

'  \  W;  H ^'‘-■^‘ri™l°CompaHy  owHl 'I’’ 

•  1  i  ""  an  Iptaln^ 


i  l  •  to  bom 

j  mn.oelec  ne  gt.nemto.-sto  c^Unbit  i..  the  offices 

It  so-c..lIe.l  electric  ligl.t  eomi.ni.ies.  Xow  o..e 
tlm  chief  ol^ects  of  the  Gm.nme  Ccipcv  is  L  st.i.i 
40  or  ^  «  li«t 

tho.i.seiv:sthp..svxr;:h!  z  z':itt“: 

"•eon  the  con.pauies  1  siiZT‘5'^’ 

hut  active  stei.s  willlv.  *  .1  :  .  “  "  ‘lechired 

We  light  eoZa..  ''ii  th1::.  r  T"'’ 

‘-‘VO  something  nCv  and  wort  \  "  ‘'m 
•ay  of  electriclight.  TlZS  r‘"'‘ 
l•el•e  is  probably  uot  a  patent  lawweV''’  ‘Z 
ay  prominence  or  special  ability  who  "s 

>tiemterestsoftheGra..,.neLmpanv 
Majors.  B.  Eaton,  the  Vice-President  of  the  Edison 


why  the  Edison  Company  joined  the  Graiiiiiie  Electrica' 
Company.  He  rejilied  :  “  .\s  long  ago  its  la.st  August  i 
eominitteo  representing  the  Gmniine  Coiniiany  and  n 
coinmitteo  from  our  own  comiiany  were  appointed  tc 
confer  its  to  our  joining  the  Gramme  Compaii}'.  Those 
eomniittees  continued  their  conference  until  recently 
when,  agreeable  arangoments  having  been  made  .satis- 
factorj’  to  the  Gramme  Company  and  its  constituentj 
we,  oil  March  22d,  became  members  of  that  organiza¬ 
tion.  As  regards  the  Gramiue  Company’s  patents,  oui 
[.resent  attitude  is  just  what  it  has  always  been,  viz. 
that  we  do  not  use  the  Gramme  Machine,  and  that  tin 
Edison  Machine  in  no  sense  whatever  infringes  tlx 
Gramme  patents.  Our  reasons  for  joining  the  Gramnn 
Company  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  Gramme  patents 
M'e  desire  to  avail  ourselves  of  the  advantages  of  a  bus 
incss  organization  controlled  by  peoj.le  engaged  in  cn 
terprisos  similar  to  ours,  and  united  to  [iromote  liar 
iiiony,  uniformity  of  [irices,  and  sini|)licity  of  litigation 
and  also  to  prevent  the  public  from  being  ini|)osed  iipoi 
by  now  conipaiues  without  patents  and  without  in 
tegrity.  A  very  important  consideration  with  us  win 
that  wo  wished  to  avoid  being  hectored  by  every  nov 
company  that  unprincipled  parties  disjiosed  to  stea 
our  inventions  might  get  up.  Such  companies  spriiij 
up  daily.  It  is  one  of  the  functions  of  the  Gramnn 
Coni[)auy  to  strangle  all  such  organizations,  and  wi 
would  gladly  join  the  Gramme  Company  just  for  tha 
one  convenience  of  having  somebody  else  take  olT  oii 
hands  the  tiresome  and  expensive  task  of  putting  si 
luaiiy  other  eorabinations  to  death.” 

“  Could  the  Edison  Company  liaye  prosecuted  it 
business  successfully  had  it  remained  indopciident  o 
the  Gramme  Company  ?  ” 


I'ol'tiii},.  Tile  patents  possessed  by  the  ...n  r 
companies  l.ave  notliinn  wl.ateL  " 

lousiness,  the  two  svsti.n.c  f  -n 
•  ■‘C  T1  e  company  refe^d 
Hio  United  States!  Comply™  l  lr 
inciindeseent  light,  a.  I  I  h»e  ,  cL“  T  l"" 

°  ■  1  L  fr  '  ""  ‘ic'/chcs- 

lietween  the  Edison  amT'jI  '' 

l-tter-s  lamp  is  7  s  i.  T"  '«  ‘'-t 

Edison’s.”  ^  "'fniigcment  upon 

«»“  S  ,«« 

tiimtciTOl  ,11  h.V’Jti'”'’'*'' 

Comp  in,  h  tlie  6mm, 

Comiiany.  Kor  'we"'b"’I.r 
‘•'“'•■'1  'ritli  suit  Iiy 

ventor.  tVo  are  fi„.  *  ,  ‘•'o‘»I>niiy  or  i 

''•itb  reference  "o  i  l!J’r^’'“  m.ing^ 

*■  “  -I  1  ■-I 

c«Joy  certain  ndvantaces  bv  ”  l’‘'°'-’osseH  we  sIm 

Gramme  Company.  Inthn/e«r""  “f  tl, 

portaiit  committees  viz  •  a  r  '**■“  Giree  ini 

'»nl  Clieapeniug  Litigation  Shorteniui 

“■“1  «  Committee  on  Prh.!^^’  '*  "«  Harmony 

»«mcd  committee  to  simphiy  „  nl-  “  7“-'' 

to  harmonize  tlie  d  *>‘'K«tion.  and.  if  pos. 

'*0  tried  by  reference  before  skill  ‘ "’ill 

■“to  comt.  The  Committee  m  P  -*'  "•'■tl>o..t  going 

“"?!*  ‘-•“■•■Paiiy  shall  soil  tile  sam"''*'’’*  ‘'"‘t 

““form  prices.”  ‘l"““tity  of  goods  at 

‘ouopoly  of  arc  linhfi,,,,  , “''-•company  had  ,, 


■mu 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  “  ,  , 


‘‘CoMMEHCULADVKlrnSKI.,” 

-TiieMlny  Aftcniooii,  August  8.  1882. 

A\  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  WAR. 

ALL  THEGuEAr  Co.UrA«E.S  r.UE...An,AOEOU  A  C..M,.A,OV 

Joints  i„Diff„Bet„„„uTl.^^^^ 

The  miiubor  of  iucaiulosi-oio  i 

‘l>o  imldieautl  v  .'“f '’T«teius  uo«- before 

-Hie  Edison.  Jlnvini  I’ r"  to  bo  four 

coustruotiou  and  f.iudute!l"«T'nr,?-'T^M'‘‘  S*'’"'"'"' 
pmetieally  aliko-all  lieat  to  !,  ‘'“-'So  lamps  are 

of  carbon  in  „  gi,ujs  '"“"“’csconeo  a  filanienl 

fort^-  yoare  ago  and  it  • ,  '"“‘I’ '’osigne,! 

«cries  of  «„eh  oleofric  lUj'"!!  ““  oxl,ibiLl  a 
Htlmits,  however  that  tbn  u  ^  Ho 

fe  hlaments  tSlf;.:  ‘'■I'  f«ilore.t 

to  bo  regarded  as  impraotlablo^  xl" 

fcaS;^.'b‘n‘e  ^ly  sta[e‘lh^“  sT  7 
“  globular  fonu,  the  Lane  Fov 

Edison  IS  pear-shaped.  The  earl  ’  ‘*‘o 

‘“““l  ore  made  from  diflbS  7  ,  "  '  y“- 

■“OS  Japauese  bamboo  Max  .u  n*'' 

ton  thread,  and  Lano-p;,  t,m  ’  T  ^r“^}  ’  “°t- 

Maxim  and  Lane-Pox  ’stren  7  ^‘“*''ui  grass. 

Je^ugthemtoincandesemlrina"  '^-V 

7,®""’^'  7«««cc«  and  perfectinrtl  "““■'T"" 

■AJl  Imve  their  SDecinl  m  n  i  surface. 

‘ho  platinum  eoaduetoi^  whwl 

Sueh  are  the  four  gixiat  systems  Pob-'oted. 


controlling  the  dift'ercnt  systems  are  now  actively  takiug 
stops  to  ])lace  their  lamps  upon  the  market,  and  an  in- 
teruccine  war  is  about  to  break  out  among  them  which 
from  the  vast  interests  at  stiike  aud  the  heavy  capital 
at  the  back  of  the  combabints  will  probably  lead  to  a 
legal  contest  of  great  magnitude.  This  iinfortuuate 
strife,  which  threatens  to  damage  the  interests  of  all 
conceriicd  ill  the  iiicaudcsccnt  system  of  electric  light¬ 
ing  appears  to  be  set  on  foot  by  the  “  Edison  Light 
Company  ”  of  the  United  States,  who  claim  “  the  sole 
right  to  manufacture  and  sell  the  incandesceut  lamp  con¬ 
sisting  of  a  carlxm  tilameut  in  a  vacum,  under  whatever 
name  that  lamp  may  be  known.” 

It  will  be  noticed,  after  tins  explanation,  that  such  a 
claim  covers  the  lundamcntal  principle  of  the  lamp. 
If  it  can  be  maintained  in  a  Court  of  law,  all  other  sys¬ 
tems  will  have  to  abandon  their  business  or  pay  any 
royalty  which  the  Edison  Company  may  demand. 

The  Maxim  lamp  appears  to  have  been  plaeed  on  the 
market  both  here  and  abroad,  by  the  United  States  Elec¬ 
tric  Light  Company,  and  has  not  been  molested  so  far. 
Rceontly,  however,  the  Swan  lamp  has  been  taken  up 
strongly  by  capitalists  in  the  United  States,  aud  will  be 
immediately  placed  upon  the  market  under  the  auspices 
aud  assistance  of  Mr., Brush,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and 
the  time  has  clearly  come  when  the  Edison  Company 
must  assert  their  claim  to  a  mouoply  of  the  whole 
-system  of  incaudesoeiit  electric  lighting,  or  tpuietly  take 
their  place  by  the  side  of  the  other  compauies  and  trade 
in  harmony  with  them. 

The  fight  will  develop  new  features,  but  the  contest- 


« '"°«opoi“  of 

Isso’iTf  -Vo!’227oS'-'  238.89 

(willioiit  regard  to  its^,!..^.,r.•”,  "  ‘-"‘'‘“■"oii.s  coii,l„c( 

exl,„..st.d  ’,.r"‘'‘'"“ 

-•  An  electric  Inn..,  l,.,vin„  ”  '-’"'='oso,I  globe 

(-n-esj^ctive  „f  >  car^n  co, 

enclosed  globi  *^0.)  nnd  „y°; 

:;l::t“ .vr.  Ed/at'irrr; 

-  eHnS" 

■"err; 

eontost  bns  also  w"  '°  ‘“^  onger  for  mtorcst 

eapitar"®  ''8'“ 


4412 


Complainant's  Exhibit  “  Commercial  Ad¬ 
vertiser  Article  of  Angnst  10,  1882." 
S.  M.  H.,  Ext. 

CoMMEIiCIAL  AdVEIITISEII. 

Thui-sday  AftorncK...,  August  10,  1882. 

THE  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  WAR. 

Emsos’s  Claims  Piionounced  Ansunn  iiv  the  Otheu 
Companies. 

And  His  Plans  for  Lighting  the  Streets  Said  to  1h.- 
Defective. 

A  reporter  of  the  Coinmcreial  called  at  the  offices  of 
the  United  States  Electric  Light  Company,  who  own 
the  “  Maxim  "  incandescent  lamp,  to  inquire  what  they 
proposed  to  do  in  leganl  to  Edison's  claim  to  a  mon¬ 
opoly  of  incandescent  electric  lighting. 

The  PnESiDEST :  “  You  have  the  credit  of  publishing 
in  specific  tenus  what  the  Edison  Company  claim  in 
this  respect,  but  we,  of  coui'se,  knew  that  they  proposed 
to  m.Tko  such  a  claim.” 

“  What  will  be  your  reply  to  such  a  claim  ? 

“  We  repudiate  it  altogether,  and  shall  continue  our 
business  os  before.  We  desire  no  conflict  with  other 
companies,  but  if  the  Edison  Company  should  take  any 
legal  steps  to  assert  their  right  to  such  n  luouopoly 
they  will  find  us  prepared  to  maintain  our  position.” 

“  You  think  Edison  has  no  foundation  for  such  a 

“  It  is  absurd.  The  fundamental  principles  of  the 
present  incandescent  lamp  were  demonstrated  before 
Edison  had  taken  up  the  subject.  Edison  has  made 
specific  improvements,  and  invented  methods  of  con¬ 
struction.  These,  if  new,  can  be  patented.  We  hold 
patents  for  methods  of  construction  and  devices,  some 
of  which,  wo  believe,  are  being  infringed  on  b^’  the 
Edison  Comiiany,  but  no  one  owns  a  valid  patent  which 


•<413  Commercial  Advertiser,  Aug.  10,  1882. 


carbon  lamp  in  a  vlic'imm  "  °  ''‘™''‘<e«cent 

“O-'-claim 

>■■  keeping  nitb  the  record  ifH.e  o,  J  w-“  If"'*” 
from  first  to  Inst  If  xi*  i  s  career 

••‘lithe  claims  set  up  at  Menln  P  T  «»<l  explode 

“oticed  in  thekw’\4rk"rrib1“'‘*‘T\V  :  “  I 

a  suit  had  been  commenced  f 
between  the  United  Statas  VI  t  Wsconsin 

Hie  Edison  Company  regarding  the  ^’®''‘f"'"P""l’aiid 
Was  that  statement  true ?”  "‘eaiidescont  lamp. 

’^';f;“  '''‘«nStdof'tnS'Tnita  «  groi^  ca»ar,f. 
-Tiion  there  are  no  1  i 

two  companies  ?  ’’  I’''°‘‘®eding8  lietn-eon  the 

elseS"  "■  retent  Office,  but  not 

n  P^Htoa  form  was  sent  fn  ^ 


offices  in  New  York.  An  nOt  ‘  States,  have 

that  he  had  read  the  nrticlf  ““  tf  said 

specting  Edison’s  claim  to  n  n.  Conimercial  ”  re¬ 
cent  lamp,  but  they  paid  little  ■“s«adc8- 

e  claim  as  falacions.  He  fnrti  "  ‘‘CRarding 

lamps  were  now  bein„  ''  ‘hat  the  Swan 

r-  ~un  •“  r  ’  '‘n” «" 

>"  conjunction  with  a  new  storLe  bT  I 

storage  battery  invented  by 


Commereial  Advertiser,  Ang.  10,  1882.  4414 

Jlr.  Brash,  of  Cleveland.  •'  Every  house,"  he  continued, 
“  using  the  Swan  incandescent  lamp  will  bo  snjiplicd 
with  one  of  these  storage  batteries,  providing  a  reser¬ 
voir  of  electricity.  This,  in  our  opinion,  is  the  only 
practical  manner  of  supplying  the  electric  light  for  do- 

As  the  reporter  was  returning  ho  met  on  Broadway 
a  well-known  elocritcmn.  who  has  probably  done  more 
than  any  other  scientific  man  to  make  the  electric  light 
a  practical  reality.  He  said : 

••  AVhat  do  you  think  of  the  possible  success  of  light¬ 
ing  a  largo  district  with  the  iucaudesceut  lamp  from  a 
centnil  station,  us  now  attempted  by  Edison  ?” 

“  In  the  present  state  of  the  art  of  electric  lighting 
such  a  thing  is  impossible.” 

“  Do  you,  then,  anticipate  a  failure?" 

“  Yes.  I  would  personally  like  to  see  him  succeed, 
us  it  would  bo  a  great  advance  if  snch  a  sj'stom  could 
bo  established ;  but  there  are  inherent  difficulties  which 
uoitbor  Edison  nor  any  other  oloctrieiau  can  over¬ 
come.  I  therefore  anticipate  a  failure  in  the  present 
attempt.” 

“  Edison  lighted  up  the  Holburu  Viaduct  in  Loiidoii 
and  a  small  district  around  it  ?” 

“  Yus ;  there  is  no  difficulty  in  lighting  up  a  largo 
building,  or  extcrnaU}'  a  bridge,  viaduct,  or  distributing 
the  light  hero  and  there ;  but  to  say  that  wo  can  light 
up  a  whole  populous  district  in  a  manner  to  supersede 
gas  caiiuot  be  done  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowl¬ 
edge  of  electric  lighting.” 


4415 


Complainant’s  Szhibit  ♦ 
September  2. 


“PateiisonDailv  P„e.ss.” 

Satunlav,  Sept.  2,  1882. 
EliECTBICITr  OK  G.AS. 

THEPsoBAmurv  that  the  Pkopie  „k 

BK  Allowed  to  Ciioosp  pnn  o'*  ^  ^atersox  will 
Gas  A.SD  ELECTiircm-lTiiF^pr""''''’®®®^'''''''^ 

I^etweou  the  two  Pafe^on  ^^  .0 
Gas  Improvofflout  Compmiv  L,lT» 

;-to  ,b„t,Lattl.„„o”ni  eons„.o- 

"■ab.l.ty  of  tlie  <lir«„to„  of  thn  P  /  ‘ 

Coinpauy  to  hold  a  Light 

““"'•..aui  J  I'.M," 

“ud  uuotLer  is  at  present  in  r„i7f  •  ‘^P^ugs,  Virginia, 
Oped  that  a  ineotiug  will  bo  liel  n^T'  ^^^"’over, 

allow  the  United  Giw  tJ  “  so  as  h 

™  tti  ta.5ss“p  -  4 

^Ir.KeynoIclsmvs  M  nf;  '?  '“^n- 

““l-thingelso  i„%h^  ‘loes  not  know  of 

project.  Ho  decs  not  th4  that  H  °f  the¬ 
ft  1  company  is  at  p™.  '“/‘“-■t  that  a  ,K,wor- 

Pro“e"nt 

aro  also  interested  in  tlie  PI  ,  .  P*'°roinent  Company 
‘  "Oil  canvassed 


Iho  fact  that  tlie  Electric  Light  Company  was  getting 
ready  to  go  to  work  had  hcen  kept  a  secret  and  some 
of  the  poi-sons  interested  were  rather  surprised  at  seeing 
the  information  eonceming  the  matter  in  last  night’s 
“  Pi  ess.”  The  company  is  bj-  no  means  a  now  one,  but  its 
operation  could  not  be  begun  until  the  success  of  certain 
experiments  in  New  York  had  been  assured.  The  com¬ 
pany  was  formed  last  winter  and  it  was  ineoriiorated 
under  the  laws  of  this  State,  the  certilicate  of  incorpora¬ 
tion  having  been  filed  with  the  County  Clerk  of  Hud.soii 
County.  The  principal  Pateraon  stockholders  are  Hon 
G.  A.  Hobart  and  Mr.  James  Bell.  Mr.  Bird  M’.  Spen¬ 
cer,  of  Passaic,  is  the  president  of  the  company  and  cx- 
Govornor  Joseph  D.  Bedle  is  also  largely  interested 
The  company  obtained  a  license  of  the  Edison 
system,  which  Mr.  Edison  was  iierfecting  at  the  time 
and  the  ap-eement  with  Edison  was  that  as  soon  as 
his  system  iiroved  a  perfect  success  the  eonipanj 
was  to  woik  IIJ)  the  cities  in  Northern  New 
Jersey,  Jersey  City,  Hoboken,  Newark,  Paloi-son 
Passaie,  lluthorford  and  other  places  ;  .should  the  Edi¬ 
son  system  not  jirove  a  success  the  company  would  lit 
under  no  obligations  to  liim  or  anyliody  else  and  could 
dissolve  as  soon  us  it  saw  fit.  The  tests  recently  made 
by  Edison  seem  to  establish  the  success  of  his  system, 
and  on  Tuesday  or  AVednesday  one  district  of  New 
York — hounded  by  Spruce,  AVall  and  Nas-sau  streets  and 
the  East  Eiver — is  to  ho  illuminated  hy  sixteen  thou¬ 
sand  lights.  Of  these  sixteen  thousand  two  hundred 
have  already  hcen  in  opeintioii  fur  some  time,  r.nd 
it  is  claimed  are  a  perfect  success.  The  w'ork  ol 
the  corpomtion  which  is  to  supply  Paterson  with  lights 
was  begun  as  soon  as  the  pmeticid  success  of  the 
sr-stem  was  astahlished,  and  it  is  claimed  that  a  large 
number  of  agreements  with  mill  owners  have  been 
entered  into.  Quite  a  number  of  private  residences 
will  also  be  illuminated,  imd  it  is  calculated  that  the 
busine-ss  in  Paterson  will  stai-t  with  at  least  ten  thousand 
lights  to  begin  with.  The  light  -will  be  suiiiilied  in  such 


by  eniuilo  St  °d  ;f'‘‘  ''6'“  « 

die  light  wirbetrc 

"ill  bo  eq,.al  to  a  laroo  .m  ll  ,  !'"« 

"“d  «e>ell  estaWisl, Bents,  but  it  is  oxn  t  T  .r**' 
the  concern  once  gets  stnrtc.I  fl  .'“-'‘‘‘I  ‘'<“1  "li, 
«ide.nblylo,vc.«l  "■■"  I^e  co, 

Yesterdny’s  issue  of  the  “  B, e  ,i 

“»d  Telephone,"  coutni  s  so  „  te  ^  ^elogn , 

couceniing  the  process  of  t1  'uforiuiitio 

district  in\.hich  Efi2,  L  ^ork.  Th 

huge  scdo  is  known  ns  the  “  ’'8h‘  o«  > 

i“S  <lividocl  up  into  several  ZtrlJ f ‘I’  v 
;uid  other  States  are  divide,!  .7,  ’  Jewe! 

lower  district  is  opemted  bv  o  lo  ''‘“‘■'‘■“h*-  The 
which  is  to  snjiply  Paterson  wit!  T'"/'’-  “"'I 

hition  to  tlio  work  in  the  W  r  1“'  I«  re- 

says:  «■" ‘he  lower  district  the  “Keview" 

tiirra  whioli  fuiiport  thTlanina”^'’^’^  Putting  in  the  fix- 

furuisliing  these  bnickl  X'le  ^o.  are 

elmndeliers  are  called,  at  the  Ide 
1900  are  in.  tVlien  Iloo  »ite  of  100  a  day,  and 
will  be  turned  on.  Edison  Iim**  '  r  *’*“  “"rroiit 
u;g  1000  hinips  h-glS TvS  hav- 

Htation,  and  finds  no  defect  ^  T?  .  ‘ 

hee, I  connected  with  the  wir-  Jf  ovf  M  have 

of  the  coinpinn  held  At  a 

■•ahml  whether  any  ol  staL  ,!f  «®ek,  Edison  was 

up  the  down-tow;  districtarr  'T':"''’*’  hghting 
hut  tint  not  hnC  TT 


Paterson  Press,  Sept.  2,  1882. 


are  now  waiting  for  is  the  tnniing  on  of  the  current. 
The  only  cause  of  delays  now  lies  in  the  procnreincnt 
of  certificates  from  the  Board  of  Underwriters,  which 
are  obtained  through  the  Lighting  CoiniKiny  and  fnr- 
nislicd  to  its  subscribei-s. 

The  “Eeview  of  the  Teleginpli  and  Telephone,”  in 
further  speaking  of  the  work  in  the  lower  district  of 
New  York,  says : 

The  tests  nndei-takcn  by  Jlr.  Edison  niion  the  coni- 
jiletion  of  the  street  work  and  station  in  his  fii-st  down¬ 
town  electric  district,  bounded  bv  Spruce  and  Wall 
streets,  Nassau  street  and  East  Biver,  have  been  fin¬ 
ished  to  the  entire  .satisfaction  of  the  experts  eniploycil 
by  the  coinpaiij-,  who  find  the  result  better  than  was 
hoped  for.  Tho  dynamos  in  the  station  at  Pearl  and 
Fulton  streets  have  been  working  this  week,  and  every¬ 
thing  is  in  readiness  to  sell  light  as  soon  as  the  lanii>s 
are  in  the  houses.  An  unexpected  delay  occtiiTed  in 
getting  the  brackets,  which  were  to  have  been  furnished 
before  this.  Boiginann  tk  Co.,  the  niaiiufactnrers  of  these 
fixtures,  began  delivering  them  yesterday  at  the  rate  of 
one  hundred  a  day,  and  they  are  at  once  placed  in 
position.  As  soon  as  3,000  are  in  ])lacc  the  current  will 
be  turned  on  from  tho  ccntml  station.  Major  Eaton,  of 
the  Edison  Company,  will  fix  no  day  for  this  event,  but 
expects  to  “  light  up  ”  by  the  20th  of  Septoinber,  at  the 
latest.  A  gang  of  iiioii  is  still  employed  making  con¬ 
nections  between  the  street  mains  and  the  house  wires. 
The  greatest  use  of  the  electric  light  in  any  one  build¬ 
ing  downtown  will  bo  in  the  Mills  Building,  at  Broad 
street  and  Exchange  place,  which  has  been  “  wired  ” 
for  5,500  lights.  The  work  was  done  at  Mr.  Mills’  ex¬ 
pense  by  the  Edison  Company’s  men. 

In  answer  to  the  mauj’  reports  of  failure,  of  unforseeu 
obstacles,  of  work  done  for  stock-jobbing  puiposes. 
Major  Eaton  requested  a  reporter  of  the  “  Evening 
Post,”  who  ealled  upon  him  yesterday,  to  say  that  these 
repoi-ts  are  false  in  every  jiarticular.  The  company  is 
M-orking  ns  hard  and  as  fast  as  it  can  to  furnish  New 
York  with  a  practical  and  economical  electric  light,  and 


'  Sept.  2,  1882. 


p.«  ..ita 

patents  eoveringTin  coS::""''’^^^^^^ 

meet  of  carbon;  (3)  bfi  11  =  <2)  a  fila- 

before  obtained ;  (4)  “  nietaliic  T'^v  never 

'ng  in  a  clamj).like  conneetion  vvUh  i 
a  process  of  manufactnrin.p  indis  1. 1, 1  ’’ 

•Inction  of  all  =  "“"spensable  to  tbe  pro¬ 

in  tbe  .narket.  menll  ’"™*<i-eent  lamps  Lv 
Company  is  preparing  to  mT!  '1,’  " 

^et  IS  offered  for  sidofthe  Edison  ”r  '" 

Sint  for  infringement  and  l  ''111  begin 

States  ElofctricLigiit  Com,  "b'"‘"st  ‘bo  United 
-‘-fere  with  ‘"-I> 

"'ill  bo  seen  Im  t£ 

every  probability  of  the  1,  “'ere  is 

“I';e'vYork,amllsl;r«;«“^  e^e‘em 

bgbtod  up  work  will  bo  “  '®'’  ‘‘-‘vict  Las  been 

ef  eoumo,  ,vill  1  eon.menced  in  Patereon.  £ 

‘bo  smaller  mills  bave  norbeel°lf 
:Sl'^‘“'--eou„tof  t  introduce  tbe 

as  If  every  place  in  any  size  in  p  f  ’  “  "PPe""* 

by  electricity.  .  '  f^ateiBou  may  bo  lighted 

otber  electric  ligbl^inj  I®  "bead  of  all 

being  ordered  eferi:el  7Y‘‘  '-'''>»-P«a  o 

lt't’e1s“T‘'  atoll,' cf“""r“‘""“8 

York  Citv  wore  general  1  T 

inaf  I  "”"0-  of  tl---  I  ‘b*y  In  New 

mated  ^ntli  fJiic  ...i  iiotels  are  noi,.  -n 


Paterson  Press,  Sept.  2,  1882.  4420 

impurity  of  tbe  air  was  supposed  to-bave  been  caused 
b3-  tbe  jets  of  gas  used,  and  that  tins  supposition  was 
tbe  correct  one  is  evidenced  by  tbe  fact  that  since  tbe 
introduction  of  the  electric  light  there  lias  been  no 
complaint  couceruing  the  condition  of  tbe  atmosphere. 


Complainant’s  Exhibit 

"TirE  Daily  Gazette.” 

D“vo..I.ort.  I,,..  jr«3.  oo,  18S3 

EDISON’.S  SrSTE.-ll. 

It  -Makes  the  Electhic  Light  Eve,. vu-i,e„p  p 

^  EaCIS  aXH  EX..I..VATIO.Y,  EI.OM 

IVosfer,.  eS‘ 

"f  “  of  Mr.  Willi,,,,  p;.’  "."f  “  to  this 

Do„„e,  M,i,sl,„||  piei,]  «■  Lr„ko.  J.  W 

A.  r.  s^,.  jrw  s  T;"'s 

Lon<Iorb„ek  I.ei,,,,  nmonn  ’  '‘«'l  D.  H 

‘■“el  .H.  tle.,°tirsl  '■'  ’  '  •e„ls„,.,": 
eniorS.Mom-||,  of  Dos  T'  '■‘-■'''‘'■'eo.v.Gov 

^^‘■■:gorg,.,,i.,«l^ s,l,oro  of^ 

lev,.  Illinois,  Mbs. 

'^'•‘•'■eln'so  of  tI,o  £,li„„,,  , ’  ''I'*-'’’®'"  “  controls  „I1 
‘I'o  patonts  issiicl  to  Thonml  l  r  r^^''^  '"“le'- 

“■■K-...1  '‘l«o.H,.I„r  «■«  great  i,,! 

';■■■'.  aHrltl.o  mventio  l  -'-““o  l^o  iasao.l  tL 

■laiuinrv  1.  lORfi  ‘  laado  by  hi,,,  ..  1 

<mva  under  tbo  sihon  Com  '•IkI'Is  are 

all  of  tbo  Edison  n„,  ol  Xoiv  York  J.lTi 

"11  to  bo  issued  and  tl  e  Cent  "'itb 


"‘"‘lent  a«  Ch  "s 

assoeinted  'vitb  ir,-.  EdiCr'Id  TnC  ICC  stlj 

Ir  i';;:  Sr'?' ”■ 

for  it  '  r’"  *^"'*3’  I’TO’^catc'!  to  tl,.'  1 

f"i  Its  aceu]>tiineo  and  use. 

Impresse,!  with  tbo  eonvietion  that  f.,.,,. ..  seientili 
C  !  "‘f  "■«  “PeTator  in  the  .ealn,  of  eleetriea 

ow.  lesand  ai.plianees  inforniatbai  nii.dit  be  -dr 
vb.eb  would  be  inteiestino  to  the  ]„.blie,  tl,e  ‘ 
■e  e  lussijrned  taie  of  its  oditoi-ial  .staff  to  tbo  , In 
,o.CjT'"‘" 

“Gazette”  Ixteiivieweh :  Mr.  Bliss,  so  nmeb  i, 

on  it  ;r;‘  "■  '•‘‘-•■'‘1‘3-  conee,„i.,o  tbo 

Mu.  Bliss:  Well,  I  eertainly  «.i|,i.,o  to  ans 

ij  snob  (luestions,  so  far  as  within  a  j  ki  k  I  c 
Gazette  Ixteiiviewei,  :  Wbat,  tben,  do  vo,,  c 
ter  as  tl„,  d.-stoigmsbing  exeellonoe  of  tbe  Edi 
:bt,_^ns  fo,n]„ire,l  n-itb  that  produoe.l  under  other  s 

Mn.  B. :  Its  perfect  division,  snb.livisio,,  „,.d  disi 
O.L  It  was  to  secure  perfection  in  these  dircctic 
M,.  Edison  kept  ins  system  back  so  lono  f,-. 
bheuso.  You  will  remember  bow  bo  was  for  t 
trs  made  the  butt  of  every  scribbler’s  jokes  while 
rk  at  this.  Meanwhile  tbe  Bnisb  and  other  sv.te, 


Ijegac.,!  to  ,ot  field.  T 

«iat  Ollier  ami  inferior  svslein  J’"’'''*-' 

H“  «-  inexoMlilo.  It' t  “  ,  -""f  “ 

2;'T  needed  goaoralor,  eoadaclJl  *' 

1.  ‘  ’““P*  ”<>  mutter  where  to  h,.  i  ’ 
plied  by  overliead  eo..i,oelio„s  or 

'  "  1  u"2mi'"'“"'''”™*"«%i 

other  hand,  not  one  of  tl  n  '‘’‘-'"'■‘•ed.  On  th 

mnnherleas  fail„re.s,  and  ‘tl.at' h  "*•' “='*P<-" 
dnecfion.s.  “>  -any  an, I  in.porf,,,. 

mdeseent  is „  s„n,li,  ^oft  sfeadv  I"- 

«D  ordian,.^.  g,u,.jot  of  the  hesfoimr!^’  '"■'«'‘‘»ess 

'eptenl  for  don.osiie  and  indiiTtri' 

“‘“fibyaLdto!“S,J„“:‘ light.  It  i„ 

'.»ml  equaling  in  intlnsih  “"d  eon- 

filiiminating  power  of  ^  ’  e.vceeding.  if  dosir,.,. 


n-  place,  and  placed  in  ai.nost  any  conceivable  p.isiti 
the  cheapest  appliance,  or  the  most  elegant, oniate  , 
;ostIy  ean  be  alike  employed  in  the  n.se  of  the  Edii 
illumiimtioii. 

G.  I. :  Yon  siieak  of  the  safety  of  the  Edison  lig 
lo  yon  claim  that  in  that  it  is  superior  to  the  , 
nghts? 

Jilt.  B. :  Most  a.ssurediy ;  for  the  arc  light  is  alw, 
langorous.  Mr.  Edison  fitly  calls  the  arc  light  enrn 
'the  death  current,”  and  no  one  who  is  familiar  w 
he  number  of  deaths  which  have  resulted  from  cont 
rith  its  wires  and  machinery  will  disjnitu  the  correctn 
f  that  designation.  That  ”  death  current  ”  nm v  at  a 
lonient  bticoniu  destructive  through  the  enissiilg  of  t 
re  light  wires  with  telegmph  and  telephone  wiriw.  Pr< 
rty  and  life  have  frequently  been  destroyed  in  com 
uonee.  One  instance  occurred  at  Jackson,  Jlicli.,  oi 
•cently,  in  which  the  apparatus  of  the  Telephone  Co) 
any’s  geiiend  office  was  destroyed  through  the  cro> 
ig  of  an  arc  light  wire  with  the  telephone  wire. 

G.  I. :  But,  in  the  Edison  system,  is  there  no  dang 
such  accidents? 

Sin.  B. :  Never.  Such  are  impossible  to  the  Edis, 
■stem ;  for  the  very  basis  on  which  Mr.  Edison  h 
lilt  up  his  lighting  system  was  a  cuiTent  of  clectrici 
I  mild  that  it  could  not  possibly  injure  man,  woma 
>y  or  child.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  too,  it  never  has  ii 
red  any  such,  although  thousands  have  used  the  ligl 
d  have  eonio  in  contact  with  the  Edison  s3-stem. 

G.  I. :  Yes,  that  is  so ;  for  I  have  placed  mj-  ow 
ml  directly  on  the  wire  and  burner  of  the  “  Gazette 
namo  itself  and  without  receiving  the  slightest  shoe 
even  tremor.  But  how  about  the  illumination  of  th- 
.■light? 

Mil.  B. :  The  adaptability  of  the  are  light  for  out 


rent  ”  there.  it  ih  a  (kMitli  ci 

ligS  - 

■  Ho«-  is  that  r 

fV 

Iglits  Bhouhl  bo  multi, , lie,]  the  more  its  .b. 

. 

mn.  js..  It  IS 

iiuliLuto  all  I  know  about  tliu  Maxim  T  ' 

over,  that  pmctieally  it  is  a  (lead  fn!l 

single  instance  has  it  been  nI>.,‘IV  •  ^  ' 

on  its  merits,  ami  «t  a  cburne  to'tlm  n^ 

cost  of  Its  ainiaratns.  But,  Wond  all  so  f 

concerned,  the  Maxim  is  '"'c 

light.  .Some  months  aito  the  ^^1"*’“'““"*  H'c  Edison 

suits  against  tlie  Maxim  folksT"/""^’'*'’ *■''  °  ’ 

woks  the  ,m,,ers  and  evidence  hare^e"'"’' 

similar  suits  in  the  United  Staterid  H 

now  been  entered.  So  we  ai-e  not  1  1““  t J'"** 

5t  I’-^tn-nlcdoiiiiosition  o/'tlle'ixhii 

Bank,  which  has  ho  been 

Micse  are  both  to  Tat  ont  tSf  of^ 

«ie  bank  has  contracted  with  the 

^iglit  Coinjiany  to  liglit  their  nnf  Edison 

Edison  light,  after  loim  ‘T®  'viHi  the 


Davenport  Gazette,  May  22,  1883. 


412G 


Mn.  B. :  Not  at  all ;  very  many  of  such  insbinces 
could  be  related.  One  establishment  after  another  in 
the  East  has  gone  through  that  experience  ;  for  inferior 
■systems  were  forced  into  use  before  Mr.  Edison  was 
ready  for  oiiemtion. 

G.  I. :  How  long  ago  was  that '! 

Mil.  B. :  Only  a  little  more  than  one  year.  Yet 
in  New  York  now  the  second  district  of  one  mile  square 
is  being  lit  up  by  the  Ellison  system,  while  a  number  of 
such  establishments  as  that  of  the  “New  York  Herald,” 

Jiew  York  Times,"  Thurber's  wholesale gi'ocery  house, 
American  Bank  Note  Company,  Hindu,  Ketebum  *  Co.'s 
ininting  house  and  scores  of  others  have  adopted  the 
light  in  rapid  succession. 

G.  I.:  How  about  the  Western  Union  Telegraph 
Coni|)any’s  building  V 

Mil.  B. :  Well,  the  Western  Union  have  in  their  em- 
jiloy  some  of  the  best  electricians  in  the  country.  Those 
gave  to  the  subject  of  electric  lighting  a  very  searching 
and  protracted  investigation.  They  wore  slow  to  decide 
and  approve.  At  last  they  rcconiniended  the  Edison 
light,  and  the  entire  W.  U.  establishment  in  New  York 
is  now  being  previded  with  that  light  exclusively. 

G.  I. :  In  what  American  manufacturing  establish¬ 
ment  is  the  Edison  light  used  ? 

Mn.  B. :  To  answer  that  would  compel  an  cmiincration 
which  would  occujiy  much  more  than  one  of  the  nio.st 
closely  printed  columns  of  the  “Gazette,”  in  its 
smallest  type,  for  such  establislimeiits  are  now  to  bo 
ntinibered  by  the  hundred.  They  include  some  of  the 
laigest  silk,  woolen,  cotton  and  iron  manufactories  in 
New  England,  the  Middle  States  and  the  West.  The 
manageis  of  those  concerns  are  shrewd  business  meu 
and  proverbially  cautious.  They  have  adopted  the 
Edison  light  because  it  is  the  best,  the  safest  and  the 
cheapest.  Not  a  single  one  of  these,  either,  has  failed 
to  approve  the  light  and  commend  it  to  others.  Those 
hard  facts  tell  the  whole  story. 

G.  I. :  About  a  “  central  lighting  system,"  Mr.  Bliss, 
what  is  that  ? 

Mn.  B. :  Simply  an  aiTangoment  under  which  engines 


Kock  Islmul,  to  Jlolbe  ?  ‘  ‘  I 

trates  timt  tho  cS.“  "4^"^ 

ei,„„  iiit  It  IS  ir  j  1  „  t  1  tlmt  "m,t 

«■ 

ssss?-# 

>  «  «o  to  I  ,  t  t  '  '  *"  ’  •- 

he  ,vm,ts  lilt  .,  *«>.'•  "-hen 

::^;=r  s  r  ir  ““  •'"“  ■*': 

lesceiit  electric  light  *  I’loduciiig  an  incnu- 

»”•  . . - 

II  electric  light  ’  ^'“'“Paey  to  funiisli 

MnB.:AVl.t«u.Itbi„fch„tthato,.M.,.  ,....,  . 


whenever  a  gas  coq, oration  attempts  to  hold  iUlf 
tween  gas  and  electric  lights  there  is  a  decidedly  stron 
probabdityofadisastronsfall;  by  which,  however  tli 
general  public  may  bo  gieatly  benefited.  ’ 

G.  I.:  Tlien,  you  don’t  think  that  the  Gas  Compan 
ean  manufacture  an  electric  light  ? 

Jlr.  B.:  Certainly  they  can,  if  they  can  get  control  < 
an  electric  light  for  this  territory,  which  is  worth  havin 
and  which  is  not  an  infringement  upon  the  Edisoi 
Bight  the  Mi\im  iml  W.ston  cadi  are,  c  ertainlj 
iJut  tlie  Gas  Company  could  even ’then  do  no  more  t^ 
nmnufacturo  an  electric  light  than  could  any  othe 
coiporntion  having  an  equal  amount  of  capital.  Tlr 
gas  plant  would  be  valueless  for  electric  lighting.  \o 
a  dollar’s  worth  of  that  would  be  of  any  use,  'ijeyoia 
possibly,  the  gi-ound  upon  which  to  place  engines  am 
(Iviiainos. 

G.  I.:  But,  the  plan  is  to  u.se  the  gas  to  genenih 
olectrieity. 

Mr.  B.:  That  in  a  queer  proposition.  It  is  dilHcull 
to  understand  how  coal  is  to  be  bi-ought  from  Pittsburg 
at  a  cost  of  S3  per  ton,  made  into  gas,  and  the  gas  used 
to  generate  electricity  cheaper  than  similar  work  ol 
furnishing  motive  power  can  bo  done  with  coal  costiu" 
S3  per  ton.  But  if  that  can  bo  done,  then  I  venture  the 
opinion  that  the  Edison  Company,-  of  Davenport,  will 
become  the  Gas  Company’s  best  customer. 

There  the  “  Gazette”  interviewer  came  to  a  pause  aud 
Mr.  Bliss  hastened  off  to  the  evening  train  for  Chicago, 
having  only  a  few  minutes  to  spare  to  reach  the  Chicn>'o' 
Bock  Island  and  Pacific  ”  ’ 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  j 

h°T"C. " 

®BO.V  COMPAKl-FOI,  BOIATOD  irCHTOo 


Heiialo  Bijiedixo  ) 
Deah  Sie-Oh,- 1883.  ( 

imclialloii^red,  «i„cu  ..  ^  j,  .  '»■  "HoHod  to  pas, 

K<-‘feionco  is  tl.un  fiction.” 

Resident  of  Ed  rr 

"t=£iii^pr 

'uust  these  people,  the  president  of «  “  “'‘‘“‘''"K  ««it 
“J  sent  a  eirenhir  to  his  „ J, t,"  C“<n- 

"•  so  tliat  it  might  he  ,k,L  "'fornni- 

going  to  the  lV^l'^^^'":*'-"’  ‘'*o  losses  by 

^liheioiit  . ‘on-jUasim  eombin.ittA... 


Borden  Anno  in  c  i  t  November,  1883.  .1430 


I«|rtieiihirly  requested  to  oi  i  „  ,  to  tl  e  to  this 

The  result  of  that  enreful  inquiry  was  as  follows  •  It 
was  ascertained  that  in  the  City  of  New  York  there 
had  been  made  2.1  Maxim  installations,  of  which  8  in 
finding  G:14  lights,  a  large  nninber  of  whieh  were  nin 
free,  aiul  2  liaving  unknown  number  of  lamp.s  (10  in  all)' 
were  still  running  at  the  time  of  the  inquiry.  Ten 
others.  7  having  24G  lamps,  and  3  an  unknown  nninber. 
Had  been  thrown  out  altogether,  and  3  plants  rejected 
and  the  Edison  put  in  their  places.  M  A'cw  York  CiU, 
J-1  out  of  sjplmitii  ha, I  hecn  riJcUeil  luxaum  lhe,j  wet;- 
namtis factory. 

Outside  of  Now  York  were  found  21  of  their  installa- 
tions  (jiiclmluig  that  of  Gnint  Bros.),  permanont  or  on 
trial,ofwliich5weroin  mills  controlled  and  nui  by  parties 
interested  in  the  Jlaxim  light  iieoiiiiiarily,  and  these  5 
included  more  than  half  of  all  the  lights  they  had  in  use 
in  the  ivorld,  outside  of  Now  York.  .\s  against  these 
seemingly  ponnaiiont  installations  wo  found  9  that  had 
been  thrown  out  beeniiso  unsatisfactory,  some  of  them 
replaced  by  the  Edison  system. 

To  rccapitiilnto :  There  wore  found  30  plants  appa¬ 
rently  still  alive,  and  22  rejected  after  trial.  This  it 
must  be  romombered,  was  from  the  best  information  ob- 
tainablo,  and  it  was  not  obtained  for  iniblic  use,  but  for 
our  own  uiilighteiiment. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  Edison  Company  had  394 
plants  niiining,  using  over  80,000  lighte  (of  which  274 
plants,  00,723  lights,  are  within  the  United  States),  and 
no  phuit  hud  over  been  taken  out  from  any  biiver’s 
dissatisfaction  therewith,  it  seemed  hardly  ivortb 
while  to  spend  the  time  and  monay  involved  (beyond 
serving  a  formal  notice  of  infringement,  which  was 
done)  to  conduct  legal  proceedings  for  the  purpose  of 
stopping  these  parties  from  prosecuting  their  business 
annoying  as  it  might  bo  for  us  to  lot  them  run.  “  The 
game  was  not  worth  the  candle;  ”  and  from  the  large 
proportion  of  plants  they  had  rejected,  it  .seemed  prob¬ 
able  that,  if  let  alone,  they  would  stop  without  interfer- 
ence  here  as  they  had  abroad. 


4431  Borde  V,,  i  ti  o.  t  N  ^-cmber,  1883. 

This  e..pIa.mtio„  «ee.ns  „ecess,.rv,  Iron,  tl.o  attenf 
iel  l  Edison  Co, npn 

w  ^  o  T™"'  °f  «'«  Jfo'v  E, 

at  mi  fo*-  public  circ 

ation,  but  for  private  iiiforination.  IVo  arc  ron 
nevorthelcss,  to  fnrni.sl,  tl.e  information-  it  contai! 
biongbt  from  July  Gth  doini  to  date,  and  sboivinK  , 

t  ons  to  anj  party  mvostigating  tbo  subject,  for  wbc 
,e  aibnrsof  the  people  seeking  to  introd,me  tbo  Maxi 

iwir:,!'”’"'”"" ‘-••.-I -to 

In  this  connection  ive  bc'  tn  i 

trovei-sy  with  Me.s.si^.  Gnint  Bros!  wbo“bZ  nmr"l 
allowed  tbemsolves  to  bo  u.sed  for  advi.i-t! 

wor  1  L«‘b  ‘  ‘I'uir  »>ill  is  uttei-l 

«io,. ,»4i;ir~rs 

power  of  nvcnigo  illumination  norZ”tI**"*-U 

SI: 

UMnaeicont klum «‘"t  Hie  ll>l.livo  lit. „f 

-lo  ,  uun“r'T;‘" 

T.  ':t  ■“  ;■ 

reciated.  made,  cau  be  aji- 

A  plant  of  119  Edison  lamps  has  been  v..n  r 


;  i’ M  iV  f"  J-',/"  Ji .  , 

~"i. = «i ...  ““  ~  - . 

. . 

L r 

*"nio  it.  PL*rniit  oiiifiolve.s  to  con- 

")<«'ba'c"’tbc  bI‘tZZ.Z,fi;"r,''«'f-  O-bled 

made  ,„  disbursing  tboir  “‘a  ‘-•''oiee  tliey  l.avo 

biis  been  justified  by  everv  cxi!mt 
"/  tlie  Pans  E.xposition  o/is’si  t  ^ 
aition  of  September,  1883^  ‘ E.xj.o- 

IVitb  sbitoments  fi-ou,  a  few  of  tl 
aoiueof  whom  bad  tried  and  throw  "'"‘'‘i'* light, 
•leemod  saccessfiil  at  01"o--'ll  -'  i-** 

'm  tlie  “business  methods ”Z  the Z\"‘***  “ 

bfc'bts,  ,m  shown  by  their  «'0 -Unxim 

from  a  letter  of  Prof  Ar  i  Cincinnati,  gained 
“Boston  Advertisc.!^ZS“7'"‘"’  i-  Z 

‘'■«c.„se,„gaii,offZ,gl°tn;\'^ 

Si'E.N«n  EiGnT,.XG. 

“‘“',«“r  of  the  New  England  Bepartment. 


4433 


Complainant’s  Exhihi+ 

Edison  Bnlletlns  ”  & 

Fifth  BcLLKm 

Edison  at  Paris  In- the  ivl  i  r  t<> 

S™«-sof  Electricians.”  T  „  a.  ^'“‘'‘""“■^m.lCon- 
.'vo.-k„.„onff  juries,  to  each  of  «"l^.livide<l  its 

Congress  could  g, possihle  award  tin- 
^gi‘or  than  a  gold  ■nchd''’ Tile  "/  ‘'‘"t  IJoin« 

Ell  son,  made  by  tJie  several  •  •  '‘"'“‘I  to  JJi- 

o  onor.  two  gih,  ./.^r 

simnt  to  nsuge,  however  the  Co,  *■  ""•''’'‘I-  Fui- 

to  reorganize  awards  so  ai  f  •  ‘■‘-‘“‘■‘"•‘•‘‘1  tile  riul.t 

logliest  award  whieh’he  had ‘-••’'l‘l'''tor  ^ 

s^SrlsiTS: 

.-.i.'!,”  aizrs 

!?„7  ,  S*""*  "-nl.  &  P?  *  ""■  ■I” 

■‘>is  E.vj,osition.  “Hi-oiint  of  his  e.xhibit  at  the 


IHE  EDISON  ELECT15IC  LIGHT  COl 
«5  Fifth  Avenne. 

Nkw  YoitK,  Mav  loth 
The  G1UM.ME  Co.mfa.nv.  Win-  We  Joi.ned 
newsiiaper  comments  about  our  joining  the 
Companj-  are  misleading.  The  inference  f.-,.... 
that  there  has  been  a  sort  of  “amaleam-ition  ” 
ests,  whereby  the  Edison  Companvlias  snrren 
mitonoiny  and  merged  itself  in  a'nother 'on,.., 
Nothing  could  bo  more  errommiis  The  Grami 
punv  is  simply  a  union  of  ecta.n  electi.Ll  co 
foi  mutual  convenience  in  transacting  business 
lirotec  ing  both  the  pnlihc  and  tbcmschts  a<, 
Tt“ «"  "“lli“a  o>'t.side 
.  .“I^  I  '  11  gi  O  to  the  Gramn 

eia  ion  maintain  their  individuality  intact,  just 
Mich  union  o.xisted.  There  is  no  pooling  of  earn 
parcelling  out  of  ten-itory,  no  surrender  of  iiat. 
.sjstem  of  mutual  licensing,  and  no  abridgoineii 
e'er  of  the  right  and  power  to  sue  eichothn 
sue  outsiders. 

The  Gi-amine  patent  (U.  S.  patent  No.  1 
fcomited  October  17th,  1871)  is  for  an  improved 
mo,  or  as  the  patent  rends,  for  “an  improven 
iiiagneto-eleotric  nmeliiues.”  In  Jlay,  1879,  that 
was  offered  for  sale  to  our  company.  After  taki 
uhice  of  Mr.  Edison  and  our  counsel  in  patei 
ters.  wo  decided  not  to  buy  It.  Among  other  r 
for  our  refusal  u  I  the  fmt  tint  iltho  .  h  most 
iiiieutore  used  the  Gramme  patent  and  made  a  m 
more  or  less  like  the  Gramme,  Mr.  Edison’s  m 
W,m  made  upon  an  entirely  different  principle,  ai 
not  lufnijgo  tho  Grainiue  patent.  After  onr  coi 
refused  to  buy,  the  patent  was  sold  to  another 
panj .  Early  last  year  that  company  thou„ht  tl 
asmuch  as  most  of  the  di-uamo  machines,  °aside 
Edison  s,  infi-iuged  the  Gramme  patent,  a  union  , 
leading  light  companies  might  be  formed  to  r..„ 


[NOT  FI 
ELEVEN 


FROM  BULLETINS 


[NOT  FILMED: 


PAGES  4469-4489  (PATENTS  ENTERED  AS  EXHIBITS)] 


15,  11.30, 


280.05 


10,  19.15, 

11,  7.00, 

20.00.  "  “  “  204.05  ..p  to  noon. 

224.05  “ 

“  “  322.13  •' 

Clmndelicr  over  Griff’s  desk. 

,  I  Jmi.  2,  1880, 
lit  oO  hours,  J  noon 

3,  19.30, 

4,  9.50, 

5,  20.50, 

3.  3.47, 

0,  20.2G, 

7,  12.15, 

8,  22.00, 

0,  9.00,  total  time  Immod,  100  lira  up  to  5  P.  M. 

loi  19.15,’ 

11,  7.00, 

12,  11.00,  “ 

12,  11.30, 

12,  22.30, 

14,  11.30.  ■■ 


204.16  up  to  noon. 


£dison  b  Xixliibit  No,  7,  in  Interference 
S.  M.  £x'r. 

Extinct  from  records  of  experiments,  liook  Xo.  85  ; 

“  All  immiis  give  a  {'rent  dc.-d  of  trouble  at  F  wlien 
a  eontraetioii  is  made  so  that  the  air  in  G  may  la 
forced  out  from  H. 

B.  This  stop  eia-k  placed  too  far  from  the  mail 
reservoir  so  that  the  tube  near  it  eaii{{ht  air.  This 
could  bo  worked  out  b.v  letting  the  Hg  work  up  am 
down.  The  JlncLleod  shonld  not  be  used  until  a  higl 
vacuum  has  boon  attained.  For  if  this  has  not  beeii 
done  the  Hg  sticks  in  the  side  tube.  Last  evening  i 
vacuum  was  obtained  so  that  the  spark  jiimiiod  livi 
inches  outside  the  tube  rather  than  ncro.ss  |  inch  ii 
vacuum.  The  changes  in  vaeunm  wore  extremeh 
rapid  from  green  to  preventing  a  small  spark  in  a  fe« 
S'TCoiids  and  then  in  a  few  minutes  to  stopping  tin; 
large  spark.  The  finely  divided  copper  and  sulphuric 
acid  may  have  had  a  strong  influence  on  this  F,  the 
tube  contracted  hero  so  that  a  iiressure  can  bo  obtained 
in  G  to  drive  the  air  out  through  the  stop  cock  H. 

The  oulargemont  of  the  tubes  at  L  and  L‘  is  a  mis¬ 
take,  as  a  bubble  of  air  collects  hero  and  is  drawn  np 
into  the  pump.  Making  stop  cock  D  with  tube  to  left 
inclined  upwards  may  bo  a  mistake,  lus  the  Hg  collects 
above  the  cock  and  stops  the  Gcisslcr.  Pure 
rubber  tube  placed  inside  of  white  rubber  to  pi 


■1501 


Mson’s  Exhibit  No.  1 1  (in  Interference, 
N  y'  Co 


I’roiii  Not<!  Book  No.  7-1, 


Pg-'^-  : 


12,  i:i  and  1-J. 


RkcoHI)  of  L.\3 
No.  159.  Hung  on  leading 
iii-st  over  |)nm|)s  i 
Res.,  153  olims. 

Has  bnrnt  200  li. 

•Tun.  2,  200. 

“  3,  19.30 
“  4,  9.56 


-  to  cliandolier. 

Jan.  2,  1880. 


5.  20.50 
G,  20.20 

7,  12.15 

8,  22.00 

9,  15.50  Res.  the  same.  Total  Ii.,  310.12 

10,  19.15 

11,  7.00 

12,  20.30  Total  hoiire  burned,  381.57 

13,  22.30 

14,  22.30 

15,  11.30  “  <■  .137 


Jail.  20,  up  to  509 


Total,  553.10 


G.OO 

10.00 


“ .  592.40 
Total,  G14.20 


4503 


155.  Over  Cnrman’s  desk,  ofliee. 
lies.,  12G  oliins.  )  Jnn.  2,  1880. 

Bimit  50  hours.  {  Noon.  Phiee  31 

Jnn.  2,  50 

3,  09.58 

4,  9.50 

5,  23.47 
(i,  20.20 
7. 12.15 
8,  22.00 

9,  15.50  Totiil  time  bimied,  173.12 
10,  19.15 


11,  7.00 

.  217.17  Noon 

12,  20.00 

13,  22.30 

.  237.47  “ 

14,  22.30 

15, 11.30 

.  271.47  “ 

15, 11.00 

10,  22.00 

17, 19.00  ‘ 

.  389.17  “ 

18,  8.00 

18,  2.00 

19,  19.00 

20, 11.00  ■ 

.  377.17  “ 

20,  11.00 

21,  9.15 

22,  15.45 

23,  8.00  “ 

'  “  “  410.17  “ 

24,  5.00 

24,  18.30 

25,  0.00 

20,  10.30  “ 

■■  450.17  “ 

20, 10.40 

27,  11 

“  “  471.57— over 

Jnn.  27,  10.25 

28, 11.00 

Totnl,  547  Noon 

28,  10.00 

29, 11.00 

Totnl,  538.14 

30, 12.00 

31, 11.00 

Busted  nt  clnmp  o 

r  pos.  1.  502.14 

4509 


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[NOT  FILMED:  PAGES  4510-4546  (PATENTS  ENTERED 


AS  EXHIBITS)] 


uin^  j)ie( 


<  ot  carbon,  the  bottom  coi 


ctor  bfin-  not  only  oqimlly  (liviilc,ri"«r’ 
o  nnulo  yielding  to  avoid  weight,  press, in 
1  tension  upon  the  iMmeil. 

3.  An  eleetrieal  connection  to  the  loiver 
1  of  a  yielding  uondnclor,  divided  equally 
mnd  it,  and  arranged  to  allow  it  freedom 
motion  in  the  lino  of  its  axis  and  at  t 
lie  time  avoid  all  lateral  or  torsioiiate  stni 


iVitnesses : 


ALBON  MAN. 


Wji.  H.  Auj:e, 

Boiikiit  Jf.  SniATroN. 


Complainant’s  Exhibit  -Fae  Wrappe 
and  Contents  of  Adams  Lamp  Patent, 
Seer.  20,  1890.  S.  M.  H.,  Ex. 


DEPAimiENT  OE  THE  l.NTEItlOll. 

UXITKI,  SlAIIiS  PaTKNT 


lids  is  to  certify  that  the  anneNcd  is  a  true  cojiv  fioi 
the  files  ot  this  oflico  of  the  file  wrapper  and  content 
in  the  matter  of  the  Letters  Patent  granted  Isaac  Adam, 
Jr.,  July  31,  LS83,  Nunihor  •J«-l,03l),  for  Inii>roveiaen 
in  Incande.scent  Electric  Lani]i. 

In  testimony  whereof,  J,  V.  E.  Mitchell 
Coiiiiiiissioiicr  of  I’atent.s,  have  caiisei 
the  seal  of  the  Patent  Office  to  la 
affixed  this  8th  day  of  aeceinhcr,  ii 
[SKAI..]  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thuusam 
eiglit  hundred  and  ninety,  and  of  tin 
Independence  of  the  United  State! 
the  one  hundred  and  fifteenth. 

C.  E.  Mitciiei.i., 
Comniissionti 


PETITION. 

I'O  Tin;  C0.MMlSSI0.NElt  OE  P.ATE.NTS  ; 

lour  petitioner,  Isaac  Adams,  Jr.,  of  Boston,  Massa- 
■liusetfs,  prays  that  Letters  Patent  may  he  granted  to 
iimself  for  the  invention  set  forth  in  the  annexed  siieci- 
ication,  and  ho  hereby  aiipoints  Edward  N.  Dickerson, 
of  the  City  of  New  York,  his  attorney,  with  full 
)o„  er  of  substitution  and  revocation,  to  prosecute  this 
pplicatiou,  to  make  amendments  .and  alteiations 
lierein,  to  sign  the  drawinns.  to  receive  the- patent,  and 


au  unproved  electric  lamp  desi<j 
ed  to  give  light  from  tin?  lieatiu] 
of  carbon  or  ecinivaloiit  materia 
by  tlm  ))iussago  of  the  electric  ei 
rent,  and  it  eonsista  in  improre- 
nients  in  the  couHguration  of 
the  bad  eoiuliictor  to  be  heated 
b}'  the  passage  of  the  enn-ent, 
and  in  an  improved  method  of 
sotting  the  conductors  in  the  gh 
and  an  improved  glass. 

It  is  well  known  that  one 
of  the  principal  dilBcnlties  in  th 
successfnl  operation  of  incandcs 
lights  is  due  to  the  lack  of  cont 
between  the  condnetor  and  the  ; 
through  which  it  passes,  and  tin 
consequent  rupture  through  the 
point  of  contact  and  the  destruc 
of  the  vacuum  within  the  glass. 

By  my  improvement  I 
cause  the  platinum  to  enter  the 
glass  lamp  in  the  shape  of  a  tubi 
instead  of  as  a  solid  cylindrical 
conductor  as  has  heretofore  beei 
done,  and  I  find  by  experience  t 
the  hollow  or  tubular  shap(! 


))latinnni  conductor. 

It  is  furthermore  evident 
that,  other  things  being  ecpial, 
the  gieat<fr  the  surface  of  the  in 
candescent  carbon  the  greater 
will  be  the  light,  and,  therefore 
it  is  ilcsirablo  that  the  carbon 
have  as  much  surface  as  pos¬ 
sible  in  proportion  to  the  area 
of  its  cross-section. 

5Iy  invention  will  be 
readily  understood  from  the 
aecbmpanying  drawings  in  wide 
Fig.  1  represents  a  view  of 
my  lamp  partly  in  section. 

Fig.  2  a  plan  or  to])  view. 

Fig.  3  represents  a  inoditied  for 

A  represents  the  glass  of  the 
eloctrie  latu]),  which  mnv  bo  of  i 


It  will  also  be  foiiiid  tiint  for  a 
aiiioiiiit  of  electric  current  a  in 
bettor  result  is  obtained  by  he 
the  carbon  siiiral  G  than  b_v  In 

a  A  carbon  cylind<!r. 

In  Fie.  3  the  conductoi-s  pus 
at  opposite  ends  of  the  globe  i 
of  at  the  same  end.  The  arrai 
nient  is  otherwise  the  same. 

What  I  claim  as  my  inventii 
desire  to  secure  by  Lettei's  Pat 

ISy^amp  which  is  oiierated 
hy  tlioWtuideseonce  of  carboi 
eiiuivalont  nhitjjrial  prodnecd  b 
the  inussago  of  tlils<jK'ctric  cnrr 
provided  with  a  tnbuhn^ilatini 
connection  iiassinf;  tliniiigh^e 
glns.s  of  the  lamp  for  tlie  imi^ 
of  insuring  a  ccit.dn  lunncctioi 
siibstantinllv  as  described. 

II.  A  carbon  for  electric  lam 
which  consists  of  a  a  Ihtt-spiml 


passing  tluoiigh  tlio  glass,  said 
tnbesNjeiiig  jirovided  with  oidai-gcd 
liolilervund  a  carbon  spiral  sur- 
ronndiiig\aid  holders ;  substantially 
as  describeo. 

VI.  The  combination  in  an  incan- 
dcscent  lamp  of \i)latinnm 
conductor  and  ghn^ surrounding 
and  making  contact\horcwith, 
which  glass  contains  iK.  least  forty 


Vn.  Tho  combination  in  auklcctric 
incandescent  lamp  of  two  platinimi 
conductoi-s  passing  through  the  gl^, 
said  conductors  being  provided  witli\ 
enlarged  holders  and  a  carbon 
spiral  surrounding  said  holders, 

substantially  iis  described. _ 

ISA.\C  .\|).V.MS,  Jn. 

itnesscs ; 

&E0.  H.  Evans, 

W.M.  Pollock. 


County  of  New  York.  1 

Isaac  Adams,  Jr.,  the  above-named  petit: 
citizen  of  the  United  Stati-s  and  resident  of 
County  of  Suffolk  and  State  of  Jfassachuseti 
duly  Bwoni,  deposes  and  says  that  ho  verily 
himself  to  be  the  original,  first  and  sole  inveiiti 
improvement  in  incandescent  electric  lamp  d 
and  claimed  in  tho  foregoing  specification  ; 
same  has  not  been  patented  to  himself  or  ti 
with  his  knowledge  or  consent  in  any  foreign  < 
that  the  sjime  has  not  to  his  knowledge  been  i) 
use  or  on  sale  in  tho  United  States  for  more  t 
years  prior  to  this  apiiiication,  and  ho  does  n 
and  does  not  believe  that  the  same  was  ever  k: 
used  ])rior  to  his  invention  thereof. 

Isaac  .\ua.m 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  ) 
mo  this  1st  day  of  A])ril,  1882.  J 

Gf.o.  H.  Evans, 

[le  Notary  Public  (11) 


Wasiiinc.tox,  ]).  C,  Ai>i  il  22(1, 1882.  S 

IS.A.IC  Ak.A.M.S  .III., 

One  K.  N.  Diekorso.i,  .li-., 

•‘Stunts  Zeitmig  ”  Illy., 

Xew  York  City ; 

Electric  Lniiips,  tiled  April  4, 1882. 

Xo.  .57,283. 

Letter  “D,”  on  lOtli  liin*  from  bottom  of  page  4, 
shimld  be  “B”  apparently,  at  lea.st  it  would  so  appear 
from  the  drawing. 

Tubular  loading  eonduetors  are  sliown  in  .Sawyer  A- 
Man,  20.5,144,  .Tuno  18,  1878  (Iiicandoseeiit),  upon  rofer- 
eneo  to  wliicli  tlie  1st  claim  is  rejected. 

_Tlie  2d  claim  is  rojeeted  on  Edison,  223,898,  Jan. 
27,  1880  (lueand.),  there  being  no  invention  in  simply 
making  the  eomiuetor  flat. 

Till!  3d  claim  is  met  liy  Xicliols,  230,833,  .Inn.  18, 
1881  (Ineand.). 

Die  -Itli  ami  Ctli  claims  are  met  by  the  same  patent, 
as  platinum  will  not  possess  any  now  function  over 
copper  in  this  eonncction. 

The  uth  and  (ith  claims  do  not  distinguish  applicant’s 
device  from  Edison  223,898,  above  cited. 

Kxinnr.  F.  p,.  Fiiee.max,  Ex. 

LExdohskii  :  J 
^283 

of 

I-  Adams,  Jr.  Rej.  .\])1.  22,  '82. 


imatiw,  between  the  glass  and  th 

Strike  out  the  third  claim,  an.l 
isert  ill  lieu  thereof : 

for  cleetrie  lamps  whiel 
mtainrihMuJ^y-six  (40)  to  fortj 
gilt  (48)  per  celltxj^xide  of  load 
rty- throe  (43)  to  forty:roiu:a4)  ,, 
silica,  and  from  eight  (8)  tol&iH 
ir  cent,  of  potash,  or  soda,  or  a  in 
re  of  them  substantially  as  descrll 
Upon  (ccuijBideration  the  Utlice 
iioiid  claim  is  not  fairly  met  by  1 
fei-s  to  a  flat  spiral  made  of  carbe 
round  spiral  made  of  a  composite 
d  various  other  things.  The  fli 
ssents  substantially  a  rectaiigula 
t  spirals  at  the  back  occupying  th 
t  open  between  the  coils  of  the  sii 


ipiriil  of  tho  form  sliown  l>.v  J 
itly  tlio  untiro  siniuo  Imtwoen  tl 
is  not  in  Edison  s  lum|>  ntili/. 
'lit.  A  tint  spiral  is,  niorunn 
>,  prufuriiblo  to  n  round  enrlio 
milkin''  uonncction  iii'uinst  I 
■fiuu  can  lio  olitaiiiud  for  contii 
1  the  carlion,  wliilu,  with  a  cvli 
gle  linuof  contact  is  tlicoreticii! 

as  conijiarod  with  thu  radiuti 
of  a  cylindrical  conductor  or  w: 
nch  greater  jiroportionnlly  Ih 
spiral  or  Hat  strip,  hocausu  sii 
all  its  matter  utilised  as  a  radii 
thickne.ss  in  its  cross-section, 
not  met  hy  Nieholls  at  all.  T 
he  discovery  that  a  glass  of  t 
assesses  the  same  co-elhciunt  i 
Kicholls  especially  excludes  pi 
ml  substitutes  copper  thoref 
a  glass  or  vitreous  cement  havi 
s  copper,  which  is  ahsnrd ;  1 
the  eumposition  which  he  nml 
the  composition  claimed  by 
ent  ratio  of  expansion  from  pin 
dentical  with  it  as  tho  compc 

re  applicable  to  tho  sixth  clai 
1  is  allowed  the  fifth  claim  shoi 
lore  limited  than  tho  seventh. 
Illy, 

E.  X.  Dickeiisos.  .III.. 


tiled  April  1,  188‘.',  .\o.  .a7,288. 

Upon  re-reading  tho  first  claim  as  amended  it  will  b 
en  that  the  ohjoct  is  twice  stated. 

The  words  “  fiat  spiral”  in  the  second  claim  is  no 
fiicieiitly  descriptive  of  applicant’s  carbon  ;  it  woiili 
bettor  to  call  it  “a  spirally  coiled  fiat  carbon." 
Patent  No.  223,8118,  cited  against  this  second  claim 
still  thought  to  bo  a  siitticicnt  reference.  Uiion  liir 
of  page  2  of  tho  patent  says  ho  has  carbonized  am 
ud  “  papers  coiled  in  various  ways,  and,  as  is  wol 
own,  such  paper  earhons  are  always  fiat.  It  is  evi 
lit  that  any  advantages  po.sso.s.sed  by  such  a  carboi 
coiiiiection  with  tho  clamps  would  only  siiiiport  ii 
iitimiatiou  chiiin. 

riio  third  claim  is  broadly  for  a  certain  kind  of  glass 
I  is  not  patentable  except  in  coiiibiuation  with  the 
itiiinm  leading  in  condiictoi's  with  which  it  co-opor- 

tn  the  sixth  claim  some  limitation  should  be  added 
the  word  oxide,  as  it  is  evident  that  there  are  many 
des  not  applicable  to  tho  present  invention. 

FliEE.MAX,  Exr. 

[Exdoiised  :] 

57,283  3 

31 

.  Adams,  Jr.  Eei.  Juno  G.  ’82. 


(031  F  Street.) 

■\V.vsiiiNrtTON,  I).  C.,  Mny  2nHi, 
Hox.  CoMMlS-SlOXEIi  OK  P.\Ti;xi-s  : 

Snt — Please  recognize  l.'liarle.s  K.  p’ostcr  and 
L.  Freeman  (known  as  Foster  it  Freeman)  ns  iiiv 
ciatc  in  the  matter  of  the  application  of  Isaac  A 
Eliciric 

Jr.,  Incandescent  s  laniip,  tiled  Ajir.  -Itli,  ’82,  Set 
57,283,  with  the  nsnal  powers. 

l{e.spectfnll_v, 

K.  X.  Dickeiiso.x,  Jli., 
Atty.  for  Ad 

I  FNliOltsHO;  J 
Ifnoin  til. 

57,283  -t 
“3~ 

I.  Adams,  Jr.  As'so.  Power  of  Atty.  May  31 
D.  S.  Patent  Olllce.  Jlay  31,  1883. 


Applicant,  Isaac  Adams,  Jr. 

Invention,  Incandescent  Electric  Lump. 

Filed,  April  Jth,  1882.  .Serial  No. 

To  TiiK  Ho.\.  C'o.M.Missiosi;ii  OK  Patents  : 

Slit— Amend  this  case  as  follows  : 

1.  In  the  ■  amendment  of  Jliiy  17,  1882,  era 
words  “  so  as  to  insiiro  a  curtain  connection.” 

It  is  thought  that  this  will  relievo  the  claim  of 
jection,  as  the  patent  to  Sawyer  A  JIan  is  for 
different  lamp,  and  no  attempt  was  therein  made 
cure  good  connection  hetween  the  glass  globe  a 


never  ajiprecinted  the  objecd  sought  to  he  protected 

applicant  in  making  his  carbon  of  a  spirall 
carbon,  as  sot  forth  in  his  speeific.ati<)n.  Indeed  8 
IS  no  evidence  that  Edison  used  .-i  flat  ciirboji  at  al 
“  papers  may  be  coiled  in  various  ways”  without  b, 
coiled  flat,  as  claimed  by  aiiplicant,  an.l  the  Office  , 
not  assume  that  it  “  might  hard  been”  .so  coiled. 

3.  .Substitute  for  claim  3,  the  following : 

I  “  3.  In  an  electric  lamp  and  in  combination  with 
I  ending  in  wires,  a  globe  of  glass  which  contains  I 
forty-six  (Jli)  to  forty^ight  (-18)  per  cent,  of  oxidt 
,  lead,  from  forty-three  (43)  to  forty-four  (44)  per  i 
of  silica,  and  from  eight  (8)  to  ten  (10)  iier  cen 
I  potash  or  soda,  or  a  mixture  of  tlieiii,  siibstaiitiall 
described.” 

L  In  claim  G,  lino  G,  insert  the  word|“  lead’’|bc 
the  word  “  oxide." 

These  nmendments  will  jilnco  the  case  in  ooiidi 
for  nllowaneo,  it  is  thought. 

Eespeetfnlly, 

F0.STEI!  A  Freeman, 


Filed  Apr.  4,  1882. 


Prc.s’ent  : 

The  lii-st  clause  of  cliiim  one  is  iiulctiiiite  in  plinisc- 
"legv,  UTid  in  the  aniendinent  of  tlie  last  clause  the 
whoh^  senteiu.’c  after  “  so  as  to  insure  ”  should  have 
I  leeii  erased,  (.'hum  throe  is  still  ohjectod  to  ns  suh- 
stantiallv  met  in  Niuhols  before  citml ;  the  cement  de¬ 
scribed  i).v  appplicant  is  saiil  to  be  used  with  lending-in 
wires,  without  limiting  it  to  the  iisi*  of  platinum  lending- 
iu  wires.  Nichols  does  not  limit  himself  to  the  exact  lu  o- 
portions  set  forth  <if  the  various  elomouts,  but  unites 
them  to  produce  the  same  riesidt  in  combination  with 
Icadiug-in  wires.  Claim  8  is  met  by  Nichols,  which 
contains  nt  letul  40  per  cent,  of  oxide  of  lead.  Claims 
4  and  ti  are  met  by  the  .same  reference,  platinum  tubes 
to  permit  the  laissing  in  of  the  conductors  being  old,  as 
in  Swan,  233,44i3,  Oct.  1!),  '80. 

In  claims  5  and  7  the  word  "  surrounding  "  is  incoa- 
rcctly  used.  The  spiral  does  not  surround  the  holders, 
but,  as  shown  in  the  drawing,  clasps  the  edge  or  is  con¬ 
nected  to  it.  The  patents  of  Edison  and  Swan  antici¬ 
pate  these  ciaims.  If  there  is  any  novelty  in  the  union 
ofti  ilti  1  ti  s  to  the  glass  over  that  of  Nichols, 
diflereuce  must  bo  clearly  iminted  out  by  dis- 

As  presented,  tlic  claims,  with  the  exception  of  claim 
2,  are  rejected. 

-T'  C.  J.  Kint-s-eii,  Ex. 

[ExDon.SED:J 
•2^283  (! 

"li~ 

I.  .-Vdams,  Jr.  Eej.  Juno  11,  '83. 


I'ded  April  4th,  1882.  .Serial  N...  .57,283. 

'To  TIIK  Ho.x.  Co.M.MISSIO.NKIt  OF  P.VTEXTS  : 


Sm— I  amend  this  case  as  follows  : 


1.  Substitute  for  claim  I  the  fellowin-: 

I  1.  In  combination  with  the  glol  f  i  n  u  h-ccnl 
I  electric  lamp,  a  tubular  idatinum  connection  passinjj 
through  and  sealed  into  the  giobe,  wherebv  a  certain 
j  connection  botwe.-n  the  glass  and  the  platinum  is  sc 

We  think  the  (Jflice  is  in  error  in  holding  that  the  3d 
claim  IS  anticipated  in  Nichols;  his  compo.sitioii  is  not 
only  dilTeront  in  quantity  of  materials  but  also  different 
III  materials — ho  adds  copper  to  tlio  compound. 

Jloreovor  tho  objechs  aro  different ;  Nichols  makes  a 
coment  to  seal  tho  wires  to  the  globe,  which  cement  is 
eoiored,  as  an  insjioction  of  tiie  inodei  wiii  show. 
Applicant  makes  the  whole  globe  of  his  peculiar  glass. 

Wo  feel  confident  that,  iijion  careful  comparison  of 
tho  two  compounds,  tho  Examiner  will  allow  apjdi- 
caiit's  elaini. 

Apiilieaiit  does  not  claim  a  lead  glass,  but  only  a 
very  specific  com]iosition  for  such  glass. 

12.  Substitute  for  claim  4  tho  following : 

4.  In  an  electric  lamp  the  combination  of  a  iilatinniii 
tube  with  tho  glass  of  a  lamp,  said  glass  consisting  of  a 
composition  of  oxide  of  lead,  silica  and  potash  or  soda 
combined,  substantially  as  described. 

It  will  bo  seen  that  the  4th  claim  is  now  limited  to  a 
composition  not  described  in  the  reference,  and  to 
platinum  tube  ;  neitlior  a  tube  or  platinum  is  found  in 
the  reference. 


3.  Substitute  for  claims  5,  0  and  7  the  following : 


soak'd  thoroin,  tlio  said  tubes  being  provided  with  on- 
Inrgcl  cii.ls  or  lioklers  mid  a  spirally  coiled  flat  carbon, 
the  ends  of  whieli  clasp  or  surround  the  onlnigod 
lioldere,  substantially  as  described. 

(!.  The  coinbiiiation  in  an  incandescent  lamp,  of  a 
bellow  platinum  tube  passing  tlirougli  the  glass  and 
sealed  tberein,  tbo  gbuss  being  composed  of  a  com¬ 
pound  of  oxide  of  load,  silica  and  potash  or  soda  in 
substantially  tbo  proportions  sot  forth,  and  a  copper 
conductor  passing  through  the  platinum  tube,  sub- 
stniitiallv  ns  described. 

7.  Ihe  coinbiiiation  in  an  incandeacont  electric  lamp, 
of  two  i>latinuni  condnctoi-s  passing  tbroiigli  the  glass 
and  sealed  therein,  the  said  eonductoi-s  being  protided 
witli  enlarged  ends  mid  a  spindly  eoilod  flat  carbon, 
tlic  ends  of  wliicli  clasp  or  siiiTonnd  the  enlarged 
holders,  siibsfmitiiilly  as  described. 

8.  Tlie  eoiiibiimtioii  in  mi  iiicmidesoont  oleotrie  lamp, 
of  two  coiidiictora  sealed  tlieroiii,  one  of  the  said  coii- 
diicto-st  t  nan  enlarged  end,  the  other  being 
extended  to  near  the  top  of  the  globe,  bent  in  a  reverse 
diiectioa  and  provided  with  an  oiiliiiged  end,  and  a 
spirally  coiled  flat  carbon  coiiiioeted  to  the  enlarged 
ends,  the  extended  inirtioii  of  the  conductor  oiiposite 
the  carbon  liciiig  flattened,  as  at  D,  substantially  as 


It  is  thought  that  the  ehiiins  now  fully  distinguish 
npplicmit  s  lamp  from  the  references. 

Swan  has  ]ilatiiiiim  caps  sealed  to  the  ends  of  glass 
tiibes-tlie  gla.ss  does  not  .snrroiiiid  the  tubes  as  does 
applicant’s. 

Nichols  uses  eoiidiictoi-s  of  cojiper  and  sets  forth  the 


iiioiit  111  iiicmiilosruiit  cluutrio  lamiis,  fileil  April  4, 1882, 
Iiiis  lieoii  oxiimiiiLMl  mid  nllowcd. 

Till,  fiiml  fui;,  twi-nty  dollai-s,  must  Ijo  paid,  and  tin; 
Letters  Patent  bear  ilato  lus  of  a  day  not  later  than  six 
iiioiitlis  from  till*  time  of  this  present  notice  of  allmv- 

If  the  Huai  fee  is  not  paid  within  tliat  perimlthe  pat¬ 
ent  will  be  withhold,  and  your  only  ixiliof  will  be  by  a 
renewal  of  the  applieation,  with  aiiditional  fees,  under 
the  provisions  of  Section  4897,  Itovised  Statutes.  The 
olliee  aims  to  deliver  patents  iiiion  the  day  of  their 
date,  and  on  which  their  term  begins  to  mu  ;  but  to  do 
this  properly  applicants  will  be  expected  to  pay  their 
mini  fees  at  least  twenty  days  jirior  to  the  coiiclnsion  of 
the  six  months  allowed  them  by  law.  The  printing, 
plioto-lithographing  and  ongi'ossing  of  the  several  pat¬ 
ent  parts,  prqiaratory  to  final  signing  and  scaling,  will 
consume  the  intervening  time,  and  such  work  will  not 
be  done  until  after  navmi.ol  n... _ _ c. . 


gethor  with  the  fee  for  recording  the  si 
tiled  in  this  office  on  or  before  tire  date  'I 
iinal  fee. 

Additional  copies  of  sjiecifications  and 
be  charged  for  at  the  following  rates: 
..liCitihed,  2o  cents;  twenty  copies  or  i 
each.  The  money  should  accompany  tin 
Very  ies|)ectfiilly. 

E.  -V. 

Commissioner 

Printed  diagonallv  iiero“-*  tl-  face 
Ill  remitting  the'  final  fee  give  the  ser 
the  iiead  of  this  notice. 

Printed  on  the  margin  in  red  ink :  Tin 
IS  that  given  by  the  Examiner  in  charge  m 
prmte  to  your  invention.  Should  you  dei 
111  the  same,  satisfactory  reasons  MUST  la 
for  on  or  liefore  the  iiayment  of  the  final  fi 


MHMOIIA.VDr.M  OF  FkB  P.VIl,  AT  U.  S.  Pate: 

•Serial  No.  37,283,  188  . 

Inventor :  Isaac  .Vdiims. 

Patent  to  bo  issued  to . 

Xniiie  of  inveiitiou,  ns  allowed :  Iiuii.  Ii 
dec.  Lamjjs. 

Date  of  payment :  July  7,  ’83. 

Fee:  $20. 

Solicitor : _ 

Date  of  filing:  April  4, ’83.' . 

Date  of  ciroiilnr  of  allowance :  July  2,  ’83 
Send  patent  to  Foster  .t  Freeman,  93] 
ashington,  D.  C. 

fE.VDOiiSEi) :] 

U-  S.  Patent  Office.  Jul.  7.  1,883. 


Isaac-  Adams,  .Tn., 

Of  lloston, 

Comity  of . , 

State  of  Massacliiisetts. 

Invention:  Incandescent  Electric  Laraii. 

"  Petition,  April  4,  188-2. 

§  Aflidavit,  “  “  “ 

-.2  Spccilicatiou,  “  "  “ 

J  Drawing  2  Sheets,  April  4,  188-2. 
i  Model  not  required. 

S'  Specimen. 

*0  First  fee,  cash  $lij,  April  4,  188-2. 

I  “  Cert. 

App.  filed  complete  Aiiril  4,  188-2. 

Examined  June  2!i,  '83,  C  J.  Kiutzer,  Ex. 

2.  Countersigned :  j.  AV.  Babsos, 

_  30,  ’83.  For  Commissioner. 

Aotice  of  allowance,  July  2d,  1883. 

Final  fee,  cash  820,  July  7,  1883. 

“  Cert.,  188  . 

3.  Patented  Jiily  31,  1883. 

Att’y.  or  P.  O.  Address, 

EdWAIID  X.  DiCKEltSO.N,  Jn., 

Temple  Court, 

Foster  A-,  Freeman,  Now  York  City. 

Asso.  present. 


CONTENTS. 


'Pliontion . .papers. 

April  22,  1882,  rejected. 

May  19,  ’82,  Anidt.  A.  B. 

June  (i,  1882,  rejected. 

May  31,  -83,  A.SSO.  Power  of  Attv. 
June  5,  ’83,  Arndt.  C. 

June  11,  ’83,  rejected. 

“  16,  “  Anidt.  D.  F. 


[NOT  FILMED:  PAGES  4600-4939  (PATENTS  ENTERED  AS  EXHIBITS)] 


Circiiii  Court  of  tie  CjiterSiatoo” 

SOnWfEEN  DISTRICT  OF  NEIV  YORK. 


the  EDISON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY 

the  IWTED  STATES  ELECTBIC  LIGHTING  COWANV. 

ON  LETTERS  PATENT  No.  223.898. 

Vol.  YII. 

Supplemental  Pleadings  and  Proofs. 

DUNCAN,  OUETIS  &  PAGE, 

defendant’s  Solicitors, 

S:  A.  OUNCAN, 

E.WBT1IOEE, 

L.  E.  CDETIS, 

Of  Counsel. 


EATON  5-  LEAVES, 


INDEX  TO  VOL.  VII. 


A.vhni..mi;.vts  to 


Amendineiit  of  answer,  lileil  .hint,  28,  JSfl 
'  lie  tiled  Mai 

7,  isni . 

Ainendiiient  of  second  amended  jilea,  lil 
June  2S,  1800 . 


Dkku.mjaxts’  E.xiiinrr.s  Oi'KniiKi)  i.n  K 

Deci.sioii  of  Mr.  Justice  Kay . 

Decision  of  the  lioyal  Katnniergeriolit. ... 
Trtinslatioii  of  Deci.sion  of  Royal  Kaiiime 

gericlit . .  . 

Report  of  Professor  Kolilraiiscli . 

Translation  of  Report  of  Professor  Koli 

ratisoh . 

C.  F.  Cliandler's  lestimony  in  Feeder  ar 

main  case . 

Edison  Feeder  and  Main  patent . 

Deposition  of  Charles  F.  Chandler,  taken  r 


Defendant’s  Exiii 


rs  Printed. 


Eeport  of  Prof.  Kohlrausch . 

Prof.  Chandler’s  testinioii}'  in  Feeder  and 

Main  case . 

Edison’s  Feeder  and  Main  patent . 


m  of  Sir  William  Thomson .  6215 


In  regard  to  defendant's  offer  in  evidence  of 
decisions  of  Mr.  Justice  Kay  and  the 
Koval  Kamniergericht,  and  the  report  of 

Professor  Kohlrausch .  6008 

In  regard  to  deposition  of  Professor  Chas.  F. 

Chandler.. . 6009-10 

In  regard  to  deposition  of  Sir.  William 

Thomson .  6013 

In  regard  to  suit  of  The  Consolidated  Elec¬ 
tric  Light  Co.  t).  The  McKeesport  Light 


rd  to  defense  of  this  st 
itrolled  by  the  West 


Amendment  of  Answer. 

piled  Jane  28, 1890,  pnimant  to  Orn«r„fn  . 

euiKiant  to  Order  of  Court  of  April  4,  1890.]  12OOI 


CmCDIT  CODHT  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

SODTHERlr  DLSTRICT  OP  NEW  TORE. 


The  Edison  Electric  Light  Co. 


The  D.  S.  Eleotrio  Light  Co.  I 

said^answerCfonriS^f^the^op^olTfl'*  *'‘® 

the  same  appears  in  the  printed  record)  the"f^ow! 

“  anm  •  Patents  for  the 

“  Xrs  the"sa”id 

::£"KSor.rs;sr:.nri’“»‘ 

^^tion  of  said  term  of  five  years  and  the 
expiration  of  said  Swedish  patent  was  the 
“  foreign  patent  for  the 

^  said  invention  had  expired;  that  under 

“  Se  whTn  D  Canada  in 

“iWd  it  -  Canadian  patent  was 

__  ssned,  It  IS  provided  that  ‘under  any  cir¬ 
cumstances,  wherea  foreign  patent  exists. 


6002  Amendment  of  Answer. 

12006  “  ‘  the  Canadian  patent  shall  expire  at  the 

“  ‘  earliest  date  at  which  any  foreign  patent 
“  ‘  for  the  same  invention  expires,’  and  that 
“  under  and  by  virtue  of  said  Statute  the 
“  said  Canadian  patent,  although  originally 
“  granted  for  the  term  of  live  years,  expired 
“  at  the  same  time  with  said  Swedish  patent, 
“  even  if  it  had  not  expired  by  virtue  of  the 
“  non-fulfillment  on  the  part  of  the  Canadian 
“  patentee,  or  his  assigns,  of  the  condition 

12006  “  subsequent  hereinbefore  set  forth  ;  that  by 
“  virtue  of  the  premises  the  said  Canadian 
“  patent  had  ceased  to  exist  during  its  said 
“  original  term  of  five  years,  and  was  incap- 
“  able  under  the  law  of  Canada,  of  extension 
“  beyond  said  original  term,  and  any  attempt 
“  to  extend  the  same  by  any  officer  of  the 
“  Canadian  government  was  null,  void  and  of 
“  no  effect ;  wherefore,  this  defendant  avers 
“  and  will  contend  that  if  the  patent  in  suit 

12007  “  did  not  expire  by  virtue  of  the  facts  in  tlie 
“  preceding  paragraph  hereinabove  set  forth, 
“  it  expired  by  virtue  of  the  facts  in  this 
“  paragraph  stated,  before  the  bill  herein 
“  was  filed,  and  this  Court,  has,  therefore,  no 
“jurisdiction  in  equity  over  the  alleged 
“  cause  of  action,  and  ought  not  to  take  oog- 
“  nizance  of,  or  entertain  this  suit,  since  the 
“  complainant,  if  it  has  any  lawful  demand 
“  against  the  defendant,  has  a  plain,  ade- 

12008  “  quate  and  complete  remedy  at  law.” 

The  Dmited  States  Electmo  Lighting  Co., 

By  G.  W.  Hebaiid, 

Duncan,  Cuktis  &  Page,  Brest. 

Solicitors  for  Defendant. 

Edmund  WErjionE, 

Saml.  a.  Dunoan, 

Of  Counsel. 

It  is  consented  this  28th  day  of  June,  1890,  that 


Amendment  of  Answer.  5003 

filedl?™""'^";®"*  defendant’s  answer  may  12009 
be  ffied  nunc  pro  tunc  as  of  the  4th  day  of  ApJ, 

Eaton  &  Lewis, 

Solicitors  for  Complainant. 


Second  Amendment  of  Answer. 


UNITED  STATES  CIRCUIT  COURT, 

SOUTHEBN  DISTRICT  OP  NEW  YORK. 


The  Edison  Eleotrio  Light'  Coji- 


The  United  States  Electric 
Lighting  Company. 


Adams,  who  now  resides  at  Annis- 
q  n,  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  and 

Boston,  Massachusetts,  and  New  York  City  • 
to  the  knowledge  of  Aqnila  Adams,  who 
resides  at  Sandwich,  New  Hampshire,  H 


12013  Jnlins  Smith,  who  resides  at  Pompton,  New 
Jersey,  and  others.” 

The  United  States  Elec.  Lighting  Co., 
Defendant, 

By  KERR  &  CURTIS, 

Solicitors. 

Sam’l  a.  Duncan, 

Of  Counsel. 

It  is  stipulated  this  7th  day  of  March,  1891,  that 
the  foregoing  amendment  to  the  answer  may  be 

12014  filed  ittrec  as  of  the  10th  day  of  October, 

1890,  and  that  the  replication  heretofore  filed  by 
the  complainant  may  stand  nunc  pro  tunc  as  a  rep¬ 
lication  to  the  answer  as  amended,  and  to  the  de¬ 
fendant’s  plea  as  heretofore  amended,  but  subject 
to  all  rights  reserved  to  the  parties  hereto  as  to 
said  plea  by  the  stipulation  made  between  them  on 
February  12,  1889,  and  printed  on  pages  30-1  of  the 
printed  record. 

Rioh’d  N.  Dteb, 

12016  Of  Counsel  for  Compl’t, 

Sasi’l  a.  Duncan, 

Of  Counsel  for  Deft. 


6006 

Amendment  of  Second  Amended  Plea.  12017 

piled  June  28,  1800,  by  order  of  Court  of  April  4,  1890.] 

CIRCUIT  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
sodthehn  distkict  op  new  yore. 


The  Edison  Electric  Light  Co.  I  igois 


Tub  U.  S.  Electric  Light  Co. 


And  now  comes  the  defendant  herein  and  bv 

Us^Dletllthul-  following  amendment  to 

heretofore  amended  plea,  12019 

Insert  at  the  end  of  the  last  paragraph  but  two 
of  said  second  amended  plea  (at  the  end  of  foUo  208 
of  the  printed  record  herein)  the  following: 

«  defendant  further  avers,  on  in- 

^^.formation  and  belief,  thatduring  the  term 
••ranndLr®’'®/®  aforesaid  for  which  said 

;;  Edison  on  mday^o^Noternbe^lsre! 

^  other  foreign  patents  for  the  same  inven- 
»  ““““S  others  the 

.<  T  ^  indention  was  patented  in  the  King- 
_^dom  of  Sweden,  and  the  said  Swedish 
»  P"""  expiration  of 

said  term  of  hv®  years,  and  the  expimtion 
«  ^  Swedish  patent  was  the  earliest  at 

which  any  foreign  patent  for  the  said  in¬ 
vention  had  expired;  that  under  and  by 


6006 


Amendment  of  Plea. 


12021  “  virtue  ot  the  statute  of  Canada  in  force 
“  when  the  said  Canadian  patent  was  issued, 
“  it  is  provided  that  ‘under  any  circumstances 
“  ‘  where  a  foreign  patent  exists,  the  Canadian 
“  ‘  patent  shall  expire  at  the  earliest  date  at 
“  ‘  which  any  foreign  patent  for  the  same  in- 
“  ‘  vention  expires,’  and  that  under  and  by 
“  virtue  of  said  statute  the  said  Canadian 
“  patent,  altliougli  originally  granted  for 
“  the  term  of  five  years,  expired  at  the  same 

12022  “  time  with  said  Swedish  patent,  even  if  it 
“  had  not  expired  by  virtue  of  the  non-fnl- 
“  fillment  on  the  part  of  the  Canadian  paten- 
“  tee  or  his  assigns  of  the  condition  subse- 
“  quent  hereinbefore  set  forth ;  that  by 
“  virtue  of  the  premises  the  said  Canadian 
“  patent  had  ceased  to  exist  during  its 
“  original  term  of  five  years  and  was  in- 
“  capable  under  the  law  of  Canada  as  afore- 
“  said  of  extension  beyond  said  original 

12023  “  term.” 

The  United  States  Blectuic  Lighting  Co., 

By  G.  W.  HEBARD. 

^  Pres’t. 

Duncan,  Ooiitis  &Page, 

Solicitors  for  Deft., 

Edmund  Wetmore, 

S.  A.  Duncan, 

Of  Counsel. 

12024  js  consented  tliis  28tli  day  of  June,  1890,  that 
the'  above  amendment  to  defendant’s  plea  may  be 

1890 

Eaton  &  Lewis, 

Solicitors  for  Compl’t. 


Qfers  of  Eeidence.  5007 

Proceedings  of  March  7,  X891. 


12025 


CIRCCIT  COURT  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  Edison  Electric  Light  Com- 


12026 

vs.  In  Equity, 

I  No-  8445. 

The  United  States  Electric  Light- 
ing  Company. 

- : - - __j 

^Proceedings  before  S.  M.  Hitchcock,  the  Exami- 

,  -  York,  March  7,  1891. 

Present-R.  N.  Dyer  for  complainant ; 

S.  A.  Duncan  for  defendant. 

Kay,  itdweVJufy  n  tlm  Clmncery 

Electric  Light  Comptiny  ®.  Holland. 

2.  A  copy  of  the  decision  bf  the  Royal 
Kammeigencht  (Sixth  Civil-Senate)  of 
Sred"M"  otPrusSren- 

in  the  suit  of  Thomas  Alva  Edison  n 
fv  T  first  instance 

cfvifph^?“^  Landgericht  of  Berlin,  n. 

Uvil  Chamber,  on  March  9,  1886. 


Offers  of  Evidence. 


12029  3. — translation  of  the  last-named  de- 

4.  — A  copy  of  the  report  of  Prof.  Kohl- 
ranscli  referred  to  In  the  last-named  decision, 
and  made  a  part  thereof. 

5.  — A  translation  of  the  said  report  of 
Prof.  Kohlrauscli. 

The  said  papers  to  be  marked  by  the  Ex¬ 
aminer  respectively  as 

“  Defendant’s  Exhibit  Decision  of  Jnstice 

12030  Kay.” 

“Defendant’s  Exhibit  Decision  of  the  Eoyal 
Kammergericht.” 

“Defendant’s  Exhibit  Keport  of  Prof. 
Kohlrauscli.” 

Complainant’s  counsel  states  that  he  waives  any 
informality  in  connection  with  the  offering  of  the 
above  papers  on  the  ground  that  defendant’s  time 
to  take  testimony  has  expired ;  and  further  that  he 
wishes  it  understood  that  this  waiver  extends  only 

12031  to  the  particular  papers  named,  and  is  not  to  be 
taken  as  admitting  defendant’s  right  to  take 
further  testimony. 


Proceedings  of-Uarch  14, 1891. 

2  New  Youk,  March  14,  1891. 

Present. — S.  A.  Dunoajt,  Esq., 

Of.Counsel  for  Defendant. 

S.  B.  Eaton,  Esq., 

R.  N.  Dykii.  Esq., 

Of  Counsel  for  Complainant. 

Defendant’s  Counsel  offers  in  evidence  a  copy 
of  a  portion  of  the  deposition  of  Dr.  Charles  P. 
Chandler,  taken  in  .behalf  of  the  plaintiff  in  a  suit 


Offers  of  Evidence.  5009 

in  tlfp^r"  Company,  the  plaintiff 

Kerfl  Westinghouse,  Church; 

Questions  and  Answers  Nos.  1  to  7  inclu 
Xp'  14;  43  to  46  inclu¬ 

sive,  94  to  99  inclusive;  106  to  121  inclusive. 

evidence  a  copy  12034 

on  tlm  S.  f^to  Thomas  A.  Edison, 

264  65  Le  L  ti  numbered 

mpnt-  ’  A  involved  in  the  before- 

mentioned  suit  pending  in  New  Jersey. 

<^116  Examiner  marks  the  aforesaid 
le^s  TestlmZr^  as  “  Defendant’s  Exhibit,  Cliand- 
iers  Testimony  in  the  ‘Feeder and  Main’  Suit.” 

“Defendant’s  Exhibit 
Edison  s  Feeder  and  Main ’Patent,  No.  264,642.” 

CharL“w'”nf®^;,^’^  5'“*"**®  that  Dr.  ' 

Charles  F.  Chandler  was  called  as  a  witness  in  said 
suit  aboved  named,  in  behalf  of  the  plaintiff  there- 

5’  Sntfffi  'hs  same  as 

the  plaintiff  in  the  present  suit ;  and  that  the  fore- 

fn  tile  deposition  of  Dr.  Chandler 

in  the  said  case  are,  pro  tanto,  correct  copies  of  tlie 
testimony  actually  given  by  him  therein,^  12036 

Complainant’s  Counsel  objects  to  the  Exhibit 
composed  of  extracts  from  Prof.  Chandler’s  testi- 
nTn K®  '"®°“Petent,  immaterial  and  irrelevant ; 
as  not  being  directed  to  tlie  issues  in  this  case  ;  and 
as  being  only  a  portion  of  the  entire  deposition. 

Pefendant’s  Counsel  states  that,  inasmuch  as  cer¬ 
tain  other  portions  than  those  above  named  of  thede- 
position  of  Prof.  Chandler  in  the  “  Feederand  Main” 


COlO 


Charles  F.  Chandler. 


12037  case  have  been  designated  by  complainant’s  counsel 
as  essential  portions  oi  the  context,  Defendant’s 
Counsel  will  print  the  portions  thus  designated 
in  conjunction  with  the  parts  which  he  has  already 
offered  in  evidence,  and  consents  that  they  be  re¬ 
garded  as  a  part  of  the  record  in  the  present  case. 

The  parts  of  Prof.  Chandler’s  deposition  thus 
designated  by  complainant’s  counsel  are  the  follow¬ 
ing: 

Questions  and  Answers  Nos.  8,  12,  13,  15, 
17,  34,  38,  39,  40,  41 ,  42  ;  47  to  62  inclusive  ; 
65 ;  02  to  08  inclusive ;  72  to  74  inclusive ; 
100  to  106  inclusive;  122  to  126  Inclusive; 
202  to  204  inclusive  ;  24.’i  to  247  inclusive. 


It  is  stipulated  that  the  foregoing  questions  and 
answersas  they  appear  printed  with  the  matter  in¬ 
troduced  by  the  defendant,  are  correct  copies. 

(The  above _e.\traots  from  Prof.  Chandler’s  Depo¬ 
sitions  are  printed  below  on  pages  .) 


Prof.  CiiAitLEs  F.  Ciiandleii,  being  produced  as 
a  witness  for  the  complainant,  and  being  duly 
sworn,  deposes  in  answer  to  questions  by  complain¬ 
ant’s  counsel,  as  follows : 


'  =ui.,o  wiuiess  WHO  lias  testilied 

M  an  expert  in  the  case  of  Tlte  Edison  Electric 

12040  S  t.  ^'^“^tingl'uuse,  Church, 

12040  Ker  &  Cnmpany,  pending  in  the  Circuit  Court  of 

the  United  States  for  the  District  of  New  Jersey,  a 

iCthislS " 

A.  I  am. 

to^q^'  your  answers  to  9  Q,  to  46x.Q, 

tioi  ^he  lamps  men 

the  carbon  filammTamporjL^Srn^ 


Charles  F.  Chandler.  gon 

prior  to 

been? lamp Tr''°"  '““P’  »uy 'have 

ueen  a  lamp  of  later  construction  '' 

thLS^thm.'?  connected 

them,  «hen  I  obtained  them,  with  thewires  supply 

Tlfe™.  r,","!""":  “ 

bu.  ™ 

lamp?  the  Werdermann 

A.  The  Werdermann  lamp  is  an  arc  lanm  with 

very  short  arc  ;  in  fact,  the  lower  cal-bon  makL  J  ' 
tough  or  imperfect  contact  with  the  upper  carbon 
ronj,''“"“»’“  I’e  callid  a  “mic-  12043 

4  O  ’DnB<ffh  K  •  i  “  continuous  conductor. 

4  Q.  Does  the  brief  experience  you  had  with  what 

ChnH  'n'nps'verecapableof  practical  ’ 

use  had  they  existed  prior  to  1880? 

timt'tliev  ^  ‘^‘’out  them 

sri  .r<"»r.s:4r4i 

4a  Ts'rts  11 


6012 


Charles  F.  Chandler. 


12045  Cross-Examinatioh  by  Genebal  Duncan  : 

6  x-Q.  One  of  the  earlier  lamps  referred  to  by 
you  in  your  deposition  was  the  King  lamp  of  1846, 
or  thereabouts.  Have  you  had  occasion  to  read 
and  consider  the  published  accounts  of  the  per¬ 
formance  of  that  lamp — notably  the  account  given 
by  Matthieu  Williams  ? 

A.  I  do  not  recollect  ever  seeing  that  account. 

7  x-Q.  As  I  understand  your  account  of  your  ex¬ 
perience  with  the  Lane-Fox  platinum  lamps,  the 

12046  burners  were  destroyed  because  the  current  used 
was  not  adapted  to  them  ;  is  that  a  correct  under¬ 
standing  of  the  matter? 

A.  It  is. 

8  x-Q.  Is  it  not  an  easy  matter  to  destroy  the  car¬ 
bon  burner  of  one  of  the  moiern  commercial  incan¬ 
descent  lamps  employing  carbon  burners  by  using  a 
current  not  adapted  to  sncli  burner? 

A.  It  can  be  done,  but  it  does  not  happen  in  such 

sLort  period  of  time,  because  the  carbon  is  not 

12047  fusible,  while  the  platinum  fuses  at  a  temperature 
slightly  above  the  proper  temperature  of  incandes- 


0  x-Q.  Still  it  is  possible,  is  it  not,  to  destroy  the 
filamentary  burner  of  a  modern  incandescent  lamp 
in  a  very  few  minutes  by  using  a  current  not 
adapted  to  the  lamp  ? 

A.  Yes,  I  suppose  it  is. 


^  Ill  pomt  01  lact,  IS  It  not  regarded  as 

14048  lamp  that  uses  a  carbon  burner,  to  regulate  the  cur- 
rent  with  special  reference  to  the  character  of  the 
particular  lamp  that  is  being  supplied  by  such  our- 

A.  It  is. 

spoken  of  the  Werdermann 

i4,  ta. 


Charles  F.  Chandler. 


6013 


from'^i.^'-  ">°re  particularly 

arc  which  you  assume  to  be  formed  ? 

A.  No,  I  think  not 

srrttrcr," 

usually  employed  in  large  arc  lamps. 


Complainant’s  counsel  offers  in  evidence 
the  following  questions  and  answers  from  the 
deposition  of  Sir  William  Thompson,  taken 
the*d  ^  o°“P>*«nant  in  the  same  suit  in  which 

“"I'o  ft™, 

inclusive;  16  down  to  the  ses- 
s  on  of  January  8,  1891;  48;  09  to  160  in¬ 
clusive;  246  to  260,  inclusive;  264;  332  ’ex- 
paragraph  beginning 
■  with  the  words  “Both  in  the  queftions’® 
wires."^’"®  “  '"kkoutpressure 

testi?ed‘S  a 

the  New  Jersey  “Feeder  and  Main’’  suit  as 
foregoing  ex- 

tracts  are  correct  copies,  pro  ianlo,  of  his 
deposition ;  Complainant’s  counsel  offers  to 
make,  as  a  part  of  complainant’s  exhibit,  any 
urther  questions  and  answers  from  Sir  Wil- 
bam  Thomson’s  deposition  that  defendant’s 
counsel  may  indicate. 

Defendant’s  counsel  objects  to  the  intro- 
duction  into  this  case  of  the  testimony  of  Sir 


6014 


Offers  of  Evidence. 


William  Thomson,  as  inadmissible  under  any- 
known  rules  of  evidence,  he  not  having  been 
sivorn  ns  a  witness  in  this  case,  and  not  be¬ 
ing  produced  for  cross-examination. 

Without  waiving  the  foregoing  objection 
or  any  other  legal  objection  that  may  lie 
against  the  reception  of  the  said  testimony, 
defendant’s  counsel  would  designate  the  fol¬ 
lowing  parts  of  the  deposition  of  Sir  Willitim 
Thomson  as  parts  which  he  desires  to  have 
printed  in  connection  with  the  parts  that  have 
been  offered  by  plaintiff’s  counsel,  in  the 
event  that  the  Court  shall  decide  to  permit 
any  portion  of  said  deposition  to  be  read  in 
evidence,  to  wit : 

x-Q.  and  Ans.  2H3.,  together  with  the  ob¬ 
jections  which  appear  in  Sir  William  Thom¬ 
son’s  deposition,  in  connection  with  those 
parts  which  have  been  offered  in  evidence  by 


It  is  admitted  by  defendant’s  counsel  that 
in  the  suit  of  the  Consolidated  Electric  Light 
Company  against  the  McKeesport  Light 
Company,  pending  in  the  Circuit  Court 
for  the  Western  District  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  decided  by  Mr.  Justice  Bradley,  October 
6, 18S9,  whose  opinion  appears  at  page  382  of 
\  ol.  1  of  the  printed  record,  the  complaintinl 
was  controlled  by  the  Westinghouse  Electric 
Compiiny,  of  Pittsburg,  and  the  said  suit  was 
conducted  for  the  complainant  by  the  ooun- 
^any^  Westinghouse  Electric  Com- 

It  is  also  admitted  by  defendant’s  counsel 
TTnU  tile  present  suit.  The 

United  States  Electric  Lighting  Company 
IS  controlled  by  the  said  Westin|houseE 
trie  Company,  and  that  the  defence  in  this 
w  by  the  counsel  of 

said  Westinghouse  Electric  Company. 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay.  50I6 

Defendant’s  Exhibit  Decision  Mr.  Jus-  12067 
tice  Kay._s.  M.  H.,  Ex. 


Edison  and  Swan  United  Electiu 
Light  Compant 

Holland  and  others. 


ClS  s  lf ISlholINo™: 


"eoessary  is  to  ascertain,  as  ac  ' 
curately  as  is  possible  to  anv  one  wtm  ii«o  1  *.  n 
the  requisite  scientific  training  what  was  k 
onthesubject  at  the  date  of  tts^p1tent^;'L” 

terns.  These  patents  relate  to  the  latter.  tL 


5016 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 


12001  former  depended  upon  a  break  in  tbe  conducting 
material  occurring  at  a  point  where  the  conductor 
was  carbon  in  the  form  of  a  pretty  thick  pencil. 
The  current  leaped  over  the  break  in  an  arc,  gradu¬ 
ally  destroying  the  carbons  ;  and  this  arc  gave  a 
vivid  white  light,  especially  at  the  positive  pole. 
The  incandescent  system  is  different.  The  conduct¬ 
ing  material  in  this  is  continuous,  without  any  break 
or  actual  interval,  but,  being  in  part  'an  imperfect 
conductor,  thatpart  becomes  heated  by  its  resistance 
12062  to  what  is  termed  the  passage  of  the  current,  and 
this  heating,  raised  to  an  intense  degree,  gives  the 
light  now  familiar  to  us  in  the  incandescent  lamp. 
The  material  whicli  is  now  so  heated  is  some  form 
of  carbon.  It  was  well  known  that  this  was  a  good 
material  for  the  purpose,  because  it  was  an  imper¬ 
fect  conductor— in  other  words,  had  a  high  specific 
resistance— and  that  it  was  essential  to  use  it  in  a 


vacuum  or  in  some  gas  or  vapour  which  did  not 
contain  oxygen,  otherwise  tbe  carbon  consumed 
12063  quickly. 

Until  1872,  when  SprengeTs  air-pump  was  improv¬ 
ed  by  Mr.  Crookes,  it  was  difficult  to  obtain  a  vacuum 
which  was  complete  enough,  The  consequence  was, 
that  it  was  necessary  to  employ  a  pencil  of  carbon 
of  comparative  tliickness,  because  there  was  enough 
oxygen  left  within  the  exhausted  glass  bulb  to  oc¬ 
casion  some  consumption  of  the  enclosed  carbon, 
and  also  enough  air  to  diminish  the  bulk  of  the 


1  ^  •iM-.uiueai.eut  ny  irictioiial  action  upoi 

H  Its  heated  surface,  which  Edison  in  his  speoiiica 
tionand  some  of  the  witnesses  have  called  “air 
waslnng.” 

Another  difficulty  which  prevented  the  use  o 
very  slender  carbons  was  the  irregularity  of  the  cur 
rent  obtained  from  the  dynamo.  It  was  subject  t< 
variations  which  at  times  produced  a  curren 
stronger  than  the  carbon  could  bear.  This  was 
remedied  by  the  improvements  of  Gramme  anc 
Brash,  which  were  prfected  in  the  year  1878. 

Iwo  modes  of  improving  the  resistance  ol 


6017 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay.  6017 

leimth'*'rt°"  "  ere  known,  one  by  increasing  its  12065 
of  its  thickness 

nessL  ’“"guegeof  the  wit- 

carbon  for  an  incandescent  lam),  must  be  enclosed 
in  a  glass  bulb  from  which  the  air  must  be  ev 
hansted  Bulbs  made  entirely  of  glass  had  he^' 
used  and  publicly  exhibited  for  this  purpose. 

It  was  known  that  molten  glass  could  be  made  lo 
adhere  close  to  platinum  wires,  because  the  glals 

'''^P'"’P°"-^^^-pands  with -heat  in  the  12066 
same  degree  as  that  metal  ;  and  that  for  this  reason 
conducto.  of 
‘  connecting  the  carbon 

"  thin  the  glass  bulb  with  the  main  wires  throuirh 

Lond  "’ire,  and  to  fuse  the  glass  . 

dround  these  wires  so  that  air  should  not  penetrate 
at  the  points  at  which  they  entered  the  bulb. 
force'X  ‘lie  electromotive 

to  take  the  illustration  given  by  Sir  F.  Bramwell— 

liLs^suradvlf®/''"  ‘he 

io  use  ®  a  town  with  water,  you  are  enabled 

to  use  smaller  pipes,-  because  the  water  ivill  pass 
with  accelerated  velocity.  P 

incln'r*  by  using  high  resistance  in  the 

WreSMd  l^°'‘T  the  lamp  smaller  leading 
wires  might  be  employed,  and  also  a  greater  num- 
ennvc  be  illuminated  from  tbe  same  12068 

source  of  electricity  by  working  them,  as  Dr.  Horn 
kinson  calls  it,  in  multiple  arc  or  in  parallel.  Tw^o 
andl  "wn°f  ®‘ccnt  lamps  were  known, 

fo  b  that  when  many  lamps  were 

to  be  lighted  from  one  central  station,  and  L  some 
distance,  the  system  called  “multiple  arc”  or  “in 
be  shortly  described 

as  a  plan  involving  the  use  of  one  main  leading  and 
ele^r?  ™  each  lamp  being  supplied\ith 
electric  current  by  a  smaller  wire  from  the  main 


6018 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay^ 


12069  leading  wire,  and  returning  such  portion  of  the  cur- 
.  rents  as  it  took  to  the  return  wire,  the  main  leading 
wire  and  the  retnrn  wire  being  supposed  to  he 
parallel.  Tlic  other  system,  which  is  little  em¬ 
ployed,  was  tile  nse  of  lamps  “  in  series.”  In  this 
case  the  whole  cnrrent  is  sent  through  each  lamp  in 
succession,  and  accordingly  lamps  of  comparatively 
low  resistance  are  required. 

The  desideratum  in  1879  was  to  obtain  lamps  of 


high  resistance  for  the  “multiple  arc”  system, 

12070  which  could- be  made  “commercially,”  that  is,  in 
large  quantities  with  reasonable  cheapness!,  and 
above  all,  that  it  should  have  durability.-  Edison, 
Lane-Fox,  Swan  and  others  Imve  been  working  with 
this  object  in  the  same  direction. 

On  December  19, 1878,  in  a  lecture  given  by  Swan  at 

Newcastle.he  described  an  e.\-perimen  ton  the  produc¬ 
tion  of  light  by  passing  a  current  of  electricity  from 
a  dynamo  through  a  slender  rod  of  carbon  enclosed 

innue.\-haustedglobe.  On.ranuary  17th,  1879,  he leo- 

12071  tnred  on  the  same  subject  at  Sunderland,  illustrating 
his  lecture  by  experiments,  exhibiting  certain  elec- 
tric  lamps.  On  February  4th,  1879,  hetigain  lectured 
at  Newcastle,  and  hethen  exhibited  the  lamp  which 
has  been  produced  in  evidence.  It  consists  of  a 


bulb  made  entirely  of  glass  with  leadin^l^^ntimim 
"lies  sealed  into  it  and  connected  with  a  pencil  of 
carbon  inside  the  bulb.  This  piece  of  carbon  was 
obtained  from  Carre,  of  Paris,  and  was  niaiiii- 
100,0  I’y  !">d  shaped  before  being  carbon- 

12072  ized.  It  IS  1-25  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  that  is  con¬ 
siderably  thicker  than  the  carbons  now  used,  and 
being  straight,  the  leading  wires  are  sealed  into  the 
bn  b  at  opposite  ends.  This  renders  it  liable  to  a 
defect  which  is  alluded  to  in  the  correspondence 
he  ween  Swan  and  Mr.  Steam,  vis.:  RupSof  "he 
carbon,  or  its  separation  from  the  wires  by  ex! 
which  it"!s  "nder  the  great  heat  to 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 


6019 


inin!f  *  "ithout  12073 

injury.  I  have  no  evidence  how  long  it  would  last 
if  continuously  used. 

Swan,  in  the  spring  of  1879,  ordered  from  Carre 
carbons  in  the  shape  of  a  hair  pin,  a  model  of 
winch  he  produces.  It  is  practically  identical  in 
form  with  some  of  the  carbon  now  used  in  lamps 
but  with  a  larger  sectional  area.  Lamps  made  with 
these  would  not  have  the  defect  to  which  I  have 
alluded.  He  says  that  probably  toward  the  end  of 
1879  he  made  some  lamps  with  those  hair  pin  car-  12074 
boiis.  I  hey  are  referred  to  by  Mr.  Steam  in  a  let¬ 
ter  dated  the  2Gth  of  November,  1879,  in  which 
Figure  2  is  a  sketch  of  a  lamii,  so  mounted,  but  I 
do  not  hiy  much  stress  upon  this  as  an  anticipation 
of  Edison,  for,  although  Heaviside  and  other  wit¬ 
nesses  speak  of  having  seen  these  lamps  in  1879  I 
think  the  fair  result  of  this  evidence  is  that  these 
were  experiments  which  did  not  succeed  in  produc- 
inga  commercially  successful  result  before  Edison’s 
patent.  On  the  2nd  of  January,  1880,  Swan  oh-  12076 
tamed  a  patent  for  one  of  the  most  valuable  inven¬ 
tions  ooniieotj'd  with  the  manufacture  of  incandes¬ 
cent  lamps.  That  was  for  preparing  the  carbon  by  . 
passing  the  electric  current  through  it  and  heating 
It  to  incandescence  while  the  bulb  was  still  con 
nected  with  a  Sprengel  air  pump  in  action.  This  is 
now  always  done,  and  the  effect  is  to  make  the 
yuouuni  much  more  perfect,  or  rather,  less  liable  to 
be  impaired  by  air  or  gas  coming  from  the  carbon 
iteelf  when  first  heated  in  a  vacuum.  On  the  21st  iootr 
of  January,  1880,  he  obtained  a  patent  for  a  horse¬ 
shoe  strip  of  card  board  prepared  for  an  incan¬ 
descent  lamp  by  converting  it  into  a  substance  like 
parchment  by  treatment  with  sulphuric  acid  and 
then  carbonizing.  On  the  27th  of  November,  1880 
he  obtained  a  further  patent  for  the  application  of 
this  process  to  cotton  thread.  This  has  proved  a 
most  valuable  invention.  It  produces  a  non- 
structural  tough  material,  said  by  one  of  the  wit¬ 
nesses  to  be  hard  and  stiff  as  a  metallic  wire,  and 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 


12077  this  is  now  largely  used  for  incandescent 
lamps.  Mr.  Edison  applied  to  the  ob¬ 
ject  of  producing  a  lamp  of  high  re¬ 

sistance  his  untiring  and  apparently  inexhanstible 
ingenuity,  but  his  specification  shows— as  Sir 
F.  Bramwell  states  —that  he  was  not  aware 
how  much  was  actually  then  known  to  electricians 
like  Lane-Fox  and  Swan,  and  Edison  conceived 
that  he  was  the  first  inventor  of  some  matters  in 
lon-ro  unticipated  him.  Edison 

i^U7b  availed  himself  of  the  more  perfect  vacuum  ob¬ 
tained  by  the  Sprengel  pump,  and  also  of  the 
known  principle  of  increasing  the  resistance  of  the 
carbon  by  diminishing  its  sectional  area,' which  had 
become  possible  to  a  much  greater  degree,  owing 
to  the  perfecting  of  the  Sprengel  iiir-pump  and  the 


The  most  important  point  raised  upon  the  con- 
0^  '"s  patent  of  November  10,  1879,  is  the 
12079  extent  of  the  second  claim,  whether  it  includes 
every  lamp  of  the  kind  there  described,  the  light 
giving  carbon  in  which  is  a  “filament,”  or  whether 
It  means  only  lamps  with  such  filaments  as  are  par- 
ticularly  mentioned  in  the  body  of  the  specilica- 


the  olaim-whether 

■  •Joss  not  mean 

merely  the  filament  of  the  carbon. 

m  of  ooustrnction  is  whether  the 

Ster Tt  r‘  n 

01  after  it  is  attached  to  the  platinum  wires. 

Witln-espect  to  the  sufliciency  of  this  snecifica- 
PYn  Vf  tlint  Edison  ouglit  to  have  defined 

exactly  what  was  meant  by  the  word  “filnm  ” 


Decision  of  Justice  ICay.  5021 

ospooially  the  several  12081 
Tf  l  P"“y  composed 

of  lamp-black  and  tar,  and  from  that  putty  com¬ 
pounded  or  coated  with  various  substances.  Also 
If  the  patent  means  that  the  filament  is  to  be  car 
bonize^  after  being  attached  to  the  platinum  wires, 
this.  It  IS  said,  is  impracticable,  because  the 
phatinum  wires  would  thereby  be  made  porous  and 
brittle,  and  could  not  be  sealed  into  the  glass  so  as 
to  prevent  air  getting  in  at  the  point  of  sealing,  or 

through  the  pores  in  the  wire. 

The  proper  mode  of  constructing  a  specification, 
as  laid  down  by  Lord  Wensleydale  in  “  Neilsou  v. 
Harford,  is  to  hold  a  fair  hand  between  the  pat¬ 
entee  and  the  public,  willing  to  give  the  patentee 
on  his  part  the  reward  of  a  valuable  patent,  but 
taKing  care  to  secure  to  the  public,  on  the  other 
liaiid.the  benefit  of  that  provision  which  is  intro¬ 
duced  into  the  patent  for  their  advantage.  This  re¬ 
fers  to  the  condition  expressed  in  every  patent,  that 

describe  and  ascer-  12083 
tain  the  nature  of  his  invention,  and  in  what 
manner  the  same  is  to  be  performed.  Lord  West- 
burys  exposition  of  the  rule  of  construction, 
taken  from  his  judgment  in  “Simpson®.  Hol- 
kday,  -  in  the  Itltli  Weekly  Eeporter,  is  some¬ 
what  more  explicit : 

‘‘  With  respect  to  the  rules  that  govern  the 
coustruouon  of  specifications.-’^’he  says, 

“  fatlnn  n?  "’■d'.nafy  rules  for  the  interprel 
tation  of  written  instruments,  having  regard  19084 
;;  especially  to  the  fact  that  the  specfficaS 

“  imnn  ti  the  obligation  imposed 

“  f’y  the  proviso  contained 

o  1  Pittent^namely,  that  the  grant  ' 

shall  be  void  If  the  patentee  shall  not  parti- 
cularly  describe  the  nature  of  his  inveMion 
manner  the  same  has  to  be  per- 

..  *h®f®?'>fe.  made  a  settled  rule  that 

tne  specification  must  be  so  expressed  as  to 
_  lbe  perfectly  intelligible  to  a  workman  of 
ordinary  knowledge,  and  itmust  follow  that. 


5022  Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 

12085  “  if  there  isany  obscurity  or.ambignity  in  tlie 

“specification  which  is  likely  to  mislead,  this 
“defect  ought  not  to  be  helped  by  any  refined 
"  or  secondary  interpretation  of  the  language. 

“  It  was  contended  before  me,  and  the  Vice- 
“  Chancellor  is  reported  to  have  said  that  it 
“has  been  settled  by  authority  that  the  most 
“  liberal  constniction  is  to  be  given  to  a  patent 
“  that  will  snstiiin  it,  especially  in  those  cases 
“  where  the  Court  is  satisfied  'that  the  inven- 
“  tion  is  really  new  and  useful.  If  the  words 
‘“most  liberal  constrnctioti ’  are  intended  to 
120SG  “denote  some  ptirticniar  principle  of  inter- 

“pretation  diffeient  from  the  ordinary  rnles 
“for  the  constniction  of  written  instniment.s. 
“  l  am  notaware  of  any  such  antbority.  The 
•  Vice-Chancellor  is  made  to  say  that  this 
“liberal  construction  is  adopted  in  cases 
“where  the  Coitrt  is  satisfied  that  the  inven¬ 
tion  is  really  new  and  nsefnl.  Bntnoveliv 
and  utility  are  nece.ssary  for  the  validity  o'f 
“every  patent.  There  is  probably  some  in- 
“  accuracy  in  the  note  of  the  judgment.” 

That  case  wetit  to  the  House  of  Lords,  and  is  re- 
ported  in  Law  Reports  of  the  Hovse  of  Lords,  jiage 
316.  iSone  of  the  learned  Lordsin  anv  wav  dissented 
from  the  passage  which  I  have  read.  I  take  from 
the  speech  of  Lord  Chelmsford,  then  Lord  Oban- 
cellor,  the  following  pjissage  : 

“The  construction  of  a  specification,  like 
“  Tf  ti.'l'y'  "  is  for  the  Court, 

“i.it  require  explatiatioti.  as 

12088  ,,  i’emg  terms  of  art  or  of  scientific  use  ex- 

“  ts  "nvwi^  “yj'lmice  must  be  given,  and  with 

serein™  or'’"'""  that  a  de- 

M  P'‘«l'tcing  a  purple  color 

ir  ‘’’■y  and 

TtTm  ZTT°''  "’aa  void,  because 

isSras  r  that  was 

“escribed  as  an  alternative  process. 


Deci Sion  of  Justice  Kay.  6023 

With  regard  to  the  construction  of  Edison’s  iiat-  12089 
ent,  No.  4676.  of  1879,  1  observe,  first  of  all,  that 
the  provisional  specification  begins  by  stating  the 
necessity  that  lamps  connected  in  multiple  should 
be  employed  without  main  wires  of  great  size,  and 
h.it  It  IS  essential  that  these  lamps  should  have  a 
hi.?h  resistance.  It  is  stated  that  this  had  been  set 
forth  in  a  previous  patent  of  Edison’s  of  the  same 
year,  and  that  lamps  of  great  resistance  had  been 
obtained  by  a  long  wire  of  platinum  or  other 
metal  pyro-insulated  (which  means  coated  with  12090 
an  incombustible  substance)  and  coiled  so  that 
but  small  radiating  surface  was  e.v-posed.  Then  it 
IS  said  that  the  present  invention  relates  to 
lamps  of  a  similar  character,  except  that  carbon 
threads  or  strips  are  used  in  place  of  metallic  wire, 
and  connected  to  platinum  wires  sealed  into  a  bulb 
exhausted  of  air.  A  description  of  the  mode  of 
manufaoture  is  then  given,  but  not  in  so  much  ie- 
hat  specification.  Turning  to 

®°'”™enoes  with  a  short  state-  1209I 
nent  that  the  object  of  the  invention  is  to  produce 

incandescent  lamps  of  high  resistance.  Then  fol- 
low  four  paragraphs  stating  in  what  the  invention 
consists.  The  first  of  these  is  the  coiling  of  carbon 
wu'e  or  sheets  so  as  to  ofifer  great  resistance  and 
piesent  but  a  slight  surface  for  mdiation.  The 
next  the  placing  of  such  light-giving  body  of 
great  resistance  m  a  nearly  perfect  vaciim.  The 
wires  are  platinum, 

sealed  into  the  glass.  The  fourth  is  the  method  of  12092 
manufacturing  carbon  conductors  of  high  resistance  ^ 
wdrer"'’^*"®  P«>^^ect  contact  between  them  and  the 

The  specification  next  states  Mr.  Edison’s  view 
of  what  had  been  done  up  to  that  time.  It  is  ad¬ 
mitted  that  this  is  inaccurate  in  many  respects.  He 
appears  to  have  been  unaware  of  the  attempts  that 
have  been  made  to  do  the  very  thing  at  which  he 
was  aiming-that  is,  to  increase  the  resistance  of 
the  carbon  burners  in  lamps  made  of  bulbs  of  glass 


5024  Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 

12093  exliausted  of  air,  the  connecting  wires  being  of 
platinum  sealed  into  the  glass.  He  seems  ignorant 
that  bulbs  made  entirely  of  glass  had  been  used,  or 
that  they  had  been  exhausted  of  air  so  as  to  form  a 
vacum.  The  statement  is  that  theretofore  the  air 
has  been  replaced  by  gases  that  do  not  combine 
chemically  with  the  carbon. 

The  specification  then  proceeds  to  describe  the 
several  modes  of  making  the  carbon  burners.  I 
find  mentioned  (I)  cotton  thread  ;  (9)  any  fibrous 

12094  vegetable  substance  which  would  leave  a  carbon 
residue  after  heating  in  a  closed  chamber ;  (3)  such 
fibrous  material  rubbed  with  a  plastic  compound 
composed  of  lampblack  and  tar  ;  (4)  carbon  fila¬ 
ments  made  by  a  combination  of  tar  and  lampblack; 
(5)  sometimes  a  thread  rolled  in  such  compound  ; 
and  (6)  sometimes  a  compound  with  a  volatile 
powder,  such  as  powdered  camphor  or  oxide  of 
zinc,  worked  into  it,  in  which  case,  he  says,  to 
make  the  light  insensitive  to  variations  of  the  (mr- 

12096  rent  a  considerable  mass  of  matter  should  be  used. 

The  mode  of  connection  is  stated  lobe  molding 
the  lampblack  and  pure  material  round  the  plat¬ 
inum  wires  where  they  are  joined  to  the  carbon, 
and  after  carbonizing  them. 

Thecoilingis then desoribed,and it isstated  that  the 
lyentor  has  carbonized  and  used  cotton  and  linen 
thread  wood  splints,  pt.per  coiled  in  various  wt.ys, 
lampblack,  plumbago,  carbon  in  various  forms 
loooa  so  that  the  same  may 

12096  be  rolled  out  into  wires  of  various  lengths  and  diam¬ 
eters,  each  one  uniform  in  size  throughout  There 
are  three  drawings,  two  showing  carbons  very 
closely  coded,  and  one  of  them  being  within  the 
bulb,  and  m  each  case  there  are  clamps  connecting 
the  platinum  wires  cemented  into  the  carbon  with 
the  wires  sealed  in  the  bulb.  The  other  figure 

a  s  raight  piece  of  the  substance  wliicli  is  to  be 

coiled  attached  to  platinum  wires  at  each  end,  the 
figure  ,  and  description  of  it  in  the  specification 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 
showing  that  the  coiling  and  carbonizat 


,  “  (ip  An  electric  lamp  for  giving  li<rht  bv 
incandescence,  consisting  of  a  filament  of 
carbon  of  a  high  resistance,  made  a"  de- 

forth^*^’  to  metallic  wires,  as  set 

'f''®  fombination  of  a  carbon  filament, 
within  [with]  a  receivermade  entirely  of  glass  ^2098 
.hrotigh  whici.  the  leading  wires  pass,  and 
f  om  which  receiver  the  air  is  exhausted  for 
the  purposes  set  forth. 


ranged  in  sticli  manner  that  only  a  portion  of 
the  surface  of  such  carbon  conductor  slmll 
radiate  light,  as  set  forth. 

(4)  A  method  herein  described  of  securing 
the  platinn  contact  wires  to  the  carbon  fila¬ 
ment,  and  carbonizingof  the  whole  in  a  closed  ^2099 
chamber,  substantially  as  set  forth.” 

I  do  not  agree  that  the  word  » lamp  ”  in  the  first 
claim  means  only  the  “filament  of  carbon.”  The 
claim  is  “An  electric  lamp  for  giving  light  by  in¬ 
candescence,”  which  the  filament  alone  could  not 
do.  The  words  “  consisting  of”  are  inapt,  but  the 
wordingof  theivhole  specification  is  exceedingly  in¬ 
accurate,  and  this  is  only  an  example  of  such  inac¬ 
curacy.  “Containing”  would  have  been  a  better  isioo 

word.  I  construe  this  claim  to  mean  lamps  such  as 
are  described,  in  which  the  distinguishing  feattires 
are  carbons  of  “high  resistance,  made  as  described 
and  secured  to  metallic  wires  as  set  forth.” 

This  seems  to  me  to  make  the  meaning  of  the 
second  claim  more  clear.  Having  in  the  first 
claimed  lamps  of  carbon  made  as  described,  the  in¬ 
inventor  proceeds  to  claim  lamps  with  the  combin¬ 
ations  described  in  the  second  claim.  There  ate  (1) 
the  carbon  filament  (2)  in  a  receiver  made  entirely 


6026  Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 

12101  of  glass,  (3)  through  which  the  leading  wires  pass, 
(4)  and  from  which  the  air  is  exiiausted.  Ail  these 
four  things  Edison,  as  is  apparent  from  the  early 
part  of  the  specification,  supposed  that  he  had  in¬ 
vented.  I  do  not  think  that  he  intends  to  lay  more 
stress  on  one  tlian  on  another  of  them.  In  fact,  the 
only  one  as  to  wliicli  it  is  possible  to  say  there  is 
any  novelty  was  carbon  in  the  condition  of  a  fila¬ 
ment.  Itakefrom  Johnson’s  Directory  the  meaning 
of  the  words,  “a  very  slender  thread.” 

12102  Tlie  tliird  claim  relates  to  the  coiling,  on  which 
great  stress  is  laid  in  the  provisional  and  complete 
specifications,  and  the  fourth  is  a  mode  of  attach¬ 
ment  of  tile  carbon  to  the  wires. 

The  claims,  as  I  read  them,  are,  (2),  a  combina¬ 
tion  of  four  requisites  for  a  lamp;  (3)  and  (4), 
claims  for  two  of  those  requisites  separately,  and 

(1) ,  a  claim  for  particular  modes  of  making  and  at¬ 
taching  two  platinum  wires  to  the  first  item  of  the 

12103  combination,  viz.,  the  carbon  filament.  But  claim 

(2)  comprehends  lamps  containing  carbon  filaments, 
however  made,  and  not  only  those  made  in  the 
special  modes  described  in  the  body  of  the  specifi¬ 
cation  and  included  in  claim  (1). 


TJT  7 - ,  '.oiiimnanons  aescnuett 

in  Edison  s  second  claim.  But  the  filament  made  by 
12104  them  is  essentially  different  from  anything  particu¬ 
larly  described  in  Edison’s  specification.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  the  witness  Sellon,  the  filament  used  by  the 
made  thus :  Cotton  wool  is  dissolved 
in  chloride  of  zinc  slightly  heated  ;  the  result  is  a 

VISCOUS,  semi-liquid  substance  resembling  in  appear¬ 
ance  a  strong  solution  of  gum  arable.  This  is  boiled 

Then^i/-‘'r®''f  extract  all  air. 

Theyt  is  forced  through  a  die  with  a  small  orifice 

m^nt  9  mercury,  and  the  fila¬ 

ment  so  formed  is  received  in  a  vessel  of  alcohol, 


6027 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 


which  solidifies  it  in  the  form  of  a  thread.  It  is  12106 
tlien  left  for  a  time  in  another  vessel  of  alcohol 
which  dissolves  all  impurities  and  leaves  it  a  non’ 
structural  thread  of  cellulose  in  an  extremely  pure 
condition.  It  is  dried,  carbonized,  and  fitted  for 
use  in  a  lamp.  If  Edison’s  patent  claimed  only 
lamps  with  filaments  such  as  those  particularly  de- 
cribed  in  the  body  of  the  specification,  it  is  obvious 
this  would  be  no  infringement.  In  1879  Edison,  so 
far  as  appeared,  never  dreamt  of  making  a  carbon 
filament  in  this  way,  but  as  I  have  come  to  the  con-  12106 
elusion  that  Edison’s  second  claim  is  wide  enough 
to  include  any  lamp  with  a  carbon  filament;  how¬ 
ever  made,  the  defendants  have  clearly  infringed 
this  claim. 


Then  comes  the  serious  and  important  question 
whether  so  wide  a  claim  can  be  supported.  I  have 
already  pointed  out  that  the  only  item  of  the  com¬ 
bination  which  had  any  novelty  was  the  use  of  the 
filament  or  “very  slender  thread”  of  carbon 
Edison  had  managed  to  use  carbons  thinner  than  12107 
anyone  had  used  previously.  The  only  advantage 
of  a  “  filament  ”  suggested  in  the  specification  isits 
high  resistance  by  reason  of  its  thinness  or  small 
sectional  area.  There  was  no  invention  described  in 
tins  specification  of  any  new  principle.  The  prin¬ 
ciple  of  increasing  resistance  by  diminishing  the 
sectional  area  of  the  carbon  was  known  and  bad 
been  published  by  Lane-Fox  and  by  Swan  before 


November,  1879.  Assuming  that  Edison  had  been 

the  firstsucoessfiilly  toput  thatprinoiplein  practice, 

hy  the  methods  described  in  his  specification,  did 
that  suebess  entitle  him  to  say,  “no  one  shall 
make  a  lamp  with  a  filament  of  carbon  but  myself  ?  ” 
Suppose  the  claim  had  been  thus  worded  :  “I  have 
succeeded  in  making  an  electric  lamp  with  a  carbon 
burner— say,  1/lOOth  of  an  inch  in  diameter— which 
gives  a  high  resistance,  and  I  claim  a  monopoly  of 
all  lamps  with  carbon  burners,  but  thicker  than 
that,  however  made.”  Could  such  a  claim  be  sup¬ 
ported  ?  That,  in  effect,  is  Edison’s  second  claim. 


502S 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 


V.m  Oneof  the  objections  made  is  tliatthe  claim  ought 
to  have  been  worded  in  some  such  way  as  I  have  just 
suggested,  in  order  to  make  it  sufficiently  definite. 
In  other  words,  Edison  ought  to  have  indicated  the 
exact  boundary  between  his  “filament"  and  such  a 
Carre  carbon  as  Swan  has  successfully  used.  Fi  om 
the  drawings  and  from  the  great  stress  laid  npon 
coiling  the  filament,  the  only  object  of  which 
seems  to  be  to  increase  resistance  bv  using 

12110  Mr.  Edison  did  not  conceive  that  e.x- 
treme  thinness  of  the  ctirbon  was  practicable.  Mr 
bran  had  tried  paper,  cardboard,  and  similar  ma- 
teiials  carbonised,  and,  if  lie  had  not  tried  -i  “  fila 

oft  tdrni'rt'a  l"'"' 

t  a  luirpin,  made  and  shaped  to  that  form  before 

carbonization  :  and  it  seems  impossible  tot^yt  1 
iaigelj  to  the  knowledge  wliidi  such  inventors  as 

TWetauth^ttfrortShtm^ 


are  entitled  m  you 

“  other  modes  of  carrying 


But  is  there  any  decision  that  an  inventor  who 


5"  SHm?  o'f  If"  =•  P---  12113 

iWth  f  resistance  by  diminish¬ 

ing  the  sectional  area  of  the  carbon  burner,  can  ob¬ 
tain  a  monopoly  of  the  principle  2  Sir  P.  Bramwell 
ni  Ins  evidence  for  the  plaintiff,  put  the  case  in  the 
strongest  and  most  favorable  manner  by  saving  that 
Edison  made  the  first  commercially  successful  in¬ 
candescent  lamp.  Unless  that  is  so,  liis  claim  to  so 
large  a  monopoly  would  not,  in  my  opinion,  be  ar- 
guable  I  jiroceed  to  inquire:  Did  he  make  a  com¬ 
mercially  successful  lamp ;  that  is,  were  any  of  the  J2114 
modes  of  making  lamps  particularly  described  in 
the  specification  com  mercitilly  successful  2  I„  most 
patent  cases,  when  the  validity  of  the  patent  is  im- 
wtrne“^-  °11 important 
the  bovo"  I'  is  to  put  him  in 

Edison  is”  “■•°ss-c=tamination.  Mr. 

Edison  IS  m  America  ;  but  if  there  were  anv  other 

EieTw  Th"' '  appearing  as  a  witness  on 

the  trial,  the  Court  has  power  todirectan  examina¬ 
tion  lu  America.  He  has  neither  been  produced,  nor  12115 
has  any  attempt  to  examine  him  in  America  been 
made ;  and  the  objection  was  raised  during  the  evi- 
Uence  to  reading  statements  made  by  him  in  his 
later  patents  to  show  what  he  really  had  invented 
at  and  before  the  date  of  his  patent  of  1S79.  I 
must  say  that  this  mode  of  conducting  the  plain¬ 
tiffs  case  seems  to  me  to  put  the  defendants  at  an 
unusual  disadvantage ;  and  I  think  the  Court  is 
bound  to  prevent  them  from  being  prejudiced 
itnt  *''*  possible.  I  shall  not  lies-  12116 

itate  to  refer  to  the  language  of  Edison’s  sub 
sequent  patents  as  admissions  by  him  so  far  ns  they 
tell  against  the  clainr  now  made  in  his  name 
ton  large  monopoly. 

I  have  before  me  several  patents  by  Edison  in  his 
own  or  other  names.  There  are  amongst  others 
^26,  4502  and  6306;  three  in 
1879,  Aos.  2402  and  4.076,  which  is  the  patent  now 
in  question  ;  and  subsequently  in  1879,  Ko  5127  • 
in  1880,  No.  3765,  which  has  been  called  ‘in  the 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 


12117  argument  the  bamboo  filament  patent ;  and  in  1881 
Ifos.  539  and  1918.  AVhenever  he  liit  upon  any  im¬ 
provement,  Edison  seems  to  have  applied  for  an 
English  patent  without  waiting  to  perfect  the  in- 

question 

011879  without  being  struck  with  the  evidence  of 
haste  shown  by  the  crude  manner  and  imperfection 
of  description  in  every  part  of  it.  In  the  later 
patent,  No.  6127,  of  1879,  Edison  gives  careful 
I9ii<i  *e  "'°^e  of  carbonizing  the  strips 

12118  of  bristol  board  in  molds,  preferably  of  wrought 
iron.  In  the  bamboo  patent,  No.  3705,  of  1880  he 

begins  by  again  asserting  that  the  practice  so’  far 
as  he  knows,  had  been  to  make  carbons  of  as  low 
resistance  as  possible,  and  that  he  had  discovered 
that  the  incandescing  material  should  have  the 
bighest  possible  resistance  in  a  very  small  bulk; 

and  further,  that  carbons  which  are  piirelv  struc- 
tnral  in  character  alone  possess  these  qualities.  By 

12119  'ueant  a  carbon  wherein 
12119  the  natural  structure,  cellular  or  otherwise,  of  the 

IS  not  modihed  by  any  treatment  which  tends  to  fill 
up  the  cells  or  pores  with  unstructural  carbon  or  to 

He  then  mentions  several  kinds  of  vegetable  fibre 

Son  cane  T,  W 

Doo  Ciine.  liilaburnte  directions  nro  irfoAti  r  \ 

32120  ingand  carbonizing  these  fibrous  subs  an^es  ’rad 

(6)Aiip’^h:::;er::i^jsSr’;r 

this  patent  44  claims  To  say  th^ ’nt  ? 

tnral  carbons  alone  possess  the  requisite  qiml’it^' 

bon'pSentLTas  thtj^Je  c’a’Jled"'”’"'”' 
the  best  burners  known.  ^ 


^^oision  of  Justice  Kay,  6031 

The  plaintiffs  have  been  challenged  again  and  1 
again  during  the  cross-examiiiation^f  tfelr  S 
burn!r  “"y  iump  with  a 

bodrof'^h  description  in  the 

uody  of  the  specification  of  November,  1879,  has 
been  brought  into  the  market  in  England  or  in 
America  No  evidence  of  this  has  been  given,  and 
I  conclude  that  there  was  no  commercial  .me  of 
the  invention  of  that  kind.  Until  he  had  taken 
out  his  subsequent  patents  it  seems  that  Edison  did 
not  introduce  any  lamp  to  the  public.  Dr.  Hopkin-  1 
P*'°‘'‘''‘’’y  in  1881,  made  under 

exl.ibi  ed  some  at  the  Paris  Exhibition  in  the  month 
of  September.  These  were  bamboo  filament  lamps, 
and  this  was  the  first  public  exhibition  of  these 
lamps,  a  t  any  rate  in  Europe.  No  doubt  this  is 
not  conclusive  that  the  invention  had  no  utility 
llZT’  i'nptoyen.ents  may 

have  been  invented  so  rapidly  as  to  have  supersed¬ 
ed  the  original  invention  before  it  could  be  brought  12 
out  publicly;  but  it  is  somewhat  difficult  to  make 
out  that  lamps  described  in  the  specification  of 
1879  were  ooinniercially  sticcessful,  if  none  were 
ever  brought  into  the  market ;  and  the  success  of  a 
lamp  made  under  a  subsequent  patent,  like  the 

bamboo  lamp,  which  has  been  largely  used,  can 
Hardly  support  a  previous  patent  which  did  not  de¬ 
scribe  it. 

i«^Q  ‘‘a®  r’®-®"  to  Htgue  that  the  patent  of 

■1879  did  include  the  bamboo  filament,  first,  be-  12] 
cause  the  second  claim  includes  all  filaments  of 
carbon  ;  and  secondly,  because  in  tlie  body  of  the 
sreoifacation  Edison  says  :  “  1  have  carbonized  and 
used  wood  splints.”  I  can  only  say  I  admire  the 
courage  of  such  an  argument.  The  question  is, 
whether  the  specification  particularly  describes  a 
commercially  successful  lamp  so  as  to  support  so 
wide  a  claim.  This  is  hot  answered  by  saving  that 
the  claim  IS  wide  enough  to  include  all  filaments, 
and  therefore  they  must  be  taken  to  be  all  de- 


5032 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 


12120  scribed.  And  with  respect  to  so  much  of  the  arun- 
ment  as  rests  upon  tlie  words  “  woodsplinls,”  those 
uords  do  not  describe  anything  so  as  to  show 
workmen  how  to  make  them.  Indeed,  they  are 
not  intended  as  a  descrijilion,  but  occur  in  a  sen 

.»‘  StLong]i  here,  and  in  other  parts  of  the 
specihcation,  Edison  was  simply  patting  on  nanen 
cursory  allusion  to  experiments,  how  made^and 

12120  Tar"'  “■  ™ 

Filament  made  according  to  the  <!ovo,.oi  ^ 


•nan  named  Gimmingham  \vhrh.td"1’ 
scientific  education.  wtTs  producld  ^ 

the  plaintiffs,  and  he  dep  s°  d  ""  ^1.  Cr 
the  specification  .alone  wii-t,„,  .  ' 

and  at  my  sitff.re.tinn  t-i.»  •  *  '“iderstand  : 

experiment  sliould  be  repeatedln  '*tT'’“^  *''® 

Prof.  Stokes,  whom  they  c£  a  m 
expert,  who  slionld  rpi.ni.t  «.  independent 

1  have  that  renor  whi  1?!. 

the  knowledge  that  ^  'rith 

he  were  as  practised  -is 

or  Mr.  Swan,  could  have  mad^^"^'  himself, 

ave  made  a  successful  electric 


..mlm  I'l  •HOC.  of  tie  In. 

out  of  lot)  I-.m  1  a"  ■■'gt'oed  statement,  that 

four  w  !  ’  ‘‘"^"'3'  nhove  40  hours,  of  which 

there  ip'oTirtlierre^L^  "S  Islfftm®  cT 

.“el 

In  considering  the  sufiioienoy  of  this  specifica- 
io  ^;.. ,  e";,’.;?  •  h.  1870  there  was  12131 

SescSau^"®‘r®  °  ,"‘“"“f“o‘iring  electric  incan¬ 
descent  l.imps.  Iiane-Fo-x,  Edison.  Swan,  and  otlier 
subila'^l  ''nd given  much  time  and  attention  to  the 
w  m  n  '^>ere  were  none 

S  ?  "r  in  the  matter.  The 

snSfici^ Lr  of  a°"“®  aasos  that  the 

dr»«  1  ^a®''‘a"“  'noy  be  read  as  ad- 

d^not  a?ni?^P  Pnrtionlar  trade  or  business 
the  «n  m  reason  it  was  essential  that 

Suffht  tob®®  f  carefully  explicit.  It  12182 

work  n  ®"®^  !‘a  intelligent 

having  T"  “akc  ttn  incandescent  lamp  without 
irocpf  lorexample,  the 

mteZ  carbonizing  filaments.  In  his  subsequent 
patents  Edison  gave  elaborate  directions  for  this 
of  m  ®"*’  iiianients  made 

01  putty  compounded  with  lampblack  and  tar  cot¬ 
on  thread,  thread  coated  with  the  putty,  the  putty 
^'aa-  ““d  other 

substances  for  the  manufacturing  of  carbon  fila- 


fi034 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 

12133  ments,  he  contents  himself  with  saying  that  the  cot¬ 
ton  thread  is  to  be  properly  carbonized  ;  the  fibrous- 
vegetable  substance  is  to  leave  a  carbon  residue  af- 
ter  heating  in  a  closed  chamber ;  the  tar  putty  is  to 
be  carbonized  in  a  closed  chamber  by  subjecting  it 
to  a  high  heat.  Nothing  is  said  to  indicate  what 
sortof  closed  chamber,  of  what  it  is  to  made  how 

It  IS  to  be  used,  the  degree  of  heat  to  be  applied, 

noi  the  length  of  time  during  which  the  heat  is  to 

be  kept  up.  There  is  no  mention  of  any  nackiiiLr 
12134  to  be  used  in  the  chamber,  nor  of  any  precaution  to 
pieven  t  aistortion  of  the  filaments  during  carboniza¬ 
tion.  Ihere  was  no  industry  in  1879  in  which  car- 
bomzation  of  anything  so  small  ns  a  lilatnent  was 
useo.  It  ivas  known  to  chemists  that  one  mode  of 

S'irnm  7*  ‘o  be  carbon¬ 

ized  in  powdered  charcoal,  which  when  heated 

.tJ  *"“7'"?"' “‘"i"* bJt .1 

with  alia  oareiiaiy  j"  ""  *'b''  bow 

12136  applied,  and  for  a  s^ior  time  ® f 

used  commercially  are  eSei  o 

plied  gradiiallv  at  furnace  heat,  np- 

ments  in  an  iron  bol 

tied  that  considerabli-  ow-  Pndcmg.  I  am  satis- 
necessary  in  1879  tn  di  'vould  have  been 

y  U1879  to  discover  what  sort  of  closed 


Decision  ofJiislice  Kay. 


5033 


vessel  would  do,  whether  packing  was  necessary.  12137 
and  what  amount  of  heat,  and  for  how  long,  and 
how  It  was  to  be  applied.  The  specification  seems 
townie  iiltogetlier  insufficient  in  these  respects. 

Then,  as  to  the  tar  putty,  it  seems  it  may  be 
made  by  kneading  the  materials  with  some  exer¬ 
tion  for  an  hour  and  a-half.  The  only  direction  giv¬ 
en  IS  that  It  is  to  be  kneaded  until  it  assumes  the 
consistency  of  thick  putty.  I  have  no  reason  to 
doubt  that  Mr.  Crookes  honestly  tried  to  make  it 
and  Tailed.  A  workman  would  not  have  fared  12138 
much  better,  and  could  not  have  succeeded  with¬ 
out  much  experiment.  The  filament,  which  is  to 
have  a  volatile  powder,  like  camphor  or  oxide  of 
zinc  worked  into  it,  has  been  imitated  by  dusting 
a  tar  putty  filament  with  these  materials  very 
carefully,  but  I  do  not  think  it  has  been  done  in 
the  experiments  as  Edison  intended.  The  descrip¬ 
tion  is  vague,  but  I  conclude  from  the  mention 
of  a  volatile  powder,  that  the  object  was  to  use 
something  that  would  volatilize  in  the  process  of  12139 
carbonizing,  and  that  some  considerable  mass  or 
thickness  of  carbon  was  to  be  used  which  would 
be  left  by  such  volatilization  in  a  very  porous 
condition,  and  would  thus  have  its  resistance  in¬ 
creased.  The  experiments  seem  to  me  a  mere  pre¬ 
tence  of  carrying  out  this.  No  such  carbon  has 
lieen  shown  to  be  of  any  practical  utility.  Con¬ 
siderable  evidence  has  been  giyen  to  show  that 
coating  carbon  with  a  non-conducting,  non-carbon- 
izable  substance  would  cause  its  destruction  when  12140 
incandescent  by  the  decomposition  of  the  coating, 
the  oxygen  in  which,  when  free,  would  destroy  the 
carbon  filament.  The  evidence  leaves  it  somewhat 
in  doubt  whether  this  occurs  before  an  actual  frac¬ 
ture  of  the  carbon,  occasioning  the  intense  heat  of 
an  arc. 


I  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  observe  at  length 
other  objections  that  were  made  to  the  specification. 
One  of  those  related  to  the  effect  upon  the  platinum 


5036  Decision  of  Justice  Kaij. 

12141  of  exposing  them,  together  with  the  born- 
.  the  ijrocess  of  carboniaition,  whicli 

the  TesStrof  t  s;;r'"fhaTT;- 

tended.  Another  is  the  '  J 

mmm 

12142  been  abandoned  as  useless.  seems  to  have 


4570,  of  1«79,  is  invalid  lim  T 

eJaimisfora  moSv^  a  ’ 

containing  a  filament  o^f  eL'  '“®““‘^®seent  lamps 
claim,  I  think,  is  far  too  wide”"  f  "’hich 

Edison  had  aetnallv 

his  specification  does 

12143  ever  hecame,  or,  as  I  thbik**"“"M  “  '““P 

commercial!;  sJcc  ssfn  '  '^«-me. 

rcctions  therein  conSdar^  -  ’ 

one  conld  have  made  tlie  i  tnsnifioient  that  no 

out  considerahir^eluT'e::" 

heoauseoneoftheorn  f-'^I’ennient ;  fourthly, 

the  carbon 

Pi'actically  ininrious  if  I  believe  to  be 

hfthly,  because  the  contipg  with  a  ^''feots  ; 
non-carbonizing  substanee  *  ?  oon-conducting, 
12144  practical  utility;  sixthlv  li  ^  “'Jurions,  is  of  no 

said  of  coiling  fh^Se'it  ron/.'^^  T “ 

lays  great  stress.  ’  "^^’eh  the  patentee 


Of  i™. 

between  the  present  plaintfffrand"  ? 

derrnriaiTrnd’;;t7™ 

-u.  s:  c'S"  a" 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay, 


pea],  and  both  in  the  Conrf  nf  li’ii.r.*-  t  j. 

~  to -J:  th:s\Si2;a^"£i:?^H 

£'iiiSS£S|,.. 

mmmrn 

~..rrc,;‘;yntrj:c“£ 

SL"5,f.'‘f  ’“••"‘."■■a  2. 

tie  .nbjOT  ™T3™V?„‘2K''ri'.T''“‘‘'* 
i»  ,i,„,  2':“" 

nages  in  the  Woodhouse  and  Rawson  trial  The 
or  ioT,  before  me  with  such  an  elab! 

self  bound  to  a^M  ^ 

us  I  do  that  if  ti  ol’tnion,  believing 

y  clothatif  the  same  materials  had  been  before 

2;  iSa 

done.  *  *  conclusion  as  I  have 


aJSTfri'  ““a2£? 

P  eparing  the  iUuminating  portion  of  an  electric 


5038  Decision  of  Just  ice  Kay. 

12149  lamp,  and  also  a  material  for  tlie  manufacture  of 
illuminating  carbons.  Shortly  stated,  the  carbon 
to  be  prepared  is  surrounded  with  a  carbon  gas  or 
liquid,  and  then  heated  intensely  by  the  passage  of 
the  electric  current.  This  causes  a'  decomposition 
of  the  surrounding  hydro-carbon  and  the  deposit 
upon  the  heated  surface  of  an  extremely  dense  form 
of  carbon,  such  deposit  being  in  greater  quantity 
upon  the  hotter— that  is,  the  thinner— portions. 
Ihe  specification  states  that  “carbon  of  the  ordi- 

12160  nary  sort,  when  heated  by  the  electric  current,  ex¬ 
hibits  points  and  lines  of  unequal  brilliancy.  Car- 
bons  prei)ared  by  this  process  wlieii  so  heated  glow 
with  a  uniform  brilliancy  throughout.” 

A  French  chemist,  Despretz,  in  experimenting  on 
the  reduction  and  volatilization  of  carbon,  discovered 
that  when  the  carbon  was  heated  in  an  atmosphere 
of  hydro-carbon  this  deposit  occurred  and  interfered 
with  his  operations ;  and  he  describes  tliis  in  a  paper 

12161  7879  ';,“fP"Wished  in  England  some  years  before 

12161  18,9.  But  Despretz  did  not  utilize  this  product  in 

had  nothing  to  do 
derived  that  Cheesbroiigh 

derived  his  knowledge  of  the  mode  of  producing 
this  material  from  Despretz’s  paper,  his  invention 
consists  in  applying  it  for  the  purpose  of  making 
uniform  the  light-giving  power  of  a  piece  of  carbon 
when  heated  by  the  electric  current ;  and  the  beauty 
an1n?nerfecl  "“"sists  in  thus  enabling 

hy  asort  of  automatic  opera- 

12162  tion  to  improve  and. perfect  itself.  I  have  no 
doubt  that  this  is  a  good  subject  for  a  patent  I 
had  more  hesitation  upon  the  claim  for  fhe  mate- 

out  that  IS  not  the  whole  of  the  claim.  It  is  for 
a  material  for  the  manufacture  of  the  illumina 

material  rnT'lming  U°fL^oth 
claim  is  really  for  the  use  of  t^e  Sr^for  S 


Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 


Another  objection— that  pencils  cut  from  thelime 
cylinder  coated  with  carbon  would  not  make  effec¬ 
tive  carbons-seems  to  me  to  arise  from  a  miscon¬ 
struction  of  the  specification.  It  is  not  the  lime 
cylinder,  but  the  deposit  of  carbon  which  i=  f  be 
made  into  burners.  The  defendants  have  used  this 
process  of  Cheesbrongli’s,  but  tiiey  say  for  a  differ¬ 
ent  purpose.  Their  object  is  to  bring  all  their  car¬ 
bons  to  one  standard  of  illuminating  power,  an  12164 
operaHon  for  which  they  have  invented  a  somewhat 
cacophonous  word-"  standardising.”  But  Seldoli 
one  of  their  principal  witnesses,  admitted  that  the 
process  would  cure  any  inequalities  of  light-giving 
surface  in  the  particular  carbon  so  treated.  These 
occur^*’  celluous  carbon  threads  seldom 

However  I  cannot  resist  the  conclusion  that 
the  defendants,  by  this  use  of  a  process  for 
carbons  of  incandescent  lamps,  are  infringing  12165 
Cheesbrough’s  patent.  The  plaintiffs’  reply  in  this  ® 
case  was,  unfortunately,  interrupted.  TheAttoriiey- 
Genertil  asked  leave,  if  the  Court  wanted  more  -is 
sistance  on  any  point,  to  add  somewhat  to  the  rer.lv 
I  have  not  thought  it  right  to  trouble  him  further.' 

Every  point  has  been  put  again  and  agtiin  to  the 
scientific  witnesses.  Twenty-one  of  the  working 
days  of  the  Court  liave  been  occupied  bv  this  case 
1  have  not  arrived  at  the  conclusion  I  have  inti- 
mated  without  thought  and  care,  and  I  do  not  12166 
think  that  further  argument  would  be  a  useful  ex¬ 
penditure  of  public  time.  I  must  therefore  decline 
to  trouble  counsel  any  more  in  the  case.  I  have 
been  provided  with  a  copy  of  the  print  of  the  short, 
hand  notes.  They  contain,  as  is.  perhaps,  inevit- 
aoie  in  such  a  case,  a  considerable  number  of  verbal 
inaccuracies,  some  of  which  completely  distort  the 
meaning  of  what  was  said. 

The  action,  as  far  as  it  relates  to  Edison’s  patent. 


fi040  Decision  of  Justice  Kay. 

12167  of  1879.  must  be  dismissed  witli  costs.  There  must 
be  an  injunction  to  prevent  any  further  infringe¬ 
ment  of  Cheesbrough’s  patent,  and  the  defendants 
must  pay  tlie  costs  of  tlie  action  so  far  as  it  relates 

» . Tl,.  ,0...  i„  .a.:, It"" 

bii.  HouACEDAVKY:  It  is  not  necessary  to  ask 
yonr  Lordship  under  the  act  to  certify  that  our  ob 
jections  were  reasonable  to  propose. 

thev  ^  remember  them 

tiiey  were  all  reasonable. 

..s  r.t:, 

importance  and  difflciilty.”  sulticient 

JIr.  Justice  Kay:  Yes 

to  the  Cheesbro^ffh  '  "'*1  certificate  as 

101-n  “7  Pnlent  that  the  validity  came 

Ml!.  BliEMNEli;  fJo  I  thinlf  r..,f 

iEr»'--SS 

■■  “I-....  o, 


fact,  uLieh  is  separate  ami  your  Lord.ship\lcal t  with 
separately  iu  your  judgmeut. 

Sm  Hoiuce  Davey  :  Are  there  any  extra  costs  for 
friiigemeiit  ?  '  " 

Mil.  Asto.n  ;  Oh,  yes  ;  wo  wore  ol.lhr,,,!  i „  11  •, 

uiionit.  ■"°"“‘c«bligedtoc.a11witnesso 

^  Mn.  Justice  ICav  :  Yon  did  not  give  a  fmctiou  of  ev, 
den^^aboutuifriugement.  It  was  all  admitted  by  JL 

Mn.  Aston:  We  were  obliged  to  bo  ready  at  al 
events.  Theu  there  is  that  other  issue  with  reg’ard  t! 

W  Lnr  of  Swan’s  lamps 

lour  Lordship  was  with  us  upon  that.  ' 

uiaWn^dl?  ‘Wukitisveryinconvenientt. 

inake  ap.  distinction  in  a  case  where  it  seems  to  mo  th< 

t. 

Mil.  .i^TON  said  it  was  done  in  the  Badische  Auilin 
S“to  clo  *“  be  a  proper 

Mil.  Justice  Kay  :  I  do  not  think  it  right  to  do  so.  I 
-hink  you  ought  to  pay  the  costs  of  the  action. 


5042  Decision  of  Royal  Kammcrgcricht. 

12165  Defendant’s  Exhibit  Decision  of  the 
Royal  Eanunergerioht. 

[On  Appeal  in  the  suit  of  Edison  vs.  Nnglo  Bros.] 


Bcglaubigte  AbscJirift. 

(Original  olinc  Slcmpel.) 


35m  Qjlcmcn  i)eo  J^konigs! 


»ni  AJIiilisOO. 

oSiSai.,. 

1)  fabrikant  E.mil  Naolo, 

’"'•I'Hel.v  Naoix), 

L^anls  Eechtsunwalt 

jetzt  Borufmissklii'geit''"''"  ^ 


vortrcten  im  Prosess  K I  “  N°‘'^-Amerikn, 

Wilke  s„  Berlin.  Klliger  jef.f  Be^l^^'lliatf 


Decision  of  Rayed  KmnmcryevicU.  5043 
Ernst  Bathexau  uud  Felix-  Delisph  v  i  •  . 

venientin  im  Prozess  vertreten  do, T’ «  ,  ®'’'  ^^^.9 

Alexander  Katz  in  Berlin  «®el‘tsanw.alt 

erkennt  der  seclisto  Cirilsenat  des  Koni-liclien 

Srr"'-  “  “‘•■“"■s  S*: 

2)  des  Kaiumergeriehtsmtbs  Kevssner 
5  des  Kammeigeriehtsraths  Hon.  maxn,  IO170 

4  desK,  ne„er  It  tl  Dn.  Mencke 
0)  des  Landgerielitsratbs  Dn.  MiiLLEii,  ’ 
fiir  Eeclit : 

^'Berfi.y'  p-if“  Laudgerichts  I.  zu 

Ber  m,  Civilkammerll.,  vom  9.  Miirz  1885  wird 
dabm  nbgeiindert :  niia 


auf,  die  Berufnng  der  Beklagten 

Kliigerin  wM  mit  dem  Antrage,  die  Bekla^te 
vorurtbeilen  den  Betrieb  dor  von  ihneu  vor 
der  mageznstellung  in  Benutzung  genommenen 
naeh  dem  dem  Joseph  IVilson  Swan  ertheilten 
DeuUeheu  Be^ehspatente  Ko.  13071  hergestellten 
elekhTsebeu  Gliihlnmpen  einznstellen  und  sioh 
fernerhm  des  Gebrauohes,  des  Inverkehmbringens 
halten**  Gliihlampen  zu  ent- 


abgewieseu. 


12172 


II.  Die  Berufnng 


Klagers  wird  zurUckge- 


III.  Die  Kosten  des  Verfahrens  triigt  der  Kliiger 
VON  EECHTS  WEGENl 


[NOT  FILMED:  PAGES  5044-5054] 


Defendant’s  Exhibit  “  Decision  of  the  12217 
Royal  Kanunergrericht,”  on  Appeal, 


In  Suit  of 

Edison  vs.  Ifag-lo  Brothers. 


CKKTIFIED  COPY. 


12218 


(Original  without  stamp.) 

(Stamp)  tr.  720.85.  VI. 

Announced  May  5,  1800. 

Signed :  Papke, 

Clerk  of  the  Court. 

12219 

IN  THE  NAME  OF  THE  KING ! 

In  the  suit  of  the  Mercantile  Firm  of  Naglo 
BitoTiiKRs  and  the  owners  thereof, 

1,  Emil  Naglo,  manufacturer, 

2.  Wilhelm  Kaglo,  manufacturer, 

of  Berlin,  represented  in  the  case  by  attorney  Laz¬ 
arus  and  attorney  Laud  of  Berlin,  now  appeal- 
plaintiffs,  12220 


1.  Thomas  Alva  Edison,  Engineer,  of  Menlo  Park, 
New  Jersey,  United  States  of  North  America,  rep¬ 
resented  in  the  case  by  attorney,  counsellor-of- 
justice  Wilke,  of  Berlin,  plaintiff,  now  appeal- 
defendant; 

2.  The  General  Electric  Company  of  Berlin  (Die 
Allgemeine  Electricitiitsgesellshaft  zu  Berlin),  rep- 


5056  Decision  of  Royal  Kammergerichl—on 
12221  Appeal. 

resented  by  members  of  the  directory,  Engineer 
Ernst  Rathenan  and  Felix  Dentscli,  intervenor  in 
the  cause,  represented  by  attorney  Alexander  Katz 
of  Berlin; 

The  Sixth  Civil-Senate  of  the  Royal  Chamber 
Oourt  of  Berlin  (Konigliche  Kamniergericht)  com- 
posed  of  the  following  judges : 

19999  Chief  Counsellor  of  Justice  Gottschew- 

ski,  presiding; 

2.  Counsellor  of  the  Chamber  Court  (Kammer- 
gericht),  Keyssner; 

3.  Counsellor  of  the  Chamber  Court  (  “  l 

Honemann; 

4.  Counsellor  of  the  Chamber  Court  (  “  i 

Dr.  Mencke;  " 

12223  5.  Conngloj  of  the  District  Court  (Landgerichtj, 

renders  judgment : 

li/r^Zln.  f  ““  the  plain. 

n-TUe  appeal  of  tlu plaintiff  is  dismissed. 

i^f-~^J^eplaintiff^bearsihecoslsoflhepr^^^^^ 


Decision  of  Royal  Kammergericlii — on  5057 
Appeal. 

IN  THE  COURSE  OP  LAW  1 
STATEMENT  OP  PACTS.* 

There  has  been  read  in  the  present  proceeding  by 
the  defendants  the  motion  of  the  22nd  of  April 
1885,  (Vol.  I.,  p.  191)  and  of  the  27th  of  January] 

1886  (Vol.  I.,  p.  254);  bj’’  the  plaintiff  the  motions 
of  the  7th  of  May,  1885,  (Vol.  I.,  p.  106)  and  of  the 
4th  of  March,  1880,  (Vol.  I.,  p.  280). 

The  General  Electric  Company  of  Berlin  has  ap-  i222« 
peared  as  intervenor  and  been  admitted. 

The  judgment  of  the  lower  court  has  been  read. 

It  is  referred  to.  Piirthermore,  there  have  been  read 
the  text  of  the  Edison  patent  12,174  (Vol.  I.,  p.  11), 
the  order  for  taking  evidence  of  May  17,  1886  (Vol. 

1.,  p.  343),  the  opinion  of  Prof.  Paalzow  (Vol.  II., 
p.  3).  the  opinion  of  Prof.  Slaby,  (Records,  U.  005. 

86,  VI.,  Vol.  II.,  p.  27),  the  proceedings  of  October 
28.  1887  (Vol.  I.,  p.  479),  the  opinion  of  Prof.  Paal¬ 
zow  of  June  29,  1888  (Records  U.  905,  86.  VI.,  Vol.  12927 

11.,  p.  107),  the  order  for  taking  evidence  of  Febru¬ 
ary  2,  1888  (Vol.  II.,  p.  47),  the  proceedings  of 
March  0  and  March  16,  1888,  (Vol.  II.,  ji.  52,  .54), 
the  decree  of  March  11,  1889,  the  opinion  of  Prof. 
Kohlransch,  (Vol.  II.,  p.  84  &  f), 

The  defendants,  on  the  basis  of  the  opinions,  ar¬ 
gued  for  the  dismissal  of  the  plaintiff. 

Plaintiff  argued  in  support  of  the  views  which 
are  laid  down  in  the  paper  of  May  5,  1890,  which  is 
referred  to.  He  asserts  that  by  patent  12,174  there  12228 
has  been  patented  a  lamp  with  carbon  fiber,  without 
regard  to  the  material  of  which  it  is  made.  Further- 

mented*mi?^ll  Statement  of  Facts  of  the  judgment  is  supple- 

“  Theattorney  of  the  plaintiff  and  the  int^enors  have  read  the 


12229 


6058  Derision  of  Royal  Kammergericld — on 
Appeal. 

more,  the  plaintiff  reads  the  opinion  of  tlie  Patent 
Office  of  December  30,  1880  (U.  906.80.  VI.,  Vol.  I., 
p.  09)  and  of  February  8,  1888,  {ibid.  Vol.  II.  ,  p] 
95);  also,  the  decision  of  the  Patent  Office  of  Feb¬ 
ruary  24,  1884,  which  established  an  executory  de¬ 
cision  between  the  parties.  Plaintiff  refers  to  the 
decision  of  the  Reiohsgericb  t  (Court  of  the  Empire) 
first  Civil-Senate,  of  January  13,  1886,  (Reports,' 
1-ino^  •■‘nd/')  and  offers  to  prove  by  the  tes- 

12230  timony  of  railway  director  Willert  and  engineer 
Seibt  that  the  Edison  lamps  made  under  patent 
1^,174  were  in  use  m  the  Edison  factory  and  in  a 
district  of  the  City  of  x\ew  York  before  January  1, 
1880.  Eventually  the  oath  is  tendered  to  the  de¬ 
fendants  concerning  this  fact.  Thus  he  asserts 
praotitatl  availability  for  the  trade  to  be  established 

Ihe  defendants  make  denial 
mo&ns'"’  “t  length  for  their 

12231 

GROUNDS  OP  THE  DECISION, 
the  2nd  of  February,  1888,  (Vol.  II.,  p.47)  and  the 
granted  thaVoli'Sntt.lindL-’pa^^^ 

12232  nn£S;  « 

Tlif  G?mmf  V°'- 1-  P.  11. 

Ihe  Gimmingham  patent  19.861  is  to  be  found  in 
the  present  records,  p.  21.  “  ^  “ 

tio?onlVw''f“‘®'J‘ ll>e  applica- 

cantforaSt'lSmVaVllSr'"^"*  “PP”' 

be  defined  with  precisiorinM  “"'e'R'on  must 

expression  wh^h  Ts  nork  ow^t  "h 

not  Known  to  the  patent  law — 


12237 


5060  Decision  of  Royal  Kammergericht—on 
Appeal. 

(p.  225.)  The  uncertainty  of  expression  was  not 
accidental ;  in  the  uncertainty  a  protection  for  the 
future  was  to  be  provided  ;  tile  possibility  was  to 
be  opened  of  covering  under  the  granted  patent 
inventions  which  had  not  yet  been  made  at  alJ, 
(1  ol.  II.,  p.  226).  If  snch  an  attempt  be  made,  the 
patent  cannot  be  extended  beyond  its  clearly  dis- 


oucu  an  extension  wc 
imu  "Slits  of  later  inventors.  The 

12:..I8  vagueness  of  e.xpression  cannot  inure  to  the  advan¬ 
tage  of  the  owner  of  the  patent. 


Question  has  been  made,  whetlier  the  patent 
12  174  has  been  of  any  commercial  availability  at 
nil.  Frof.  kohlratisch  evidently  treats  this  ques¬ 
tion  with  cautious  reserve,  because  it  was  hard  to 
get  a  clear  view  of  the  times  and  places.  Plaiutill 
has  offered  proofs  on  this  point.  This  disputed 
quL„tion  wa.  not  to  be  further  discussed  ;  it  cannot 

,  ^cussed  in  the  present  litigation  whether  the 

hdison  patent  ought  to  have  been  not  granted  at 
all,  or  at  least  not  in  that  form  ;  but  the  patent  is 
to  be  considered  as  existing  in  accordance  with  law, 

of  tl  I  domaiu 

SfelLnt 


The  question  whether  the  description  of  the 
patent  really  answers  the  requirements  of  Sec.  20, 
J2240  ‘‘ that "f  the  law: 
exn  rt  a  *  ^ ‘'"other 

the' ;  termri’^i 

the  questioned  by 

he  iven  i  “  that  a  delinitiou  of 

?e  c  ntirf^^^  basis  of  the 

wTstoir;...  r  1  “  "-betherthe  patent 

Patent  Office  akJf  ^e  decided  by  the 

wh^e^hir  rJ'  bas  to  be  decided 

Whether  the  protected  territorv  of  a  nateritee  has 
beeninvadedbyalater  inventor.  i^uTry  must  be 


Decision  of  Royal  Kammcrgericht—on  5061 
Appeal. 

made,  ooncerning  the  alleged  infringement,  whether 

the  description  in  the  patent  is  such  that  thereby 

such  information  was  given  to  the  reading  expert 
that  in  making  the  object  intended  by  the  patentee 
he  had  only  to  follow  his  instructions,  or  whether 
his  own  independent  new-creating  activitv  was 
necessary  to  attain  the  end. 

Although,  as  we  have  already  mentioned.  Prof. 
Kohlrausch  treats  this  question  with  reserve.  Prof. 
Paalzow  gives  his  opinion  on  this  point  wi’th.full  12242 
precision  and  certainty,  with  statement  of  reliable 
”>■ 

Prof.  Kohlrausch  declares  (Vol.  II.,  p.  237)  the 
words  “  properly  carbonized  ”  not  to  answer  the  re¬ 
quirement  of  Sec.  20,  paragraph  1.  This  question 
has  already  been  the  subject  of  discussion  in  the 
session  of  the  28th  of  October,  1887,  set  for  hearing 
of  witnesses,  (Vol.  II.,  p.  n).  The  attempt  of  Prof, 
biaby  to  give  a  definite  meaning  to  the  words  “prop-  12243 
erly  carbonized,”  although  already  discredited  by 
rrof.  Paalzow,  has  now  been  entirely  disposed  of 
by  the  further  opinion  of  Prof.  Kohlrausch.  The 
"1  the  proceedings  of 
the  28th  of  October,  1888,  (Vol.  II.,  p.  13),  that  bv 
the  use  of  the  Sawyer-Man  patent  a  very  slender  in. 
candescent  filament  could  be  manufactured,  has 
been  misunderstood  by  the  plaintiff.  If  Edison 
had  made  use  of  the  patent  description  of  the 
^  awyer-Mun  jiatent,  he  would,  according  to  Paul-  12244 
!!ow  s  meaning,  have  secured  an  incandescent  fila¬ 
ment.  This  utterance,  which  needed  to  be  further 
explained  by  the  expert,  is  of  no  importance  for 
the  present  question,  which  is  settled  by  these  words 
Of  Prof.  Kohlrausch  : 


^  Question  4 :  “By  the  words  'properly  car- 
Ionized'  is  there  given  snch  a  description 
^‘as  is  required  by  Sec.  20,  par.  1,  of  the 
‘  patent  law”;  I  answer,  referring  to  the  ex¬ 
planations  given  on  pp.  46-49,  with— No. 


606-3  Decision  of  Royal  KammergericJit—on 

12246 

By  this  tlie  expert  lias  in  nowise  answered  a  ques¬ 
tion  of  law,  nor  interpreted  the  law,  but  in  fact  only 
as  an  expert  expresses  tlie  opinion  that  a  carboniza¬ 
tion  such  as  is  required  for  conveying  electricity 
through  a  carbon  filament,  cannot  be  produced  by 
the  words  of  the  patent.  The  reasoning  of  the 
expert  is  convincing  to  the  Court. 

As  it  is  thus  established  that  the  thing  for  which 
Edison  claimed  a  patent  cannot  be  manufactured  on 
12246  the  basis  of  the  patent  description  12,174.  and  as 
only  the  thing  described  in  the  patent  is  patented, 
it  follows  that  ihe  one  who  after  the  granting  of  the 
patent  has  manufactured  something  that  may  he 
within  the  reach  of  the  literal  statement  of  the  ob¬ 


ject  expressed  in  the  patent,  cannot  have  violated 
the  patent,  but  has  worked  by  an  independent  pro¬ 
cess.  Now  if  it  is  proved  that  the  Swan  United 
Electric  Light  Company  manufactures  salable  in- 
^“"'iBScent  lamps,  this  cannot  be  done  in  violation 
12247  of  a  process  not  described  in  patent  12,174.  If 
plaintiff  desires  to  exercise  a  veto  on  Ihe  basis  of 
the  patent,  the  burden  lies  upon  him  of  proving 
that  there  has  been  an  invasion  of  the  territory  cir¬ 
cumscribed  by  the  patent.  This  evidence  is 
wanting,  and  therefore  there  follows  as  of 
course  the  reversal  of  the  decision  of  the  first 
instance. 


1994R  '■•'‘nd,  the  plaintiff  refers  to  the 

12248  dechsion  of  the  Patent  Office  of  .lanuary  24,  1884, 
by  which  the  suit  of  the  Swan  Company  for  the 
annulment  of  patent  12,174  was  dismissed,  it  is  not 
een  how  therefrom  it  should  follow  that  a  manu¬ 
facture  in  accordance  .with  patent  13,071  is  an  in¬ 
fringement  upon  the  patent  of  plaintiff.  The  exis- 
tence  and  the  legal  validity  of  patent  12,174  are,  as 

n  <=  Upon  this  point, 

P-ifPTifnffi  it  is  not  the  province  of  fclie 

Patent  Office  and  the  Relchsgericht  (Court  of  the 


Decision  of  Royal  KammergericlU — on  6063 
Appeal. 

„  .  ,  .  12249 

Empire)  as  final  instance  to  make  decision,  but  of 
the  ordinary  courts. 

In  deciding  these  questions  it  does  not  matter 
what  the  iiatentee  Edison  may  havedesired  to  have 
patented,  but  only  what  is  patented  according  to 
the  words  and  the  contents  of  patent  12,174. 

Plaintiff  has  sought  to  establish  that  there  has 
been  patented  to  him  generallj'. 

An  electric  lamp  which  gives  light  Iiy  in¬ 
candescence,  and  which  consists  in  substance  12260 
of  carbon  fibre  of  high  resistance. 

He  refers  to  the  decision  of  the  Reichsgericht,  1 
Civil-Senate,  of  June  18,  1885  (Decisions,  Yol. 

XIV.,  p.  70),  and  assumes  that  it  is  the  article  of 
maniifaotiire  which  is  patented  to  him.  What  the 
Reichsgericht  {Ibid.  p.  78)  says  in  regard  to  a  pat¬ 
ented  article  of  manufacture,  is  in  harmony  with 
Sec.  4  of  the  patent  law,  and  is  beyond  doubt.  Mis¬ 
take  of  the  plaintiff  is  that  he  claims  for  himself  as  12251 
patent  domain,  the  whole  domain  of  incandescent 
lamps. 

The  lighting  and  illuminating  power  of  the  elec¬ 
tric  current  conducted  in  a  certain  way,  was  known 
long  ago  ;  also  the  laws  of  Joule  and  Ohm  (see 
Paaizow,  Vol.  II.,  p.  07) ;  electric  lamps  hud  been 
manufactured  long  before  Edison  (Paaizow,  Vol. 
n.,  p.  .66) ;  also  carbon,  or,  generall.,-,  illuminating 
bodies  of  high  resistance,  were  long  known  as  ser¬ 
viceable  (Kohlrausoh,  Vol.  II.,  p.  210)  ;  thus  by  no  12253 
means  is  it  an  incandescent  lamp  ns  an  article  of 
manufacture  that  has  been  patented,  but  the  mode 
of  making  an  incandescent  lamp,  w'hereby  it  is  not 
excluded  that  thereby  the  patenting  of  a  manufac¬ 
tured  article  is  included. 

Reference  may  here  be  made  to  the  decision  of 
the  Patent  Office  of  January  24,  1884,  in  which  a 
number  of  older  incandescent  lamps  are  mentioned, 
and  in  which  it  is  correctly  said  : 

“The  contested  patent  12,174  protects  a 


5004  Decision  of  Royal  Kammergericht — on 
12263  Appeal. 

*•  cei  tain  kind  of  electric  incandescent  lamns 
whose  chief  pecniiarity  consists  in  the  use 
of  carbon  fiber  of  high  resistance,  for  the 
purpose  of  producing  light.” 

Only  a  certain  species  of  electric  incandescent 
amps  was  protected,  not  the  genus  of  incandescent 
lamps.  In  opposition  to  this,  there  was  the  i>re- 
ten.ion  that  a  patent  already  protects  things  to  lie 
12204  Oie  fiittire. 

nieilt'of''tl''*''  ‘'r  Hie  establish¬ 

ment  of  the  vacntim,  the  use  of  tiie  platinum  wires 
lire  not  contetided  for  liy  defendant  ^plaintiff)  as 
beiiacoi  It  el  p,  ,  „  ,]  I  e"^  does 

contcidf  ithec.rl  n  hi  ei  f  hij!  reist.nce  for 
file  piirposeof  hglit-givitig.  Tlie  end  to  be  obtained 
was  established  liy  the  laws  of  .Totile  atid  Ohtn  : 

“  I'rol'lem  which  was  to  be  solved 

12256  i<  known”  [•  'iT-''  '■«imtance,  was 
known  (See Kohlraiiscli,  Vol.  II.,  p.  215) 

“P'"'  Hie  word 

Upon  reouest  Pr,jf.  Piialzow, 

explaitied  the  usrof'this  umnUn 
12256  Prof.  Kohlranseh  sta  d  “n  Z ‘'f  I"'-”' 

with  him.  The  word  agreement 

minedmirno.  in  ’  I>«Hmps  of  nndeter- 

liRht-givingbody.”"®®''  "’“""‘"S  for  the 

‘"'“'“‘""''"■‘’'''  I’MW.tTol.  IL.  p.  B62, 


Decision  of  Royal  Kammergericht— on  6065 
Appeal. 

if.)  explains  to  the  Cotirt  in  a  convincing  manner 
why  Edison  was  prompted  to  make  mention  here  of 
these  his  experiments.  Prof.  Kol.lranscli  explains 
this  in  another  way  (Vol.  II.,  p.  226)  and  conies  to 
the  same  conclusion. 

It  is  already  recognized  in  the  decision  of  the 
Patent  Office  of  January  24,  1884,  that  by  the  term 

Kohlenfaser”  (fiber  of  carbonl  in  patent  12  174 
there  is  understood  not  absolutely  every  carbon  of 
vegetable  origin,  but  only  Hie  peculiarly  made  and  12258 
shaped  carbon  filament  ? 

Prof.  Kohlranseh,  in  accordance  therewith  con¬ 
cludes  to  answer  the  question : 

“  B3’  patent  12,174  is  the  production  of 
“  carbon  filaments  generally  and  altogether 
‘‘  patented  in  such  way  that  every  prodiic- 
“  tion  of  carbon  filaments  without  the  per- 
“  mission  of  the  patentee  of  12,174,  is  an  in- 
“  fringement  upon  the  patent ;”  12259 

in  the  negative  (Vol.  n.,  p.  234).  Reference  is 
here  made  to  his  reasoning  on  this  point,  which  has 
appeared  lo  the  Court  to  be  convincing;  and  the 
same  is  to  be  considered  as  a  part  of  this  decision. 

As  a  consequence  it  already  follows  that  the 
plaintiff  has  not  by  virtue  of  patent  12,174  the  right 
of  opposition  against  every  incandescent  lamp  man¬ 
ufactured,  etc.,  elsewhere,  nor  against  every  car¬ 
bon  filament  manufactiired  or  used  elsewhere. 


Next  Prof.  Kohlranseh  proceeds,  in  his  opinion, 
o  tne  settlement  of  the  question : 

“  In  Swan’s  improvement  in  the  niannfac- 
^re  of  carbon  loops  for  electric  lamps, 
i^rmaii  Imperial  patent  13,071,  is  there 
effected  by  the  thread  of  cotton  varn  treated 
by  means  of  parchmentization,  such  an  inno¬ 
vation  that  thereby  all  violation  of  the  patent 


5006  Decision  of  lioyal  KammergericTiU-on 

12261  Appeal. 

right  secured  by  tlie  Edison  patent  12,174 
(patent  claim — )  is  excluded  1  ” 

The  expert  has  answered  this  question  in  the  af- 
firmative. 

The  Court  adopts  the  reasoning  of  the  opinion  as 
1  s  own,  as  the  same  has  been  convincing  to  it. 

The  same  holds  good  for  the  answer  to  the  nues- 
tion  proposed  at  the  end  of  the  order  of  July  2 

12262  expert  correctly  states  as  follows 

M.r  filament  with 

the  platinum  wire  after  carbonization  (such 

patent  No  ’io^r"^^  Imperial 

h,<r  as  compared  with  a  weld- 

2  174  Patent 

14, 174,  cl.iim  8),  something  so  new  that  hv 

ert?n"ienIrn/‘'‘  “'e  EdisouVat- 

excludfd  nnR’  ®spe?'all.v  of  claim  i  is 
able  iVl?;  an  altogether  new  and  patent- 
able  light-giving  body  is  produced  ?” 

tivT.'^  answered  this  question  in  the  aflirma- 
pliiS-a?^  aainplaint  of  the 

withSe“l7n?i^°^P°f®  accordance 

Signed,  GomciiKwsKi,  Kkv.ssnkii,  Honkmanx, 
Menoke,  Mueleii. 

12234  fE  s  1 

U.  729.  85  (Signed)  Ru.,n,.;r.-, 

_ ;  Clerk  of  the  Court,  VI 

VI.  4)23  Civil-Scnate  of  the 

Royal  Kammerger- 

Berlin  the  6th  of  November,  1890. 

[E  s  1  (Signed)  Otto  Hentig. 

Attorney  at-law  and  Notary 
m  the  District  of  the  Royal 
Prussian  Kammergericht. 


5067 


Defendant’s  Uxbibit  Report  of  Pro-  12266 
fessor  Kolilz*a«usche 


I.  In  the  suit  U.  729/85  of  Thomas  Alva  Edison, 
of  Menlo  Park,  N.  J., 


The  Mercantile  Firm  of  Na( 


II.  In  the  suit  U.  90.5/86  of  the  “Swan  United  Elec¬ 
tric  Light  Company,  Limited,”  of  London, 


The  Joint  Stock  Company,  “The  German  Edison 
Company  for  Applied  Electricity.” 

in.  In  the  suit  U.  773/85  of  the  “Edison  Electric  ^ 
Light  Company,  Limited  of  New  York,” 


By  decree  of  the  Royal  Chamber  Court  of  Ber¬ 
lin,  of  the  11th  of  March,  1889,  the  following  six 
questions  have  been  presented  alike  in  the  three 
cases : 

(1.)  At  the  date  of  the  Edison  German- 
Empire  patent  No.  12,174,  was  the  use  of  a 
carbon  thread  (Kohlenfaden)  in  every  form, 
novel  ? 

(2.)  By  patent  No.  12,174,  isthe  production 
of  carbon  filaments  (Kohlenfaden),  patented 
broadly  and  generally  in  such  way  that  every 


production  of  carbon  filaments  without  the 
permission  of  the  owner  of  patent  No.  12  174 
is  a  violation  of  the  patent  ?  ’ 

(3.)  In  patent  No.  12,174,  is  tlie  manufac- 
tnre  of  a  carbon  lilanient  (Kohlenfaden)  des- 
cabed  msuch  manner  that  thereafiera  car- 
bon  filament  for  an  electric  lamp  of  commer- 
cial  availability  can  be  inannfactureii  by  an 
expert  without  the  aid  of  other  patents,  espe- 
!70  cially  of  patents  and  inventions  of  a  date 
later  than  the  27th  of  November,  18792 

(4.)  By  the  words  “properly  carbonized,” 
IS  there  given  snch  tt  description  ns  is  reqttir. 
ed  by  §  20,  Art.  1,  of  the  patent  law? 

(fi.)  In  Swan’s  improvement  in  the  mannfao- 
tnreof  carbon  looj.s  for  electric  lamps,  Gern.an 
Imperial  Patent,  No.  13,071,  is  there  effected 
,,  by  tlie  use  of  a  thread  of  cotton  yarn  prepared 
by  means  of  parchinentization,  snchan  inno- 
vattoti  thiit  therelty  every  viohition  of  tlie 

ilo.  I.,i74  (patent  claim  No.  I)  is  e.xclnded  2 
•'•‘‘^boti  filament 

Ge^n  T  i*®, '>y  the  Gimmingham 
Get,.. an  Iinperiiil  Patent.  No.  19,851  as  corn¬ 
's  fEdifnr“'‘f  “  ‘-•ai'bonization 

Mison  patent.  No.  12,174,  claim  3),  sotne- 

ed-d  v  ^  generally,  and  es- 

peotally  of  claim  No.  3,  is  excluded  and  an 


5070  Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlrauscli. 

ia277  presses  only  poorly  tlie  nature  of  tlie  light-giving 
bodies  of  electric  lamps.  By  a  “  faden  ”  (thread) 
one  understands,  according  to  the  common  usage 
of  the  language,  a  body  wnich  is  thin  in  proportion 
to  Its  length,  and  which  especially  endures  twist¬ 
ings  and  bendings  to  any  e.xtent  desired,  without 
learina.  ^^Uaen.  {thread)  does  not  break., or  split 
but  tears.-  It  is  not  rigid  nor  inflexible  in  the  least 
degree,  but  fle.xible,  capable  of  being  twisted  at 
pleasuie  without  being  damaged.  Its  strength,  if 
12278  It  possesses  any  stiength  ,it  all,  shows  itself  only  in 
the  direction  of  the  length. 

All  these  essential  qualities  of  the  “faden” 

(  hread)  «« the  term  is  conmonly  understood,  the 
carbon  thread  of  the  incandescent  lamps  does  not 
possess,  and  formerly  it  had  them  still  less  than 
of  the  incandescent 
lamps-and  this  is  shown  very  distinctly  by  the 

100-0  '■‘’"P-’^°5-.’-2and3  of  the  collection  of  lamps 

12-/9  accompanying  the  records-was  at  first  absolutely 

mr,l  “r'r  ''’®  ehisticilv  of 

hard  shellac.  If  you  knock  with  your  linger  gently  ■ 

agains  these  lamps,  holding  them  in  vour  hand, 

the  hght-giving  body  does  not  tremble  nor  vibrate 

lamDf°br  I  >>o5ies  of  the  older 

amps  broke  easily  in  transport,  where  they  were 
exposed  to  violent  shocks.  Later  on  it  was  llirned 

the  Iight-giving  bodies  of  Swan  (G  I  P  No  14  071 
12280  of  the  29th  of  June  a8S0)-how  to  manufStnr; 
Xa  ”s'‘t-giving  Lies, 

naLr  '  tbe  strength  of  the  last 


records  by® im«il“laSSovith°™l‘!i®  '“1"'®  accompanying  the 

£mb“‘of  the  ^“foden  ”  wah®t’h“e'’nlar ‘®'’  ''''‘“‘^Patent  o?how  the 

thescstatementeldonori'aISfa&utlS 


Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlransch. 


5071 


The  expiession  “  Kohlenbuzel  ”  (carbon  loop)  12281 
which  for  instance  Edison  uses  in  G.  I.  P.  No' 

23,129,  or  “  Kohlendraht  ”  (carbon  wire),  repre¬ 
sents  pretty  well  the  nature  of  the  light-giving  body. 

The  expression  “Kohlenfaden  ”  (caibon  thread) 
may  partly  have  had  its  origin  in  the  fact  th  at  both 
Edison  and  Swan  made  their  light-giving  bodies  at 
first  from  real  threads,  namely  from  threads 
formed  from  the  kiieadable  soft  paste  of  lampblack 
and  tar,  or  from  parclimenti/.ed  cotton  threads. 

But  by  the  carbonization  they  lose  the  essential  12282 
qualities  of  a  thread  and  become  similar  to  wires. 

The  diameter  of  an  elongated  body  is,  in  many 
respects,  no  certain  criterion  of  its  beitig  a  thread  or 

The  transitioti  from  a  thread  to  a  stronger  body, 
say  a  rope,  is,  it  is  true,  judged  pretty  much  alike 
by  different  persons.  Different  persons,  before 
whom  I  laid  the  objects,  called  them  “fadeti” 
(thread)  from  the  finest  silk-cocoon  to  a  string  or 
wool  thread  of  a  diameter  of  from  2  to  3  milli-  12283 
metres.  Prom  4  millimetres  upwards  they  all  said 
rope  or  string.  Short  metallic  bodies,  some  centi¬ 
meters  long,  they  called  to/Vc.?,  nj)  to  a  ditimeter  of 
from  2  to  3  millimetres,  and  beyond  that  rods, 
small  rods,  pieces  atid  the  like. 

Thus,  according  to  the  common  usage  of  the 
langu.age,  the  upper  litnil  for  the  diameter  of  a 
thread  or  a  short  wire  is  at  from  2  to  3  m/m.  Car¬ 
bon  bodies  are  generally  spoken  of  in  the  same 
terms  as  long  as  the  layman  does  not  know  the  12284 
material.  But  as  soon  as  he  knows  that  he  has 
cai-bon  before  him  he  does  not  longer  use  the  ex¬ 
pressions  thread  or  wire,  because  ordinarily  they 
are  not  used  at  all  in  speaking  of  carbon.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  the  above,  a  carbon  body  of  a  length  of 
several  centimeters  could  be  called  a  wire  or  (al¬ 
though  less  fittingly)  a  thread,  if  it  has  a  diameter, 
of  2  m/m  or  less. 


5072  Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlrauscli. 

12285  1  d.  rf.— The  specification  of  the  patent  No.  12  174 
in  speaking  of  the  English  word  filament,  calls  the 
light-giving  body  promiscuously  “  Faser  ”  (fibre) 
“Fadeti”  (thread)  and  “Dralit”  (wire),  and  there¬ 
by  contributes  not  a  little  towards  darkening  tlie 
meaning.  On  page  476  and  477  of  the  English  ap¬ 
pendix  to  page  134  of  the  records,  U.  90.5,  86,  vol. 
II.,  the  English  judge,  as  an  explanation  of  the 
word  “filament”  uses  the  words  “very  slender 
199RR  .  Faden),  .and  as  an  English¬ 

man,  whom  we  must  think  to  be  logical  by  virtue 
of  his  position,  he  might  well  be  able  to  define  cor¬ 
rectly  an  English  word  by  other  English  words. 

The  patent  sjiecification  No.  12,mspeaks  of  the 
dimensions  of  the  carbon  thread  or  carbon  wire  in 
the  following  places  : 

Page  1,  column  2,  lines  11  to  13  from  the  top: 

“  Small  pieces  of  this  material  can  be  rolled 
12287  into  wires  (Driihten)  of  a  diameter  of  V;r 

m/m  and  of  a  length  of  over  30  m/m.” 

Page  2,  column  1,  lines  3  and  4  from  the  top  : 
wire  m  length  of  carbon 


Page  2,  column  1,  lines  19  and  20  from  the  top: 

lenX“”'  ““d 

T  accompanying  the  rec¬ 

ord  which  I  have  marked  Nos.  4  and  6  the  light 

STi 

of  .56  m/m  nno  :  carbon-wires  of  a  length 

.  “high  resistance”  has  been  mentioned 

different  places  all  through  the  patent  de- 


Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kolitrausoli.  6073 

scription  of  No.  12,174.  But  this  expression  being  12289 
merely  a  qualitative  one,  cannot  impart  any  definite 
cine  to  what  amount  of  resistance  in  ohms  is 

But  on  page  1,  column  1,  lines  32  to  36,  it  is  men¬ 
tioned  that  the  inventor  observed  a  resistance  of 
from  100  to  600  ohms  in  a  properly  carbonized 
cotton  thread,  and  furthermore  (page  1.  column  1 
lines  38  to  44  from  the  top),  that,  if  this  thread  is 
coiled  into  a  spiral  and  carbonized,  a  resistance  of 
2000  ohms  is  obtained  with  a  radiating  surface  of  12290 
6  m/m,  (should  probably  read  6  square  m/in). 

Although  it  is  not  said  expressly,  it  seems,  never¬ 
theless,  that  Edison  intends  louse  sac/i resistances, 
that  is  of  100  ohms  and  more,  in  the  incandescent 
lamps  of  Patent  No.  12.174. 

The  lamps  No.  4  and  5,  accompanying  the  records, 
have  a  radiating  surface  of  the  light-giving  body  of 
from  20  to  26  square  m/m. 

Nor  is  the  light-giving  body  coiled  up  inio  a 
close  spiral  (cf.,p.35  f.)  in  the  meaning  of  the  claim  12291 
No.  2  of  the  G.  I.  P.  12,174,  hut  the  winding  of  the 
spiral  are  wide  apart  and  therefore  the  spiral  sub- 
slanlially  radiates  light  outwards  from  its  entire 
surface. 

The  resistance  of  the  lamps  No.  4  and  6  amounts, 
measured  cold  : 

Lamp  No.  4  (uncertain  because  of  defects 
in  the  contact)  lo  about  480  ohms ; 

Lamp  No.  6,  to  348  ohms. 

12292 

As  experience  teaches,  the  resistance  during  in¬ 
candescence,  which  is  the  only  one  to  be  considered 
for  incandescent  lamps,  amounts  to  about  half  the 
resistance  measured  cold ;  therefore. 

Lamp  No.  '6,  hot,  about  174  ohms. 

We  have  here  before  ns,  as  it|  seems,  light-giving 
bodies  made  from  lampblack  and  tar,  or  the  like. 


5074  Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlrauscli. 

12293  and  by  no  means  such  made  from  ordinary  unpre¬ 
pared  carbonized  carlion-llireads  or  wood  fibre. 

A  cine  for  determining  the  amount  of  the  resist- 
ances  referred  to  in  tlie  Patent  12,174  is  perliaps  of¬ 
fered  by  that  of  lamp  5,  as  soon  as  it  can  be 
proven  that  the  liglit-giving  bodies  of  this  one  are 
really  made  according  to  &.  I.  p.  No.  12,174  and 
that  tl,e  lamps  Nos.  4  and  .5  can  l)e  practicaliy  iised, 
wliicli  IS  (cf.,  ]).  72)  very  doubt ful.  Tlie  resistances 
loon.  tl'e  carbon- 

12294  ized  cotton  thread,  are  of  no  essential  importance 
because,  as  will  be  shown  on  p.  45,  the  use  of  car¬ 
bonized  cotton  thread  in  an  incandescent  lamp  can¬ 
not  be  patented  at  all  by  Patent  No.  12,174,  in  de- 
lault  of  a  proper  description. 

riie  expression  used  on  p.  1,  column  1,  lines  24  to 
from  the  top,  “  curreiit-oondiictors  of  carbon 
liiiviiigsuch  a  high  resistance  as  to  be  suitable  for 
giving  light  by  incandescence,”  is  without  anv 
issns  since  every  first-class  con'- 

12295  ductor  of  electricity,  and  carbon  la  such,  no  matter 
liow  great  or  small  its  re.sistance  mav  be,  can  be 
rendered  inctuidescent  by  the  electric’ current  and 

p.  1,  column  1,  lines  4  to  0  from  the  top  •  »  Which 

aubdlvisiorof  “'t‘he^  hglit  ”''alti"“ 


Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  KoJUrm^sch. 


6076 


five  or  six  years.  Resistances  of  from  100  to  200  1 
ohms  are  not  considered  absolutely  the  only  ones 
to  offer  the  possibility  of  the  subdivision  of  the  in¬ 
candescent  light.  Incandescent  lamps  of  10,  30,  50 
ohms  (for  instsince,  Bernstein  lamps)  have  been  suc¬ 
cessfully  used  for  the  subdivision  of  the  incandes- 
centlight;  they  are  burned  partly  in  parallel,  partly 
in  a  mixed  arrangement,  being  placed  both  in  series 
and  in  parallel.  Furthermore,  incandescent  lamps 
of  1  and  2  ohms  have  been  made  recentlv  for  a 


Therefore  the  requirement  of  the  possibility  of 
the  subdivision  of  the  light  would  not  offera  posi¬ 
tive  clue  as  to  the  amount  of  the  required 
sistance,  even  if  the  parallel  tirrangement  had 
been  mentioned  in  the  D.  R.  P.  No.  12,174,  and 
so  much  the  less  as  it  is  not  mentioned.  The 
success  heretofore  obtained  in  practice  with  the 
parallel  arrangement  of  incandescent  lamps  of  a  re¬ 
sistance  of  from  200  to  800  ohms  is  not  to  be  con-  12299 
sidered  at  all  in  this  interpretation  of  D.  R.  P.  No. 

12,174.  for  it  was  not  in  existence  at  the  time  of  the 
date  of  the  patent.  The  practical  success  of  a  pat¬ 
ent  cannot  be  considered  tit  all  in  tlie  interpretation 
of  its  text. 


Thus,  as  has  been  explaitied  under  I  d  d,  in  the 
patent  specification.  No.  12, 174,  there  is  no  posithe 
clue  given  as  to  the  amount  of  the  resistance  of  the 
light-giving  bodies  to  be  made,  but  their  diameter  12300 
is  staled,  in  the  patent  description  tole-^umlra 
and  their  fen.iyfASOm/m,  and  the  light-giving  bod¬ 
ies  of  the  lamps  Nos.  4  and  5  accompanying  tile  re¬ 
cords  have  similar  dimensions. 

Furthermore,  according  to  the  common  usage  of 
the  language  (cf.  p.  4  f.),  such  bodies  also  mtide  of 
carbon  which  with  a  length  of  several  centimeters 
have  a  diameter  of  not  more  than  about  2  m/m.  can 


5070  Report  of  Prof .  Dr.  KohlrauseJi. 

12301  1  e.  e.  The  Royal  Chamber  Court  has  asked,  un¬ 
der  1 ,  whetlier  the  use  of  a  carbon  thread  generalhj 

i^itT"' 

Now  in  the  present  case  the  subject  of  the  discus¬ 
sion  IS  the  use  of  a  carbon  thread  (Kolilenfaden) 
for  electric  lighting,  and  especiallv— although  tlie 
words  glow-lamp,  glow-light,  or  incandescent  lamp 
wtiich  were  almost  universally  used  at  the  be.ri,, 

12302  ning  of  the  decade,  are  not  found  at  all,  it  is  sSnge 
to  say,  in  the  whole  patent  No.  12,174._uii- 
doubtedly  the  use  for  incandescent  lighting  in  op¬ 
position  to  arc  lighting.  Considering  the  words  of 
question  No.  1,  1  shall  discuss  the  novelty  of  the 
carbon  thread  (Kolilenfaden)  in  the  art  of  electric- 
ighting  in  general,  and  at  the  end  I  shall  answer 

2  pj".”;  No. Tit"' 

12303  That  at  the  date  of  D.  R.  P.  No.  12,174  carbon 

?«ri  d“'‘,‘ 

oponl.  in  this  country  that  their  use  by  oilier 
has  neither  been  known  to 
Z  T  Z  T  (I  to  this  the  remark 

JlssJfZ  hi  theprog- 

87V  aX'Tr ‘'’•^“h'icity  since  the  fiill  of 
S  List  P  electrotechnics  as 

carZfthrZ  the  invention  of  the 

Hteratu  e  frem’’';'"‘f  papers,  I  go  back  to  the 


Report  of  Prof .  Dr.  Kotitrausch.  0077 

King,  English  Patent,  10,919 . 1845  12305 

Roberts,  “  “  ujgg . ’igSg 

Binlcs,  ■  “  “  1^119 . jgg.^ 

Ladygiiine  [Russia]  (not  accessible  to  me 

in  the  original) . . 

Konn  (Russia),  English  P.ateiit . 1872 

Harrison,  English  Patent,  3470.. .Sept. 2, 1878 
Sawyer*  Man,  American  Patent,  211,210. 

. October  16, 1878 

Von  Choate,  English  Patent,  4388 . 

•••;• . October  31,  1878  12306 

Lane-Pox,EnglishPatent,462C...Nov.  14,  1878 

Cheesebrotigh,  English  Patent,  4847 . 

. Nov.  23,  1878 

Pulvermadher,  English  Patent,  No.  4774 

. November  23,  1878 

Sawyer  &  Man,  Scientific  American . 

. Deo.  17,  1878,  and  March  8,  1879 

■Lane-Fox,  English  Patent,  1122 . 

. March  30,  1879 

Swan,  Records,  U.  905/86,  Vol.II.,  page  128.  12307 

King  (1845)  uses  Carbon  slips. 

Roberts  (1862)  speaks  of  slips  of  graphite  about 
12  ra/m  long,  12  m/m  wide,  and  as  thin  as  possible, 
in  a  vacuum  .as  perfect  as  possible,  for  incandescent 
lamps. 

Binics  (1863)  takes  a  patent  for  rods  or  pencils 
for  incandescent  lamps,  of  charcoal,  which  he  ob-  12308 
tains  through  carbonization  of  brown  coal.  As  in¬ 
sulators  for  metallic  conductors  he  uses  mixtures 
of  lampblack  and  glue. 


Harrison  (1878),  makes  flexible  electrodes  for  at 
lights  by  enveloping  silk  thread  and  the  like  in  ca 
bon  powder  or  other  material.  The  same  are  n( 


5U78  Report  of  Prof  .  Dr.  KoJilrausch. 

12309  carbonized.  The  silk  tliread  inside  seems  to  serve 
only  as  a  support  of  tlie  formed  carbon  rope. 

Sawyer  &  Man  (187ri),  describe  the  preparation, 
which  in  the  course  of  time  has  become  e.xtremely 
important,  of  thin  rods  from  retort  carbon,  by 
means  of  glowins  heat  produced  by  an  electric  car- 
rent  in  a  hydro  carbon  liquid,  a  process  which  to¬ 
day  IS  used  with  almostall  incandescent  lamps. 

12310  bodies  fma!erinro\K®f  .f°'' ligl>t-giving 


12310  bodies,  a  material  “which  is  composed  or  formed 
^asbestos,  mica,  platinum,  or  carbon,  oranvcoin- 
“binalion  of  them,  and  such  other  material-  a- 

give  the  material  the  proper 
‘•Tifna  ■'  Zusammerriang,  Festigkeit, 

« ®‘"‘^“''S?~®''Jdently  glutinous  substances  are 
_  meant)  and  homogenoiisness.  These  materials 
(that  would  mean,  for  instance,  carbon  and  glue), 

_  and  made  to  form  a  metallic  or  senih 

12311  bon  he  “‘"t™'- 

i"  rb  electricity 

lie  niate?ial  a? -mv  ’ 

iniMnntov!  i’ '  '**  **’  '‘‘'*'"‘’®®i‘’'bon  and  bind- 

ht  Z  L  "ssohstances  forming 

“  heS,  body.)  “which  unde? 

“  a,  d  eivl  T  Ml  becomes  incandescent 

and  gives  the  illumination,  which,  however,  prac- 

“  inf  ■'',l‘’““  u"®'  '’obdilize,  melt  or  flow 

iindei  theinlluenceof  the  electric  current  ” 

12312  “preferbfv’L-r*""!”  ^«"o-n>«tallic  material, 
‘Might-giving  bodies  of  the  shape ’of^spLil’  bitllf  ° 

on  mfS?  explanations 

ma'ly  described  amongst 

carbon  Draht(fi!  m;f  f^wiS’;'  .^"7 


Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kolilrauseti.  6079 

Later  on  be  speaks  also  of  the  burning  of  several  12813 
light-giving  bodies  within  one  enrrent  circuit,  i.  e., 
of  the  subdivision  of  the  electric  light,  and  of  a 
means  for  making  the  brightness  of  the  single  lights 
independent  from  each  other. 

Lane-Pox  (1878),  describes  at  the  start  incandes¬ 
cent  lamps  with  spirally  coiled-iip  metal  wires,  or 
also  with  anbestos  which  is  impregnated  with  car¬ 
bon.  Asbe.stos  is  fibrous  material  whose  single 
parts  have  the  size  of  thin  yarn. 

The  light-giving  bodies  are  completedly  inclosed 
in  exhausted  glass  vessels  (application  of  the 
Sprengel  mercurial  air  pump)  or  in  glass  vessels 
filled  with  neutral  gas,  into  which  platinum  wires 
are  inserted  by  fusion  as  conductors. 

lie  describes  further  a  so-called  contact-in¬ 
candescent  light  in  the  form  of  an  incandescent 
lamp.  This  contact-incandescent  lamp  gives  light 
without  arcs — is,  therefore,  far  from  being  an  arc 
light— and  by  means  of  a  specially  bright  incandes-  ioqir 
ence  of  the  light-giving  body  of  a  carbon  at  the  end, 
where  the  same  is  evenly  pressed  against  another 
larger  piece  of  carbon.  The  light-giving  body  is  a 
long  pencil  of  carbon  of  a  diameter  of  about  1.6 
in/m.,  therefore,  decidedly  to  be  called  a  Kohlen- 
draht  (carbon  wire). 

The  incandescence  takes  place  as  before  explain¬ 
ed  in  a  glass  vessel  exhaused  of  air  filled  with 
neutral  gas. 

The  conducting  of  the  current  is  done  by  platinum  inom 
wires  inset  ted  by  fusion.  “ 

Cheesbrough,  1878.  Takes  an  English  patent  sub¬ 
stantially  on  the  use  of  bars,  pieces,  or  thin  rods 
of  carbon  prepared  after  tbe  mentioned  process  of 
Sawyer  and  Man,  for  incandescent  lamps. 

PuhermacJier,  1878.  Will  produce  a  pair  of  car¬ 
bons  for  arc  light  in  such  a  way  that  an  interior  thin 
carbon  rod  is  spirally  surrounded  by  a  thinner  car¬ 
bon  thread  insulated  from  it.  Both  are  made  by 


5080  Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  KohlrauscJi. 

12317  preasingu  mixture  of  pulverized  charcoal  or  lamu 
black  and  tar  and  pitch  through  ti  draw  plate ;  aftw 
being  formed,  both  ctirhons  are  jiacked  in  carbon 
powder  and  baked  in  a  box.  Although  Pulver- 

(faden),  the  =a.i,e  must  anyhow  have  had  adiam- 
eter  ofat  least  several  millimetres,  in  order  to  be 
sert  iceable  as  a  carbon  for  arc  light. 

In  the  Scientific  American  of  December  7th  1878 
12318  ?  lamp  with  carbon  ],encil  bv  Sawyer  &  Man 
ts  descr, lied,  probably  the  one  of  patent  211,263  ; 
and  Ibidem  March  Sth,  1870,  it  is  reported  that 
Sawi/er  and  Man  make  the  light-givin-  bodies 

to'te  Tn'tT''''’-*''*  manner 

1  ‘  ..""-"‘"‘lascent  lamps,  from  willow 

m/m  Inn  and  are  about  13 

nym  long  and  1.0  m/tn  thick.  These  willow 
branches  certainly  were  not  used  its  thev  are 
fhek  wl^?  feduc^ed  in 

'2318  fyTeramb'  or"^‘r  '• 

thiraXhen  i n  ‘"'-aad- 

'Vith  remird  t  1!“®'''  I"*"  incandescent  lamps, 
on  ninn  nf®;'  ^ Ol'ine  says  in  its 

VoT  in  wif  ’"‘“7  U-  9bS/S6 

'  01.  II.),  wtth  perfect  correctness: 

win/il.**i*'*'°'?®'’*®''i'l®ody  nitist  be  free  to  lake 
tbii^^ieranlrn  f  thicknes^ako  very 
12320  splitting  ’siicl,  w  l?o^’  brancC’'''"!®'^ 

descentlrp^li^^r-l’'  of  incan- 

giving  bodies  from  pnrfcarbon: 

“about  eqnal^to  the^nni”  P'’0'l“os  a  light 


5082  Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlrausch. 

12325  has  never  been  furnished  by  any  party;  for  it  is 
more  than  donbtful  whether  'lamps  4  and  5 
accompanying  the  record  have  these  qualities  (cf., 

Prom  the  literature,  especially  from  the  publica¬ 
tion  of  Van  Choate  (page  ),  Lane-Fox,  1878  tp 
),  Sawyer  and  Man  (page  ),  it  appears,  how- 
ever,  that  snch  light-giving  bodies  for  incandescent 
lamps  had  been  used  before  November  27,  1879 
12328  Z common  usage  of  the  lan- 
g  •  (cf.,  p.  ),  and  in  the  sense  of  question  1 

presented  to  me.  are  to  be  styled  as  “carbon 
cnread,  or  ‘‘carbon  wire.” 

It  IS  true  that  it  seems  donbtful  whether  in  Van 
Choate’s  patent  4,388  the  carbon  wire  is  as  Sec  2,) 
d^^o'-ibed  that  expens 
aie  able  to  make  use  of  it;  whether,  therefore  this 
patent  really  excludes  the  novelty  of  carbon  th’read. 

enfl  C2riS7Ri  pet- 

12327  en  2lf2fi2f  Man  description  (pat 

Ind  1  of  See.  20. 

tha?  wirrr'’''J  ^"'^"ean  it  issaid 

enrrUnn.  *i  “s  Im  pleases,  ac- 

those  of  the  oT  ordinary  rules,  for  instance, 

IflniDs^  mitef  i»«  .  nsed  incandesc6nt 

CexprL  e  hTm^rr 

ison  does  in  paterifm 


Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kolilrauech. 


Moreover,  on  page  28  of  the  record,  U.  729/85  Vol  12329 
I.,  Edison’s  attorney  himself  says  in  terms : 

The  problem,  which  was  to  be  solved, 

1.  e  to  make  a  lamp  with  a  carbon  con- 
ductor  of  eery  high  resistance,  was  known, 
but  nobody  before  Edison  succeeded  in 
solving  It  practically  in  a  satisfactory  way  ’’ 


I  add,  this  problem  can  be  solved  on  the  basis  of 
the  Sawyer  &  Man  patent  211,262  of  the  2d  of  Oct 
1878,  by  the  use  of  willow  branches,  with  much 
greater  prospect  of  success  than  on  the  basis  of  the  12330 
u.  K.  P.  (Deutsche  Reichspatente)  12,174  (Conf., 


.  ^  I^fiferring  to  what  is  said  under  la  to  le 
inclusive,  I  answer,  therefore,  question  1,  which 
runs  in  terms  : 


“At  the  date  of  the  Edison  German-Em- 
— wTth  ^orm,  novel  ?” 


1  g.  g.  Had  the  question  been  put  as  follows : 

Was  the  use  of  a  carbon  thread,  such  as  under 
Sec.  20  of  the  Patent  I;aw  is  described  in  D  R  P 
12,174,  new  at  the  date  of  D.  R.  P.  12,174  ;-then 
the  question  would  be  about  a  carbon  thread  of  a 
carbonized  mixture  of  lampblack  and  tar,  with  a 
diameter  of*  m/m  (Conf.,  page  );  and  as  such  igggo 
carbon  threads  of  the  size  of*  m/m  had  not  been 
used  before  Nov.  27,  1879,  such  a  question  would 
iiave  had  to  be  answered  with  “  Yes.” 


fi084  Iteport  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kolilrausch. 

12333  II.  Qukstiox  2  reads : 

By  patent  Ko.  is  the  production  of  car- 

“  bon  threads  (fiiden).  patented  broadly  and  gener- 
“  ally  in  such  a  way  that  ecery  production  of  car- 
"bon  threads  without  the  permission  of  the  owner 
“  of  patent  12, 174  is  a  violation  of  the  patent 

2  a.  a.  Tile  Patent  Law  iirescribes  in  Sec.  20  that 
tl,e  application  [for  a  patent]  tnnst  contain  the 

12334  ..  of  the  patent,  and  in  the 

petitton  innst  specify  with  precision  the  object 
which  is  to  be  protected  bv  the  patent  In  a  sep- 
II  arate  document  the  invention  is  to  be  described 
in  such  manner  that  thereafter  the  use  of  tlie  iii- 
o  P“‘'t  of  other  exjterts  seems  possi- 

ble  Also  the  necessary  drawings,  illustrations 
and  samples  are  to  be  enclosed.” 

sotlir a  petition  which 
loan-  tT  1  “'^ieot  to  be  protected. 

12330  It  IS  true  it  does  not  designate  this  petition  bv 
P”*®".*-®.'"''"  ”  ;  however,  in  Dambach’s 
iNote  2  lo  Sec.  .^0  it  is  expressly  said  : 

O  “pplioation  shall  state  with  precision 
the  claim  of  the  ap,,licant  for  the  patent  in 
a  distinct  petition-formula.” 

ordiZv  (as  they  are 

oidmary  called)  are  the  very  patent  itself.  The  pat- 
12336  ■so-'^pressly  called  a  “siipplement.” 

sSr  I*'  patLtt  claims 

butt-rexTs  i  T  1“estioned  in  the  records, 
the  hr  Tl""'^?'’‘1'^'‘‘“‘=™’«ff  the  sense  of 

,h.“" “ 


2  b.  b.  aaim  lof  patent  No.  12,174  reads  : 

An  electric  lamp  which  gives  light  by  in- 


lieport  of  Prof.  Dr.  Koldrausvh.  a08o 

‘I  candescence  and  which  consists  substan- 
tially  of  a  carbon  liltre  of  high  resistance 
made  and  connected  with  the  metallic 
“  wires  as  described. 

“An  electric  lamp  which  gives  light  bv  incandes¬ 
cence”  cannot  be  protected  by  claim  1  as  matter  of 
course,  as  quite  a  number  of  such  lamps  wet e  al¬ 
ready  known.  It  can  be  protected  onlv  when  it 
“consists substantially  of  ctirbon  fibre  of  iiigh  resis¬ 
tance,  made  and  connected  with  the  metallic  wires 
as  described.” 

Therefore,  “carbon  fibre,  made  and  connected  as 
described,”  forms  the  chief  object  of  claim  1  of  the 
patent,  and  if  such  carbon  fibre  forms  the  chief 
part  of  an  electric  incandescent  lamp,  then  also  this 
lamp  is  protected  by  claim  1.  “  Carbon  fibre  ’  with 
an  article — let  it  be  well  understood  ;  therefore,  ac¬ 
cording  to  the  common  usage  of  the  language,  the 
designation  of  a  substance  without  specification  of 
the  form  constitutes  the  chief  object  of  the  first 
patent  claim. 

Should  one  here  adhere  rigidly  to  the  text— and 
one  is  undoubtedly  entitled  to  do  so,  for  the  law  re¬ 
quires  in  the  patent  claim  exact  specijleation  of 
tlie  object  to  be  protected ’’-hardly  anvthing 
wottld  be  left  of  the  first  patent  claim,  for  the  man¬ 
ufacture  of  “carbon  fibre”  fit  for  incandescent 
lamps  is  not  described  in  the  patent  accordin<r  to 
the  requisites  of  Sec.  20  of  the  i.atent  law  (conf., 

P-  )-  Under  c..rbon  fibre  [Kolenfasei']  one 
can  understand  undoubtedly  only  carbon  of  a 
librous  structure,  i.  e.,  only  such  carbon  as  is  made 
of  natural  fibres  with  itreservutlon  of  their  struc¬ 
ture.  “Artificial  fibre”  [“Kunsliche  Paser”J  is 
not  included.  From  a  paste  made  of  powder  no 
man  is  able  to  produce  a  fibre;  a  thread  from  such 
material  is  granular,  and  not  fibrous. 

Thus  considering  the  arguments  on  page  58  con¬ 
cerning  the  contents  of  the  patent  description,  ques- 
.!  w  ^  answered  positively  only  with 

■No,”  for  Claims  2  and  3  of  D.  R.  P.  [German 


iiOSC  Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  KohlrauscJi. 

12341  Empire  patent],  12,174.  do  not  in  themselves  pro- 
tect  the  carbon  filament  broadly. 

However,  with  regard  to  the  circumstance  that 
^  “Kohlenfaden”  [carbon 

thread],  Kohlendraht”  [carbon  wire],  “Kohlen- 

hser”  [carbon  fiber],  are  all  translations  of  the 
English  “filament,”  which  (conf.,  page  a)  at  any 
rate  may  be  translated  as  “sehr  dunner  Faden  ”  Fa 
very  thin  thread],  one  may  well  be  allowed  to  nn- 
10Q.O  «-’^P'-ession  “Kohlenfaser”  [carbon 

1234-  fiber]  of  patent  claim  1  as  carbon  thread  [faden] 
cb-.ne'^“r"ei'’"^!,  [drain],  by  presuming  that  by  the 
Chance  of  the  three  synonymous  translations  just 
the  one  least  favorable  for  the  extent  of  claim  1  has 

crept  into  ihnt  claim. 

Also,  Edison  himself  says,  D.  R.  P.  12,174,  page 
®  ‘‘“d  0  from  the  top : 

trayliow  with  the  article 
eon  be"!“?  specification  of  the  substance) 
12343  Xck  '•■""P- 

thflaw  in  «nd  iineqttivocalness  is  required  by 
one  ®ltntn  1  is  certainly  a  very  liberal 


different  ev  LI  ®®®°rded  a 

tinctly  a  descrintinn’*’f^‘r®"'  1“"^  requires  quite  dis- 
tlrat  by  it,  thafis  bv  tlmL'"''*“‘'‘°" 
on  the  iiart  ei  ‘^®®®ription,  the  use  of  it 
Therefore,  what  isLord  "Ppears  possible, 

e.  wnat  IS  not  described  in  such  a  way,  can 


5088  Report  of  Prof  .  Dr.  Koldrausch. 

12349  out  from  the  very  start  that  section  2  requires  a 
form  of  the  carbon  thread  which,  in  the  first  place 
gives  high  resistance— this  is  possible  only  wlieu 
the  thread  is  long  and  thin-and  also  requires  the 
form  of  a  coil  or  some  other  form  which  “at  the 
same  time,  ’  /.  e.,  while  the  thread  is  long  and  thin 
results  in  a  small  radiating  surface.  Therefoie! 
there  is  here  described  a  form  of  the  long  and  thin 
carbon  thread  and  other  forms,  characterized  snni- 
loasn  'o  Sec.  20  of  the  Patent  Law, 

12360  which  present  a  small  radiating  surface  A  com 
mon  characteristic  of  all  these  forms  is  that  the 
several  jiarts  of  the  carbon  thread  lie  near  to  each 
other,  so  that  one  part  prevents  radiation  from  the 
adjoining  parts.  The  adjoining  p  irts  ...diate  nut 
tually  upon  each  other  on  their  adjacent  surfaces, 
and  these  adjacent  surfaces  are  therefore  to  be  tie- 
ducted  from  We  to/wle  surface  of  the  long  thin 
face^  obtain  We  radmfmj/  sur- 

12301  To  this  end  the  adjacent  parts  of  the  thread  must 
he  near  each  other,  yet  without  touching,  so  as  lo 

SccIsl'“‘‘"T“  ‘l-ro..gh  all  the  parts  in 

succession,  and  not  to  pass  from  one  part  to  an  ad¬ 
jacent  part  through  points  of  contact.  As  the  siiit- 

S^d  oTa’’  ^!'' some 
with  n  3!?"'“  ‘  "^‘"diiigs  lying  close  together, 

L^‘I^cluha!'’1  Im  deS 

-he  filament  of  con- 
the  hlaL  t  -he  whole  length  of 


therefore  in  no  respect.  They  emit  light  from  their  1236 
entire  surface.  '1  he  amount  of  heat  which  they  im¬ 
part  toeach  other isquiteimperceptibly  small.  Such 

open  spirals  are  not  at  all  meant  D.R.P  12174 
although  the  spiral  is  not,  in  everv  place  where’ it  is 
mentioned,  repeatedly  called  close,  or  described 
with  e.\-actness  as  to  its  purpose. 

There  are  quite  a  number  of  other  forms  besides 
those  of  the  close  spiral  or  coil,  which  answer  more 
or  less  well  the  requisite  conditions  of  the  small 
radiating  surface. 


in  the  margin  are 

which,  however,  are 
less  convenient  than 
the  close  cylindrical 
spiral  illustrated  in 
the  patent. 


A  hollow  ball  formed  by  narrow  spiral  windings, 
or  hollow  iron  balls  also  belong  there.  They  all 
are  characterized  by  the  necessity  of  the  several 

oTher 

How  great  importance  the  patent  ascribes  to  the  1 
lorm  of  this  spiral  or  coil  appears  from  its  being 
named  or  described  twelve  times  in  the  e.yoeedingly 
short  patent  description. 

_  In  patent  12,174,  moreover,  in  no  place  is  another 
^rm  besides  the  spiral  named,  much  less  described. 
ia'id^'*“^  ^  -he  top.  it  is 

“  When  the  same  (carbon  thread)  is  coiled 
,,  only  a  small  part  of  its  surface 

emits  light,  one  can  increase  the  specific 


6090  Report  of  Prof .  Dr.  Kohlrausch. 

12367  “heat  of  the  entire  ‘wire’  [Draht],  and  in 

“  this  way  prevent  the  sudden  appearance  or 
“  sudden  disappetirance  of  the  light,  wliich  is 
“  disturbing  in  the  straiglit  wire,  as  with 
“  the  latter  the  smallest  undulations  in  tlie 
‘  current  manifest  themselves  by  the  tlicker- 
“  ing  of  the  light.” 

Tlierefore,  Edison  sets  out  to  use  no  straight 
wire  and  warns  against  it,  because,  if  it  be  made  as 
thin  as  Edison  requires  it,  it  has  when  raised  to  in- 
123.68  candescence  too  great  a  radiating  surface  in  propor¬ 
tion  to  tlie  amount  of  heat.  This  surface  gives  out 
heat  at  the  same  time  with  the  light,  and  allows 
the  tliread  to  darken  when  the  current  slackens  in 
Its  power ;  and  so  every  undulation  of  the  current  is 
reproduced  as  a  fluctuation  of  the  light.  Edison 
seeks  to  avoid  this  by  the  use  of  the  spiral. 

Edison's  attorney  lays  it  down  that  the  clause, 
l9q-o  ri,  same  is  so  coiled  .  .  .” 

12309  Kecord  U  729/86,  Vol.  I,  page  104),  on  account  of 
he  m,rd  Wann,”  isa  “hypothetical  claim  of  the 
spiral  That  is  not  so.  By  tlie  context  Edison 
excludes  wdiolly  the  straight  filament  on  account  of 
Its  heat-radiating  surface,  and  by  the  strict  logic  of 
tins  correct  reasoning  other  forms  also,  horse  shoes, 
faces  ^  cooling-off  stir- 

th^!'r!'!!-",  »«count  of 

12380  ;  cooling  off  and  of  their  flickering  at  the 

I  w“l.i  «‘«<=""cnt,  to  adop?  forms 

the  riidiV'*"“^  filaments  can  besourranged  that 

tse  S,  the 

Close  spir.il  or  the  like  decidedly  desirable. 

lio-htin^'n/  Inis  disappeared  in  good 

scribed'^^e  spiral  that  is  de¬ 

scribed,  or  other  forms  equivalent  thereto  as  re- 


Reporl  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlrausch.  6091 


gards  the  smallness  of  the  surface  of  the  filament  123G1 
(conf.,  page  37-8). 

As  the  shaping  here  belongs  especially  to  the  man¬ 
ufacture  of  the  filament,  as  the  most  important  step 
in  the  manufacture,  “the  carbonization,”  takes 
place  after  the  shaping,  so  the  “  made-a.s-described  ” 
carbon  filament  of  claim  1  has  unquestionably  the 
form  of  a  close  spiral  or  other  form  (conf.,  ]>.  37) 
which  will  aid  materially  to  reduce  the  radiating 
surfaces. 

As  to  the  form,  therefore,  of  the  ‘'made-as-de-  12362 
scribed”  carbon  f  lament,  there  is  patented  in  pat¬ 
ent  claim  1  of  the  D.^  R.  P.  (German  Empire 
Patent)  12,174,  besides  the  close  spiral,  only  such 
forms  as  gheja  radiating  surface  small  in  jtro- 
portion  to  the  entire  surface  of  “  the  long  thin  car¬ 
bon  filament."  By  no  mean  's  is  there  patented  as 
the  form  of  the  carbon  filament  the  open  spiral  of 
Swan's  loop  or  the  horse-shoe  {of  lamps  4  and  6 
accompanying  the  record). 

The  arguments  referring  to  this  iti  the  records,  U.  12303 
729/85,  Vol.  ,  page  38  and  39.  and  especially  in 
section  2,  page  39,  ibid,  are  .based  on  a  complete 
misunderstanding  of  the  purpose  of  the  intended 
small  radiating  surface.  I  mention  this'becanse  in 
section  2,  ptige  39,  ibid,  special  reference  is  made  to 
the  experts. 

Also  the  resiiective  arguments  on  pages  102-104 
of  the  record,  U.  729/86  Vol.  I.,  are  incorrect,  as  they 
too  do  not  yet  sharply  apprehened  the  pttrpose  of 
the  spiral.  12364 

A  seeming  second  division  of  inventiou  is  de¬ 
scribed  in  sections  3  and  4,  page  1,  ctdiimn  1,  lines 
16-22.  It  refers  evidently  to  the  proposed  claim 
relating  to  the  vacuum  lamp  with  jilatinum  wires, 
which  was  stricken  out  by  the  German  Patent 
Office.  In  the  English  patent  (conf.  records  U. 

729/85  Vol.  I,  page  301  and  ff.)  the  affected  patetit 
claim  has  remained  as  claim  2.  Why  the  German 
Patent  Office  has  not.  in  connection  with  the  affect- 


5032  Report  of  Prof  .  Dr.  Kohlrausch. 

12365  ed  patent  claim,  cancelled  also  the  description  re¬ 
lating  thereto  in  sections  3  and  4,  cannot  he  satisfac¬ 
torily  understood.  In  fact  in  the  specification  a 
process  of  .'nannfactnre— namely,  the  mounting  of 
the  carbon  filament  in  the  vacuum  lamp  by  means 
of  platinum  wires  secured  by  fusion— is  set  down 
as  invenlion,  which  is  excluded  asjnvention  from 
the  claims. 

The  real  second  part  of  the  intention,  (section  5 
page  1,  column  J,  lines  23-30  and  ff.)  is  covered 

12366  substantially  hy  patent  claim  3.  It  mentions  again, 
without  any  more  detailed  description,  the  carbon 
filament  fKohlenfaden]  “of  such  high  resistance 
that  it  can  be  used  for  giving-light  bv  incades- 
cencB,”  and  the  connection  of  the  same  with  the 
conducting  wires 

For  question  2  it  is  without  importauce. 

That  the  above  interpretation  of  the  whole  itiven- 

12367  f'"'  ‘"'O  parts  of  the  Invention  contained 

m  the  fiermaii  Patent  12,174,  is  really  correct,  ap¬ 
pears  quite  indisputably  from  the  records  U.  729/85 

ol  I,  page  801  and  II.  There  we  find  Edison’s 
application  for  the  German  patent,  which,  with  the 
excepnon  of  larger  portions  cancelled  by  the  Ger¬ 
man  Patent  Office  and  of  a  few  alterations,  agrees 
substantially  with  the  D.  R.  P.  12,174.  But  we 
find  there,  at  the  first  section  of  the  description,  as 
marginal  notes  marking  the  contents,  the  words: 

12368  I-/ntroduction.  a.  General  Characterization.” 

I  have  characterized  the  contents  of  section  1  as 

in  claim  1  ®  “’“iomd  as  protected 

At  the  beginning  of  section  2  we  find  in  the'patent 
application,  in  the  margin,  the  words  :  “(i.)  Special 
characterization  of  U.e  parts  of  the  invention,”  and 

se Ttio^f ">e"“'oned  fivefirst 
sections  of  the  patent  description.  Only  then  there 


Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Eoldraasch.  6093 

If.— “Special  part,”  in  contrast  to  “I.  Introduc-  12369 

Unfortunately,  the  German  Patent  Office  has  can¬ 
celled  these  marginal  notes  of  the  patent  applica¬ 
tion.  Had  they  remained,  they  would  have  helped 
considerably  to  ;the  easier  understanding  of  the 
patentee  himself. 

Especially  in  the  patent  claim  is  the  whole  in- 
eenlion  protected,  and  in  claims  <2  and  3  the  two 
suhdimsions'of  the  whole  invention. 

,  ,  12370 

In  other  words,  claims  2  and  3  specify  more  ex¬ 
actly  to  what} the  ''’manufacture"  and  the  ‘‘con¬ 
nection  ”  in  the  patent  claims  refer. 

Row,  in  the  patent  application  there  follow  two 
sections  : 

“II.  A.  A  process  used  heretofore.” 

“II.  B.  Itsdisadvantages;”— 
which  are  also  cancelled  by  the  Patent  Office.  They  12371 
show  in  a  striki  ng  way  ho  w  little  correctly  Edison  was 
informed  as  to  the  efforts  made  up  to  that  time  by 
other  inventors,  such  as  Sawyer  and  Man  and  Lane- 


2  e.  e.  For  the  sake  of  brevity,  I  shall  from  this 
point  on  insert  the  marginal  notes  of  the  patent  ap¬ 
plication,  referring  to  the  contents  in  brackets  [  ],  12372 
at  the  proper  place  in  the  opinion. 

Moreover,  page  1,  col.  1.  lines  31-41  /.,  treats 
particularly  of  the  use  of  a  carbonized  cotton  thread 
as  carbon  filament. 

[C.  The  new  invention. 

a.  Discovery  of  the  resistance  and  durability  of 
the  carbon  filament  (patent  application)]. 

Of  the  treatment  of  the  cotton  thread  nothing  more 
13  said  except  that  it  is  ‘  ‘properly  carbonized."  Of 


6094  Report  of  Prof  .  Dr.  Kohlrausch. 

2373  what  kind  the  cotton  thread  shall  be,  compact  or 
loose ;  how  the  necessary  uniform  cross  section  is  ob¬ 
tained  ;  how  the  earbonizaiion  is  to  be  done,  i.e 

whether  the  thread  in  being  carbonized  is  to  be  heated 

quickly  or  slowly,  about  how’  high  the  temperature 
shall  be  carried,  how  long  it  shall  be  kept  np  how 
the  carbon  thread  shall  be  imbedded  in  the  carbon- 
izing  box  in  order  to  preserve  its  form;  how  the 

carbonizing  furnace  is  constructed,  etc _ on  -ill 

these  qnestion.s,  which  are  very  important  for  the 
12374  good  success  of  the  carbonization,  nothin"-  is  s-iid 
inD.R.  P.12, 174.  smd 

But  in  his  .American  patent  which  takes  dale 
’’  '‘Sht-gi'-ing  bodies  from 

carbonized  paper,  Edison  prescribes,  for  instance, 
that  the  bodies  must  first  be  heated  quite  gradually 
111*  to  son  degrees,  then  to  incandescence  in  the  fur¬ 
nace,  and  afterwards  cool  off  slowly. 

It  siifflces  also  merely  to  look  at  Edison's 

12370  J'^O'-emberlOth,  1S30, 

1237.)  in  Older  to  see  how  much  Edison  states  and  coiii- 
mimicatesin  a  patent  desciption  as  soon  as  he 
om  Ill  a  good  deal  is  still 

B  it  in  the  application  for  patent  12,174  he  himself 
lit  d  if!  "-ith  certainty  how  a  cotton 

t  ie.id  IS  to  be  carbonized  “properly,”  f.  e..  in 

rniocH“"?f >'>=‘>‘>ifiictiire  of 
ban;  T  ""  "'''“"descent  lamp.  Per 

law  +1  f  1  '"'.d  ii-'certained  it,  for  he  assert" 

12370  thi't  he  had  obtained  such  a  filament  •‘which  eveii 
atyery  high  temperature,  remains  absolntel’y  iin. 
SS  tohav?deI 

aiSlirconvr;-''’  ’‘^''-^d  -ot  ascertained  it 
the  ‘  ^  particiilarh 

. -r?  "■ 


Report  of  Prof .  Dr.  KoJdrauscJi. 


6095 


oher,  1879,  Edison  was  fully  engaged  in  experiments  12377 

with  marerinls  of  every  possible  description. 


What  Edi.son  lias  said  about  tlie  carbonization  of 
cotton  thread,  namely,  tbat  it  must  be  “properly 
carbonized.”  does  not  contain  the  least  description, 
nor  anytbing  in  the  sliglitest  degree  novel. 

That  a  cotton  thread  could  he  carbonized  was 
known.  But  Hint  e.xpert  who  wants  to  carbonize  it 
according  to  the  D.  R.  P.  12,174,  most  lirst  himself 
invent  the  whole  jirocess  of  the  carboniziition  ;  and 
just  the  proper  carbonization  of  such  organic,  loose 
and  line  structures  is  one  of  tlie  most  difiicult  pro¬ 
cesses  of  carbonization.  According  to  the  records, 

U.  720/86,  Vol.  I.,  page  482,  even  the  factory,  rich 
in  experience,  of  Siemens  &  Halske,  whicli  for  sev¬ 
eral  years  before  Iiad  itself  been  manufacturing  in¬ 
candescent  lamps,  was  not  able,  even  in  the  year 
1887,  to  carbonize  cotton  thread  so  ns  to  obtain  a 
oonimeroiallyavaliabie  lamp.  j23,yg 


Prom  all  this,  it  is  evident  that  the  treatment  of 
n  cotton  thread— and  in  like  manner  the  raw  ma¬ 
terial  spoken  of  on  page  1,  col.  ],  line  40-42,  as 
“any  lilirous  vegetable  substance  which,  after  be¬ 
ing  henfed  in  a  closed  vessel,  leaves  a  carbon  resi- 
dne — ”  is  not  described  nccording  to  the  require¬ 
ments  of  Sec.  20  bf  the  Patent  Law.  Therefore, 
the  manufacture  of  carbon  filaments  for  incandes- 
eent  lamps  out  of  cotton  threads  is  not  to  he  con- 
sidered  as  protected  by  the  B.  R.  P.  12,174. 

Moreover,  probabli'  it  was  not  witliout  intention 
tliat  the  Patent  Office  changed  the  expression  of  the 
patent  application  “  I  have  discovered”  into  "■In¬ 
ventor  has  observed"  (page  1,  col.  1,  line  31). 

VVithout  the  marginal  notes,  “The  New  Inven¬ 
tion,”  existing  in  Edison’s  patent  application,  the 
cotton  thread  has  continued  to  be  mentioned  in.  the 
patent  description  of  tlie  D.  R.  P.  12,174,  but  is  not 


Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlrausch. 


On  papre  1,  col.  1,  line  46,  to  page  1,  col.  2,  line  4, 
there  follows: 

[6.  Discovery  of  the  possibility  of  varying  the  re¬ 
sistance.  Patent  application. J  A  short  description 
of  a  process  of  changing  the  resistance  of  the  lila- 
)R9  already  Lane-Fox  had  given  better, 

(conf.,  pages  23  and  24.) 

Next  there  is  described  [c.  Statement  of  a  substi¬ 
tute  for  the  carbon  filament.  Patent  application], 
the  manufacture  of  the  filaments  from  lamnblack 
and  tar.  (Page  1,  col,  2,  lines  6-25.)  The  descrip- 
tion  may  be  regarded  as  sufficient  according  to  Sec. 

20  of  the  Patent  Law.  Again,  the  form  of  the  spool 
or  spiral,  just  as  on  page  1,  col.  1,  lines  42-46— in  re-  * 
lationto  the  thread  of  organic  material-is  empha- 
83  sized  Here,  too,  it  is  true,  there  is  omitted  again 
the  stateinent  of  the  temperature  of  the  carboniza¬ 
tion,  but  from  page  2.  column  1,  lines  24-80,  it  fol- 
lows  at  least  that  the  temperature  must  remain  be¬ 
low  that  of  melting  copper.  In  the  carbonization 
of  the  compound  of  lampblack  and  tar,  the  ques¬ 
tion  IS  only  to  carbonize  the  tar.  For  this  the  teiii- 
1'eat  is  siilficient.  In  this 
vegetable  cells  cannot  be  destroyed  throiigli  an  ini- 

Ra  fl  T'  the  carbonization,  because 

34  there  are  none  existing. 

to  custom,  the  filament  is 
S  dfv  f -H  and  is  heated  not  too 

red  heat,  and  is  allowed  to  cool  off  slowly  onemav 
after  some  experiments,  obtain  useful  filaments.  Itis 

cla  v  “  P^t-’^^fas  when  one  burns  porous 

Althoufrf  I  admixture  of  organic  powdei-s. 
thfca  bof«!“  application  EdiLn  calls 

the  carbon  filament  of  lampblack  and  tar  a  “surro- 
J  1  IS  nevertheless  the  only  filament  the  raak- 


Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  KolilrauseJi.  6097 

ing of  which  can  be  regarded  as  described  accord-  12386 
ing  to  the  requirements  of  Sec.  20  of  the  Patent 
Law.  Now,  on  page  1,  column  2,  lines  20-26,  it  is 
said;  “All  these  forms,however,arefragileand  cannot 
“  beclamped  to  the  leading-wires  with  suflicientforce 
“  so  that  thereby  good  contact  is  secured  and  heat- 
“  ing  is  prevented.”  By  the  latter  test  there  is  meant 
heating  at  the  contact  by  reason  of  the  resistance 
to  the  tnansmission  of  the  current  produced  bv  bad 
contact.  Thus  all  these  forms  are  so  fragile  that 
they  cannot  with  certainty  be  claniiied  to  conduct-  12386 
ing  wires.  Consequently,  the  carbon  filaments  the 
manufacture  of  which  is  described  in  D.  R.  P. 

12,174,  are  emphatically  not  c.alciilated  to  inspire 
confidence.  Then,  moreover,  they  can  be  easily 
broken  by  any  imsli  against  the  finished  lamps’. 

(Page  1,  column  2,  lines  28-40.) 

[D.  Discovery  of  the  close  contact,  which  is  ob-  . 
tained  by  carbonizing  the  plastic  material  molded 
around  the  platinum  wires.  Patent  application.]  12387 

Because  the  carbon  filaments  made  as  described 
are  too  fragile  to  be  attached  to  the  platinum  wires 
after  carbonization,  instruction  is  given  to  attach 
them  to  the  platinum  wires  by  plastic  carbonizable 
material  before  the  carbonization  (conf.,  p.  86  ff.), 
and  then  to  carbonize  the  whole.  The  description 
is  clear  and  sufficient.  It  is  to  this  beyond  question 
that  the  last  relative  clause  of  claim  1  refers  as  well 
as  the  whole  of  claim  3.  The  metallic  connection 
through  the  walls  of  a  closed  glass  vessel  by  means  12388 
of  fnsed-in  platinum  wires,  was  known  to  every  ex¬ 
pert  long  before  November  27,  187P,  and  was  openly 
practised  at  home  in  a  thousand  ways.  This  can¬ 
not  by  any  means  be  the  meaning  of  the  last  rela¬ 
tive  clause  of  claim  \,the  tess  so,  as  the  Qerman 
PaUnt  Office  7ias  expressly  cancelled  a  special 
claim  of  the  patent  application  covering  the  vacuum 
globe  and  these  platinum  wires.  As  further  on  no 
mention  is  made  of  any  other  connection 
of  the  carbon  wire  with  the  platinum  wires. 


5098  Reporl  of  Prof  .  Dr.  Koldrausch. 

12389  it  may  right  here  be  posithely  stated  that  hv 
the  last  relative  sentence  of  patent  claim  1,  of  ih’e 
G.  R.  P.  12,174,  which  is  “connected  with  the 
metallic  wires  in  the  manner  described,”  the  patent 
protectioTi  of  claim  1  is  unmistalcably  Uni- 
Ued  to  such  carbon  filaments  as  have  been  con¬ 
nected  with  the  platinum  wires  before  their  carbo¬ 
nization  1)\  molding  around  the  ends  of  the  plati¬ 
num  wires  and  of  thecarbonfilaments  when  brought 

12300  ^  ■••PPlicatioii  of  chimps) 

12390  a  plastic  mixture  of  lampblack  and  tar,  and  only 
then  carbonizing  the  whole. 

Iine7  ^  P-'Sa  2.  column  I, 

me  3--[P.  Use  of  htie  platinum  wires  as  a  connect- 
ing  link  P.y_ent  application, ]-the  use  of  carbon 
hlaiiieiits  of  high  resistance  is  presented  as  the  only 
possibility  for  using  fine  platinum  wires.  This 
statement  is  apt  to  make  the  practical 
value  of  the  high  resistance  of  the 

12391  this  is"  «=^“SS«rated.  But 

into  closed  glass  vessels  stronger  ctirrents,  .such  as 
carbon  (ilainents  of  small  resistatice  would  reqttire 
by  fusing  into  the  wall  of  the  vessel,  as  the  mh  oi 

naran  Tw-  number  of  fine 

paiallel  platinum  wires. 

On  page  2,  column  I,  lines  3  rp  *. 

ofa.os^y*spir;i."SuJ^;plit^ 

n  d” S,ri*,r  i* 

bents,  ta  7,”  r"'r‘ 

”»d, d„.,„. 


Report  of  Prof  .  Dr.  Koldrausch. 


5099 

pulverized  finer  or  coarser-mixed  with  tar,  are  12393 
recommended  as  raw  materials  for  incandescent 
bodies,  cotton  thread,  linen  thread,  wood  sidiiits, 
paper,  and  again  the  coiling  and  rolling  up  of  the 
filament  is  emphasized.  For  the  here-ineiitioned 
organic  raw  materials-cotton  thread,  linen  thread 
wood  splints,  paper— considering  the  difliciilties  of 
their  treatment,  as  has  already  been  demonstrated 
at  length  on  pages  45-49,  description  ot  their  prep¬ 
aration  ought  to  have  been  given,  according  to  Sec. 

20  of  the  patent  law.  This  description  is  completely  12394 
missing  ;  consequently  the  use  of  these  materials', 
“cotton  thread,  linen  thread,  wood  splints,  paper,” 
is  not  protected  by  D.  K.  P.  12,174. 

On  page  2,  column  1,  line  24,  to  column  2,  line  5 
operations  are  described  which  are  of  interest  for 
answering  the-question  only  in  so  far  as  here  also 
the  close  spiral  is  emphasized  again  and  again.  The 
same  is  assumed  to  be  so  close  that  it  is  recom¬ 
mended,  in  order  to  avoid  the  contact  of  the  adjoin¬ 
ing  spires,  to  wind  up  at  the  same  time,  before  the  12396 
carbonization,  a  copper  wire  for  the  separation  of 
the  spires  (p.age  2,  col.  1,  lines  25,  26  and  27),  or  to 
cover  the  spires  permanently  and  throughout  with 
an  insulating  material. 

(Page  2.  column  1,  line  43.  to  column  2, 
line  6.) 

I  remark,  in  passing,  that  in  fact  this  last  sug¬ 
gestion  is  hardly  consistent  with  the  manufacture 
nf  an  available  incandescent  liimi).  Quite  evidently  12396 
It  has  only  been  thought  of,  never  executed. 

On  page  2,  column  2,  lines  6-26,  the  explana¬ 
tion  of  the  illustrations  follows.  Only  the  close 
spiral  is  illustrated  ;  and  the  sentence  011  pages  22 
and  23,  Pig.  2,— “  shows  the  plastic  material  before 

It  is  wound  up  into  spiral  form”— again  says 
painly,  that  the  plastic  material  is  always  to  be 
used  wound  up  into  a  close  spiral. 


5100  Report  of  Prof  .  Dr.  KoMrauscJi. 


12397  2//.  From  all  that  precedes  I  draw  the  following 
conclusions:  The  patent  D.  R.  P.,  12,174,  protec's 
an  electric  lamp  which  gives  light  by  incandescence, 
if  it  possesses  one  of  the  following  characteristics 
stilted  under!.,  II.,  III.  : 

I.  If  the  carhon  filavienl  of  the  lamp  is  made 
frovi  a  mixture  of  lamphlack,  or  carhon,  or  graph¬ 
ite,  with  tar,  has  a  diameter  of  the  size  of  1  /lO 
m/m.,  and  has  'been  brought  into  the  definite  form 

12398  carbonization.  The  giving  of  their  form 
to  filaments  made  of  lampblack  and  tar,  after  car¬ 
bonization,  cannot  be  done  at  all,  on  account  of  the 
fragility  of  the  carbonized  product. 

II.  If  this  form  is  the  one  of  a  close  spiral, 
or  other  form  which  furnishes  a  small  radiating 
surface  in  proportion  to  the  whole  surface  of  the 
thin  filament. 

III.  If  the  filament  before  carbonization  is  con- 

12399  iicctei  with  the  platinum  wires  by  means  of 
aplastic,  carbonizahle  material  molded  around 
the  ends  of  the  filament  and  of  the  platinum 
wires  when  brought  together,  and  then  carbonized 

■  around  the  place  of  contact  at  the  same  time  with 
the  filament. 

1  is  to  be  so  understood  that  a  thick  filament  of 
lamplilack  iincl  nir  is  not  protectetl,  nor  is  there  pro- 
tected  a  lilanient  of  the  diameter  named  which  has 

12400  •’•■ouglit  into  definite  shape  before  carboniza¬ 
tion,  but  which  is  not  made  from  lampblack,  etc., 
and  tar. 

The  characteristics  I.,  II.,  HI.  are  embodied  in 
the  patent  claim.  Characteristic  II  is  protected 
more  particularly  in  patent  claim  2 ;  and  especially 
is  there  protected  in  patent  claim  2  the  form  of  the 
close  spiral,  etc.,  for  each  carbon  filament  in  an  in¬ 
candescent  lamp  That  this  protection  for  the  new 
form  of  the  close  spiral  etc.,  can  be  obtained  by  pat¬ 
ent,  and  does  not  fall  under  the  law  of  protection 
for  designs,  is  evident.  It  is  not  a  matter  of  esthet- 


lieport  of  Prof  .  Dr.  Kohlrausch.  5101 

ic  design,  but  of  the  form  of  an  industrial  prod-  12401 
uct,  which  would  have  become  important  for 
this  industrial  prpduct,  the  incandescent  lamp, 
ifitliadnot  not  been  learned  how  to  obviate  the 
fluctuations  in  the  currents  of  the  dynamo  machine. 

It  is  not  the  known  form  of  the  close  spiral,  etc. 
that  is  protected  absolutely,  but  the  application  of 
this  form  to  the  filaments  of  incandesent  lamps 
with  the  expressed  and  well-defined  jmrpose  to  make 
the  rad/aftnpr  surface  of  these  filaments  small  in 
proportion  to  the  entire  surface.  12402 

Characteristic  III.  is  also  particularly  protected 
by  claim  3  of  the  patent. 


2  «7.  g.  In  the  records,  U.  729,  85,  Vol.  I.,  pages 
307,  386,  the  following  decisions  of  the  Reichs- 
gerioht  (Imperial  Court),  have  been  quoted : 

1.  “  The  granting  of  a  patent  on  a  manufactured 

article  subject  to  the  condition  that  the  same 
IS  made  in  a  certain  manner,  is  not  admis- 
“sible.” 

2.  “  An  opinion  rendered  in  this  regard  by  the  Pat- 

‘  ent  Office  and  the  description  and  ill’nstration 
‘  referred  to  in  the  patent  are  irrelevant  as  to 
the  contents  to  be  attributed  to  the  patent  in 
“  this  direction.” 

“  Itcontradicts  the  legal  definition  of  a  patent 
‘granted  on  a  manufactured  article,  thatthere- 
‘  by  protection  shall  existonly  in  regard  to  such  in^na 
articles  as  are  mapiifactured  by  the  particular 
means  invented  by  the  patentee.”  ' 

Respecting  this  decision  the  following  observa- 
•  tion  is  to  be  made :  The  article  which  is  protected 
in  claim  1  of  patent  12,174  is  not  “  an  electric  lamp 
wliich  gives  light  by  incandescence,  ”  without  ad¬ 
ditional  conditions  ;  for  such  lamps  were  known  in 
pretty  large  number.  The  claim,  on  the  contrary, 
only  protects  such  an  Incandescent  lamp  as  con¬ 
tains  a  carbon  fiber  of  great  resistance,  “made” 


oI02  Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  KolilrauscJi. 

and  “connected”  as  described.  But  it  protects 
the  lamp  with  this  flnislied  carl.on  lil)er,  not,  how¬ 
ever,  the  process  of  malting  the  carbon  libers. 

But  claim  1  does  not,  therefore,  by  any  me.-ms 
protect  every  carbon  liber,  or  every  carbon  thread! 
The  carbon  thread  protected  in  connection  with  the 
liimp  has  very  particular  qualities.  As  a  result  of 
its  origin  it  has  a  decidedly  granular  structure, 
which,  when  properly  magnilied,  can  easily  be  rec¬ 
ognized,  especially  along  a  fracture  of  the  lilament. 
riie  binding  material  between  the  lilament  and  the 
platinum  wire  has  the  same  granular  structure 
The  lilament  has  but  little  elasticity,  but  is  tnore 
crumbling,  brittle  and  fragile.  Afthough  called 
carbon  fibre  (Kohlenfaser),  it  appears  evidetit 
from  the  patent  description,  that  it  can  by  no 

tneans  have  a  fibrous  structure  (conf.,  p.  31). 

An  incandescent  lamp  with  svch  a  filament, 
according  to  the  quoted  decision  of  the  Reichs- 
gericht  (Imperial  Court)  is  protected  by  claim  1 
eien  nhen  the  filament  is  made  and  connected  oth- 
erwiisB  than  described  in  the  patent. 

I  shall  show  (conf.,  jiage  73-78),  that  the  finished 
filament  made  after  patent  13,071.  and  connected 
after  patent  19,8.71,  has  entirely  different  qualities. 

It  is  partly  librous,  partly  compact  and  hard,  on 
the  whole  very  elastic;  also  the  union  in  the  fin¬ 
ished  atnp  IS  entirely  dilTerent,  even  in  its  ai.pear- 
aiice,  from  the  one  made  after  the  I).  R.  P.  12.17-1. 

•  '“"‘I’  (patents  13,071 

fi  1.1  ’f  r  ‘t  d'lTerent  article  from  the 

fihiment.of  the  Edison  lamp  patent  12,174.  That  it 
s  an  incomparably  better  product,  is  not  theqttes- 
decisions  of  the  Imperltd 
S.  importance 

fo  our  questions.  Tliey  are  now  two  different  pro- 
?n  structure  nor 

tiaalities,  nor  in  form,  consisting  only 


.7103 


Report  of  Prof  .  Dr.  Kohlrauseh. 

record,  signifying  that  “an  incandescent  lamp  is  12409 
always  an  incandescent  lamp,”  is  very  incorrect  for 
the  patent-claim  protects  the  incandescent  lamp 
only  when  It  contains  the  carbon  lilament  described 
in  the  D.  R.  P.  12,174,  witli  its  characteristics. 


a  h.  h.  Tile  above  thorough  discussion  of  the  pat¬ 
ent  12,174  was  necessary  in  order  to  be  able  to  -in- 
swer  exhaustively  questions  2,  3  and  4  of  the  Court. 

On  tile  basis  of  what  has  been  said  under  2  a  a  ioaia 
to  2  4.  A,  pages  2.S-03,  I  answer,  with  view  to’de! 
termining  the  scope  of  the  iiatent,  pages  .77-60  the 
question  presented  by  the  Court  under  Ro.  2,-1 

By  patent  12,174  f.v  the  manMfaeture  of 
carbon  filaments  patented  broadly  and  yen- 
^  erally  msuch  way  that  eeery  produelion  of 
carbon  filaments  xoithout  the  permission  of 

“  vTcpateZ  of 

VVith  No  I  12411 

With  regard  to  a  possible  objection  on  the  lines 
cr  on  page  311  of  the  records,  U. 

■  9,8.)  Vol.  1,  I  add  :  '' Neither  the  many  faclvre  ' 
oj  carbon  filaments,  nor  the  finished  carbon  fila¬ 
ment  as  an  article  of  manufacture,  nor  the  inca- 
descent  lamp  as  an  article  of  manufacture  with 
the  carbon  filament,  is  patented  broadly  and  gen¬ 
erally  by  the  D.  R.  P.  12,174. 


Ill  a.— Qukstiox  3. 

In  patent  12,174  is  the  manufacture  of  a  car¬ 
bon  fdament  [.Kohlenfaden\  described  in  such  man- 
ner  ^hattliereafler  a  carbon  filament  for  an  electric 
^mp  of  commercial  availabilily  can  be  manufac- 
lured  by  an  expert  without  the  aid  of  any  other 


6104  Report  of  Prof  .  Dr.  Kolilrausch. 

12413  patents,  especially  of  patents  and  inventions  of  a 
date  later  than  the  21lh  of  November,  1879  ?” 

So  far  as  the  question  relates  merely  to  the  pos¬ 
sibility  of  the  manufacture  of  an  incandescent  lamp 
by  an  expert  on  tlie  basis  of  D.  R.  P.  12,174,  witli- 
ont  the  use  of  other  patents,  tlie  question,  in  tlie 
light  of  the  preceding  explanations,  is  to  be  an¬ 
swered  witli — Yes. 

12414  3  b.  b.  Only  tlie  commercial  availability  seems 
doubtful.  Whether  incandescent  lamps  which  are 
constructed  on  the  basis  of  patent  12,174  alone— 
i.  e,  which  contain  filaments  from  carbonized  lamp- 
bltiok  and  tar — would  be  commercially  available, 
cannot  to-day  be  determined  with  certainty.  The 
priiotice  has  had  no  opportunity  to  demonslrtite 
this.  If  lamps  of  this  kind  have  been  mannfacttired 
at  all-  proof  of  this  is  not  furnished— they  have  at 
any  rate  very  soon  been  sitrpassed  and  replaced  liy 

12416  other  and  better  lamps— Swan’s  lamp,  Edison’s 
lamp  with  carbon  loops  made  from  paper,  later  on 
on  with  loops  from  bamboo  fibre. 

The  .illegatioti  in  the  records,  U.  721,  86,  Vol.  1, 
page  38,  where  it  is  said,  that  a  large  district  of 
the  City  of  New  York  and  several  wliole  cities  of 
America  are  illuminated  with  such  lamps :  that  in 
all  llie  great  States  of  Europe,  and  especially  in 
Geriimny.  large  stock  companies  liave  been  formed 
exclusively  for  tlie  purpose  of  manufacturing  sncli 

12416  amp.,  and  of  utilizing  Edison’s  patents,  particular¬ 
ly  in  Germany  patent  12.174;  that  great  factories, 
the.aties  and  public  locilities  are  exclusively  lighted 
with  Edison’s  incandescent  lamps,  for  instance  in 
Mumcli  the  Royal  Court  Tlieatre  and  the  club 
hom^es  in  the  Schadow  Street,  etc.,  is  in  part  not 
proved,  in  part  entirely  erroneous,  as  all  the  alle¬ 
gations  could  be  of  importance  only  if  made 
to  the  contested  Edison  patent 

In  Germany  tlie  patent  12,174  has  never  been 


Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlravsch.  5105 

used  at  all  in  the  commercial  manufacture  of  in-  12417 
candescent  lamps.  By  ihe  mentioned  “  large  stock 
companies,”  there  can  have  been  meant  in  the  vear 
1885  only  the  then  “  German  Edison  Company,” 
now  the  “  General  Electric  Company.”  But  the 
‘‘German  Edison  Company”  has  never  followed 
out  even  one  single  instruction  of  pitent  l‘i.l74. 
Whether  possibly  they  pay  Edison  a  license  fee  for 
Ihe  use  of  the  D.  R.  P.  12,174.  is  quite  irrelevaiil. 

Prom  the  beginning  they  have  made  Ihe  carbon 
liianients  according  to  patent  18,887,  and  ihe  union  12418 
of  them  with  the  platinum  wires  according  to  pat¬ 
ent  23,129.  I  fully  believe  that  1  am  correctly  in¬ 
formed  on  this  point ;  the  present  directors  of  the 
“  General  Electric  Company”  can  give  conclusive 
inforniation  about  it. 

The  lamps  used  in  Germany  liave,  so  far  as  I 
know  and  have  seen,  never  been  made  according  to 
patent  12,174,  and  for  foreign  countries  every  evi¬ 
dence  in  this  respect  is  hitherto  wanting. 

I  doubt  the  commercial  avtiihiltility  of  these  12419 
lamps,  especially  on  account  of  the  great  fragility 
of  the  carbon  filaments  made  according  to  patent 
12,174  out  of  lampblack  and  tar,  and  on  account  of 
the  great  diflictilty  of  giving  to  the  soft  material  in 
shaping  the  same  cross  section  throughout.  In  let¬ 
ters  patent  12,174,  page  2,  column  1,  line  22  from 
the  top,  the  uniform  cross  section  is  required,  but 
it  is  ill  no  w.ay  stated  iiow  it  is  to  be  produced. 

Lamps  4  and  6  accomitanying  the  record  reveal  in¬ 
equalities  in  tile  cross  section  of  the  filaments  dis-  12420 
linctly  recognizable  under  a  magnifying  glass.  But 
these  inequalities,  as  experience  teaches,  quickly 
lead  to  the  destruction  of  the  lamps,  as  the  liia¬ 
nients  burn  through  at  tlie  thinnest  place  in  conse¬ 
quence  of  an  increased  incandescence. 

By  an  application  to  the  filaments  of  patent 
p,174  of  the  process  which  is  protected  in  patent 
211,262,  one  might  iierhaps  obtain  filaments  of  com- 
niercial  availability. 

As  early  as  November  10,  1880,  D.  R.  P.  18,887, 


5106  Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kolilrausch. 

13421  page  1,  col.  1,  line  25-27,  Edison  liimself  abandons 
the  carbon  filament  made  of  lampblack  and  tar,  by 
saying,  that  only  such  carbon  material  as  shows 
an  actual  structure  (cellular  formation,  etc.),  is  fit 
for  incandescent  lamp  filaments. 

Accordingly  I  can  answer  aue.,tion  3  of  the  Court 
only  in  the  following  way  : 

In  patent  12,174,  the  manufacture  of  the  carhon 
filament  out  of  a  mixture  of  lainpltlack.  graphite 

12422  tar,  is  described  in  such  a  wag  that 

thereby  a  carbon  filament  for  electric  lamps  could 

be  made  by  an  expert  without  the  use  of  other 
Vatents-especially  of  patents  and  inventions  sub- 
sequent  to  November  27,  1870. 

Wheth^  the  carhon  filaments  made  in  such  a 
way  would  be  commercially  available,  only  pracli- 
cal  expenenee  with  such  filaments,  which  hitherto, 

12423  ^  ^°'^ting,  could  determine. 


IV.  QtJESTIOiV  4.— 

ttiereniven 

"  I. ./«.  *'■  “■  "■ 


y.  n.  a.  QuKSTiosr  5  reads : 

“  ca^oTlTJ  i-nprovement  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  ZZ  German  Imperial 

ZhrTarl  3  V/*  *?/  Zeof  a 

"parchmenlitni°^  by  means  of 

‘  ‘  Iverv  ■vininZ^^'JZ  tnnovalion  that  thereby 

“eluded?"  ^  (.patent  claim  1)  ts  ex- 


Reporl  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlrausch.  .6107 

On  the  ground  of  the  decisions  of  questions  2  .and  12425 
4,  question  5  could  without  any  further  addition  be 
answered  with  ‘‘Yes,”  since  thereby  (pages  4.6-49) 
it  was  proved  that  in  D.  R.  P.,  12,174  the  use  of  a 
cotton  thread  for  carbon  loops,  in  default  of  an  ex- 
pl.anation  of  the  preparation  of  the  thread,  is  not 
patented  at  all. 

With  regard  to  possible  further  objections,  how¬ 
ever,  and  also  because  the  nature  of  the  parchment- 
ization  process  has  not  so  far  been  exphiiued  in  de¬ 
tail  in  the  records,  question  5  shall  be  entered  upon  12426 
more  fully. 

5  b.  b.  The  carboniaition  of  an  unprepared  cot¬ 
ton  thread  has  so  far  not  led  to  a  serviceable  carbon 
filanieut  for  incandescent  lamps,  because  the  single 
fibres  of  the  raw  cotton  thread  lie  only  loosely  by 
the  side  of  each  other.  Transversely,  every  cotton 
thread  can  easily  be  pulled  apart  without  damaging 
the  single  fibres.  If  afterwards  the  fibres  are  again 
laid  topther  and  the  tightly  stretched  cotton  12427 
thread  is  divided  in  the  right  direction,  its  former 
coherency  is  re.stored.  The  easy  divisibility  of  the 
uiiprepared  cotton  thread  reappears  aftercarboniza¬ 
tion  as  fragility.  It  can  hardly  be  bent  any  more 
without  a  breaking  of  the  now  stiff,  only  mechanic¬ 
ally  intertwisted  and  intertwined  fibre.'!.  I  doubt, 
therefore,  whether  it  be  at  all  possible  to  produce  a 
serviceable  carbon  tlhiment  for  incandescent  lamps 
from  an  unpreptired  cotton  thread.  Perhaps  here 
again  the  application  to  the  carbonized  thread,  of  12428 
the  Sawyer  and  Man  process,  patent  211,262,  might 
produce  a  serviceable  carbon  filament. 

On  the  other  hand,  experience  with  the  carbon 
filament  made  on  the  basis  of  Swan’s  D.  E.  P.  13,- 
071  of  June  29,  1880,  has  shotvn  that  very  service- 
able  carbon  filaments  are  obtained  by  immersing  by 
Swan’s  method  a  thread  of  a  suitable  kind  of  cot¬ 
ton  yarn  or  twist — crochet  thread  is  especially  rec¬ 
ommended — in  a  bath  of  2  parts  of  sulphuric  acid 
and  1  part  of  water,  and  leaving  it  in  there  until  a 


5108  lieportofProf.Dr.Kohlrausch. 

12429  ohanee-a  condition  of  Iialf  solubility  and  tlioroiiKh 
mixture— has  taken  place  witli  the  tliread,  similar 
to  that  which  occurs  with  blotting  paperin  the  well- 
known  process  of  iiarclinientization.  The  thread  is 
then  at  once  carefully  freed  in  water  from  tile  siil- 
phiiricacid  mechanically  sticking  to  it,  dried  and 
carbonized. 

The  words  “  condition  of  half  solubility  and  thor- 
QUgh  mixture  ”  churacterize  somewhat  the  new  con- 
dition  of  the  parchnientized  tliread  in  regard  to  its 

12430  mechanical  qualities.  ° 

The  process,  so  far  as  it  has  been  studied  hereto- 

lore,  IS  the  following  : 

The  single  cotton  fibres  (Freling’s  Mamial  of 
Chemistry,  Yol.  II.,  p.  -jgo  &  /;  Vol.  1,  p 
989),  are  broad  cylinders  witli  hollow  canals 
pressed  flat  like  a  band  and  twisted  likea  screw 
The  surface  of  the  cotton  fibres  is  smooth 
and  hard  like  wood.  They  consist  in  the  main  (ex- 

12431  P«''=eiitages  of  other  substances)  of  pure 
cellulose,  the  chemical  formula  of  which,  C.  H 
0,,  signifies  that  the  single  molecule  of  cellulose 
consists  of  6  atoms  carbon,  10  atoms  hydiogen  and 

N.«-,  jtemim.  Vol.  SI,  pogo 

11,10.),  or  also  Yagner’s  Annual  Report  of  Tech- 

”*  """  >■ 

“ft'"' is  immersed  long  enough  in  cold  sal- 
Phuric  acid  of  45  degrees  Beaume-tht  is  the  same 

as  sulphuric  acid  of  about. 55  per  cent  ie  a  little 

jve^i  thin  Sum  uses  it-it  Is ■’ti:an;^ornied 
Semi?  If"  of  the 

uSosT  1  Every  two  cell- 

water  ,  "  al'emically  united  with  a 

be  iningined»  mechnn- 
and  a  d-  ying- 

called  hv  ‘’"dy  comes  into  existence, 

called  by  others  also  amyloid.  Now,  under  tlm 


Report  of  Fr of  .  Dr.  KoMrausch.  5109 


microscope  the  former  cotton  fibres  appear  much  12433 
enlarged  andstretched,  and  tlirough  the  transfornia- 
tioii  into  hydro-cellulose  they  have  become  extreme¬ 
ly  sticky,  like  thick  gum. 

Swan  does  not  allow  bis  threads  to  go  that  far. 

He  immerses  the  cotton  thread  iu  dilute  sulphuric 
acid,  penetrating  between  the  fibres  only  until 
by  the  effect  of  the  sulphuric  acid  all  the  little 
fibres  are  transformed  into  hydrocelliiiose  from 
their  surface  down  to  a  certain  depth.  The  fibrils  12434 
retain  their  form,  only  they  swell,  are  transformed 
at  the  outside  into  sticky  amyloid,  remain  inside 
cotton  or  cellulose,  and  retain  thereby  their  firm¬ 
ness. 

The  whole  thread  swells  together  into  a  tliick 
cord,  tile  single  fibres  of  which  stick  firmly  to  each 
other.  The  acid  is  removed  in  order  not  to  act 
further,  and  the  now  dried  thread  is  stiff  but  elastic, 
cotiipact,  hard  like  horn,  has  a  fibrous  strticture, 
atid  is  exceedingly  firm.  Also  in  its  appearance  it  12435 
lias  no  longer  a  resemblance  to  cotton.  It  is  smooth 
and  transparent,  and  allows  the  fibrous  structure 
and  the  twistings  of  the  original  tliread  to  be  rec¬ 
ognized  but  slightly.  It  lias  quite  the  appearance 
of  the  thin  gut-strings  for  string  instruments  (conf. 
the  threads  accompanying  the  records). 

It  is  not  cotton  thread,  therefore,  that  is  carbon¬ 
ized,  btit  the  material  which  is  carbonized  is,  in  the 
the  main,  a  dense  mixture  of  cellulose  and  hydro- 
cellulose  of  a  partially  fibrous  structure,  a  new  12436 
substance  of  changed  chemical  and  physical  qttali- 
ties.  Only  the  process  of  parchnietitization  makes 
out  of  the  original  cotton,  thread  a  body  which  is 
further  transformed  by  the  carbonization  into  a 
fine,  hard,  extremely  elastic  carbon  filament  having 
a  slightly  fibrous  structure.  To  this  filament  (conf. 
records,  U.  729/85,  pages  IGO  and  169)  the  required 
form  can  be  given  after  carbonization,  which  can 
be  done  neither  with  a  carbon  filament  made  accord¬ 
ing  to  D.  R.  P.  12,174,  nor  with  a  raw  carbonized 


filio  Report  of  Prof  Dr.  Kohlramch. 

12437  cotton  thread.  Both  would  break  with  any  con 
siderable  bending.  ^ 

it  Jof  “  n°‘“ble  facil. 

finished,  apart  fron.  the  p‘lati' u  "ts  Tlds'^S 
.mportnnee,  because  the  carbonisation  ahiys 

e  useless.  \\  ,th  tlie  hlanients  of  D.  R.  p.  ]2  174 

“P—gigsP 

ifpliSs 

Ihreafj  </'«  «««  of  a 

With  Yes. 


""  shown  ly 


Report  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kolilrausch.  cm 

the  Gimmingham  German-Empire  Patent  No  in  S’)]  losn 
as  compared  with  a  welding  hepore  cnrhoniration 
(Edison  Patent  12.174,  ctainiH),  something  so  notet 
that  hy  reason  thereof  a  molation  of  the  Edison 
potent  generally,  and  esptecially  of  claim 'A.  is  ex¬ 
ploded,  and  an  altogether  new  and  palentahle 
light-giBing  body  is prodmeed?" 

C.  a.  a  The  closing  clause,  “and  an  altogether 
new  and  patentable  liglit-uiving  body  is  jno- 
duced.”  leads  me  in  the  first  place  to  ‘make  the 
following  remtu  k  in  regard  to  the  proposing  of 
the  question  itself:  If  the  carbon  lilauient,  which 
IS  attached  to  the  platinum  wires  bv  the  Gimniinn. 
tarn  proce.ss.  was  not  in  itself  a  ‘  new  patentable 
hght-giving  body-a  filament,  not  violating  D.  R. 

H-  12,174  in  the  sense  of  question  2-it  is  also  true, 
of  course,  that  it  cannot  become  so  by  the  Gimiuin"-- 
mode  of  attachment.  Therefore  the  closiirg 
ciaiise  of  question  6  can  only  concern  tlie  question : 

If  an  incandescent  body,  new  in  itself,  patentable, 
and  not  violating  D.  R.  P.  12,174,  is  attached  to  the 
I  ‘  "  1  '  ifes  by  means  of  the  Gimmingham  pro- 
cess,  does  this  whole  system,  /.  e.,  the  light-giving 
uotly  thus  connected  with  the  platiiinm  wires,  be¬ 
come  a  novel  light-giving  body,  and  fnrtiiermore, 
doBs  It  violate  the  patent  12,174  throngli  its  connec- 
‘■nn  with  theplatinnni  wires?”  Only  when  itisallow- 
et  to  he  so  understood  is  the  meaning  of  ilie  closing 
clause  of  question  0  compreheiisible  to  me.  There- 
"le,  I  shall  answer  the  question  with  this  interpre¬ 
tation  of  the  closing  clause— /.  e.,  I  shall  not  sup- 
pose  that  in  comparison  with  the  preceding  contents 
ot  tlie  question  anything  essentially  new  is  meant 
«  ho  asked  by  the  closing  clause. 

to**i*  patent  19,851,  patent-claim  1  (which  is 
thus  (Records,  U., 

•'f-'/9(),  Vol.  1,  page  21) ; 

,,  construction  of  a  holder  for  the  carbon 
nlament  out  of  two  platinum  wires,  both  of 


“  which  ate  flattened  and  bent,  or,  better 
“  drawn  up  into  tubular  form,  in  order  to  re- 
‘‘ceive  jhe  extremities  of  the  carbon  fila- 


lu  this  patent  claim  protection  is  souglit  only  for 
the  construction  of  the  carbon  holders  in  the  form 
of  platinum  wires,  bent  together  into  tubular  form, 
into  which  the  ends  of  the  carbon  are  to  be  intro¬ 
duced.  To  me,  tlierefore,  only  the  tubular  form  of 
,  the  ends  of  the  platinum  wires  and  the  introduction 
of  the  carbon  into  tlie  same,  seem  to  be  protected  by 
this  patent-claim,  and  thereby  by  the  whole  iiaieui, 
but  not  the  further  proce.ss,  set  forth  in  the  patent 
description,  of  producing  the  sure  contact  between 
tile  filament  and  the  wires. 

However,  the  question  whether  the  Giminingliam 
mode  of  attaching  the  carbon  tilament  to  the  plati¬ 
num  wires  is  really  protected  in  all  its  parts  by 
patent  19,851,  is  not  of  decisive  imiiortance  for 
answering  question  6. 

I  remark,  in  passing,  that  of  the  Swan  lamps 
w-hich  accompany  tlie  records,  only  lami>s  14  and 
15-and,  nioree.xactly  the  former  probably,  the  lat¬ 
ter  certainly— have  the  form  of  the  platinum  wires 
described  and  illustrated  in  D.  K.  P.  19.851,  /.  6'.,of 
little  tubes  with  lengtliwi.se  slits.  In  all  the  other 
bwan  lamps  accompanying  tlie  records,  the  tubule 
is  fcimed  by  coiling  up  the  flattened  end  of  the 
p  atiniim  wire  into  a  close  spiral,  so  that  thereby 
the  opening  runs  spirally  around  the  tubule. 

is  tlm  of  P- 

InJ  ®™">ibSlmm  immerses  the  two 

ends  of  the  hnished  carbon  lilament,  that  is  afterits 
ca  bonumion,  into  a  solution  of  platinum  -salt,  and, 
o'.,?  “  ‘‘““'■IJ'maceons  substance,  starch, 
to  the  pi""’  f ®of’®'“n<!es  which  belong 
and  °  organic  carbonaceous  compounds, 

and  which  are  decomposed  by  heating. 

carboM^  •a""'  a “'’0  decomposed  into 
oarbomc  acid  and  water,  if  air  is  permitted  to  enter. 


lieporl  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlrausch. 


6113 


Wlieri  tin's  is  not  the  case,  or  the  temperature  is  less  12449 
'high,  carbon  is  deposited  from  tlieni  in  tlieir  de¬ 
composition. 

The  carbon  ends  thus  prepared  are  introduced  in'- 
totlie  previously  described  iilatiiinm  coils,  and  tlie 
whole  is  lield  for  a  moment  over  I  lie  Bunsen  flame, 
and  tlins  quickly  and  gently  heated. 

With  a  strong  lieat  tliere  would  he  danger  lliat 
tile  carbon  lilament  itself  might  he  consiiined.  At 
any  rate  tile  heat  nnust  not  be  raised  to  so  lii'di  a 
point;  and  thus  the  carbonaceoii.s  siib.siances  men-  12450 
tioiied  are  not  burned  up,  but  only  dccomiiosed. 
and  carlioii  deposited.  Likewi.se,  tli'e  platinum  .salt 
on  the  carlion  filament  is  decomposed  and  platinum 
is  deposited.  Platinum  and  carbon  are  de])Ositcd 
Inside  of  the  tubule  between  the  latter  and  tlie  ear- 
lion  lilament,  and  at  various  points  a  contact  is  es- 
lablislied  between  tlie  two,  especially  wliere  a  I  ready 
tiilmle  and  fliameiit  were  fully  or  nearly  in  contact 
witli  eacli  other.  But  this  imperfect  contact  is  not 
yet  siiDicient  for  a  strong  and  posiiiye  connection  12401 
of  tile  iwo  parts.  Gimmiiigham  now  places  at  botli 
ends  of  the  filament,  very  near  to  tlie  point  where 
they  issue  from  the  tubule,  a  carbon  clamp  consist¬ 
ing  of  two  jaws,  and  causes  an  electric  current,  jiiit 
upon  the  two  platinum  wires,  to  pass  only  tliroiigli 
the  smallest  iiiirt  of  tlie  carbon  filament. 

Ilie  curreiit  flows  oliieUy  tliroiigh  llie  attaclied 
carbon  clamp  which  forms  a  short  connection  (of 
small  resistance)  between  these  two  ends  of  tlie  car- 
tion  lilament.  ^2452 

1  lie  carbon  filament  is  now  iiiimeised  with  tlie 
platinum  tubules  into  a  liquid  hydro-carbon  ;  the 
contact  points  are  heated  by  an  electric  current,  and 
thereby,  by  a  process  well  known  and  repeatedly' 
mentioned  in  this  opinion,  the  hydro  carbon  is  de- 
comiiosed  at  the  contacts  between  tlie  platinum 
tubules  and  the  carbon  filament,  and  carbon  is  de¬ 
posited  tliere,  which  alone  renders  the  contact  be¬ 
tween  the  parts  to  be  connected  sure  and  firm. 


6114  nepoTt  of  Prof.  Pr.  Kohlrausch. 

12463  6  d  d.  It  is  witl.  tliis  process  that  that  of  Edison 

must  he  compared.  Patent  claim  3  D.  R  p  la  174 
reads: 

"bove  described  of  secnrioE  ' 

the  phitinnm  contact  wites  to  the  cirlmn 
hlament  and  carbonizing  the  whole' in  -i 
“closed  chamber,  as  has  hten  explai^d."  ' 

On  the  manner  of  making  the  connection  Edison 

“  contel,f;‘:ilf '‘■*'1  '‘"..ost  perfect 

Page],  columns,  lines  37-40: 

Page  2,  col.  ],  lines  £7-31  • 

12466 

lu-eoeTing’anV  fXwhr^’''°"®’  "’'‘b  ‘be 

specification,  It  [0110"^;® 

num  wires  takVs^phicf  blfo^  'iT'’'*" 

the  filament.  ^  ^  befote  the  carbonization  of 


Beport  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlrausch.  6115 


ing  of  the  thickened  end  of  the  filament  itself  12467 
around  the  platinnm  wires. 

3.— That  finally  the  union  is  effected  bv  the 
common  carbonization  of  the  filament  and  the'bind- 
,nj;  ...ate.ials  into  a  sure  contact  for  the  electric 

These  arc  the  three  sole  features  of  the  method 
described,  in  D.  B.  P.  12,174  of  connectfuff  the 
carbon  filament  with  the  platinum  wires.  From 
the  reasoning  under  0  c.  {pages  81-SG),  however,  it  loaeo 
appears  that  the  process  of  D.  B.  P.  10,851  does 
not  malce  use  of  any  one  of  these  features. 

With  Gimmingham  the  connection  is  made 
after  the  carbonization  of  the  filament.  It 
IS  done  by  inserting  the  carbon  filament, 
immersed  into  platinum  salt  and  a  carbon- 
aceoHS  organic  mi.\ture,  into  the  ends  of 
the  iilatinum  wires  formed  into  little  tubes,  and  by 
slightly  heating  the  connections  in  an  open  Bnnsen 
burner  the  union  is  completed  into  a  firm  contact  ,0459 
h}  heating  the  temporary  connection  in  a  liquid  ^ 
hydro-ciirbon  by  means  of  the  electric  current. 

Edison’s  and  Gimmingham’s  methods  of  oonnec- 
tion  are  therefore  fundanientally  different.  It  is 
true  that  with  Edison,  as  with  Gimmingham.  the 
mahmnnecting  material  is  carbon.  But  in  patent 
12,174  it  is  not  carbon  as  connecting  material  that 
has  been  ptitented,  but  the  method  of  attaching  the 
inutinum,  contact  wires  to  the  carbon  filament. 

As  to  the  binding  material  of  lampblack  and  tar,  iQ4nn 
It  IS  alleged  in  the  records,  U.  722/85.  Yol.  I.,  imge 
83,  with  reference  to  the  sentence  beginning  with 
the  word  “when,”  mentioned  on  page  S«  as  the 
second  one  (D.  R.  P.  12,174,  page  1,  column  2,  line 
and  f.),  that  this  binding  material  was  mentioned 
only  hypothetically  or  by  ivay  of  e.xample.  The 
Whole  designated  section  of  the  D.  R.  P.  12,174 
oes  not  permit  any  doubt  that  this  interpretation 
18  erroneous.  Besides,  no  other  binding  material 
1  no  other  method  of  connection  is  named. 


124ei  Therefore,  as  to  the  question  of  tlie  infringenien 
of  the  patent  by  the  form  of  union  of  D.  E.  P 
19,351,  only  the  form  of  union  described  in  tiiefoii 
sections  of  D.  R.  P.  12,174,  quoted  on  pages  81 
Jind  87,  comes  under  consideration. 

Referring  to  the  arguments  under  0  (pages  79-80' 
1  therefore  answer  question  6  : 

«  tjiennitiniiof  the  carbon  filament  toHli 

the  plahimm  wires  after  carbonization  as 
12462  s/iown  bij  the  Gimmini/hum  D.  It  p  io 

•8oI  as  compared  with,  a  wcldhiq  before 
mrbonizat,on^E,lison  Patent  12,174,  ciaiii 
something  so  noeelthat  bijreasml  there- 
of  a  Btolahon  of  the  Edison  patent  gener- 
“  if of  claim  3,  is  enichided, 


dMs  nli'i *'8  praoMoal  imporlnii 

i-ssr  ”•  ■  ”'»■ 

174  of  E  contested  D.  R.  P.  1: 

12464  nrominPTif-  T  a  thing  especial 

cl ro^w  it  '•enn.rking  in  co 

the  now  1  ^Portance  as  follows: 

descent  If  f®''®''’P'nent  of  the  eleolrio  inca: 
tliP  fnii  ^ years  following  the  year  187 

thejollowng  patents  have  been  of  marked  impo. 

2d,  1880,  ft 


Peport  of  Prof.  Dr.  Kohlrausch.  5i  17 

Swan's  D.  R.  P.  13,071  of  June  20th,  1880,  for  12405 
carbonization  of  parchmentized  cotton  thread. 

Edison's  D.  R.  P.  18,887  of  November  10th, 1880, 
for  carbonization  of  bamboo-filament,  etc. 

hdison's  D.  R.  P.  23,129  for  the  galvanoplastic 
connection  of  the  carbon  filament  with  the  platinum 

But  of  the  methods  and  processes  described  in 
Edison’s  D.  R.  P.  12,174  none  have  become  of  es¬ 
sential  importance  for  the  electric  incandescent 
■‘S’"-  12466 


In  the  above  opinion  I  have  thought  to  refer  to 
the  records  only  so  far  as  their  contents  were  of  im¬ 
portance  for  answering  the  questions  presented  to 
me,  or  justified  the  presumption  that  from  them 
future  objections  might  be  raised  against  the  con-  1 
tents  of  this  opinion.  It  could  not  have  been  my 
task  to  refute  singly  all  the  erroneous  iissertions  of 
the  various  documents  of  the  record. 

Hanover,  October  SOtli,  1890. 

(Signed.)  Db.  Wm.  KoHLitAUScii, 
Professor  of  Eleotrotechnics 
at  the  Royal  University  of  Technology. 


12469  Defendant’s  Enhlbit  Chandler’s  Test! 
mony  in  the  “  Feeder  &  Main  ”  Suit.  ' 


[Tins  E.N:liibit  is  composed  of  the  following  Ones, 
tions  and  Answers  :  ^  ^  ® 

Qs.,  1-7  ;  9-11  ;  14. 

Gross-Q.s.,  43-40  ;  94-99;  100-12 1 


At  the  request  of  complainant’s  counsel  the  fol 

P'l.W  1.  . . 

lliesR  parts,  liowever,  are  not  a  novt'  r  \ 
fendant’s  exhibit.]  poition  of  tie- 


12471 


Nkw  YottK,  Wednesday,  November  Sth.  1800,  I 

„  2  P.  M.  1 

•Met  pursuant  to 

“nt ;  imdV  b!'eato° '^E^rT’ 

12472  E.  Gl'.tt.s,  Est^Ttr  defTdal;?"''^  ' 

cupation  ?  name,  age,  residence  and  oc- 

chtiSty  SeSC" 


Prof.Chandler' s  "Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition.  6119 
2Q.  Please  state  what  attention,  if  any,  you  have  12473 

given  to  the  subject  of  electrical  science  .and  the 
practice  with  and  use  of  electrical  apparatus; 
whether  you  have  been  accustomed  to  give  instruc¬ 
tion  upon  the  subject,  and  whether  you  have  been 
engaged  and  acted  as  a  scientific  expert  in  any 
cases  involving  the  consideration  of  electrical 
problems  ? 

A.  I  studied  the  science  of  electricity  at  Gotten- 
gen  under  Weber,  and  at  Berlin,  chiefly  under 
Dove,  in  the  years  1854,  ’55  and  ’56,  and  I  have  pur-  12474 
sued  the  subject  ever  since.  I  have  been  for  many 
years  in  the  habit  of  giving  a  regukr  course  of 
lectures  every  winter  upon  electricity.  I  have  a 
large  collection  of  apparatus  and  instruments  which 
I  use  in  illustrating  these  lectures,  and  I  have  been 
specially  interested  in  all  the  practical  applications 
of  electrici  ty.  I  have  been  in  the  habit  of  using  the 
electric  light  for  the  illustration  of  my  lectures,  and 
I  have  a  large  and  valuable,  collection  of  apparatus 
to  illustrate  my  lectures  on  electric  lighting,  includ-  12475 
ing  a  small  working  plant  of  the  Edison  system. 

From  time  to  time  I  have  been  called  upon  to  in- 
vestigjite  electrical  questions,  and  I  have  frequently 
been  called  ns  an  expert  in  suits  relating  to  elec- 
trioiil  patents.  I  was  for  several  years  engaged  in 
experimenting  in  connection  with  a  litigation  with 
regard  to  the  invention  of  Isaac  Adams  for  nickel 
plating,  and  had  occasion  to  study,  experimentally, 
electro-metallurgy.  I  was  employed  to  investigate 
a  new  process  for  the  manufacture  of  sodti  by  the  12476 
electrolytic  decomposition  of  common  salt.  I  was 
called  tis  an  expert  in  the  eiectric  soldering  suit  in 
connection  with  incandescent  electric  lamps.  I  have 
been  engaged  in  testing  storage  batteries,  and  have 
also  been  employed  as  an  expert  in  the  storage  bat¬ 
tery  suit  of  Brush  against  the  Electrical  Accumu¬ 
lator  Company.  I  have  also  made  investigations  in 
connection  with  arc  lights,  and  have  been  employed 
in  telegraph  and  telephone  cases.  In  general,  I  may 
say  that  I  have  had  galvanic  batteries  and  dynamos 


6120  Prof. Chandler's  '‘Feeder &3rain"  Deposition. 

at  my  service,  and  liave  used  them  for  various  pur- 
poses  whenever  occasion  required.  I  have  been  for 
he  last  twenty-six  years,  and  am,  at  the  present 
time,  professor  of  cliemistry  in  Columbia  College. 


3  Q.  What  connection  have  you  had  with  cor 

porationsorother  bodies  engaged  in  distributing 

ps  and  water  over  large  areas,  and  to  what  extent 
have  you  become  familiar  with  the  laws  understood 

XZf’  “'I-  - 

A.  For  a  long  time  I  made  a  specialty  of  the 

wiir/lm  most°-  providing  myself 

«ith  the  most  important  literature  on  the  subject 
and  studying  it  carefully,  visiting  gas  works  in  his 
writing  nmflectSg 

upon  the  subject.  I  am  a  member  of  the  American 
Gaslight  Association,  and  the  New  York  Society  of 

?he  £fw 

...  Liglit  Company,  resigninc  the 

poBitiop  ,v,.  I  became  president  o"f  theCd  of 

totrsub.w  7  "ttehtion 

to  the  subject  ot  water  supply,  having  been  frequent- 

govern  the  flm  with  the  laws  which 

fr^atlr!  "-ah.  anch  as  gas 

eIeCT?oincInd7sLnrSr^ 

derstand  the  anmi  ®  do  you  un- 

pparatus  and  methods  used  for  dis- 


Prof. Chandler's  “Feed^& Main" Deposition.  .6121 

tributing  electricity  over  large  areas  for  electric  12481 
lighting? 

A.  I  have  visited  the  Pearl  street  station  of  the 
Edison  Company  on  several  occasions  since  1882 
and  I  have  also  visited  the  Thirty-ninth  street  sta¬ 
tion  of  the  same  company.  I  have  carefully  e.\am- 
ined  all  the  appliances  for  producing  and  distribut¬ 
ing  electricity  at  these  two  stations  ;  and  I  under¬ 
stand  the  apparatus  and  methods  used  for  distrib¬ 
uting  electricity  over  large  areas  for  electric  light¬ 
ing.  1  also  procured  from  the  Edison  Company  12482 
some  time  ago,  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  my 
lectures  on  electric  lighting,  specimens  of  the  con¬ 
ductors,  junction  boxes,  &c.,  and  had  them  put  to¬ 
gether  in  my  museum,  so  as  to  illustrate  the  system 
of  distribution. 

6Q.  Have  you  read  and  do  you  understand 
the  Letters  Patent  of  the  United  States  granted 
to  the  Edison  Electric  Light  Comiiany  as  tissignee 
of  Thomas  A.  Edison,  dated  September  19,  1882,  io.<oo 
No.  204,042? 

A.  I  have  read  this  patent,  and  I  understand  the 
same. 

0  Q  I  notice  in  said  patent  the  following  state¬ 
ment: 

As  is  well  known  from  patents  already  grant¬ 
ed  me,  and  prior  applications  pending,  I  use  in 
niy  system  an  electric  light  formed  of  a  continu* 
ous  incandescing  conductor.  .  12484 

Please  stale  whether  you  are  familiar  with  the 
kind  of  electric  light  there  referred  to,  and,  if  so, 
please  state  some  of  the  general  characteristics  of 
such  light,  particularly  with  reference  to  fragility,  • 
capacity  or  incapacity  for  local  regulation  and  the 
conditions  which  govern  its  efifectivellife  and  illum¬ 
inating  power  ? 

I  am  familiar  with  the  electric  light  or  lamp 
described  in  the  patent;  have  large  numbers  of 


12485  them  and  use  them  constantly,  both  for  illumina- 

tion  and  for  other  purposes.  Thest  1  .mp.  , ,  ^ 

of  a  very  delicate  hlament  of  carbon,  often  not  much 
larger  than  a  hair,  and  many  inches  in  length, 
rius  hlament  is  usually  bent  in  the  form  of  a  loop 
the  ends  being  held  by  clamps  or  other  devices  1  v 
which  they  are  attached  to  wires.  The  loop  is’  en 
dosed  in  a  thin  glass,  balloon-shaped  globe,  from 
which  the  air  IS  exhausted,  the  two  wires  passing 

12486  two  Hires  the  lamp  may  be  connected  with  an  elec- 

trical  circuit  in  such  a  way  that  a  current  of  elec- 
trmitj  IS  made  to  pass  through  the  carbon  filament. 
OHing  to  the  poor  conducting  power  of  carbon,  or, 
filn  ml'nf  T  ‘”Sl>  resistance  of  the 

hS  l/th  f <=»rbon  becomes 
rn^ti  °  current  is  so  adjusted  as  to 

a  brilb-Iinr  "  it  becomes 

oonstitlueViT^^^  condition  it 

lOsn,  eenr  •  Characteristic  element  of  incandes- 

12487  cent  lighting.  If  the  electric  current  is  not  prop. 

If  ttlfcCrenV-'V""?^  useless, 

will  not  he  siiffi*-  temperature  developed 

a  state  onncandescence,  and  it  will  not  produce 

light.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  current  is  too 
oncHf  *  of  carbon  will  either  he  at 

will  belXyeri,?a''s!tarV  tiS'"  if 

®  If  the  current 

12488  will  be  very  irreguhr’  “otion  of  the  lamp 

little  liaht  ne  t  1  "'**1  sb’e  so 

time  itSi  1  °  P«*ctically  useless;  at  .another 
immediate  flo  ojerlieated  as  to  cause  either  its 
When  £cuTrenT-‘°"  deterioration. 

aesr„ua„tn7s  "  ‘I*®  *“«=>"• 

means  for  dLi  uniform  and  durable 

ment  in  its  mn  light,  but  the  essential  ele- 
dui-abilitv  is  ‘  both  for  efficiency  and 

"..'SSilt.r't',.?  ""““T  T'-' 

•n.», 


Prof. Chandler's  “Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition.  5123 
lamp.  All  that  can  be  done  at  the  lamp  itself  is  to 
turn  the  current  on  or  off.  The  current  cannot  be 
regulated  in  the  same  manner  that  gas  can  be  regu¬ 
lated  at  a  gas  burner,  by  opening,  at  a  greater  or 
less  degree,  the  stop-cock,  nor  is  there  any  practi¬ 
cal  device,  like  a  gas  regulator,  that  can  be  attached 
to  a  single  lamp  or  to  the  circuit  within  the  house, 
as  is  done  in  the  case  of  gas  in  order  to  regulate  the 
supply.  The  successful  use  of  the  incandescent 
lamp  involves  the  necessity  of  controlling  the  cur¬ 
rent  at  a  central  station  by  means  of  a  properly 
constructed  circuit,  where  the  management  of  the 
liinip  is  entirely  beyond  the  control  of  the  perst  ns 
using  it. 


Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 
Present — Counsel  as  before. 

E.xamination  of  Charlf-s  P.  Ciiani 


^  7  Q.  What  was  the  problem  in  the  art  of  electric 
lighting  in  and  prior  to  1880  necessary  to  be  solved  ‘ 
in  order  to  render  electric  lighting  with  lamps  of 
low  candle-power  and  in  large  numbers  feasible  and  12492 
practicable  ? 

A.  There  was  no  method  known  at  that  time  by 
which  large  numbers  of  electric  lights  of  low  candle- 
power,  giving  about  the  same  amount  of  light  as 
ordinary  gas-burners,  could  be  established  and  ope¬ 
rated  over  large  areas  in  any  feasible  or  practicable 
manner. 

_  The  problem  was  to  devise  a  system  of  distribu¬ 
tion  by  which  the  electric  current  necessary  to  ope¬ 
rate  the  lamps  could  be  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  dis- 


5124  Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder  &  Mam"  Deposilion. 

12493  triot  to  besupplied  atall  times,  in  such  volume  and 
under  such  pressure,  as  to  cause  the  lamps  to  de 
velop  a  useful  amount  of  li^ht.  ^  “ 

At  the  same  time  the  system  must  be  sn  a 

Further,  the  supply  of  electricity  must  be  under 
such  control  at  the  point  from  whiclU tYs  06^0,  t 

1249K  Tllo^  “i’®  must  all  be  accomplished  bv  a  com- 
S™ •»"  o(  BTOiii. ",  j„  “  ;  “5 , 

p» 

arpr:s‘'»~ 

12490  and  far  would  hu  *’“**“'1 'I'e  lamps,  near 

cult;;.  w?ti?:,::ti?m*“'’'’'^  -■ 

tensity  niform  current  of  proper  in- 


P*  to  1880. 

cult  or  easy  of  solution?  men  as  diffi- 

eratnre  of  the  art  and  auotJs°“ 

subject  as  are  now?varK1o??^^^^^^^ 

■  Pnor  to  the  year  1880  tWs  problem  was  re- 


Prof. Chandler's  "  Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition.  5120 

garded  as  extremely  difficnlt,  if  not  absolutely  im 
possible  of  solution.  ' 

Several  of  the  most  distinguished  electricians  and 
scientific  men  have  put  themselves  on  record  on  this 
subject. 

In  1879  a  committee  of  the  British  Parliament  in¬ 
vestigated  the  subject  of  electric  lighting  and  pub- 
hshed  a  voluminous  report,  which  included  the 
testiniony  of  the  experts  who  appeared 
0  Inions”°'”"®  tlte  experts,  with  their 

12 

I.  Mr.  Charles  W.  Siemens,  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  Doctor  of  Civil  Law  at  Oxford,  a  memLr 
of  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  also  a 
rdBerh  ^  t'*®  f'rtn  of  Siemens  Brothers  of  London 
nndBeiliti.  Mr.  Siemens’ idea  of  the  method  of 

k  th"“f  e®“e'-ally  adopted 

n  the  future  seems  to  have  been  a  parallel  series 

Psoi?r!  '“r”?  “  device  located  in 

constam"'^  V'”!J’*^  *''‘®  practically 

cTrcSts  shn^f  admissions  imply  that  these  branch  124 

e^stto  f  a^^tinguished  a  corresponding 

ffenSars  the  circuit;  and  thaC 

genetal  y  sjieaking,  each  lamp  would  require  as 

as  whenttef' 

The  following  sketch,  which  I  personally  make 


5126  Prof  .Chandler' s  "Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition. 


12601  upon  tlie  record,  corresponds  closely  with  his  de¬ 
scription  : 

0 


E 


A  is  the  generator  of  electricity. 

B  and  C  are  the  positive  and  negative  mains. 
D  is  the  branch  circuit. 

F  is  the  regulating  or  compensating  device. 
E,  B  are  the  lamps. 


The  following  questions  and  answers  are  from  the 
12603  Siemens : 

£s,W¥’  ~o 

li<rh?s  f  "certain  number  of  those 

bf  an  Inf  ‘  required,  there  would  have  to 

for  Moh  equivalent  resistance 

foi  each  light  put  out;  would  not  that  be  the 
nrt<fb^?,Ssed*?“^®  remaining  lights  were 
that  would  be  so. 

■  were  ‘'re  "slits  which 

Jhey  Jere  lighted 

were  nut  liglits 

erto  har  ®"™e  electric  circuit,  but  hith- 
cnits  “®".‘rel  I'glits  upon  special  cir- 

mlln  thair  out  of  a  light  would 

of  a  Sine  ®  ®  ‘'re  "‘oppage 


domektnV  mn  !  ‘“t  be  practically  done  for 
maTn  y°"  would  have  your 

am  conductor  in  the  street ;  would  yon  take 


g"" 


Prof  Chandler’s  "Feeder &Main" Deposition.  6127 

Lir:i^ducS"’"^  '-re  ‘"c  12606 

liatt  application  of  electric 

light  it  uould  be  necessarv  to  nut  a  snccpsemr, 
of  I  ghts  upon  the  same  circ'^ii, ;  I  T.r 
would  probably  branch  off  a  main  conductor 
and  each  bra  noli  would  be  provided  with  a  cur¬ 
rent  regulation,  so  that  each  branch  would' work 

of  cumnt“'''l7':if“"r  ■:*  ""‘ount 
7...7T"‘'  ‘Jre.  electromotive  force  of  the 
Cl  irent  increased  in  consequence  of  a  dimin¬ 
ished  resistance,  through  the  stoppage  of  some 
of  the  branches,  an  extra  resistance  would  have  12'ji)ti 
‘'’olio l’o‘ ref"  each  branch  circuit. 

223.  So  that,  in  point  of  fact,  a  resistance 

equivalent  to  tlie  action  of  the  light  is  put  in 
whether  It  is  burning  or  not,  otherwiJe  you 
hev  n‘.'7on77®  y°ur  other  lights  if 

o'  ?ni®  ®  Circuit  ? 

trit’enei'gy  lost!'‘^  l>e  a  . certain  amount  of  elec- 

224.  And  therefore  the  cost  is  the  s-imo 

whether  the  light  is  burning  o?  not  ? 

A.  Nearly  the  same. 

Mr.  Conrad  William  Cooke,  civil  and  consulting 
engineer,  member  of  the  Society  of  Telegraph  En¬ 
gineers  and  of  the  Physical  Societv  of  London, 
formerly  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Whieldon  & 

Cooke  electrical  and  general  engineers,  seems  to 
think  tiiat  subdivision  of  light  was  only  practicable 
His  conception  of 
practical  distribution  was  undoubtedly  a  series  cir- 
otiit,  in  which  an  equal  resistance  must  replace  each 
ignt  turned  out,  the  expense  to  the  producer  being  12608 
he  same  whetlier  lights  were  turned  on  or  not.  He 
implied  tliat  lie  should  believe  that  Mr.  Edison  had 
n  tto  hundred  lights  on  one  circuit  when  he 
saw  them  burning.  The  following  sketch,  which  I 
P  sonally  make  on  the  record,  embodies  what  he 


6128  Prof. Chandler's  '^Peeder&Main" DeposUion. 

12609  seems  to  admit  to  be  his  ideal  method  of  distribn- 
Lamps.  Lamps. 


12610  -I  I _ I 

ratherT.^  Siemens  that  centralisation 

rather  than  distribution,  should  be  the  metliod 

i'"  '“m  subdivision 

And  he  is  unquestionably  in  favor  of  the  series 
in  Eh!ri‘°  ">«l''od  of  subdivision. 

sweJs  :  questions  and  an- 

of*^oblahiinL/b!IiS’y®"  utiention  to  the  question 
12612  necessitating  i  flosed  01"^?“^  incandescence, 

rien'ce  of'that practical  expe- 
have  a  far  ffrom  view  of  it  is  that  yon  would 

msotesrjyi;  — «p~i 

met^od^the"sr'®  he  worked  on  this 

A.  In  that  ''°uid  this  be  effected? 

“  uuse,  If  you  throw  out  a  lamp,  or 


Prof.  Chandler' s  "P'eeder  &  min"  Pcposilion.  6129 

throw  out  a  house,  you  must  throw  into  the  12618 
circuit  a  resistance  exactly  equal  to  what  you 
cm  out  If  you  do  not  do  that,  you  will  affect 
every  lamp  in  the  series  and  the  machine  as 
well.  If  you  put  out  your  lights  bv  breaking 
the  circuit,  yon  put  out  every  liirht  in  tli'e 
series,  and  the  engine  will  run  a'way  if  it  "s  not 
properly  controlled  ;  and  if  vou  put  them  out 
by  simply  short  circuiting  them,  vou  will  make 
the  others  brighten. 

:m  It  would  seem  that  the  cost  of  a  lamp 
working  and  one  at  rest  would  be  the  same 

the  exception  of  the  carbon  which  was  not  12614 

A.  The  cost  to  the  supplier  would  be  the 
same,  certainly.  It  would  not  affect  the  main 
current. 

SOI  Q.  Supposing  that  this  were  done,  is 
there  any  means  of  learning  the  quantity  of 
electricity  which  would  be  used  in  a  given 
space  of  time  by  the  occupier  of  a  house? 

A.  I  think  that  a  contrivance  might  be  made 
vli-  1  l’“''P“®®'  although  it  would  he  somewhat 
aillicult  to  meet  all  the  peculiar  circumstances; 
for  instance,  of  a  man  sliutiing  off  the  whole  of  12615 
Ills  house,  or  shutting  off  one  light,  or  sliutiing 
off  two  lights,  and  so  on  ;  you  would  probably 
have  to  have  a  meter  at  each  light,  1  think  in  a 
ciise  of  that  sort,  because  you  must,  if  vou  shut 
olf  one  light,  put  in  an  equal  re.sistance.  It 
might  be  done  by  shuniing  in  a  certain  variable 
resistance  at  each  lamp.  In  that  case  vou 
could  dimmish  your  light  due  to  the  amount  of 
leaKnge  tlirou^jh  the  variable  resistance.  Cer* 
tainly  a  meter  would  he  a  very  complicated 
thing  to  arrange;  you  would  have,  I  suppose, 
to  have  some  little  electric  motor.  Then,  .again,  12616 
1  think  It  would  be  very  difficult  to  nriange  for 
variation  in  sfieed. 

Siemens,  in  his  evidence,  stated 
tliat  the  light  could  be  centralized  rather  than 
“'"’‘‘•'’toed.;  do  yon  concur  in  that  view? 

A.  That  is  what  1  meant. 

f  9;  ••'  not  desirable  that  it  should  be 

subdivided  ? 

A.  It  is  very  desirable  for  illuminating  pur¬ 
poses  that  you  should  distribute  your  light  in  a 
great  many  places,  but  the  moment  you  divide 
your  current,  at  each  point  of  division  you 


J°se  a  certain  amount.  In  fact  yon  mW,r  . 

di(RcuS?t'S»’t  “fr2  Ti^ 

nation  ;  but  Vor  the  ‘illuu?fnai1o‘ll'of®  ‘"i" m'' 

nnd  Jflrjje  nren*?  T  fi»?r«i  *i  *  ^  J*irge  linlls 

,518  '’1‘TAr"'>^visi‘;"n"  -^-lization  is 

''eiiied  .a  nmciiine  for  snhJf  ’'.‘■*,y'"ff  recently  in- ' 
pressed  some  doubt  ^ '®  Jifflit,  ex¬ 
tent  he  thong, ““t^.  °^  and  st'a.ed 

abouTK  i  =  ^‘“Von  knoT'tl’S’tl - 
it.'^'A  feriewsimner'/ 

Pearedon  thXffi  ap- 

’9  two  Jiundred  Hglitfo  ®  nl  ^  ‘'’i"''.  o^er 

tl'at  I  should  likl  L  "?  I  a>'ist  sa  v 

all  that  I  cansayf  ^  myself,  and  that  is 

Adioilrnarl  ...  m.  . 


Wet  pursuant  to  adjournment. 
Present-Counsel  as  before. 


Prof.  Chandler's  "IPteder  &  Main" Deposition.  6131 
Ictnc  current  for  the  production  of  various  32521 

A.  I  liave;  I  have  examined  the  questions 
theoretically  from  i  n.  .them  .tic  .1  poiiu  of  v°e„ 
lit  O It  experiinentallv. 

oil  Q.  Did  you  not  publish  a  paper  unoi'i  the 
subject  in  the  Jatiiiary  number  of  the^Philo- 
sophical  Magazine  ?  "" 

A.  I  did. 

.')12  Q.  Wliat  was  tbe  result  that  yon  came  to » 

A.  In  that  jiaper  I  showed,  lirst  of  all.  that 
there  are  two  wtiys  of  subdividing  the  ii-dit 
feiipp<.s.t,g  that  this  piece  of  string  wh  cl  I  .260o 
liold  in  my  hands  were  a  wire  cotivevin  •  he 
cutrent,  we  might  insert  in  that  erne  st.^n"Vev 
.!n!t  "'®  '?"S'it  ttike  the  several  himps 

arc  ^  Yo,  ‘r"  7  *"  =•  P‘>ral/el 

anji  s’x^°::;;hr=te 

The  result  of  my  inquiry  was  to  s  o  •  hat 
shvn  "P  >"  aeries,  the  intern 

diesnn.iei’f^'I  "‘“’i'  '“'"P  diminishes  with 
t  pv 'aserted;  and  when 
the.\  .lie  joined  up  in  this  parallel  arc  the  in- 

°f  12623 

to  siiMivi’!’  ^  you  iiltempt 

to  subdiMde  the  light  bevond  two  or  three 
»Skt  diminishes  in  a  marl 

sthme^^rn— 1^''®'^“*''°'^  Deacon,  meinlier  of  the  In- 
Boro  f.  °f  Mecl.anical  Et.gineers, 

Bo.o.,gi,  Engineer  and  Inspector  of  Gas  Lighting 

ret  pool,  and  Electrical  A.ssistant  to  Sir.  \Vm. 

with  the  cable  work  of 

eftt  “®aistaut  in  the  service 

of  the  Atlantic  Telegraph  Company. 

seen  'uibtw?"  atated  that  in  all  cases  he  had 
Mr  exception  of  an  arrangement  of 

lies  "  lamps  had  been  run  in  se- 

lamm^in^  Wr.  Edison  also  arranged 

Mr  but  he  had  understood  that 

stntpd  experiments  had  demon- 

effect  in  ^r^'^ka  would  run  to  better 

in  senes.  He  thought  that  five  or  six 


Ill® 


6132  Prof  .Chandler' s  "Feeder  &  Main"  Deposilion. 

callj  on  one  circuit  in  senes,  and  that  iiossiblv 
as  many  as  that  might  be  run  in  ninltinir-  rp^ 
but  beyond  that  nnniber  the  cost  wonlil  be  too 
great  by  any  system  ivitliin  liis  knowledge  He 
admitted  that,  if  these  lamps  were  placed  one 
hundred  yards  apart,  it  would  be  necessrry  to 
place  an  engine  and  generator  at  each  six  hun¬ 
dred  yards  ;  he  was,  liowever  snenkiocr  t.,  .1. . 
ight  of  practical  results  up  to  tht  t  \  1  e 

belief ‘thafth’"""^  high  authorities  for  the 
•fi  ^  were  modes  of  overcoming''  the 

•c  (tlien)  present  difficulties  of  subdivision.  ° 

He  thought  the  electric  light  could  not  be 
applied  economically  to  house  ligluinL-  and 

svin1i*“‘’“  bVthe  Lri^s 

fhf  li™h  "r  'vhether 

cue  iigiiis  were  burning  or  not*  and  fh-it  tiio 
multiple  arc  the  light  would  be  even  less  eco- 
nomical.  _He  had  heard  reports  of  Mr.  Edison’s 

Rv  n  ®l"M'hing  of  Edison's. 

13^  IJtfc  ClIAtlt.ltAir:  9,^a  Q  Tliere  have  not 

dWsion  into  uaT'p'l"*®’ 

628  '"t"  parallel  circuits? 

of  Mr  Won  1^  ^  se«"  «''e  those 

that  his  ^  understand  now 

cirmitirt’"^-'  "P  hve  or  six  lights  on  one 
be?n^*ip  t®,?  possibility  of  division  in  series 
and  ft  ma'v  be  moderate  economy  ; 

niJi  k  ue  that  division  in  multinle  arc  will 
tent.  '^HuMiPvn”  5°'?®''’ho''e about  thesameex- 
1  eyond  that,  I  think  either  of  them 


Prof. Chandler's  "  Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition.  6133 

will  be  so  costly  as  to  put  a  stop  to  much  fur-  pi,™ 
ther  division  on  any  system  which  has  yet  been 

993  Q.  Then,  practically,  it  comes  to  this 
that  we  can  only  use  six  lights  in  .a  .series,  and 
that  would  carry  yon  over  what  distance  of 
ground  ? 

'Pbat  depends  upon  the  intensity  of  the 

994  Q.  If  yon  put  the  lights  one  Imndred 

yards  aiiart,  yon  can  at  the  end  of  six  hundred 
yards,  lou  would  require  another  engine  and 
another  generator,  would  you  not  '  iOpqo 

Unt't '^f'*'** ®P'’”*'iiig  entirely  in  the 
light  of  practical  results  tip  10  ibis  time.  I 
Know  that  certain  marhematiciaiit!  have  at¬ 
tempted  to  show  that  it  is  impraciicahle  to  go 
further  theoreticnllv,  but  that  is  certainlv  not 

a  universal  opinion  ;  there  are  verv  'hi-di 
amhonties  for  tlie  belief  tliat  there  are'  nioifes 
of  overcoming  the  pres-nt  difficulties  of  snb- 
division. 

I  -r?®  %  5’°“  considered  at  all  the  possi- 

hilit.v  of  the  electric  light  being  applied  to  do- 
hon.sesT^  to  sny-  to  chamber  lighting  in  12631 
A.  Itliink  itisqiiito  jiossihle  thnt  it  will  be 
aiiplied  as  a  luxury;  hut,  so  far  as  I  can  see  at 
mesenr,  again  in  rlie  light  of  experience  niV  to 
the  piusent  date,  Ido  not  think  it  is  likelv  to 
he  applied  ecoiiotnicallv. 

.  I'lOl  Q.  Supposing  ihat  yon  had  vonr  lamps 
in  a  house  in  .series,  how  would  yo'ii  elfect  the 
mlier*’”'*  ”  single  light  wiiliont  allectiiig  the 

.  A.  Theoretically  there  is  no  dillicnltvindo- 
nigthatnsa  matter  of  electricity;  blip  practi-  12532 
oally  so  far  :is  1  can  see  at  the  present  time,  I 
fear  that  the  dillicnlty  would  he  consider¬ 
ably  greater  than  the  mere  turning  of  a  stop- 
cccjc,  or  regulating  it  by  a  stoiicock. 

1002  Q.  You  would  interpose  a  resistance,  in 
fa«,  would  you  not  1 

1003  Q.  And,  therefore,  that  light  would  cost 
t  ie  same,  whether  it  was  burning  or  not,  with 
tile  exception  of  the  carbon  ? 

A.  Yes  ;  with  the  exception  of  the  carbons, 
iuat  IS,  of  course,  in  the  case  of  lights  in  series 


P^°f-Cf>'<indl^'s"Feeder& Main'' Deposition 

i?il"iss'3s 

other  -locoimts  ecoiiotniciil  on 

poses?  “PP'ioeWe  for  domestic  imr- 

sSSs;i“S=rK 

statements  and  his  hopei  I’aseshis 

eleoSvhT’lVSV” 
ssp"s,“‘'  •»  ™i«r  “."SSriS 

is  to  come  '•>«  diminution  of  cost 

because  we  know  "!»«bine. 

there  wmU"avLVCT'’\'’-^^^^^^ 

to  the  usi  of  iridium  ?  ‘'‘'"■®  ''«'«''ence 

iierstaud.'''^°^  Platinum  and  iridium,  I  un- 
fied  in  ^press?nrl'nn”"®  •'”• ''"®  °°"atry  is  jiisti- 

ssi?~.  a  ittrssx&ri 

soniiifdVaid'oJr.th''  ‘*>1  that  Jfr.  Edi- 

Mr.  Edison’s  in venrioL^  i^J^? '‘“® 

-t.  we  ^^oul^h"a^:^a";^\‘’-e"al’1r^^ 


Prof. Chandler's  "  Feeder  &  Main"  Dcposilion.  fil3d 

12537 

patents  would  have  been  secured. 

10G4  Q.  Is  it  not  tlie  case  that  his  last  patent 
has  only  just  been  sealed  2  '■ 

A.  I  do  not  know  how  many  patents  there 

■Sen,,'.'”””"™"'"''"'""  »'™"" 

u  that  the  “New  York 

Herald’  of  last  week  (which  I  have  this  morn 
ing  received  from  Mr.  Edi.soti  liimsell)  describes 
fully,  with  drawings,  Mr.  Edison’s  inventions 
for  winch  patents  have  been  recently  taken  outt 
A.  No;  I  have  not  seen  it.  laggg 

Mr.  Corbett  IVoodall,  a  member  of  the  Institute 
of  Civil  Engineers,  an  engineer-in-chief  to  the  Phte- 
nixGas  Company  in  London,  believed  that  it  had 
been  established  that  only  a  limited  number  of 
light? could  be  put  on  one  circuit. 

1103  Q.  Y’ou  spoke  of  the  tendency  which 
consitmers  ol  gas  have  to  increase  their  con¬ 
sumption,  and  you  foresaw  in  that  fact  a  dilii- 
culty  with  regard  to  electric  lighting;  suppose 
that  would  depend  upon  the  power  of  the  en-  12539 
gine,  \vould  it  not! 

.,1  It  that  it  has  been  established 

that  only  a  limited  nnmber  of  lights  can  be  put 
upon  one  circuit.  If  you  want  more  lights  it 
would  be  necessaiy  either  to  bring  a  fresh  sitp- 
ply  into  the  house  or  to  rearrange  that  circuit 
upon  which  you  desired  to  put  more  lights. 

Sir  Win.  Thomson,  LL.D.,  I).  C.  L.,  Professor  of 
Aatiiral  Philosophy  in  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
piesident  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  and  ia540 
bellow  of  St.  Peter’s  College,  Ctinibridge. 

b“tl‘'in  idea  that  lighting 
could  be  done  in  series  and  also  in  multiple 
arc,  but  had  never  worked  the  problem  out, 
preferring  to  leave  it  to  practical  inventions  to 
find  out  the  best  way ;  he  thought,  however, 
the  series  plan  would  be  the  best  way,  pro¬ 
vided  a  method  was  devised  for  preventing  the 
whole  of  the  lamps  in  circuit  being  extin- 
gumhed  when  one  lamp  went  out. 

■He  could  not  answer  the  question  as  to 


Prr^f. Chandler's  "Feeder  &  Main" Deposition.  5137 

gines  for  the  electric  light  unless  in  n  very  larce 
house.  In  large  drawing  rooms  neri,;, 
might  be  advantageous  even  now.  I  loXfor- 
H.ird  rather  to  the  time  when  a  block  of  houses 

about  unsteadine.ss.  I  think  probably  seriei 
uoiild  he  the  best  anangement 

'III  enter  tn.it  House,  pass  tliroiigh  the  differ-  losan 
hoiise'?"^^  SO  into  the  next  ^ 

A.  _les  ;  it  would  not  do  to  have  very  many 
rise*too*idgb  oleotro-inotive  force  'vould 

dinW  2’  that  we  had  a  lamp  in  a 

wan  fi..r  T’ '’"'ner  I  did  not 
wa^ntthat  lamp  any  more,  how  should  I  put  it 

i°;'wrirbetf'3'of  liS 

1840  Q.  Then  there  is  the  same  cost  for  that 

lion ’orM:e'‘cm.b'‘,rr 

A.  Yes ;  but  with  proper  regulators  by  in¬ 
ventions  not  yet  made  the  machine  will  have  a 

vou'um, VT  "’i}‘  »>o''«  o'lrrent  dian 

fn  ho  i  or  lights,  whether 

ifiso  n  o  ‘’'5'“'"^'  "*■ circuits, 
now  be^'„^““ji‘  “  "IS  you  mention  is  12648 

now  being  made,  I  believe,  is  it  not  i 
of  ri'nf  '“\'’.C”°*i>onrd.  I  liave'scarcely  thought 
way  myself,  except  in  a  veiy  gen-ral 


m"!'  Henry  Michael,  Q.C.,  F.O.S. 

i  1.  Michael  looked  upon  the  whole  matter  of 
continuous  supply,  and  prac- 
in  n  .  over  large  areas  as  an  hypothesis, 

o  instance  demonstrated  by  fact  or  approxima- 


6138  Prof. Chandler's  ''Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition. 

Is“LuL,uZ  ^fnulVoY’^he  ii\™iors  'if 

v5EEsS!“-i,::ft5i 

A.  lliey  alwa^^s  have  considered  if  Tf  ; 
quite  true  that  the  maxim,  cavml  Mr  on  d 

i50  tii?.n  von  mi!rl ‘°  Protect  tlieii’iseh'es 

tliesupplv  err  all  restrictions  as  to 

oc.iu  mis  case  ;  with  respect  to  trimiu-ivo 
f°roncean,l‘ali; 
of  oiirlciiniei'^A  present  imperfect  state 

“  ."'  V  “  yo“  grant  to-day  to  a  com 

S'wlW  '-r  "he 

^Sii 

livpotliet’ic'illf  *'  concession,  even 

vZiiritft:;:  oS  -ft-l' ndon^ 

tile  arffiii neat  ‘’^^*7®''"’®'  ®"t  would  not 
give  tlmi  !  .  '""y  i  'hat  if  yoa 

all  to  open  11  mil  Legislature  at 

invention  infinitely  "'■®  '■®t''r‘l"'e 

for  openimfi? f,  *''■  ^  "o'’er  yet  seen  a  case 

*'  ‘'?u‘’/p?y^1S 

a  very  lonni's°a“nce'“'Yo"^y‘’**  lias  to  traverse 
present  thnf  have  no  evidence  at 

np  electricity,  ®  “"y  Possibility  of  storing 


Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition.  o]30 

2020  Q  If  there  is  not  evidence  as  to  the  pos-  losaa 
sibihty  of  storing  it  PI, ,  there  is  evidence  llmt 

s  cad  mess,  as  yon  liave  the  engines  working  tlie 
ships  crossing  over  the  Atlantic  for  twelve  davs 
never  ceasing  a  single  revoimioii,  and  all  that 
time  producing  a  steady  outflow  of  electricity 
Is  It  not  equivalent  to  storing  up  that  voar  en- 
giiies  are  now  so  stendy  and  so  well  ninde  that 
um  can  perfectly  rely  on  their  turning  round 
equably,  and  producing  a  vast  amount  of  elec 
tncity  wiiicli  would  supply  large  districts? 

A.  \es,  but  there  is  a  fatal  blot  in  the  whole  I'P-t-ta 
matter.  I  will  follow  your  own  hypot  licsis,  be- 
Yo  M,..'!"’-'’, ®’'"l.'’y  hypot lie.si.s. 

You  have  got  a  perfect  machine,  and  it  is  com- 
pcletit  to  supply  six  honses  with  thirtv  lights 
each;  there  are  six  houses  in  a  row.  and  a  on 

k  lid  fiom  which  yoii  enn  send  power  tosupjtlv 

T  er  "  pwfect  light'. 

I  here  comes,  then,  a  time  when  tie  whole  of 
the  lights  are  turned  otite.\cepttwo,  in  two  bed¬ 
rooms;  the  engine  must  go  on;  von  have  no 

were  only  in:iking  two  ;  and  I  fail  to  see  flow 
.uiu  have  established,  with  any  information  that 
-o Ii'm  “*‘1  ’  '‘"“'"gy  between  that  svsiem 

-md  the  storing  up  of  gas,  which  enahle.s  von  to 
1m o,.i!r'’i“ ®‘'"y  ihrongli  it  votir 
s  imilj  vvhether  it  is  the  smallest  or  the grei'itest 
■'  o,  y  ''*®  expense. 

^he  dimcHliy  whioliyoiiliavemen- 
loned  j list  now  did  exist,  and  d'oes  exist  to  a 
i.irp  extent;  but  the  progress  of  invention  is 
so  i.ipid  that  you  will  find  that  it  will  not  prob-  12666 

C  V?,"’i'”y.dnys  more  without  being  solved  ? 

-m  *  revolutionize  the  whole  qnes- 

1  Imm;,.:  v®  you  are  able  to  store  up 

electricity  I  acknowledge  at  once  von  have 
2!i2Rn°'‘T?  Pl’usa.of  ''m  question, 

be  °  ®'oring  it  up,  but  economizing 

i  v'  "■■■'s  your  point  ? 
th-w  f  ““  uave  iiot  quite  followed  me.  I  say 
niiicf  ®*M'plying  the  two  lights,  your  engine 
must  make  tlie  same  number  of  revolutions ; 
must  turn  yoiir  expensive  machine  ;  you  must 
incurring  the  whole  of  the  expens'e,  except 


5140  Prof. Chandler's -Feeder  &  Main" Deposition. 


p.min^Mhato;u«f“;he“‘quS^^ 

}oui  expense  is  precisdv  rtie  same  C  twi 
lights  as  for  180  lights.  'l  say  tl  ,t  ,  ' 

«-itT  gi.s“  ‘  <=>»>Pir^ 

2020  Q.  By  Loud  Lindsay  :  I  un. 
r  “S°  f'lit  a  patent  is  now  be- 

i^ng  applied  for  winch  will  aniwer  your  qnel 

thft'  f  I  see  the  specification  for 
t l  a  ’thftimp  '  "•“‘•k.  I  shtill  admit 

q^^st‘on.  legislation  on  the 


l^Adjourned  to  Saturday,  December  0th,  1800,  at 


December  0,  1800. 
Met  pnrsttant  to  adjournment. 
Present-Counsel  tis  before. 

fes^sor  CiiTni'!" 

ontcorw-M “"‘''“"‘ies  have  ptu  tltemselves 
of  so  snhdi  ’I-  t'l  the  practical  impossibility 

«  n  '>‘«keit 

cinllv  wlmn  numbers  of  lamps,  espe- 

In  “Jfature,”  republished 

the  elect,-;.,  ■  •  7’  ‘discusses  the  divisibility  of 

following  words^;  ooncludes  his  article  in  the 


“It  will  be 


1,  then,  from  what  has  been 


Prof. Chandler’s  "Feeder  &  Main”  Deposition.  6141 

.-ibove  stilted  that  the  production  and  divisi-  125G1 
bility  of  the  light  by  incandescence  is  a  verv 
wasteful  process ;  so  wasteful,  indeed  as  to 

sti'iysr 

“If,  therefore,  all  Mr.  Edison  has  to  -in 
noiince  to  the  world  is  th.at  he  has  succeeded  in 
dividing  an  incandescent  light,  and  the  an 
nouncement  that  such  is  so  is' made  on  anthor- 
ity,  his  discovery  amounts  to  very  little.  Both 
lone  a-o*  ‘ir^  -'I'l®  divisibility  were  discovered 
ong.igo  It  will  easily  bo  .seen  that  it  is  not 
n»  tliat  direction  that  anvuiear  oracticsil  ra  iom^o 
sultb<,aii  be  obtained.  '1  lie  voltaic  arc  supplies 
the  only  divisible  light  of  any  iitiliiv  and 
economy,  and  it  is  in  its  development  that  any 
real  progress  must  be  looked  for.”  ^ 

9.  Professor  Henry  Morton,  President  of  the 
btevens  Institute,  and  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
electrical  authorities  we  have,  wrote  upon  this  sub¬ 
ject  to  the  editor  of  the  “Sanitary  Engineer,”  and 
was  subsequently  interviewed  by  a  reporter  of  the 

Jew  'iork  Times,”  who  printed  the  results  of  the  i„rno 
nterview  in  that  paper  ;  he  alsodelivered  a  lecture 
before  the  American  Gaslight  Association  which 
was  publislied  in  the  “Aiuericaii  Gaslight  Journal.” 

he  letter  to  the  ‘•Sanitary  Engineer”  was 
dated  December  22,  1870,  and  is  reproduced  at 
page  47si  of  the  defendant’s  record  in  this  suit 
Je  interview  with  the  “New  York  Times ” 
l’"‘djsbed  in  the  issue  of  De- 

<182  883  and  384  of  the  defet.danfs  record.  The 
ecture  delivered  before  the  Gaslight  Association” 

**“* -iniei'icau  Gaslight  Journal  of 
Jajarjj  o  February  17,  and  is  referred  to  on 
page  3h.i  of  the  defendant’s  record. 
tl,„  Morton  is  evidently  of  the  opinion  that 

t  e practical  subdivision  of  the  electric  current  for 
tbe  supply  of  large  numbers  of  lamps  is  an  un- 
aeivea  problem,  and  one  which  is  not  likely  to  meet 


il4a  Prof. Chandler's  '^Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition. 

dth  solution.  In  liis  letter  to  the  “  Sanifirv  En 
ineer”  he  uses  the  folloiving  language : 

dent  assertion  of  an  accomplished  success  onlv 
awaiting  granting  of  jiatents  lo  be  made' nii , 
he,  has  ended  in  landing  him  in  an  old  method 
tried  and  abandoned  bv  others,  and 

in  H,  tTticle 

S70i  Ueceinherai, 

ib/9)  fuiiii.shes  no  reason  to  believe  has  re- 
son’rh'inds'’’^””^*'*"*  '"tprovement  in  Mr.  Edi- 

In  the  interview  with  the  reporter  Professor  Mor¬ 
on  IS  alleged  to  have  said : 

diictinn  economical  pro- 

ditotion  of  lights  by  electricity.  This  is  what 
IS  commonly  meant  by  the  phrase,  ‘  Dividine 
clndhrn  4  present  llii'ielt"! 

D  nr  7b?f  ;i— ®  experiments,  it 

etHcienn*  V  ''"''"'tise  loss  of 

\mt„  ,  \  iNe-xt  comes  the  dilllcnlty  of  distri- 
ti’if  nn..,  ”  ‘‘"y  lorge  scale  the  iinmeiise  elec- 
rovWe  f  be  needed,  and  to 

if  ilgl.t?imed!”'''’'"®"""'^‘'^ 

Light  Association, 

■peaking  of  the  Werdermann-lanip,  hesays : 

lining  1’?  '’o‘[c®t\that  here,  as  with  all  other 
m-e-iMn'  lotaiidescetice.  tlieie  is  a 

A  ’  "'*"“1. increases  with  the  subdivision. 

^10, mT  ‘‘"e  ntilizing  two-horse  power 

fr  ™  ""  ordinary  lamp  a  light  of 

fifteen  hundred  camllesin 
frAnff,  hundred  and  fortv  here  claimed 

isirfor  tr-hi’n^i;,^:./-'' 

of  Pi  ^’‘““'bred,  Member  of  the  liistitnte 

Stara' f  ra  P-IP®’’  “0“  H'C  Present 

socia,.-  before  the  British  As- 

on  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  August 


Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition.  5143 

portforth.it  j ear.  Hesays  that  electric  lighting 
has  only  attained  to  its  present  developement  by 
ceitaiii  in, .Iked  stages  of  progress.  His  first  stag^ 
begins  with  the  production  of  the  electric  light  at 
the  heginn.ng  of  the  century,  but  the  first  real 

sraifH  (ii  practical  application  began  with  the  nro 
dnction.  in  1849,  of  large  magneto-electric  machines- 
the  next  stage  began  about  1857  with  tlie  invention 
0  dynamo-electric  I. lacliines;  .be  third  and  pres- 
ent  singe  of  electric  lighting,  hesays.  is  that  of  the  10,70 

niimbei  of  lights  from  one  macliine-which  he  says 
mae  !r"  by  Lontin  witli  I, is  double- 

l  o  r,  ‘.r  . .  tl  e  tell 

knoivii  ah  oclikoff  candles.  He  concludes  l.is  ar¬ 
ticle  with  the  following  words: 

ii'ii.v  replace  gas  iightino 
aLfr"ni“^"‘  'I  'be  ilinminatim.  of  S 
.ire^.is  and  in  certjun  imuinfactnre.s,  vet  itcan- 
notjiretend  to  trench  upon  tlie  special  and  tlie  12,71 
SI  exleiisiye  fie  d  for  the  use  of  gas.  the 
hgliting  of  private  houses,  nntii  some  neriin 
rr  '.'l?‘‘S""«tible  liglit  producing  points, 
be  (iisSd.”  ” 

nall'r"!’"’.',!  Engineer,  published  a 

pipe.  0.1  •  I  he  Absolute  Economy  of  Electric  Lit  ht- 
l'>S  .1.  the  .lonrmil  of  the  Franklin  Institute  for 
imper  as  foliar  “"""''iding  paragrapli  of  liis 

tliro’,r/''r'®"'  ’igl'ting  to-dav  is 

liohr  enough  quantity  of 

•U'  G  ‘‘°™°"'y  to  tbnt  attained  for 

t  0^5.1  f'le  distribu- 

010^.  r  of  light  of  the  great  liglit 

eidssir  "a"’  "btained  at  a  single  fioint  of 
ele civ  •  ^ °  'be  intelligence  of  all 

Hitians  IS  now  directed,  and  the  attainment 
den.TJ"n®„,-"‘-®'*l'“?,  sunoess  can  be  confi- 
nently  anticipated.” 

W.  H.  Preece,  Electrician  to  the  General  Post 


5144  Prof. Chandler's '' Feeder  &  Main"  Deposilion. 

Office  &c.,  wliose  testimony  before  the  Parlimnen- 
fary  Committee  I  htive  already  referred  to  imb 
bs lied  in  The  London,  Edinburgh  and  Dublin 
Philosophical  Magazine”  forJaiiuarv  1870  -inn 
tide  on  the  electric  light,  in  whicli  he  demon!st‘mted 
mathematically  the  hopelessness  of  tile  experiments 
Having  III  view  the  extensive  division  of  the  electric 

inri'r-inr'  P'-M-oses.  The  f  11  g 

paKigraph  closes  his  article  :  ^ 

‘‘It  is  this  partial  success  in  niiiltinlvimr  tlio 
I'glit  that  has  led  so  many  sangiiii;;^  "x?,  ‘  ' 
trex'tens°ve"sirb  d^-  Pos^il'ilily  of 

«hich  experiment  has  proved  to  be  fallacioiis"” 

_  13.  J.  IV.  Sttan,  one  of  the  leading  experinieiitei's 

liUrrrr"  development^;”^ 

Phno  o;i  i  Literary  and 

Philosophical  Society  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne  Oc- 

Mr  ■'^"‘Wiean,”  numbers  204  and  206. 

lanii,  an  in",  •  incandescent 

piodiiced,  he  compares  the  tire  light  with  the  in- 
c  ;nde.cetit  light,  stating  that  the^arc  1  g  t  . 

it  dces7  and  shtps,  and 

-d  arihiition.  He  thinks,  however,  that 

ToL  and  ""'P  for  these  piii- 

Sirfl  -f"  Edison’s  sug¬ 

gestions  for  disiribntion  with  his  own.  The  folloit 
mg  IS  quoted  from  Jiis  lecture  : 

current  in  ti"  *1'®''^  direction,  distributing  the 
of  ffibiit  nn  round  about.  His  plan 

b  ladles  nf  “  ®  ■■  He  proposes  to  send  out 

oandies  of  mam  wires  from  eaih  of  the  centres 


Prof  .Chandler'  s"Feeder&Main"  DeposiLion.  6146 

are  lamps  to  be  liglited,  each  branch  wire  pro-  12677 
ceediag  from  a  mam  wire  to  the  place  where 
jbcbimpis^suimled,  and  from  thence  to  u  le- 

•‘Now,  although  this  plan  has  the  great  merit 
of  simplicity,  1  ifo  not  tliitik  it  will  answer,  ex- 
cHiit  for  very  short  distances. 

“  When  a  number  of  lamps  are  grouped  to- 
getlier  III  that  manner,  it  is  necessarv  that  the 
imlividiial  lamps  should  offer  a  very  hmh  re¬ 
sistance  to  the  current,  for  if  each  lamp  does 
not  olferan  extremely  high  lesistaiice  to  ihe 
liassage  of  the  current  iliere  must  he  great  10678 
waste,  a  large  proportion  of  energy  heitig  in 
that  case  spent  m  heating  the  conducting  wbe.s, 
instead  of  the  ctirbon  in  the  lamps.  ^ 

‘‘Mr.  Edison  accordingly  proposes  to  make 
ns  aiiiiis  of  a  very  high  resistance  ;  lieproposes 
to  use  for  the  mcaiidesceiit  material  a  form 
deiif 1  "  “  ^d’s'ier  resistance 

hn  f  I"  ''®  CO'"?!'''!  slate; 

Imt  f  carbon  mire  and  simple,  is  u.sed,  then 
'^®  ®bihle  and 

ton.leii^cd  .i  otate  as  possible,  because  in  pro¬ 
cess  of  use  It  tends  to  consolidate,  and  it  is  12579 
mlesii.ible  that  any  chtiiige  should  lake  place 
in  the  hiiiip  during  use. 

“The  resistance  offered  by  a  filament  of  car- 
lon  m  Its  best  state  for  inoimdesceiit  hmip.s,  as 
thm  as  It  is  safe  to  use  in  a  lamp,  and  of  a 
leiigrh  snlhcieni  to  give,  say,  a  liglit  equal  to 
one  burner,  or  ten  standard  candles  (a  unit 
of  light,  which,  I  think,  we  must  not  go  he- 
vond  m  plannmgan  extensive  system  of  town 
i"’*  w  "‘i  ®'’  >1  resistance  as 

that  which  Mr.  Edison  has  made  the  basis  of 
‘  our-“‘"®  ilistribiition.  126S0 

'V,’**- lamps  of  this  resistance,  the  result 
‘  bftfore  many  were  bridged  across 

^om  one  mam  wire  to  anotlier,  as  much  or 
more  work  would  be  done  in  the  conducting 
\v  ire  asm  the  lamp.  The  only  way  of  avoiding 
tuts  waste  of  energy,  without  abandoning  the 
Mea  of  small  units  of  light  would  be  either 
employ  enormously  thick  conductors,  or 
worL"  limited  area  supplied  from  one 

si.rj  **‘i"*!  .ti'e  difficulty  is  capable  of  being 
rmounted  in  this  way :  Instead  of  grouping 


6140  Prof.Cliandlcr's  "Feeder  &  Main"  Depo, Him. 

a»..i,.f  ;.I,.  ■„.o„i,'i  '"• " 

s^^iis,  !;s 

tl.^.ti  copper  conductors  of  sio 

tlie  wire  l  iu  s\/e  Vf  '?hr‘'^'^i'''‘*''“  ' 

siB?iSi;§#Sf2 

prpp4d."’’  ‘''®  '"''"P®'  'inan.ier"l'l-m 

i'lg  outTf  m  V  ,1h,f  °i"'‘*’  ‘li'fia-'lfies  in  the  cttrrv 

fra 

would  not  he  '  fl‘ 

"•ould  innke  siiel.  I  "''shap  ;  but  ! 

to  occur  I)V  nl„cint"i'i®“‘*^’  unlikely 

automatic  , •i.vMtV  ?  ®ach  lamp  an 

to  hridg^over  }  "“"''I  s° 

breakinn-nr  r..:i  ®‘’l’  "’ade  by  the  accidental 

the  extinction  nr"^?i  “  ’“"‘P’  and  so  prevent 
series,  while  a  fri  i  the  lamps  in  the 

’  "'®  “  iamp  was  put  in  the  place 


n 


Prof. Chandler's  "  Feeder  &  Main"  DeposUion.  5147 

and  probably  not  more  cosily,  than  the  leolace- 
ment  of  a  broken  p;ns  chimney  or  f^Jobe. 

‘•There  is  another  dillicnlty  occasioned  bv 
the  variation  of  the  current  in  proportion  to 
the  number  of  lamps  in  action. 

“  What  is  required  in  this  case  is  to  maintain 
a  nniforni  current  in  the  line  of  lamps,  whether 
one  or  one  hundred  are  alight.  'J'his  can  be 
accomplished  by  self-acting  apparatus  some¬ 
what  on  the  principle  of  the  governor  of  the 
steam  engine,  and  which  would  automatically 
raise  or  lower  the  potential  or  pressure  by  steps  12586 
jU ‘U'^'-b'‘"c>edths,  according  to  the  number  of 

Mr.  Swan  read  a  paper  on  “  Electric  Lighting  by 
Incandescence”  before  the  British  Association  for 
Advaticement  of  Science  at  the  York  Meeting  in 
1881,  which  is  reproduced  in  the  ”  Scientific  Amer¬ 
ican  Supplement,”  No.  307  for  that  year,  in  which 
lie  uses  the  following  language.’* 

“I3ut  the  crowning  merit  of  electric  light  pro-  12687 
duced  on  the  principle  of  incandescence  is  that 
It  IS  indehnitely  divisible  wiihoui  sacrifice  of 
economy.^  \ou  may  have  a  lamp  so  constnict- 
eu  as  to  give  a  light  of  ten  candles,  or  you  may 
construct  it  with  larger  conductors  so  as  to  ob¬ 
tain  a  light  of  100  candles  from  your  incandes¬ 
cent  carbon,  and  the  smaller  lamp  will  be 
almost  as  economical  as  ihe  largei-— lijrlit  for 
light.  J  hat  is,  the  ten-candle  lain])  will  only 
use  one-tenth  of  the  power,  and,  therefore' 
cost  one-tenth  of  the  amount  to  maintain  it 
that  IS  required  by  the  lamp  wliich  gives  ten  12688 
times  the  light; 

“  This  property  of  divisibility  into  as  many 
sniaiJ  centres  of  illumination  as  are  required— 

^yl^Ich  IS  inherent  to  this  method  of  electric 
tigliting  by  incandescence  to  fully  the  same 
extent  as  in  gaslight— combined  witlithesteadi- 
>  species  of  light,  its  good  color,  and 

Us  wholesomeness,  gives  it  a  character  of  general 
appucability  which  is  not  possessed  by  any 
other  kind  of  electric  light.  It  is  forty  years 
since  Starr,  through  his  agent,  King,  took  out 
nis  patent  for  producing  light  on  this  principle. 


5148  Prof. Chandler's  "feeder  &  Main"  Deposilion. 

It  is  only  within  the  last  two  or  tiiree  veaM 
that  the  many  practical  dimcnlties  that  heset 
tile  ntilizatmn  of  tins  metliod  liave  been  snr 
mounted.  Notlnnucan  well  Im 
the  ideal  incandescent  lamp.  A  slip  of  carbon 
in  a  vacnnm,  that  is  till.  To  realize  this  hC 
mncli  experimentation  had  to  be  gone  tlirou-h 
and  much  disappointment  to  be  snITered.”  ° 

P=‘ra- 

trip  theinetliodof  elec, 

me  jigiinng  by  incandescence  as  a  berfMctlv 
practicable  method,  and  now  tliat  we  l.ave  the 
means  of  comliining  the  econotnv  of  the  me- 
c  iamcal  generation  of  electricity  witli  the  con- 
staticj;  and  many  convenietices  of  voltaic"  cn" 
mulation  it  is  clear  that  the  time  is  now  i-i  a 
hir  the  almost  nnlitnited  application  of  eleoi^ic 
mav  “nd  that  engiiieera 

?te^’-.itin  «>''e  their  imtnedi. 

me!}  province  in  connection  wiih  tin 

mei.h.inital  production  and  distribution  of  elec 
tricity  on  a  large  scale.” 

paperon  eleoirio 
“  Popular  Srienc. 
Monthly  for  September,  1882,  which  was  after 
wards  reproduced  in  “The  Electrician”  (Londnii 
foi  October  14  of  the  same  year.  Mr.  Lnngren  says 

ni.pJt’P  contest  and  denial  over  tin 

w  !  possibility  of  producing  a  ligli 
would  I,  ""'ons  of  electricitv  ilia 

in  e.  i  general  purposes  « 

Intel lor  lighting  has  aliont  drawn  to  ii  close.  I 
has  generally  conceded-what  I  lien 

he  urou'ni  "  “"yeason  for  denying-tlia 
lose  Pi  electric  transmission  inter 

ornhiom  1  i  1?  *  *e  snccessfiil  solution  of  lb 
Pioblem.  but  that  the  difficulties  in  the  wayar 


Prof. Chandler's  '‘Peeder& Mam" Deposition.  ni49 

has  taken  place  upon  this  point,  but  little  has  12593 
been  wiitten  that  will  enable  the  general  pulilic 
to  form  a  judgment  upon  the  subject,  and  ar¬ 
rive  at  a  trustworthy  opinion  of  the  relative 
cost  of  It  and  gas  under  actual  commercial  con- 
ditions.” 


Ihe  lignres  for  the  electric  plant  are  based 
upon  the  work  of  Mr.  Edison,  as  he  is  the  onlv 
one  who  has  so  far  made  any  attempt  to  put  in 
an  electric  plant  upon  an  industrial  scale.  And 
for  that  reason  further  only  his  system  of  dis¬ 
tribution  is  considered,  tliongb  it  mav  bea  ones- 
tion  whether  it  is  the  one  which  willprovemost 
satisfrictory  in  practice.” 

15.  P.  J.  Sprague,  Ensign  U.  S.  Navy,  was  de¬ 
tailed  to  make  a  report  on  matters  relating  to 
electric  lighting,  and  spent  some  time  in  London 
for  this  purpose.  He  has  published  several  pa¬ 
pers,  results  of  his  observations.  I  quote  the 
following  paragraphs  from  a  paper  by  him  on 
The  Edi.son  System  of  Electric  Distribution,  12695 
“The  Electrician,”  for  September  9, 


I  do  not  propose  to  enter  into  any  di.scns- 
Sion  as  to  the  priority  of  the  claims  of  this  in- 
ventor  ascompared  with  any  other,  but  to  speak 
ot  Air.  Edison’s  system  as  it  has  appeared 
to  me  after  a  thorough  investigation  and  study 
01  the  same,  extending  over  several  months, 
and  with  great  facilities  at  my  command  ;  and 

'"’ton  Mr.  Edison’s  12596 
<.l.iimsor  the  claims  of  his  friends,  but  are  llie 
result  of  a  candid  examination.  Mr.  Edison’s 
ambition  has  been  far-reaching,  and  he  designs 
o  establish  a  system  of  distribution,  not  alone 
„  .t.bShtmg,  but  for  almost  every  purpose  to 
winch  the  electric  current  can  be  put,  and 
he  recognizes  the  all  important  jirinciples 
that  all  parts  of  such  a  svstem  are  mutually 
deneiident;  that  thorougirmathematical  and 
engineering  talent  must  be  used ;  tliat  no  de- 
'f  ""'"iportant,  no  real  objection  so 
nvial,  but  that  it  requires  patient  considera- 


6100  Prof.  Chandlefs  "  Feeder  &  Main"  Depomion. 

lion;  that  dynamos,  meters,  lamns 
conductors,  districts  laid  oni,’capi  a  j  vwS 
and  enerpy  wasted  mimf  nii  i  invested 
with  reference  to  e/ich  othere  in 
economy  and  reliability  are  tile  crl'u 'end* 
he  obtained.  The  result  is  tl.f^ 

P^iSi 

iMsSsS-Ss 

tliere  are,arinanv 

nisheci  frZ’ t'he“'c*enlra? 
over  a  sme .  !  station,  distributed 

to  the  PosrOHfe'*'“*mi”  Circus 

liere  Is  that  ,  f  ?;niT'‘1  disifibation 

eiiiis.  EvWentlv  while"  cir- 

Derfectlv  s-itistniV  ‘  simple  circuits  give 
oil  the  Le/i  /  results  in  buildings  and 
do  for  laree  d'^tunee?,  they  will  not 

of  distribntioi  "nvei^'i  “  ’®  **‘'®  qne.stion 

systen'r  as’ft  1!  rosnmo  of  Mr.  Edison’s 

of  electricity  P''eseni  uses 

,  developed  IJhen  ii  '’® 

ilie  importance  of  ‘.’?,."'"te  able  to  appreciate 

Id,  188^  p|,L  -^“erican  ”  for  September 

descent  Electric  Vf “''‘*‘=16  on  “  Generallncan- 

^WchlquotethefonSgT 

Tbe  great  steam  dvnamos  at  the  Central  Sta 


FrofChandler's  "Feeder  &  Main"  Pepostiio?i.  6151 

tionof  the  First  District  were  started  in  concert 
on  the  afternoon  of  Monday,  September  4th 
and  from  that  evening  the  new  system  of  inte¬ 
rior  lighting  has  lieeii  oneof  theestablishedinsti 
tions  of  the  city.  To  a  large  e.ytent  "-aslio-lit 
has  been  supplanted  through  the  district,  imd 
there  is  uo  reason  fordoubting  the  e.xtension  of 
t  ie  new  lights  to  other  districts  as  rapidiv  as 
the  requisite  central  stations  and  sv.s4eni3  of 
electric  conduclors,  lamps,  meters  and  other  an- 
pliances  can  be  produced.  At  anv  rate  the  new 
system  has  p.assed  three  of  llie'foiir  e.sseiitial 
stages  of  progress  toward  coniinercial  perina-  i.jro-) 
nence  and  success.  When  ,Mr.  Edison  lirst  at- 
ackeil  the  problem  of  incandescent  electric 
lighting,  he  was  met  with  the  general  objection 
of  electrical  authorities-that  a  durable  incan¬ 
descent  electric  lamp  could  not  be  made. 

\\  hen  he  proposed  to  subdivide  the  electric  ciir- 
lent,  so  as  to  multiply  small  lamps  economical¬ 
ly,  he  w.as  warned  on  all  sides  that  he  was  in 
pnrsnit  of  an  impossibility;  the  thing  could 
produced  the  desired 
I.  lip  and  subdivided  the  current  experiiuent- 
‘,i..H-’  uol'  less  conlidently  asserted  -ioboo 

■  ll...t  a  laboratory  experiment  was  one  thin<r 
the  iiractical  application  of  a  theory  to  a  com- 
plex  system  of  iiiiblic  service  was  qiii'te  anotiier, 
and  be  was  bound  to  fail.  It  wms  a  question 
of  economy;  and,  admitting  that  an  incandes¬ 
cent  electric  lighliiig  system  could  be  furnished 
under  the  conditions  required,  it  would  not 
pay.  • 

Adjourned  to  Monday,  December  8,  2  P.  M. 


12604 


z  lo/.i^iiamuer  s  Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition. 

Monday,  December  8,  1880  | 
a  P.  M.  ’  } 

Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

Continuation  of  the  a n.s wfu  op  tiif  IV 
ouKSTioN  8'"”''"" 

17.  Dr.  C  W.  Siemens.  F.  R.  S.,gavean  inaiuMiral 

S.'Tss>  "l'“ 

bith,  1868,  wliicli  IS  printed  in  “Tiie  Electrician”  for 
^o'Bnibor  18,  1888,  beginning  at  page  17  D,-  sie 

estahlfr"?  Possildeto 

oKr  ?  tl  rr"  <--oppfrrods 

the!^in.>  d-  *"'“"«'•««  diverging  from 

t  iem  in.ili  directions,  tbongii  he  was  liimtlfde. 
tidedly  adverse  to  sncb  a  piam  He  would  ibni!  t 
of  I  sou'  nt  to  (■i.e-quarter 

of  i  X  ‘«>.'‘“‘''’>tlistandiug  other  individuals 
S  oiv<^uHs  held  that  areas 

With  regard  to  the  size  of  conductors,  lie  said : 
to  be'uH^in'’*’'"®  '•'‘®  size  of  conductor 

:t  it  7?  r  »d"sSi';.! 

tile  resistance  '"St  through 

of  tliesp  tu-.. ',.1 -‘i  length.  The  sum 

costof  com-ev).',  *"' I'e  regarded  tis  the 

as  Sir  \VillVim*'!u®  electricity,  is  clearly  least, 
a^o  wheii  /{'  l!‘”"son  pointed  out  some  time 
Tnis  thei  iJ .?  ™'npotieiits  are  equal. 

» 

stallaifororj.?*’'®  conductor  to  use  for  in- 
'voiild  be  one  48  ao"!!? suppo^sd 

>'od  eight  inches  dhimefer--®®“‘'““’ 


Prof. Chandler’s  ”  Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition.  6153 

•‘  It  must,  indeed,  be  admitted  that  the  trans-  126119 
mission  of  electrical  energy  of  such  potential 
(•'•()  volts)  as  is  admissible  in  private  dwell¬ 
ings  would  involve  conductors  of  impractical 
dimensions :” 

18.  Frank  .1.  Sprague,  Ensign  United  States 
Navy,  made  a  report  to  tlie  Ravy  Department  on 
the  exhibits  at  the  Crystal  Palace  Electrical  Exhi¬ 
bition  of  1882.  Tliis  report  was  published  at  Wash¬ 
ington  in  1883.  Mr.  Sprague  takes  up  tiie  dilferent 
incandescent  lamps  exhibited  at  the  Crystal  Palace  loopj 
and  describes  them,  and  I  quote  the  following  re- 
uiiirks  with  regard  to  ti  few  of  them. 

The  Lanj;-Fo.\-  La.mp. 

“  At  the  Crystal  Palace  the  multiple  arc  sys- 
stem  was  tidopted.  About  3l)(t  to  4i)ti  hiinps 
were  supplied  by  Brush  dynamos  of  the  Sellon- 
volckmar  accumulators.  Some  were  in  inde- 
pendeiit  circuits,  and  two  or  three  machines  were 
,  also  joined  in  parallel  circuit  to  supplv  a  nuni- 

her  of  lamps.  The  effect  in  the  Alhambra  Court,  12011 
-supplied  by  thedyiiiimo  macliines,  and  in  well- 
furnished  rooms  where  the  accumulators  were 
used,  Wits  very  line.  The  arrangement  of  the  lat¬ 
ter  was  good,  but  looking  at  tlnit  of  the  lamps 
and  dynamos  as  asysteni,  it  wtis  sadly  deficient. 

In  fact  it  was  not  a  system,  for  the  simple 
coupling  together  of  a  machine  which  will  give 
a  current  of  electricity  to  a  maze  of  wires,  and 
of  lamps  which  are  keptata  state  of  incandes¬ 
cence  by  tile  passage  through  tiieiii  of  a  current, 
witiioiit  regard  tu  safelj-,  economy  and  reliabil¬ 
ity,  cannot  be  properly  so  dignified.  1  will  not  12612 
enter  into  any  detailed  criticism,  for  I  scarcely 
tliiiik  it-  necessary.  Asa  test  of  the  quality  o‘f 
manufacture,  the  current  was  reduced  by  iow- 
eriiig  thespeed  of  the  dynamos  until  the' incan¬ 
descence  was  just  generally  apparent.  The  de- 
pue  of  redness  was  very  uneven,  and  the  test 
by  no  means  satisfactory.” 

.  “Mr.  Lane-Fox  has  not  only  invented  some 
incandescent  lamp.s,  but  he  has  proposed  one 
or  two  systems  for  the  distribution  of  light, 
lieiit  and  power  by  means  of  electricity.” 


.^J.^nana^er  s  "J’eeder & Madn" Depom^. 

“One  set  of  mnins,  C  C  is  iishiI  t,  i-, 

A  AA'"’rhe‘I;r..if  tl>e  dvnlaS 

pii  pVi  Siibniains  and  bi-in,.l  1’ 

ing  the’]an;p7d?ree"l^ 

condnctors  and  places,  I  E  E  nnkin^r'’ 
system  of  condnctors  -insut’.-  li  ^ 
distribution.  ®  *''«  l''"Po.se  of 

im'tln\ial‘a;’^onf),lrn'^’‘‘“,‘'‘"’V  ‘liffe-ence.s  of 
bv  a  re.' .  ..L?  !,  '’"Ps,  and  to  d..  this 

!£s£?r;;»4*£;f" 

mnlators  is  to  be  ne.  J.vi  i  O''  sfcu- 

kimlsof  motor-meters  devised’*''  several 

"•hicli  pro  ioset  t1?e  Z  of  1.7,'!®*^"’ 

"■ith  till  the  knnvvi  ^  -  '“"^"‘•■tors, 

venieiices,  cannot  Im  7f?n 
its  hiokina  7  et  e,  V  >  condemtied 

•Jilttv  or "mdenee  ^  '  essential  of  iirmaira- 

or  the7omtS-saf:;;7''^  “'“1 

'Ptns  British  Lamp. 

geneinllv'^  i*'e  lamps  were 

tiple  arc  and  ti.  ‘""'“J’s,  coiijiled  in  intil- 
■a-  Granim^dv,*  ‘'"■'ent  was  siiiiplietl 

tt5re.s  wer"  nsi^^“I!'°  ne  lix- 

oirciiit;  but  this  is..  llf  ''eltitn 

end  in  anv  o-mi'f.!' I' °  feature, 

tolerated.  The  eannol  be 

skowy,  was  n or  ' ‘'‘'tn'igement,  althotigh 
engineerinir  Kn  ?i°°^  specimeti  of  electrical 
slimvn.  a  teal  systen  was 

faetiiv;  the  dxma  'I'e  qimlityoftlieinanu- 
lights  were  at  a  "'“®  lowered  till  the 

the  test  rT,.  1  .  incandescence.  Thev  stood 
but  oiibo  better  than  the  Lane-Fox  lainns. 


Prof. Chandler’s  “ Feeder &Uain” Deposition.  61 

Tiik  Gatuiiousk  Lamp. 

‘•Tills  inventor  proposes  to  combine  „la 
nnm  and  carbon  to  make  a  lamp  which  w 
not  oie.ik,  or  cliange  incandescence  niateriall 
wlien  the  main  potential  changes.  The  resi‘ 
ance  of  platinum  increases  witli  heat  that 
carbon  is  diminished.  Two  methods ’are  pr 
posed  of  utilizing  lliese  opposite  qualities  Oi 
is  by  shiinling  a  platinum  wire  with  a  carbc 
loop,  one  or  both  being  in  a  vacuum;  as  tl 
potcnlia  at  the  lamp  terminals  incrcase.s.  a 
mcreased  current  Hows  over  both  iiaths:  bi 
tiecatise  of  the  opposite  changes  in  resistam 
the  greater  part  of  the  incre.ased  ciiirent  flow 

ihis  utbon  mayor  may  not  he  in  .sight.  . 
sec  nd  insthod  is  to  prolong  the  platiimrn  cot 
Z77V  •  ‘®  ‘-'“^>>011  filament  int 

SI  tm  s,  to  introduce  into  the  circuit  ti  resistanc 
"hicli  increases  with  an  increase  of  curreni 
I  /.'.mh'"®'  .‘'“'V®*'"’  .'’®  of  ony  such  con 
tint  I,  .1®  )•  “'*  i*‘  ingenious,  liardl 
til.  t.  In  the  first  place,  in  any  projierlv  desi*' 
naied  .system  there  will  be  no  great  clii  ipm  o 
potentiaj.  Then  again,  to  c,n,s/anll7  tlimv 
b"n,F'  niost  Improbable  and  entire 

It  utitiece.ssary  iliicniation  of  imtentials,  is  ven 
ilmwf  "‘0  '=""P  designei 

of  i  , comprehension  of  the  demandi 
or  incandescent  ligliiiiig.” 

Tiik  Maxim  Lasip. 

ei'V,n ‘®  '"7'’®  '"P''-  if  not  I'igll- 

«.  J  ""“‘f  made.  If  the  e.xhaust 

'Vie  niaiie  at  the  neck  instead  of  at  the  top  oi 
1  e  globe  It  would  be  better.  The  normal  power 
f  the  l.imp  IS  20  candles,  and  the  resistance  is 


ICO  1*'^'  file  Crystal  Palace  there  were  100  to 
wl.7""i’®’i-‘*jO'’f  10(1  being  maintained.  These 

nuZet^of  F"a",'o.  '*>0  'idd 


;•  Tile  Maxim  plan  of  distribution,  H  hethei 
with  one  or  more  lamps  for  units,  is  that  cS 
pleainltipletirc  of  main  and  derived  circuits 


“  At  the  Crystal  Palace  there  were  two  or 
three  httndred  lamps  iti  very  satisfactorv  on- 

allei  o'I’ie Sie’iueils 
alteanate  cntrent  iiiachine,  sepaiately  excited, 
null  .  i’’  *!'>nps,  mttch  of  whose  ex- 

ctlleiice  IS  due  to  Messrs.  Stearne  and  (xillintr- 
h  im,  lie  tised  on  all  sorts  of  machtiies,  in 
.11  soits  of  combiiiations  of  series  and  miiliinle 
on';.'  ..-o  M  system  is  insisted  upon, 

cfnl  ^  lamps  made  comparable  witlianv 
stand  lid  of  resistance  when  of  different  powers, 
ihat  is,  the  production  of  a  good  lamp  is 
ooked  upon  as  the  great  desideratum  and  it  is 
!  .n..i  '"‘“S'"','  of  it  system  desiKiied  as  ii 

mil  r  f  ■lavesitid,  the  tendencv  is  tow- 
Swon’  “'"i*’®  '■osistance,  but  as  to  Mr. 

dress  I  fft'ote  from  liistid- 

of  Newc.astl^’^'"^"'*'^  l^liilosophiotil  S.icieiy 

(Qnotiition  from  Mr.  Swan:) 

malmMn. is. only  necessary,  in  order  to 
fmie  V“i  S’'’*'",  current,  to  increase  the 
iiimo,,' *  Pi'Oii'ices  it  in  the  same 

i]?*  you  iimreiise  the  resist- 
of  itist’n  '  ®f  .follows  that  the  cost 

cpiifM  “  uerlain  (lej.a*ee  of  incaiides- 

nr  int  i  length  of  otirboii  or  of 

h-lit  wMi'T  “  lisl't  or  Ulti-ctindle 

pmlitJed  I?  l”'“PO''«“"ii>  to  the  light 

snii '“"'O  electro-motive  force 

hn  hes  f  '  siiidi  a  current  tliroiigli  100 
^  .ui  '">■ '“'■•'cn  lilamentasivill  remler  it 
ILei  sf“"^‘  either  liave  tlie  100 

or  vr  n  continuous  length  all  in  one  lamp 
nnci  nV*"’*'  inches  into  100  pieces 

®  .  piece  in  a  separate  lamp,  and 
at  V  ,l?fr  ilifferent  places,  without 

y  fference  m  the  aggregate  amount  of  light 


Prof  .Chandler' s  "Feeder  &  Main"  Peposilion.  51.o7 

from  the  one  undivided  liglit  and  from  tlie  100  12G25 
separate  lights.  \  on  may  even  contemplate  on 
this  principle  the  economical  production  of  an 
electric  light  as  small  as  a  rnsli  light. 

“Speaking  of  tlie  nmltiple  arc  system  he 
s^ays  that  it  h.as  tlie  advantge  of  simpficitv  ’but 
does  not  tliink  it  will  answer  for  oilier  titan  very 
short  distances.”  ■’ 

Mr.  Sprague  then  quotes  fnrtlierfroin  the  address 
of  Mr  Swan,  but,  as  I  have  already  quoted  it  in  niv 
No.  13, 1  will  not  repeat  the  quotation.  Mr.  Sprague 
then  continues : 

“Tliis  address  wns  delivered  in  Octotier,  I8h0, 
imd  HI  May,  1882,  the  revised  coiiv  wasofliciallv 
issued  to  myself  and  others  ;  lienee  at  tliis  lat¬ 
ter  date  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  Mr.  Swan's 
opinions  had  not  been  clianged.  In  August  at 
the  meeting  of  tlie  Britisli  Association,  in  some 
remarks  nfter  a  paper  I  imd  retid  on  tlie  Edison 
system,  Jlr.  Swan,  amongst  other  tilings,  said  : 

“  12027 

(Quotation  from  Mr.  Swan  :) 

‘•  '  The  only  escape  from  tliatlimiration  (extent 
ordisiribntion)  liiy  in  havingsecondary  liatteries 

at.stations  or  in  hoiise.s,  and  in  tliese  batteries 
heiiig  connected  in  series  and  fed  Itv  ciinentsof 
higher  tension  ;  tlie  principtil  still  holding  of 
nmltiple  arc,  not  from  tlie  central  station,  bat 
riom  tlie  subsidiary  ones  at  which  tlie  batteries 
are  charged.  Once  imagine  tlie  possiliility  of 
these  secondary  batteries  being  kept  at  a 'per-  12628 
lectly  constant  uonilition  of  charge  by  some 
...itu.natio  iii-rangement.  and  we  miglit  look  to 
that  as  a  means  of  escaping  from  the  difliciilties 
01  wide  distribution.’ 


(Quotation  from  Mr.  Swan :) 

‘  ‘It  would  only  be  necessary  that  each  lamp 


should  be  provided  with  an  automatic  arranR 
ment  for  uiaintainm-  continuity  of  circuit  ® 
•  ••  .  i  be  only  condition  necessarv  would  I 

the  maintenance  of  the  lamp  in  a  condition 
he'i)t  <"  n°/  the  current  should  I 

kept  constant,  and  that  there  should  beaut, 
matte  arraugeinent  for  vtiryiug  the  eleclro-iii, 
omni.'o.'^or?’^  the  station  in  proportion  toil 
uumbei  of  lamps  openiting,  whether  I  or  1  001 
in  such 

system  of  feeding-in series,  the  resistance miLd 
be  very  considerably  reduced  by  variiitioii  r 
the  internal  sectional  area  of  the  carbon  b 
making  short  and  flat  carbons.’  ” 


Nkw  York,  December  9,  ipno.  I 
1.30  P.  M.  f 

Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present-Counsel  as  before. 

XNTI.VUATIO.V  OK  TIIK  AX8WRR  OK  TIIK  WfIXKSS, 
PbOK.  ClIAItOKS  P.  CllANDLEIi,  TO  DIBEOT  IfOKs' 
'I'lo.v  8 : 

The  witness  continues  the  quotation  from  Jlr. 
iragiie  8  report  on  the  Crystal  Palace  Electrical 
thibition  of  1882. 

passed  since  the 

Ian  n  f‘  ®  8"’“")-  The  Swan 

veT«.J  «  point  of  high  perfection  ; 

fn  of  lamps  arriinged 

foreseen  ’ No"! I  '"""y  Ptbottool  dimculties 
1  y  >b'’«ntoi  and  by  otheis  still 
;  tel  b°t  been  for  his  recent 

use  t  .  for  the  fact  that  the  lamp  is  still 

ook  .  L'"l‘  oombination,.!  should 

•i  nd Vi  ^  ®'!'’J«ot  as  practically  abandoned, 

SSSlT •!» ’".I'Kt  ” 


trof .Chandler' s  "Feeder  &  Main"  Deposilion.  5159 


cuiiiiilator  stations,  lam  not  vet  converted  to  loraa 
the  faith  of  accitinnlators  in  private  houses. 

“  'I'lie  plan  proposed  by  Mr.  Swan  of  having 
several  subsidiary  ceiitrid  stations  of  accu'innla- 
tors  wliicli  derive  their  charge  from  a  distant 
station,  supplying  currents  of  high  tension  is 
a  thoroughly  practicable  one  ;  but  acciiiun’la- 
torsmust  be  first  much  improved,  both  in  regard 


uipied  ami  e  _  _  . . . 

and  in  this  case  I  still  claim  the  necessity  of  the 
absolute  multiple  arc  system  for  both'streets 
and  houses  in  a  sub-district.  That  is.  the  ac¬ 
cumulators  would  simply  take  the  place  of  the  12034 
dynamos  and  engines,  they  being  charged  bv 
these  last,  or  by  high  tension  currents  from  a 
distant  station.  Which  method  would  be  most 
economical  would  depend  on  circumstances. 

“  With  regard  to  the  series 


havealready  expressed  my  viewsatsoiiie length. 
I  will  not  again  enter  into  a  discussion  of  the 


mechanical  dettiils  the  difilculty  of  running, 
changing  and  repairing  a  multiplicity  of  higii- 
tension  circuits,  of  the  dangers  to  life’and  proii- 
erty,  the  practical  demands  of  insulation,  the 
liability  of  leakage,  the  iiiisatisfaclorv  ebarac-  1 
ter  of  any  measuring  arraiigeiiieiil.  'and  the 
cotnidex  character  of  electro-motive  force  regu¬ 
lators,  and  for  seciiritig  coutiiiuitv  of  circuit. 
But  I  wish  to  dwell  for  a  luomeut  (Ui  the  mista¬ 
ken  idea  that,  leaving  out  the  many  disadvan¬ 
tages  which  must  be  inherent  to  any  series  svs- 
tem,  there  will  be  a  grea.t  gain  in  economy. 

“  It  has  been  admit  ted  that  the  very  high  ten¬ 
sions  which  would  obtain  when  lamps  were  ar¬ 
ranged  in  series,  if  each  lamp  were  of  consider- 
ble  resistance,  would  be  objectionable.  It  then 
becomes  necessary  to  use  lamps  requiring  a  low  1: 
jiotential  at  their  termiuals.  We  must  not  fall 
into  the  error  of  thinking  that  because  a  lamii 
of  100  ohms  resistance,  with  a  potential  of  100 
volts,  and  hence  a  current  of  one  amnere.  will 


givean  illumination  of.  .say,  15  candle.s,  that  the 
aime  effect  would  be  produced  by  one  ampere 
tn  a  lamp  of  one  ohm  resistance,  requiring  one 
volt  potential,  for  if  it  were  so  this  latter  lamp 
'^iild  be  100  times  as  economical  as  the  former. 
We  must  remember  that  there  is  a  perfect  defi¬ 
nite  law  governing  the  relation  of  potential. 


5160  Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder  &  Main"  DeposHion. 


“  It  seems  unnecessary  to  longer  dwell  on  llm 
senes  system  and  its  disadvantages.” 


Tiik  Edison  Lamp. 

^'‘''^“^'‘"“chievementasitis  is 
bu  t  one  I  n  tegral  pa  it  of  a  tli  orongli  I y  worked  ni  t 

l‘>638  wdi'Ldi' iri',?*'  T'V"’  "‘='5'  "'J'*  '•  1 V  one 

i-bda  «bicli  is  in  actual  operation  to-dav.  Jli  ’l-” 

?.°nn®nr  P.O,il.“ 

biif  only  desideraliiai 

but  tli.it  tile  distribution  of  electricitv  for  ilm 
purposes  of  light  and  power  as  w4ii  Um  ^ 
qmre  t  ie  careful  elaboiition  of  a  svs  em4  si  n‘ 
ply  and  demand,  that  all  parts  such  asvs.' 

dependent,  and  that  tliev 
Hetat.  he  >'eference  to  each  olL. 

12630  oient^Hi'ihlf  anH  “  ‘’'°''.°"K*''y  Poetical,  effi- 
lias  done  h  s  M.i.f'-''"""'-’”'  lie 

careful  stmw’  '  i  °  niontlisof 

fwin  ‘  doubt,  and  I  caniint  refrniii 

hibor.s!^’"'*’'  to  the  success  of  Ids 

th(')*rmi'“ldv  frn  i'*®'-'’"  •'**  ^tystal  Palace  a 
dis4i  n  nn^  r  1  P'®®"  engineering  for  the 
1  alf  4  i  standard  and 

limns  “'®  "<l’."'-nlenl  of  80i  to  SfiOA 

St  ,  .-e  .“'st'-ilnited  over  a  wide 
dvnaaios  “‘’"'''‘terable distance  froniilie 

12040  bnt  al  derivl,!  n"'®''®  distinct  circuits, 

tures  of  t i  ^Tv  r"^  ^ea 

Of  the  Edison  system  were  in  operation.” 

cetoal^S"  ^’*®"™''«Werswith  some  detail  the 
Mr.  Edison  si*  distribution  devised  b.v 

certain  elpc'i  ■  *'*'®  theory  advanced  by 

"  electricians  that  his  system  of  conductor 


Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder  &  Main"  Beposilion.  .0101 

would  act  like  a  Leyden  jar,  or  a  condenser,  is  1004, 
destitute  of  common  sense,  and  entirelv  opposed 
to  the  clearest  laws  of  electricity,  'lie  further 
says : 

“The  proper  laying  out  of  such  a  district 
IS  a  matter  of  most  careful  engineering,  involv¬ 
ing  the  cost  of  land,  iiroperty,  labor,  coal  and 
copper;  capital  invested  and  iinerest  required  • 
depreciation  of  plant  and  life  of  lamps;  in 
short,  how  inticlt  coal  can  be  wasted  -ind  bow 
mticli  return  is  to  be  sought  for.  But  it  is  tier 
fectly  practicable,  and  already  is  bein<'  accoin 
plislied  in  New  York.  Since  l4coinfiii‘  tho"- 
oiighly  acquainted  with  this  system  I  lurve  had 
no  doubt  of  Its  ultimate  success,  wliicli  recent 
developments  show  to  bu  esialilished.  In  the 
matter  of  making  the  transmission  of  light 
and  power  a  praclioal  success,  in  briiigin."  it 
home  to  everyday  domestic  ecoiiomv,  .Mr  Edi¬ 
son,  without  doubt,  has  done  more  tliaii  all 
otlier.s,  and  while  Ills  system  is  by  no  means  vet 
perfect,  it  is  iinqiiestioiiahlv  far  ahead  of  the 
work  of  any  one  else.” 

T.  ■  -1  ,  12648 

It  IS  evident  from  these  qiiotaiions  from  eminent 
electrical  antlioritles  tliat  the  problem  wiiicli  1  liave 
stated  in  my  answer  to  Q.  7  was  regarded,  prior  to 
the  year  1880,  as  extremely  dillienlt,  if  not  iiiqios- 
Slide,  of  soliiiioii,  and  tliat  wliile  various  means 
were  suggested  by  one  or  aiiotlier,  some  other  elec¬ 
tricians  pointed  out  the  insuperable  objections  to 
eacli  inetliod  proposed,  and  it  was  not  until  tlie 
system  of  Mr.  Edison  came  to  be  understood,  sifter 
le  par  I8SII.  tliat  electricians  realized  that  the  12644 
problem  had  been  solved. 

Olijecled  to  on  the  fnrtlier  ground  that  tlie 
quotations  made  by  the  witness,  and  alleged 
extracts  from  newspapers  and  reporters’ 
interviews,  are  utterly  incompelent,  second¬ 
ary,  hearsaj-,  irrelevant  and  immaterial,  and 
tliat  they  are,  upon  tlie  face  of  them,  only 
e-xtracts  from  the  various  publications  re¬ 
ferred  to,  and  that  the  same  cannot  be  under¬ 
stood  properly  without  thefull  contextofthe 


Prof  .Chandler'  s'' Feeder  &  Main''  BeposHion.  fllOH 

the  patent  in  suit.  Mr.  Edison  says  in  his  specifi- 
cation  of  this  patent :  i-wa 

“  The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  produce 
electric  lamps  giving  light  by  incandescence 
which  lamps  shall  have  high  resistance  so  a.'  ti 
light  practical  subdivision  of  the  electric 

••  The  invention  consists  in  a  li<rht-eivin<r 
body  of  carbon  wire  or  sheets  coiled  or  ar° 
ranged  in  such  a  manner  as  to  offer  ejeat  res's 
tance  to  the  passage  of  the  electric  current  and 
at  tlie  same  time  present  but  a  slight  surface  locco 
from  which  radiation  can  take  place  iSC.'iO 

“  Ilcietofoie  light  by  incandescence  has  been 
obtained  from  rods  of  carbon  of  from  one  to 
wl,'w.  '■«®''s'“"ce..  placed  in  close  vessels,  in 
which  the  atmospheric  air  has  been  replaced  hv 
gases  that  do  not  combine  otieiiiically  with  tlie 

been  coiiiiios^  of  glass  cemented  to  a  me- 
ta  he  base.  The  connection  between  the  lead- 

clan,  i.r  "''tiiiiied  by 

cl.li  ping  the  carbon  to  the  metal  The 
ending  wires  have  always  ller  large,  io 
hat  their  resistance  shall  be  maiiv  times 

essthaii  the  burner:  and.  in  general,  the  at 
dace  ,1  Peraons  have  been  to  re- 

•  of  following  this  practice  are  that  a 
•  ^  hut  one  to  four  ohms  resistance 

c.  anot  he  worked  in  greater  n limbers  in  multi- 
p  e  .lie  without  the  eiiiplovment  of  main  con- 
u  iclors  of  unornioiis  dimensions  ;  that,  owing 
Wres'  the  leading 

c,  ,  1.,  ,  “  j"'.  ’'"’ge  dimensions  and  good  1S0.52 

tic  1  tl'e  gliiss  globe  cannot  be  kept 

ate  ee  n  'vires  pass  in  and 

t’‘0  ‘■"irlioii  is  consumed, 

1  eader  tf  it  perfect  vacntim  to 

Mid.nn  f-"  ospecially  when  such 

resistan'.^‘*'”'‘  iooss  and  high  in  electrical 

molohl •'‘®®  ill  the  receiver  at  the  at- 

1 1  e  pressure,  although  not  attacking  the 
iV  o,  ’if®"'"®  ttni  time  by  air  irash- 

ace’nf  ti.*®  attrition  produced  by  the  rapid  iiass- 
itge  of  the  air  over  theslightly  coherent,  highly 


0104  t-roj.  vuandler’s  “Feeder  c6  Main"  Deposition 

t  heated  surface  of  the  carbon.  I  have  reversec 
this  practice.  I  have  discovered  that  even  • 

in  a  sealed  glass  bulb  exliausted  to  one- mil 
liontb  of  an  atmospliere  offers  from  lOOtoSof 

and  that  it  is  absolutely ,  stable  at  verv  liH 

temperatures.  • 


.  By  using  the  carbon  wire  of  siicliliigli  re- 
SIS  l«ni  enabled  to  use  fine  plafinnm  wires 
for  the  leading  wires,  as  they  will  have  a  small 
•esistaiice  compared  to  the  burner,  and  hence 
ni  not  heat  and  crack  the  sealed  vaoiiiim  bulb. 

lineJlber/"''’”’!""'?.  ‘-"‘'i 

linen  thread,  wood  splints,  paper  coiled  iiivari- 

bon 'in  various  foms!’''"’''’  ^'""■*’“2°- 


ripl:.  Ki'-ii’K light  bv  incan- 

e.soence.  consisting  of  a  filament  of  carbon  of 
1  ™  made  as  described,  and  secured 

to  metalic  wires,  as  set  forth. 

n  ®o'"l,>i”*“i<>n  of  carbon  filaments  with 

entirely  of  glass,  and  condiic- 
'litongli  tlie  glass,  and  from  which 
set  fonii exhausted,  for  the  purposes 

On  February  .<5tli,  1880,  or  si.x  months  before  the 
•11  plication  for  the  patent  in  suit.  Mr.  Kdison  liled 

application  for  a  patent  for  a  method  of  mariii- 

"'“®  numbered  330,23.%  Mr.  Ed- 
son  states  in  his  specification : 

sbnw./'^-^ ’“'"P  consists,  essentially  (as 
entsl'  pr"  P''°^  applications  of  mine  for  pat- 
sisnn,?i  *1"  ’ncandescing  conductor  of  high  re- 
“ci’metically  sealed  in  a  class  vacuum 


Prof. Chandler's  “ Feeder  &  Main" Deposition,  .-iieo 

‘‘ Great  difficulty  has  always  been  exneri-  ior=, 
eiiced  IS  so  sealing  a  glass  vacuum  .dobe  or 
chamber  that  complete  union  of  the  iiarls  w°s 
had  and  danger  of  opening  or  separation  avoid 
ed,  in  order  that  a  stable  vacuum  nii-ht  be 
...am tamed  when  the  parts  forming  tlm  slals 
«eie  in  v.ictio  when  the  sealing  was  done  In 
fact,  the  maintenance  of  a  stable  viciiiim  Ii-i« 
been  pronounced  impossible  by  m'anv  scien 


■The  object  of  my  invention  is  to  furnish 
a  inethod  of  manufacturing  electric  lami.s  so  lac.'iS 
th.it  .1  stable  vacuum  may  be  maintained  there- 


This  patent  describes  a  method  for  successftillv 
niimif  ictuiing  a  lamp  embodying  the  elements  de- 
t  ®l®<='ric  lamp  of  pat- 

eni  ««rf.b08,  daiecl  January  27,  18S0.  It  aives 
necessary  directions  to  enable  the  gl.uLblower 

tubes  at  each  end,  also  to  prepare  the  siiiinort 

Ikti  mnT'’7-  hermetically  seal  the 

P  a  inum  let^d.ng  wires  into  the  glass  stipjiort.  It 
hen  shows  how  the  glass  support  of  the  lilanient  is 
be  hermetieally  sealed  into  the  base  of  the  glass 

heleatl.ng  tube  at  the  top  to  theair  pump  hv  which 
th  vacuum  IS  produced.  And  finally  sl.ow-s  how 
tube  1,  leading 

The^,ni  '‘"<1  ‘lie  lamp  completed. 

parts  nV!nr^+  lic'tnetically  uniting  the 

aubstant  %  o[  the  vacuum, 

"uostantially  as  lierein  described. 

2.  The  method  of  hermetically  sealing  a 


fiieu  Prof.Gkandler's  "Feeder  &  Main" Deposllion 

vacmini  clianiber,  substantially  as  described 
whicli  consists  in  first  sealing  in  vacuo  and 
then  sealing  in  air,  substantially  as  described. 

These  two  patents  describe  substantially  the  Edi¬ 
son  lamp  now  in  use,  and  the  method  employed  in 
mannfaetnring  it. 

11  Q.  Did  the  invention  of  this  lamp  described  in 
yonr  last  answer  solve  the  diflicnities  in  the  way  of 
distribution  of  electricity  over  large  areas,  or  did  it 
in  any  respect  increase  those  dimcnlties  ;  and  if  so 
why? 

A.  The  invention  of  this  lami)  not  solve 
the  diflicnities  in  the  way  of  the  distribution  of 
electricity  over  large  areas.  On  the  contrary,  it 
increased  them,  because  this  lamii  is  an  e.xtreniely 
delicate  device  for  producing  light  by  the  aclion  of 
electricity.  It  is  a  lamp  of  high, resistance,  requiring 
for  its  .safe  and  enicient  use  a  current  of  uniform 
pressure,  and  this  nniforniity  of  pressure  iiin.st  be 
maintained  over  large  areas  at  all  times,  whether 
few  or  many  of  the  lamps  are  in  use.  There  is  no 
regulating  device  connected  with  the  lamp,  and, 
consequently,  it  is  not  in  the  power  of  the  con¬ 
sumer  to  regulate  the  lamp  so  as  to  adapt  it  to  vary¬ 
ing  coinlition.s  of  electrical  pressure  in  llie  distri- 
bntion.  All  that  the  consumer  can  do  is  to  turn  it 
on  or  to  turn  it  olf.  Tt  is  so  delicate  a  device  that 
the  slightest  increase  of  elec.irical  pre.ssnre  over  that 
IV  Inch  it  is  designed  to  sustain  results  in  rajiid  de¬ 
terioration  and  early  destmciion  of  the  lamp.  On 
le  other  hand,  a  very  trilling  decrease  in  the  elec- 
iica  pressure  results  in  so  seriously  diminishing 
_  le  illnminaling  power  of  the  lamp  as  to  materially 
interfere  with  its  usefulness.  In  fact,  to  operate 
the  besi  constructed  lamps  of  the  cbaracter  describ¬ 
ee  in  these  iiatents,  it  is  necessary  that  the  extreme 
variations  in  the  distribution  of  the  electrical  cur¬ 
rent  s  ould  not  exceed  a  very  small  percentage,  say 
ve  per  cent,  or  even  two  per  cent.  No  such  system 
of  distribution  was  known  f.aras  lam  aware,  at 


Prof  .Chandler' s  '' Feeder  &  Main"  DeposiUnn.  .0107 

the  times  when  the  applications  for  these  two  lamp 
patents  were  filed  or  when  they  were  granted. 

12  Q.  Had  the  getieral  characteristics  of  the  svs- 
tenis  of  electrical  lighting,  to  which  the  invention 
of  the]ialent  in  suit  was  applicable  been  referred 
to  any  prior  application  for  patents  bv  said  Edition  * 
If  so.  j.lease  refer  to  and  quote  from  anv  such  prior 
applications  now  available  to  you  i 
A.  The  general  characteristics  of  the  syslem  of 
electric  lighting  to  which  the  inveniion  of  the  (lat¬ 
ent  m  suit  was  apidicable  had  beeti  clearlv  set  forth 
in  prior  aiqdication  for  (latenis  filed  hyAli-.  Edison. 
On  Kdn-nary  o,  18S0,  Mr.  Edison  apiilied  fora 
patent  fora  .system  of  electrical  distribution,  six 
months  befoie  the  application  for  the  patent  in 
stm.  lilts  (latent  was  not  granted  until  Augusttln, 

1887.  It  is  ntimbered  309,280. ' 

"  The  objectof  this  invention  is  to  arram'e  a 
syiitein  for  the  generation,  stiiqdy  and  cotisiinMi. 

"  V..  Of  hoth.  ofelec- 

iriMty,  tiiaUill  the  (qierations  connected  there- 
"  til  reqniriiig  siiecial  care,  attention  orknowl- 
edge  of  the  art  shall  he  (lerfornied  lor  inaiiv 
consumers  at  central  stalion.s.  leaviim  the  ron- 
snnidv  "-''fk.  of  turning  off  or  on  the 

supply, , IS  may  be  desired;  in  other  words,  to 
iocomnve  means  and  methods  that  electricity 
tii,iy  lie  snpiilied  for  coiisnmiition  in  a  man¬ 
lier  analogims  to  the  systems  for  the  snpjdy  of 
g, IS  ,ind  water,  without  requiring  any  greater 
ciln!.."'’  knowledge  on  the  (lart  of  the 

otisiinier  than  does  the  use  of  gas  or  water, 
ni'-iv  1  ‘  ^  economy,  reliability  and  safely 
ttttiy  heeiisnred. 

“In  carrying  the  invention  into  effect  a 
di^l-i,'?'''"’  '“caliiy  may  form  one 

listiicl,  or,  if  the  extent  of  territory  makes 
t  desirable,  may  be  divided  into  several  dis- 
s  .iH**'  '^‘1';'*  ‘^’Strict  I  (irovide  a  central 

Hint!!'.”’ ‘^*' "  *'‘^**  are  grouped  a  suitable  (iriine 
motors,  dependent  11(1011  the 
amount  to  be  supjilied,  generators  or  means 
eleei^°''7*^‘*'"?  prime  motive  force  into 
ciricity,  and  means  for  determining  and  reg- 


516S  Prof. Chandler's  “Feede,-&Main” Deposition. 

“i*®  electricity  generated 

ofelectl^Uy(so^ospt;kp;lyri^^^^^^ 

conductors  on  tiie  iimlfiTtio  o,.«  to 

from  these  conductors  at  tile  sSn"’main 

iSpE'SSHjEa 

12C70  ■' ,  directions  for  conveying  the  ener4 

i  to  i  rht  '>y  translation 

into  iif^iit  01  motive  powei,  is  to  he  done  All 

,Ss'fcs,[r-‘;4re 

an  eitent'thTt"'^"“^°t'®  eitenits  to  sncli 

l-eimKacttabll’i'’®**^'"  =-'"«'™eted  would 

enrage  “l?>"’?ciable  variations  and 

ns  r  1  for  nuy,  „  s  essential  that  anv 
la  orde?  ?I  ■  ^1.*'"■"et^iate]y  indicafeit, 

eritcd  uid  *  ^  f  htidicient  pressure  be  jfen- 

wheth;4'‘  np  nnifonn, 

circuit.  This  U  ovt  translating  devices  he  in 

'the'Xci  ^ 

vices  in  iiL  may ‘I'le"”!' 
heen  said  it-  shown.  Prom  wliat  lias 

InMng  deV  ‘ that  more  or  less  trans- 
“  ‘c®®  “te  bronglit  into  circuit,  the 


Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder  &  Main"  DeposUion.  5169 

total  resistance  of  the  circuit,  or  all  the  circaits  lonaa 
thereof,  to  the  flow  of  all  the  current  „e  ted  ^ 
vai-ie.s.  To  indicate  this,  electro-dviiamome  ei7 
galvanomters  or  electrometers*  ,  i  H  eel 
across  the  main  coiidaclor  at  the  central  su 

cireiiit,  with  a  zero  mark  pl!iced‘\o’'conesn,Ind 
ilnln  1'}*;  ®°''s®1"cnt  upon  the  main- 

ten.ince  of^the  proper  amoiint  of  pressure.'’ 

proposed, each  electricliolu  ,e. 
quires  Its  own  regulator,  which  tisuallv  is^ither 
theimosnitic  orniagnetic,  breakingthe'circuit  or  12674 

cumbrous  lamp,  requiiing  tlel‘icanMnau4mn^^ 

siiiall  separate  lamp,  which  may  be  used  witii 
the  e.vercise  of  no  more  than  ordinarv  c  ire  or 
attention.”  • 

ino  itditig  more  or  less  of  the  different  elements  etii- 

bodied  III  the  system.  Claim  8  seems  to  betl . lost  loc,- 

coiniireheiisive,  and  I  therefore  quote  it; 

trihtfr'io4  “  (°r  'he  generation  and  dis- 

|»s  iir 

in  multiple  arc,  and  consisting  each  of  an  anna- 
o  ehoo!.?  “  magnetic  field,  an  indicator 

of  elettiic  pressure  and  a  regulator  of  the  ciii- 
reut  generated  conductors  forming  coniiilete 
stVtioI'iVr“';''  '“.®";®'"'®  lectliiiff  fiom  inch  12676 
system  'I's'f'h'itc  the  current  throughout  the 
tdfar^sv^/i"®  "V"®  connected  in  luiilti- 

conductors,  and  meters  in  the 
S  ‘'*®  cuwif  supplied  to 

ml.  laiislating  devices,  substantial  y  as  set 


ofi three  days  before  the  date 
Mr  Vrv  for  the  patent  in  suit, 

eWtH  ""  ®PPli'='«tion  for  a  patent  for  an 

“‘r'clamp,  in  which  he  describes  the  system  in 


connection  with  which  lie  intends  to  make  ii‘=e  , 
the  said  hitnp.  This  patent  was  granted  March  2‘ 
1^1,  and  IS  numbered  239,150.  Mr.  Edison  s-ivs  i 
his  specification  of  tliis  patent : 

nosed"hv  such  as  pro 

posed  hj  me,  in  which  separate  electric  l-i  iin 
'I  of  e„  1  t  „  le  s  e  ]  ^ 
on'fnrM  “'0  ‘'mf'ie  regnia 

turn  foi  all  the  iam])s  lieing  performed  ’ii  tli, 
cenli-al  station,  as  «ith  uatei  o.  gr  si  in  t 
lno'ke'''m-‘'  oonstant  electro 

h as  been  •  rrinl  1  !  ''i'"'!  ‘'o''>'’ecl  circuit.  Tliii 

... 

e  i  I  v  of  'I’liis  has  been  attain- 

•n  1,  I'®  ‘lelinite  or  standard 

iS  L  Lrr‘  '“'I"®  f"''’'”®"-  0>-dinaril.v  this 

tli^ si  'Electro-motive  force  and 

CT-AI.MS. 

in'"snrPi?-p  nf  “/'““'■ffpnal  resistance  and  radiat- 
f'!ce  f  =.  '■?«  stance  and  radiating  sur- 

fraction  °f  '1'®  S3’steni,  the 

set  fortlil  I"'  f'snunberused,  substantially  as 

er  aiM  I  a“  ri? "'i’'""'  "'’*1*  one  socket  or  hold- 

Adjourned  until  to-morrow,  December  11. 1890.  at 


Tnf .Chandler' s  " Feeder &lil ain" Deposilion.  5171 

Nkw  Yokk,  December  11,  1890.  |  12681 

12  o’clock.  I 

Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present -Counsel  as  before. 

C’oXTIXUA-riON  OF  THE  DlKKC-r  EXAMINATION  OF  Till- 

Witness,  Piiof.  Chaih.es  E.  Ciiandi.er: 

13  Q.  lYhat  are  the  elements  which  you  under-  12082 
stand  to  constitute  the  comliinations  recited  in  the 
first  three  claims  of  the  patent  in  suit  ? 

A.  Eacli  claim  involves  four  elements : 

Fiitsr.  fncaudescent  lamps  grouped  in  largenuin- 
bers  into  one  sj'stem  and  arranged  in  multiple  arc 
in  an  all-round  metallic  circuit,  and  uncontrolled 
from  the  central  station  as  to  the  number  in  use  by 
the  consumer. 

Second.  A  central  station  for  supplying  and  12083 
regulating  tlie  current. 

Tliiiiii.  A  set  of  conductors  with  which  no  trans¬ 
lating  devices  of  any  kind  are  connected,  and  wlio.«e 
fitnction  IS  to  carry  the  current,  and  to  meet  the 
fiiiliniltj  involved  in  carrying  it  to  a  distance  with¬ 
out  e.xceeding  jirnctical  limits  in  the  size,  weight 
and  cost  of  metal.  This  involves  the  localization  or 
conce.....,tiOii  in  the  feeders  of  all  drop  in  tension 
beyond  a  negligible  amount  (and  such  an  e.xcess  of  12084 
rop  must  exist  somewhere  in  a  system  involving 
arge  numbers  of  lamps,  large  areas  and  reasonable 
oconotny  in  conductors). 

PotriiTii.  A  consumption  orservice  circuit  which 
IS  so  proportioned  or  limited  in  reference  to  the 
number  and  location  of  the  lamp  connected  with  it 
lat  there  is  no  essential  drop  in  tension  between 
tne  lamps  nearest  to  the  source  of  electricity  and 
those  most  remote  from  it. 


81/2  L^rof.Chandler's^'Feeder&Main,'- Depos 


“1.  A  consumption  circuit  in  the  imiin  con- 
liuctors  or  which  the  drop  in  tension  is  not  siif- 
licient  to  vary  practicjilly  the  ciiiidle-|iower  ot 
tile  lamp  connected  therewith,  in  conihination 
with  feeding  conductors  connecting  the  con¬ 
sumption  circuit  witli  the  source  of  eleclricil 
energy,  tind  iitiving  no  translnting  devices  con¬ 
nected  therewith,  thedro])in  tension  nj/on  such 

126S(5  feeding  conductors  not  alfecting  the  relative 

•  candle-power  of  the  lamps  of  the  consumption 
circuit,  substiintially  as  set  forth.” 

This  lir.stcliiiin  shows* no  lixed  relation  between 
the  loss  of  pressure  on  tlis  feeder  and  tlie  loss  on 
tlie  mams.  It  implies  timt  the  loss  on  the 
feeder  ttnd  mains  togetlier  would  be  suflicient  if 
hitnps  were  phiced  on  the  feeders  as  well  tis  on  the 
mams  to  affect  the  relative  candle-power  of  the 
amps.  It  is  also  evident  from  this  claim  that  the 

12687  eondnctor  must  have  such  length  as  to  in¬ 
volve  a  substiintial  drop  in  tension. 

Tlie  second  claim  shows  a  fixed  relatitm  between 
the  drop  on  the  feeding  conductor  and  the  drop  on 
the  consumption  circuit.  It  stiys : 

“The  ioss  upon  such  feeding  condnctois 
being  greater  than  upon  the  main  conductors 
or  the  consumption  circuit.” 

12688  the  feeding  circuit  is  connected  with  the  consnmp- 

tioii  circuit  at  Its  geographical  center.  The  object 
of  till,  anangement  Is  to  secure  still  further  econ- 
omj  m  copper.  These  three  cltiims  are  limited  to 
the  use  in  connection  with  this  system  of  distrihii- 
101“' ^  "b  bi''®'-  translating 

•111,10  **  included.  I  am  aware  that  the  pre- 

wor  1*^  °  I 1  •■'Pccihcation  contains  some  general 
words  wliiul.  might  include  other  trmsl  iim„  le 
to  in  '‘O'vever,  specifically  referred 


PTof.ClKindler's  "Feeder  &  Main'’’  Depo.silion.  5178 

specially  call  for  lamps  as  distinguished  from  other  120S9 
translating  devices  as  essential  elemenis  of  the 
claims.  The  other  three  claims,  that  is,  tiie  fonilh, 
fifth  and  sixth,  might  possibly  be  satisfied  by  using 
other  translating  devices. 

14  Q.  What  are  the  adv.antages  derived  from  the 
invention  of  the  patent  in  suit  as  recited  in  the  first 
tiiree  claims  i 

A.  This  system  was  the  first  system  invented 
which  made  domestic  electric  lighting  possible,  he-  12690 
canse,  first,  it  produced  means  by  which  electricity 
could  be  practically  distributed  :  that  is,  by  wiiicii 
it  coiiid  be  divided  over  a  conshierabie 
area,  without  incurring  prohibitory  expense  for 
conductors;  second,  it  for  the  ii’rst  lime  per¬ 
mitted  the  use  by  consumers  on  large  systems  of 
simple,  miregulated  lamps,  by  providing  an  or¬ 
ganization  of  circuits  on  which  by  cential  sialioii 
regulation  a  constant  potential  or  pre.ssnre,  iiot- 
withstanding  variable  load  (that  is,  more  or  lu.ss  12191 
lamps  in  use  at  one  time),  could  he  maintained  at 
each  and  all  of  the  laniiis  without  eiidaiigering 
either  their  life  or  their  usefulness. 

h'iQ.  Assuming  that  other  translating  devices 
Were  or  had  been  used  in  connection  with  such  an 
artangeinent  of  conductors  as  is  described  ami 
chiinied  in  the  lirst  three,  claims  of  the  patent  in 
suit,  would  it,  in  j'oiir  opinion,  iiivoive  inveniion 
to  discover  the  applicability  of  the  circuits  in  tpies-  12692 
tioii  for  use  in  conneotioii  with  incaiidescent  eieotric 
lamps  and  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  equality 
of  pressure  at  a  number  of  such  lamps  .scattered 
over  a  large  area,  and,  in  fact,  to  so  use  such  lamps 
tn  such  combination  as  distinguished  from  the  tise 
0  sucli  circuits  in  connection  with  other  forms  of 
translaiiiig  devices  ? 

A.  bleu  though  it  should  be  found  that  other 
tanslating  devices  had  been  used  in  connection 
"^ith  such  an  arrangement  of  conductors  as  is  de- 


-t  jrroj.Kj,ianaier-s  '•  feeder  &  Main"  Deposilh 

12693  scribed  and  claimed  in  the  first  three  claims  of  tl 
patent  in  suit,  it  would,  in  my  opinion,  involve  i 
veniion  to  discover  the  applicability  of  the  circiii 
III  question  for  use  in  connection  with  inc-iii.lescei 
lamps  and  for  the  purpose  of  maintainin!'  eqnalit 
of  pressure  at  a  number  of  such  lamps  scalterv 
over  a  large  area.  My  reason  for  this  oiiinion 
because  the  incandescent  lamps  were  such  adilfe 
entand  delicate  translating  device  that  it  woiil 
loroa  invention  to  adapt  such 

12G94c  rcnit  as  is  described  in  the  first  three  clain.se 
the  patent  to  such  a  delicate  device  As  I  Im- 
already  stated  in  my  answer  to  Q.  11,  ‘the  iiiveiit'io 
of  the  hdison  incandescent  lamps  increased  tl. 
iliflioiilties  of  jiroviding  the  proper  eleotrioitv  o 
proper  current  of  electricity,  for  their  use.  'jV.es 
Jainps  .ire  of  iitgh  resistance  and  they  req..ire  fo 
their  safe  and  efiicie.it  use  a  current  of  ui.ifon, 
pie.ssure,  which  unirormity  of  pressure  nii.s 
I9cn-  ^  over  large  areas  at  all  limes 

12690  «  lelher  few  or  many  of  the  lamps  are  in  use 
there  is  no  regulating  device  connected  witi 
the  incandescent  lamp,  and  consequently  it  is  no 
ih  the  power  of  the  ooiisiiiner  to  regulate  the  lami 
>  as  o  iidiipt  it  to  varying  conditions  of  elec 
trical  pressure  in  the  distrib.ition,  as  can  be  dma 
'vit  1  g.as  and  water.  All  that  the  consumer  can  dc 
to  the  incandescent  lamp  is  to  tun.  it  on  or  tmii  il 
'"“^'vater  there  is  always  an  ad- 

l-’096  Lvice  "^bv^TTV''  iii»''lifhy 

1.096  devn  e.  by  which  the  current  of  gas  or  water  can  be 

esn'n  delicacy  t.f  the  in- 

tidescent  lamp  is  shown  by  the  elrect  of  thesliglit- 
variation  of  the  electrical  pressure  from  what  it 
s  designed  to  sustain.  If  the  pressure  is  slightly 
of  'hinp  is  rapidly  disin- 
th?  ‘  “'o  ““'•'-V  destmetion  of 

VI...  1  other  liaiid,  if  the  piessiire  of 

electrical  cur.-ent  is  slightly  diminished,  the  i..- 


Prof.Chandler’s‘'Feeder& Main" Deposition.  .6176 

candescence  of  the  filament  falls  and  the  lamp  12697 
ceases  to  give  the  required  amoniit  of  light. 

17.  Q.  Was  there  anything  in  the  knowledge 
of  woiking  of  small  plants,  involving  the  i.se  of 
only  a  sn.all  iinml.er  of  lights  and  short  dis¬ 
tances  to  be  traversed,  on  which  drop  in  tension 
was  unimportant  to  teach  either  the  iiecessitv  or 
utility  of  the  invention  in  question  i 

A.  There  was  not.  In  such  plants  as  a.e  iiieii- 
tioned  iti  the  question,  the  difliciilties  to  overcome  12698 
which  is  the  object  of  the  invention  dcscrii.ed  and 
claimed  in  tlie  patent  in  suit,  would  not  he  en- 
comitercd.  Witli  limited  nnmliers  of  lan.])s  dis¬ 
tributed  over  small  areas,  there  wo.ild  he  no  dilfi- 
c.ilty  ill  providing  conductoi-s  within  i-easoniilile 
limits  of  expense,  which  would  supply  the  i-iii-rent 
to  all  tile  lamps  near  and  i-emotu,  witlimit  involving 
such  a  drop  in  potential  as  would  ii.tei-feie  eiili.T 
vvith  the  durability  or  the  usefiilness  of  ilie  lamp. 
Cniiseqiientiy,  in  establishing  .such  plants,  no  12699 
knowledge  or  experience  would  he  gained  with  re¬ 
gard  to  tile  necessity  of  providing  distribution  for 
large  numbers  of  lamps  disiribiiled  over  large 
areas.  Experiment  and  iiivenlioii  would  he  neces¬ 
sary  to  meet  the  requirements  of  this  latter  case. 

3-fQ.  Icall  your  attention  to  the  staienient  on 
page  -135  of  defendants’  record,  by  Mr.  Pojie,  that 
lie  had  made  some  experiment.s  will,  the  lloberis 
and  Havell  electro-plating  plant  by  means  of  two  12700 
Edison  incandescent  lamps  constructed  to  burn  at  a 
potential  of  three  volts. 

Please  statu  whether  you  know  what  such  Edison 
amps  ai-e,  and  whether  any  test  inade  with  such 
lamps  would  be  of  any  imporliince  ? 

-A-  I  am  familiar  with  Edison  lamps  of  the  kind 
.used  by  Mr.  Pope  in  his  experiment,  and  in  my 
opinion  experiments  made  with  such  lamps  are  of  no 
practical  value,  and  the  tests  made  with  tliem  would 
0  of  no  practical  importance. Tliese  lamps  are  not 


5176  Prof.Ohandlefs  "Feeder  &  Main"  DeposiUo 


inteiided.imd  are  not  used  for  artificial  illuminaii: 
:n  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  term.  They  are  spec! 
lamps  constructed  either  to  he  used  *as  tovs  f 
Christmas  trees  or  ladies’  hair,  or  for  ligliting  t] 
interior  of  the  mouth  or  the  stomach.  They  a 
little  things  from  a  quarter  to  a  third  of  an  inch  i 
diameter.  They  have  an  illuminating  power, 
one-half  of  one  candle.  The  carhon  filament  co, 
tamed  in  them  is  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  lon> 
an.  ne\_er  haye  seen  one  of  them  used  as  a 

ordinary  source  of  light  for  illuminating  purpost 
-that  IS,  as  a  substitute  for  a  gas  burner  or  a  her. 
senelanqi. 


„  understand  it,  the  ten. 

subdivision  of  tlie  electric  light,”  as  coiniimnli 
undeisrood  and  used  prior  to  1880,  was“  tc 
esignate  a  system  of  distribution  such  as  you  refei 
to  in  your  answer  to  7  Q.? 

A.  Tile  term  ‘‘sub-division  of  the  electric  Ii<rlit” 

rieciltnilo^'r**"  of  •■‘nil'll 

nlTeo  f  ®  moderate  illuminaling  power  in 
place  of  one  or  any  small  number  of  electric  li-rfits 

pK;';”'""'"'-?”™ 

tionstl.! .  ,  nil  the  comli- 

obtain  in  .  ‘‘‘  "“n  ^°nnd  necessary  which 

anS  hicVn  '*el.ting  Jracti.ie, 

think  ^  ^  problem.  I 

Sc  th  “nnbdivision  of  the 

prior  to  188')’  ““'"'nonly  understood  and  used 

q  ed  to  make  such  a  system  successful. 


Ft  of. Chandler's  'Feeder  &  Main"  Deposilion.  5]7r 

39  x-Q  But,  as  I  understand  you.  the  problem  lo;,,, 
of  "subdividing  the  electric  light.”  as  nndersto.,.1 
prior  10  1880,  was  a  problem  of  disirihntion  of  the 
ciirreiii.  so  as  to  produce  the  general  result  to  which 
yon  refer  in  your  answer  to  queslio.i  7  Is  th-,i 

your  nnilerstanding  of  the  sen.se  in  which  the 

was  un.lerstood  and  employed  prior  t.i  1880? 

A.  That  is  only  a  p.irtion  of  the  sense'in  whi.di 
the  term  was  used.  It  was  used  in  a  lar<--er  sen.  ■ 

It  not  .mly  included  ihe  proper  distribnthm  of  The 
carreni.  but  it  included,  in  addition  to  thi.s,  select-'  unno 
ing  the  jiroper  kind  of  current  and  the  proiier  de 
vices  for  converting  electrical  energy  int..  the  de¬ 
sired  kind  of  light,  and  d.dng  this  in  a  manner  siif- 
flciently  economical  to  make  it  coii.nierciallv  prac- 
ticab  e.  And  also  accomplishing  this  over  .r’oin par- 
atively  lar^re  areas. 

40  x-Q.  At  tile  conclusion  of  your  answer  lo 
question  8,  you  say  timt  it  is  evident  ^fron/  the 
qiiotitions  you  have  made  in  the  pieced-'  12707 
Ufe  part  of  your  answer,  that  the  problem 
''•Inch  you  stated  in  your  answer  to  question  7 
was  regaided  piior  to  the  jeai  1880  .,s  eM.emrh 
Qiinoiilt,  If  m.t  impossible  of  .s..luti..n.  and  it  was 
nottiniil  the  .system  of  Mr.  Edis.in  came  to  be  ...i- 

ized  that  the  pr.dilem  had  been  solved.  IJo  von  re- 
Jiw.?  uommonly  referred  to  jirior 

u  1880  as  the  subdivision  of  the  electric  light  i 
thfli  I  *'‘®  “’'Press'O'i  ‘•subdivision  of  12708 

ndi  u  I™  I 

indicated  m  my  last  answer. 

“  -''0“  ''“f®''  to  >‘®.e  as  the 

sjstein  of  Mr.  Edison?” 

aes,.'enM-^T  oomprehensive  system  of  incan- 
theco  for  domestic  purposes  embodying 

"■  O'y  onswer  ic,  said 
clainiua  •  **1  the  invention  de.scribed  and 

111  the  first  three  claims  in  the  patent  in 


irToj.K.,mnaiers  "J^'eeder& Main" Deposition 

12709  suit  is  an  essential  part,  and  as  far  as  the  system  is 
limited  to  distribution  it  is  this  particnh.;  feature 
to  which  I  refer. 

42  x-Q.  Do  j’ou  mean  to  be  understood  bj'  tlie 
last  part  of  your  answer  to  Q.  8  that,  as  you  under- 
stand  it,  Mr.  Edison  solved  the  problem  which  as 
yon  laid  stated,  was  regarded  prior  to  tlie  year 
J.®®’ “‘‘'^mely  difficult  if  not  impossible  of  .4l„. 

12710  A.  I  do. 

43  x-Q.  Do  you  hold  the  opinion  that  the  inven- 
ton  described  and  claimed  in  the  patent  in  suit 
Ro.  204,042,  is  what  constituted  the  practical  solu¬ 
tion  of  the  problem  of  the  subdivision  of  the  electric 
light,  vyhich  was  regarded  priorto  1880  as  extremely 
difficult,  if  not  impossible  of  solution! 

A.  I  do  regard  this  as  the  most  essential  feature 
lOTM  There  were  other  minor  features 

12711  which  iveie  also  important  to  make  this  kind  of 
electric  lighting  commercially  successful,  but  the 
distribution  was  the  main  feature  of  the  problem, 
and  that  was  solved  by  the  invention  described  in 
the  patent  in  suit. 

the  invention  de- 
s"'‘'  tiiken  by  itself  and 
nith  what  was  known  in  the  art,  without  other  iu- 
lor.o  practical  solution  of  the 

12712  problem  of  subdivision-do  you? 

in'’ention  in  the  patent  in  suit  solved  the 
problem  of  distribution  and  made  it  possible  with 
lamps  that  had  already  been  invented,  dynamos 
already  m  use  or  invented,  to  put  this  kind  of  siib- 
nmin practice,  though  it  is 
undoubtedly  true  that  other  inventions  made  in  the 
y  aiymmediately  preceding  and  sncceeding  18S0, 
the!mZr  *“^eely  contributed  to 


Prof  .Chandler' s  "Feeder  &  Main”  Deposition.  dl79 

4.’!  x-Q.  Assuming  the  state  of  the  art  existing  in  12713 
1879  at  tlie  time  wlien  the  various  witnesses  whose 
testimony  you  have  quoted  were  examined  before 
the  Parlimentary  Committee,  would  the  invention 
described  and  claimed  in  the  patent  in  suit,  with¬ 
out  any  further  invention  by  Mr.  Edison  or  any 
one  else,  liave  constituted,  in  your  opinion,  a  jirac- 
tical  solution  of  the  problem  of  the  sulidivision  of 
the  electric  liglit,  wliich  yon  have  said  w.-is  regtird- 
ed  as  very  difficult,  if  not  impossible  of  solution,  liy 
those  witnesses  ?  '  ^2714 

A.  It  would,  for  the  reason  that  the  three  ele¬ 
ments  necessary  would  have  been  available:  incan¬ 
descent  lamps,  the  source  of  electricity,  tliat  is,  dy¬ 
namos.  and  the  Edison  system  of  di’striliution  liv 
which  the  current  could  be  supplied  to  the  lamp 
under  suitable  conditions. 

40  x-Q.  VVhut  incandescent  lamps  were  available 
at  tliat  time  which,  in  your  opinion,  would  have 
been  suitable  for  the  purpose  and  capable  of  com- 
niercialuse?  it  do 

A.  There  was  the  platinum  lamp,  of  which  sev- 
enil  fonns  Itave  been  invented,  for  instance,  by 
Moleyiis  in  1841,  De  Changy  in  1858;  also  liy  Mr. 

Edison  and  Lane-Pox;  then  there  were  .several 
carbon  lamps,  as  for  instance,  the  lamp  of  Starr 
and  King,  of  1845;  of  Greenerand  Staite,  of  1840  : 
of  Lodyguine  and  of  Ko.sloff,  1873  ;  of  Konn,  ]87;‘) : 
Woodward.  1876;  of  Sawyer-Man,  1878,  and  about 
the  date  of  tills  report,  tliough  the  patents  were  is- 
sued  perliaps  a  little  later,  the  Edison  lamps,  the 
Swan  lamps,  the  Lane-Pox  lamps. 

47  x-Q.  Which  of  these  lamps,  if  any  of  them, 
were  practically  useful  lamps,  in  your  opinion,  for 
purposes  of  commercial  illumination  ? 

A.  That  is  a  very  difficult  question  to  answer.  In¬ 
candescent  lamps  have  been  so  much  improved 
toce  that  date  that  all  of  the  lamps  tliat  were 
own  prior  to  the  middle  of  the  year  1879,  at  least 
generally  known,  are  so  inferior  to  the  incandescent 


siso  Prof. Chandler's  Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition. 

12717  lamps  of  Edison,  Sawyer-Man,  and,  in  fact,  most  of 
.e  outer  makers  of  lamps  t.t  the  present  time  0, 
they  would  not  be  commercial  to-dav  and  vet  T 
thtnk  most  of  then,  could  have  been  uVed  commer 
niaJly  If  a  proper  system  of  distribution  ha.i  been 
known.  Nevertheless,  it  should  not  be  for.mtte 
that  the  improvements  which  have  been  made  in  in 
candescent  lamps  since  1879  have  made  the  p.„hlem 

of  distribution  much  more  diflicut  than  it  las  be- 

107,0  ’“'"P  is  a  far  more  det 

were'i-?''““'"“‘^  structure  than  were  the  iamps  that 
Ml  known  prior  to  the  middle  of  1879. 

P'®P-”etl  to  say  that  there  was 

re  o  rr^rT  '"'"P  ■■‘‘‘'•“dstsoftlie 

June  1°  I,  879^"“  '■  !  Committee, 

J  me  Idth,  1879,  which  was  a  practicallv  iisefu 

i  e  wi  hl^’r®''®'"'  ••■'■d  anitahle  for 

LiV  n  ‘distribution  as  is  descri¬ 

bed  in  the  patent  in  suit  ? 

tlm^vVl"'''  ‘'‘"V'’®’’"  !  Itbink  the  Konn, 

"o  or  three  others  that  I  mentioned  could  In, ve 
been  practically  used.  Thev  would,  of  coarse  he 
dl;'’  .o7’  7:“''?  “‘’"’P‘"'«d  with  the  lami,s  of  ’  to- 
n  4  hei"  ‘®'"  ®d'“='ric  iifii'tibg  would  not 

bate  been  as  economical  as  it  is  now  Perhaps 
introduced  the  light 
com,  leieh  b”"si‘leri„g  The 

lino  on,  which  depends  upon  a  gi-eat 

these  tbink  some  at  least  if  not  ,dl  of 

Thev  J  ,  i’®'-*'’  P»«!tically  used, 

with  the  so"®'  “I®  .  ‘'‘•“='t““ily  for  tile  reason  that 
svste.,  !  "‘vontion  of  the  distribution 

much  h"‘7‘  "O"'  ianips  which  were  so 

Erie  li  ,7 '  that  when  practical 

Were  einpfojld”  **'®  improved  lamps 

mirth  “d  this  time  to  what  degree 

S  ”si*‘i!>K"’onH  have  become luc- 

,  er  the  invention  of  the  patent  in  suit,  had 


Prof  .Chandler' s  "Feeder &Main"  Deposition.  oISI 
no  improvement  been  made  in  incandescent  lamps. 

49  .\-Q.  It  i.s,  then,  your  opinion  that  the  inven¬ 
tion  described  and  claimed  in  tile  patent  in  suit 
constituted  in  itself  a  practical  solution  of  the  pioli- 
len,  of  the  subdivision  of  the  electric  light,  wirlioot 
taking  into  account  any  otheriiivention  or'iiiipi-ove- 
nieiitsniade  in  incandescent  lamps,  dynamo  ma¬ 
chines  or  otlier  apparatus  after  the  tiiile  when  the 
witnesse.s  referred  to  gave  their  teslimonv  before 
the  parliamentary  committee  ' 

A.  In  one  sense  it  is  my  opinion  that  the  inveii-  ^ 
tionof  the  patent  in  suit  constituted  a  practical 
solution  of  the  problem  of  the  subdivision'of  the 
electric  light.  There  were  dynamos  and  there  wei'e 
lamps  that  could  be  used  with  the  proper  svstem  of 
distiihniion.  Whether  they  would  have  been  used 
had  the  development  of  electric  lighting  gone  no 
further  than  the  patent  in  suit,  it  is  impossible  for 
anyone  to  say.  For,  at  or  about  the  time  this  patent 
was  taken  out,  so  many  other  inventions  and  ini- 
provenieiits  were  made,  all  of  which  contributed 
more  or  less  to  the  practical  solution  of  the  proh¬ 
em,  that  when  thelirst  practical  attempt  to  pi'ovide 
eectric  lighting  by  means  of  a  large  number  of 
hirapsdi.stribiited  over  aconsideruble  aiea  was  made 
neither  the  old  lamps  nor  the  old  dvnamos  were 
employed.  I  do  not  mean  to  say  that  the  invention 
0  lie  paleiit  in  suit  was  all  that  was  desirable 
r  necessary  iti  order  to  solve  the  problem  of  what 
great  a,  ’  "I  ^"'’‘’•riding  the  electric  light.  A  .q 
ere.it  nany  things  were  necessarv,  and  a  arear„,anv  '“ 
.intentions  contributed  to  the  successful  solution 
Hal  fB..,*”'”  ®'"'  distribution  was  aii  esseii- 
lamiw't'"'®’  ’"L  ^^^^nrial  elenieiit,  but  improved 
saffiH-’  dynamos,  meters,  junction  bo.xes, 

solution  ■  S  contributed  to  the  practical 

bntion-'i  ^son  invented  the  system  ofdistri- 
items  that  I 

Cad  St  Edison  system  in  its 

sense  includes  them  all.  I  do  not  think, 


5182  Prof. Chandler's  "  Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition. 

12726  on  the  whole  that  it  can  be  said  that  the  invention 
described  and  claimed  in  the  patent  in  suit  consti- 
tilted  b.v  Itself,  without  taking  into  considerntion 
the  other  inventions  that  I  have  enumerated 
a  practical  soluliou  of  the  problem  of  the  subdivision 
of  the  electric  liglit. 

60  x-Q.  "i  ou  are  quite  sure,  however,  that  Mr 
kdison  invented  everything  else  which  was  neces¬ 
sary  for  tile  practical  solution  of  the  problem  ! 

12726  f  1  he  did.  I  do  not  mean  that  lie  is  the 
only  person  who  invented  improved  lamps  or  im¬ 
proved  dynamos  or  safety  devices,  etc.,  but  I  think 
he  invented  a  complete  system  of  incandescent 
electric  lighting,  Includingall  the  essential  elements 
necessary  for  practical  commercial  success. 

51  x-Q.  It  is  a  fact,  is  it  not,  that  Mr.  Edison  or 
his  company  has  several  hundred  patents  on  other 
parts  of  tlie  system  such  as  improved  lamps,  ini- 

12727  meters,  junction  boxes,  safety 
plug,  pressure  wires,  regulating  devices  and  iiiiiuy 
other  things  which  have  contributed  to  the  practical 
solution  of  tlie  problem  ! 

A.  It  is. 

62  x-Q.  It  is  a  fact  also,  is  it  not,  that  Mr.  Edison 
or  his  company  has  a  large  number  of  patents 
besides  Mieonein  suit,  upon  the  system  of  distribii- 
tiim  used  in  the  Edison  system  ? 


Prof  .Chandler' s  "Feeder &Main"  Deposition.  .')]83 

Nkw  Yokk,  January  12th,  1E!)1,  2  P.  M.  I27i9 
Mel  piir.-iimnt  to  adjournment. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

CiiossE.xmmi.vatiox  ok  the  \Vit.vk.-;.s  Piiof. 
ClI.MILKS  P.  ClIAXDLEIt  Co.NTIXUlCI)  : 

6.1  .\-Q.  In  the  last  part  of  your  answer  to  Q  s 
von  apparently  refer  to  a  p'art  of  the  publications 
from  which  you  quote  extracts,  as  showing  that  up 
to  a  certain  time  the  problem  stated  in  your  aii.swer 
to  Q.  7  was  regtirded  as  extremely  difliciilt  if  not 
impossible  of  solution,  and  to  a  part  of  such  publi¬ 
cations  as  showing  that  electricians  realized  that 
the  problem  had  been  solved  after  that  time.  Pletise 
state  which  of  the  said  publications  you  intended 
to  include  in  tlie  first  class,  and  which  in  the 
second  i 

A.  The  following  authorities  from  whom  1  have 
quoted  regard  the  problem  asdiflicult  or  impossible 
nl  solution :  Siemens,  Cooke,  Preece,  Deacon.  137^1 
Woodall,  Thomson,  Michael,  Tratit,  Morton.  Shool- 
bred  and  Briggs,  although  Thomson.  Michael  ttnd 
Briggs  exiiress  a  belief  that  the  problem  will  bo 
solved. 

The  following  authorities  from  whom  I  Imve 
qtiuted  regard  the  problem  as  having  been  solved 
subsequently  to  the  year  1880:  Swan,  Luiigreii, 
Slinigiie  and  the  editor  of  the  “  Scientific  A meri- 


Ot.v-Q.  Referring  now  to  the  testimony  of  Mr. 
booke,  from  which  you  quote  in  ytiiir  answer  to 
cross-question  67,  do  you  uiiderstan'd  that  the  loss 
irom  subdivision  referred  to  by  this  witness  wtis 
ttiie  111  any  way,  iis  he  understood  it,  to  the  resist¬ 
ance  of  the  conductors? 

A.  I  think  Mr.  Cooke  realized  the  existence  of  a 
OSS  due  to  the  resistance  of  the  conductor,  though 
•a  true  that  he  had  in  his  mind,  while  undergoing 


5184  Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder  &Main" Beposilion. 

12733  his  examination  before  a  Parliamentary  Committee 
anotlmr  loss,  whmh  he  attribn tes  to  tlie  substitution 

sei  ei.il  small  arc  liglits  for  one  large  arc  light 
Tjns  he  refers  to  in  his  answers  to  questions  So? m,d 
3o8.  In  his  answer  to  question  388,  where  the 
question  refers  to  a  closed  circuit  and  incandescent 
lamps,  he  certainly  cannot  refer  to  the  kinds  of  loss 
which  he  refers  to  in  3.’57  and  3.oS.  for  arc  lights  are 
not  under  discussion;  and  yet  hesays,  inhisanswer 

]27Sd  n  "  I  '"“'‘"descent  lamps  and 

12734  closed  circuit  there  will  be  i  1  ii  g.eite,  loss  It 

might  be  claimed,  however,  that  in  his  answer  to 
388  he  is  comparing  incandescent  lamps  on  a  closed 
circuit  to  one  single  arc  light  produced  bv  the  .same 
anioniu  of  energy.  In  his  answer  to  q.restion  42! 
o  divi^/"  '°q"«stion  413,  he  speaks 

o  d  vided  currents,  and  a  loss  res  ilhn„  fioi  d, 
diusion,  as  expensive  and  iineconoinical  as  coinpared 
linhr  is  used  for  each 

12735  due  to  using  several  arc  lights  instead  of  one 

's  "othing  in  these  answers  to  indicate  that 
he  referred  to  loss  in  the  conductors.  In  his  answer 
invm.H  1  Mr.  Edison’s  alleged 

hltv  r  incredulity  at  the  statement 

hat  Edison  has  succeeded  in  riinning  two  hundred 
‘■efertoaiiy 

paiticiilar  reason  for  his  inorediilitv. 

Cookl’s?’?-’  looking  through  .Mr. 

fi  e  r^  s  S"b<livis.on  due  to 

the  resistance  of  the  conductor. 

liglitsl  for  the  production  of  various 

th^reticalltS^  oxoinined.  the  questions 

etically  from  a  mathematical  point  of 


Prof.  Chandler's  ‘ 'Feeder  d- Maiii! '  Deposition,  .ol 65 

view,  and  I  have  also  examined  it  experi-  ] 
mentally. 

■ill.  Did  you  not  publish  a  paper  upon  the 
subject  in  the  .Itiniiary  number  of  the  “Philo- 
soptiical  Magazine?” 

.\.  I  did. 

512.  What  was  the  result  that  you  came  lot 

A.  In  that  paper  I  showed  first  of  all  ftiat 
there  are  two  ways  of  subdividing  the  li'dit 
Supposing  that  this  piece  of  string  which  I 
hold  in  my  hand  were  a  wire,  conveyiii"-  a  citr- 
rent.  we  might  insert  in  that  one  stiing'several 
lamps,  or  we  might  take  these  seveml  latnps  1‘ 
and  join  them  in  what  is  called  a  parallel  arc. 
Yon  may  have  your  wires  arranged  parallel 
with  each  other,  witli  one  hitiip  iti  eticli.  The 
restilt  of  my  inquiry  was  to  show  that  when 
lamps  are  joined  up  in  the  series  the  ititensitv 
of  light  in  each  lamp  diminishes  witli  the 
sqtiareof  the  number  inserted  ;  atid  when  they 


her,  showing  that  when  yott  attetnpt  to  stth- 
(livide  the  light  between  two  or  three,  the  iti- 
tetisity  of  the  light  diminishes  in  a  marvellous  12733 
iiitio." 

Do  yon  tinderstand  that  .Mr.  Ereece  here  refers  to 
ihesatiie  causes  of  loss  from  subdivision  which  Mr. 

Cooke  had  in  mitid  in  giving  the  testimony  to  which 
yoti  have  referred  ? 

Adjourned  to  Wednesday,  .lanuarv  21st,  at  11 
0  clack  A.  M. 


12740 


6186  Prof. Chandler's  ^  Feeder  &  Main"  DevosiUm 

12741  Nkw  Youk,  Wednesday,  January  2,,  i«00  , 
llA.  JI.  ’[ 

Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

CUO.SS.E.X-A.MINATIOX  OK  PuOKKSSOIt  CitAITKS  P 
CiiANw.KiiBvMii.  Cuinis:  “  ’ 

A.  Ido. 

t-ikin^  i  I  “nd  tills  without 

takinff  nto  account  the  distance  of  the  lamps  or 

12743  A.  TluiU:  fo"" 

«.e  1fu°emrt?  for 

the  ul'tini-ite  !  ‘J'of  experiment  lias  proved 

Mr  PreecB  m'd*’  statements  made  by 

Fontaine  in  I  ®°"^‘f>ons  adoiited  bv  .Air. 

A  Ti;'r  ' 

of  Pontaiii!as****^"^*^  f“l*“oy  underlying  both 

cal  coninnt-iti'^^*?i"™®"'®  Preece’smatheniati- 

smaller  b.d'its  weVT  ‘'‘® 

in  the  constrimfi  “’^‘nined  without  change 

n  smaller  currrnt°^r‘^‘'"f 

current  to  each  lamp,  thus  re- 


Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder &MainJ' Deposition.  6187 

diicing  the  temperature  of  the  burner  at 
each  lamp,  and  the  amount  of  Ijeht 
emitted  by  it.  And  was  not  the  enormous  loss^of 
energy  by  such  subdivision  as  they  assumed  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  heat  developed  in  the  burner 
decreases  in  a  much  greater  ratio  than  the  decrease 
m  the  current,  and  the  light  produced  in  turn  de¬ 
creases  much  more  rapidly  than  the  heat. 


07  .\--Q.  Is  it  not  a  fact  that  this  same  fallacv  was 
very  commonly  adopted  by  electricians  and  scien¬ 
tific  men  prior  to  l-SSO,  and  that  the  oi.iuions 
pressed  by  them  in  regard  to  the  dillicul'y  or  impos¬ 
sibility  of  sitbdividing  tiie  electric  light  were  ba.sed 
for  tile  most  part  upon  this  fallacy  I  " 

A.  It  is  quite  true  tiuit  this'  fallacy  was  very 
prevalent  among  tlie  electricians  who  discussed 
electric  lighting  prior  to  ISSO,  and  quite  a  number 
of  witnesses  who  testified  before  the  Parliaineiitary 
Cotninittee  seemed  to  be  itnpre.ssed  with  the  idea  , 
that  tile  light  produced  will  diminish  in  the  ratio 
of  the  square  of  the  number  of  arc  lights  supplied 
by  a  given  current,  and  as  the  cube  of  the  mitiilier 
of  lights  in  .some  oases.  Tins  is,  however,  only  one 
of  the  fallacies  prevalent  at  that  time  with  regard 
to  electric  lightitig,  and  it  shows  how  little'was 
known  by  the  electricians  at  that  time  with  rettard 
tothecomlitions  invcdved  in  the  problem  of  suc¬ 
cessfully  evolving  electricity  for  illitmiuating  pur¬ 
poses.  It  sliows,  too,  how  different  the  problem  of 
electric  lightitig  was  from  the  problems  involved  in  ^ 
gas  and  water  engineering,  about  both  of  which 
mere  was  really  as  much  known  prior  to  1880  as  at 
the  present  day. 

Ido  not  find  tliat  Woodall,  Thomison,  Sliool- 
Swan  labored  under  this  fallacy, 
ihompson,  in  his  answer  to  Question  1780,  makes 
me  following  statement : 

M.  there  is  nothing  in  the  mathe¬ 

matical  discussion  of  the  question  that  should 


5188  Prof  .Chandler' s  "  Feeder  &  Main"  Pepositim. 

[9  render  that  reduction  necessary  by  the  square 
or  the  cube? 

A.  No  ;  it  is  quite  possible  tliat  a  plan  of 
iisingelectricenergy  for  light  might  be  found 
and  may  yet  be  found,  in  which  ten  feebler 
lights  will  give  a  light  equal  to  that  obtainable 
by  the  same  energy  in  one  concentrated  light.” 

Mr.  Briggs,  in  the  article  to  which  I  referred  in 
my  answer  to  question  8,  which  was  originally  pub¬ 
lished  in  “Engineering,”  October,  1878,  and’after- 
0  wards  reprinted  in  the  “  Journal  of  the  Franklin 
Institute,”  makes  the  following  statement: 

“  The  problem  of  electric  lightitig  to-day  is 
the  production  of  small  enough  quantity  of 
ight  with  equal  economy  to  that  attained  for 
large  illutninutitig  effects,  and  of  the  distribtt- 
tion  into  small  sources  of  light  of  tlie  gretit 
light  capacity  now  obtained  at  a  single  point  of 
otnission.  To  tliese  ends  the  intelligetice  of  all 
electricians  is  now  directed,  and  the  attainment 
.  of  some  measure  of  success  can  be  conlidentiv 
^  anticipated.” 

This  same  Mr.  Briggs,  in  an  article  which  was 
published  in  “  Eondon  Engineering,”  October  11, 
1879,  and  which  was  reprinted  in  tlie  “  American 
Gas  Light  Journal”  for  January  2,  1879,  page  18, 
makes  the  following  statement : 

electric  light,  wherever  it  is  desirable  to 
illnmitiate  from  one  point,  either  at  cotisidera- 
ble  dmtatice  or  by  great  volume  of  light,  tltere- 
fore,  IS  greatly  more  ecotiotnical  tlitin  gas  light 
'  at  the  present  time,  with  a  promise  of  yet  higli- 
er  relative  efficiency.  And  the  adaptability  of 
tlie  electric  system  to  smaller  or  even  domestic 
uses  would  seem  to  be  only  a  question  of  time 
lor  researcli  and  ingenuity  to  mature.” 

Professor  Morton,  in  his  lecture  upon  the  electric 
light,  before  the  American  Gas  Light  Association, 
on  page  4  of  the  “  American  Gas  Light  Journal  ” 
for  Janiuiry  2,  1879,  appears  to  .adopt  this  falhacy, 
and  he  gives  there  tlie  figures  of  the  experiments 
described  in  Fontaine’s  book,  which  go  to  show  that 


the  loss  of  light,  when  tlie  arc  light  is  subdivi, 
is  .as  the  square  of  the  number  of  li-ri,,.,  .  i,,,. 
evidently  knows  that  these  e.vperiureiits’are  , 
leading.and  that  the  conclusions  are  fallacious 
at  the  very  end  of  his  lecture,  on  paoe '77  „f 
“American  Gas  Light  .Journal  ”  ofFebriiarv 

1879,  he  makes  the  following  .statement:  ' 

“  Heretofore  tlie  electric  li.dits  l,.,,.,.  „ 
been  iiractically  developed  in^  eoiu'..nte 
form,  and  it  certainlv  has  not  vet  lieei 
that  when  divided  tliere  will  be  an  emu 
oss  of  elhciency.  Gas,  on  the  conii-irv 
heretofore  only  been  practicallv  used  in  it's 
iided  form,  and  there  can  be'  no  doubt  ll 
UsbtS^^ 

IS  I  l  ined  in  a  concentrated  manner. 

where  the  actual  contest  will  coi 
e  1  *"'-■‘■688  of  the  two  SOliri 

I!-ii/^  ***  each  field  will  depend  upon  wh-it 

"111  accomplish  in  that  field -and  not  ir 
.some  other.  In  other  words,  we  tnust  com  n 
I  I'gl"  (“SUV  Mr.  Edison’s  will 

•m7tl  "■itl>  ordinarv  btirnei 

.iml  the  electric  arc  light  with  the  lime  Ibr I  r 
-■'time  such  concentrated  form  of  g.as  burning. 

0f!liL'rK'''°'’  tliediflicnll 

of  t he  "v^’  '’.vtlteleport. 

i'si  iof  rimes.”  and  imblished  hi  tl. 

.s  ieof  December  28,  1879,  which  is  printed  in  tli 

He*savli"^  ®  383,  384  and  38; 


tiiiv  htrai  distributing 

"h'lfcl.  woiiM  i!  ^  *®  electric  currei 

q  ^  o  f., Hl}®®''®‘l-""d‘''I>rovide  forth, 
cond  r  o  ;  .  poi,il.s,  under  varvi, 

onditions  of  the  number  of  lights  used.”  ' 

tliit'falb.'f'*  evidently  committed 

what  At.!  wa-"®  ""'’et-Hieless,  in  1879,  aware  > 
Mr.  Edison  claimed  to  _ _  .a 


0  Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder  &  Main"  JJeposUion. 

shown  by  bis  answers  to  questions  269,  260  and 
,  wliicli  I  quote  : 

“269  Q.  Has  your  attention  been  called  to 
some  of  the  more  recent  experiments  of  Mr 
Edison,  and  to  the  success  which  he  is  stated  to 
liave  achieved  insubdividingthelightand  mak¬ 
ing  it  applicable  for  rooms  and  dwellings,  and 
so  on,  with  great  ease  titid  cheaimess? 

A.  I  have,  and  I  think  Mr.  Edison  cati.  no 
doubt,  produce  by  liis  means  it  very  steadv'and 
possiblv  an  agreeable  light. 

260  Q.  And  a  cheap  light  he  claims,  I  be¬ 
lieve  2 

A.  Dytmmically  speaking,  I  thitik  he  litis  to 
prove  his  case,  as  yet.  Our  experience,  as  far 
as  r  can  judge  from  my  owti,  leads  me  to  an  op- 
posite  conclusion, 

261  Q.  That  is,  to  a  oonclu.sion  opposite  to 
that  which  is  said  to  have  been  the  result  of  Mr. 
Edison’s  recent  experiments  2 

A.  Yes,  the  dynamo  machine  which  Mr.  Edi 
son  proposes,  I  think,  is  not  prottiising.” 

[r.  Siemens’  doubts  here  seem  to  refer  to  the 
ms  of  producing  the  electric  current,  atid  tiot  to 
division  of  the  lamp.  Mr.  Siemens  returns  to 
subject  in  his  answer  to  qtiestion  297,  which  is 
lollows: 

“297  Q.  Y'ott  would  say  that  for  such  pur¬ 
poses  as  footlights  atid  sidelights,  which  re¬ 
quire  constiiut  tnodilication  of  the  light,  at 
presetit  at  atiy  rate,  whatever  your  experience 
may  lead  you  to  in  the  future,  the  electric  liglit 
is  hardly  a  suitable  light? 

-•V.  Such  a  liglit,  for  instance,  as  Mr.  Edison 
proposes  now.  I  think,  would  be  much  more 
,®o'hrolhtbje  in  that  respect  than  tlie  electric  arc. 
Ihe  electric  arc  cannot  be  varied  in  its  intensity 
and  hi  illiaiicy  so  readily  as  gas;  but  if  the  light 
IS  producad  by  igniting  tt  piece  of  iridinm'or 
platinum  wire,  then  it  is  easy  enough  to  modify 
the  current  so  as  to  give  only  a  small  amount 
of  radiated  light. 


evident  that  Mr.  Siemens 


conductor  through  which  the  current  of  electricit 
is  sent  to  the  lamps.  This  is  clearly  shown  bv  hi 
answers  to  questions  191,  194  and  276,  which 
quote : 

"Ib-t  Q.  With  regard  to  the  question  of  hav 
lag  central  stations  of  electrical  eiierev  o 
would  you  think  tliat  this  is  likely  to  be  hVomd, 
into  practice  in  the  future  2 

“A.  I  believe  that  if  central  dynamlci 
stations  were  established  in  populous  nei'diho'i 
hoods,  the  current  could  be  divided  whhin 
circle  of.  say,  two  or  three  miles  diameter  with 
out  any  serious  loss  of  energy. 

coiid'uctorsr"'*^ 

“A.  You  would  require  largecondtictors  bn 

the.se  large  couductor.s  would  be  capable  of  trani 
mitting  very  large  atiiounts  of  electrical  ener''v 
1  may  here  tnention.  perhajis,  that  two  years  am 
1  suggested,  as  a  mere  thought,  the  po.ssihi 
lity  of  carrying  power  frotn  ti  large  waterfall  rt 
adtstancBof  some  20  or  99  miles  for  disrrihii 
tion  and  I  then  catne  to  the  coticliision  that  i 
nmiild  probably  require  a  conductor  or  coppei 
rod  of  three  inches  in  diameter  to  convev  ilu 
energy  of  1,000  horses.  Btit  further  cous’ldera 
tiou  has  led  me  to  the  conclusion  that  a  mud 
smaller  condtictorwotild  he  suflicieut  for  thal 

puriiose.  In  fact,  tlie  only  limit  to  . . . 

uiittiug  power  of  a  long  conductor  is  its  lia¬ 
bility  to_  become  heated,  for  in  transmittiun 
an  electric  current  through  a  conductor  a  iior- 
tton  of  the  dyuatnical  effect  of  the  euep'v  is 
lost  and  couverted  into  heat,  which  heat  accii- 
ninlate.s  in  a  conductor  and  lias  to  be  disposed 
of  by  radiation  or  conduction.  If  the  resist- 
ance  of  the  conductor  is  made  equal  to  that  of 
me  dynamo  machine  itself,  it  follows  from  Ur. 
tiopktus  recent^  experiments  that  the  loss 
floes  not  exceed  the  equivalent  of  ten  per 
employed.  One-tenth  of 
the  total  power  einplo.ved  at  the  central  station 
ould  therefore  go  to  heat  the  cotiductor,  and 
It  the  conductor  is  exposed  to  the  cooling 
action  of  the  atmosphere  it  will  be  capable  of 
ansmitting  a  vast  amount  of  electrical  energy 
efore  it  will  become  heated  to  anv  consider- 


i  able  extent ;  so  that  I  now  believe  th-it  -i  m 
ductoi-  of  two  inches  would  probably  sniiice 
convey  electric  energy  equal  to  1,U0()  hors 
power  to  a  distance  of  3u  miles. 

.  ‘-270  Q.  You  have  said  that  the  electric  li.d 
IS  cheaper  the  more  it  is  concentrated  :  am 
right  in  understanding  that  the  loss  of  nowi 
depends  upon  the  subdivision  of  the  li-d 
rather  than  upon  the  distance  which  the  mi 
rent  has  to  travel » 

conditions  have  their  elTec 
riie  distaiice  to  which  a  current  has  to  trav. 
would  only  increase  the  resistance,  if  th 
conductor  was  not  increased;  but  if  1  ha 
to  increase  iny  distance  to,  sav,  twice  ihedh 
tance  originally  existing  betwe:en  the  source  c 
power  and  the  electric  light,  and  I  made  a  Ion 
coiidiictor  of  twice  the  area,  then  the  electrici! 
resiiitance  would  be  the  same  in  both  cases  am 
the  loss  won  d  be  the  .same.  Distance  does  no 
o  yinort  imply  loss  of  jiower ;  it  implies  weigh 
of  conductors  ;  but  subdivision  of  the  electii 
light  implies  a  loss  which  cannot  be  obviated 
i"'"  '"O  feel 

each  of  these  two  foci  would  not  give  half  tin 
amoiintof  lightprodnced  by  the  original  focus.' 

Mr.  Thoinson  is  evidently  fully  aware  of  the  losi 
of  energy  and  the  consequent  drop  in  tension  whicl 
occurs  when  electricity  is  distributed.  On  page  ID. 
of  the  Parbanieiitary  Report,  which  I  have  alreadi 
ftequently  quoted,  he  makes  the  following  slate 

*"5’’  ‘I copper  wire  of  half  an  iiicli 
diameter  suiiices  to  transmit  21,000  horse-powei 
300  statute  miles,  with  mi  e.v- 
end  The  on®®’®®"  at’ I  he  sending 

'"*8  ’’eing  SI, 250  horse- 
lieatall  along  the 
three  miles  of  conauctor.  which  is  at  tlierate  ol 

pe't  3o7S”"''"' 

^  Committee  evidently  realized 

that  the  division  of  the  light  itself  was  not  the  only 
problem  that  \ui^  u..  ..-i  *  .  _i  . 


Pro/Vhaudler's‘‘Fecder&2faW’J)eposnw7i.  5193 

do.ne,stic  lighting  a  success.  On  page  IV.  of  the  Mtgo 
repori,  i  lie  committee  says  :  ^ 

“  So  far  as  we  have  received  evidence  no  svs- 
em  of  central  oiigin  and  distribution  suita^hle 
to  no  uses  of  moderate  size  has  hitherto  been 
esTal.lisIied.” 

Mr.  Swan,  in  his  lecture  before  the  f.iierarv  ami 
PhihMiphical  Society  of  NewcasiJe-on-Tvne  iii'l«fi(i 
printed  in  the  “  Scientilic  American  Snpple'ments  ’’ 

Nos.  204  and  205  already  in  evidence,  in  dismissing  1077,, 
Mr  hdison  s  plans  as  compared  with  his  own  ' 
makes  tile  following  statement :  ' 

••  'Hte  resistance  olfeied  by  a  lilaa.eiit  of  ear- 
0  in  Its  best  state  for  incandescent  Itinips,  as 
hm  as  it  IS  safe  to  use  in  a  lamp,  ami  of  a 
length  snfhcient  to  give,  say,  a  light  equal  to 
o  n;  hiiiner,  or  ten  stnndard  candles  (n  iinit  of 
light,  which  I  think  we  must  not  .hvom.I  b 
P  .•tuning  an  extensive  system  of  t.rwn  ligltti n  ' 
will  not  offer  so  high  a  resistance  ns  tli.'t  wi i  ci 
dis  of 

With  lamps  of  this  resistance  the  resnlis 
'W)ulii  be  timt,  before  nianv  were bn(l‘re(l across 
Horn  one  mam  wire  to  another,  as  nmch  ol 
'’®  eoiidncting 

'  ire  as  in  the  lamp.  The  only  wav  of  avoidia" 

Its  wjisie  of  energy  without  abandoning  the 

^  0  ""’i®  o.f  '*S'“  '^<-M.itherto 

unploy  enormously  thick  conductors  or  hnvc  a 
'eiy  limited  area  supplied  from  one  works 
I  t  imk  the  diinctiliy  is  capable  of  being  stir- 
1  n  I  S  -i'Ar  “''8 ''’“.''-"'Stead  of  groaiiing  the  40772 
ii  "  !  ’  •,  proi)()se.s.  ciich  Itiinp  he- 

.  .s  It  were  a  loop  or  bridge  between  two 
aiii.s,  1  propose  to  string  them  in  series,  1(1,50 
O  ""efpnsed  in 

.  11  5'',“  I"  tl'is  wa  veverv  lamp 

WMildadd  to  the  resistance  of  tile  line  instead 
Uc.f  Edison’s  plan,  diminishing  its  re- 

i'nt  u  -®®-  of  onergy  in  tlie  conduct¬ 

ing  wire  would  thus  be  avoided. 


6194  Prof. Chandler's  "Peeder  &  ilain" DeposHion. 

12773  at  live  miles  distance,  with  a  very  small  ner- 
centase  of  loss  ;  while  to  siii)ply  at  the  same 
distance  a  corresponding;  series  on  Mr  Edi 

demand  copper  conductors 
of  such  thickness  as  would  certainly  make  the 
plan  far  too  expensive,  or,  if  sncirthick  con¬ 
ductor  was  not  used,  there  would  be  an  im¬ 
practicably  extravagant  waste  of  ener<'v  in 
the  wire.  If  even  50  per  cent,  of  the  ener<rv 
were  expended  in  the  wire,  the  size  of  the 
conductor  required  to  transmit  the  current 

12774  ‘0'>S'-eat.”’ 

I  might  quote  further  from  Mr.  Swan,  as  he 

gave  .an  address  before  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  at  the  York  meeting, 
from  which  I  have  already  quoted  in  my  answer 
"‘^'^'•ess  was  not  given 
until  1881,  It  does  not  come  within  the  limit  of 
your  question. 

I  am  satisfied  that  while  some  electricians  and 
prior  to  1880,  adopted  the  fallacy  to 

12775  which  yon  have  referred,  and  while  their  opinions 
were  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  based  upon  this  fal¬ 
lacy,  they,  as  well  as  those  electricians  who  did  not 
adopt  this  fallacy,  based  the  opinions  which  they 
expressed  wdth  regard  to  the  difficulty  or  iinpo.ssi- 
bility  of  subdividing  the  electric  light  (using  this 
expression  in  its  broadest  sense)  upon  many  other 
consideintions. 

They  were  all  familiar  with  Ohm’s  law.  and  they 
'''"ritable  loss  of  energy  in 

12776  the  wire  which  carries  the  current,  which  increased 
with  the  distance  traversed,  and  which  can  only  he 
met  by  increasing  the  size  of  the  conductors.'  A 
diflicn  ty  cleariy  foreseen  at  that  time  was.  there¬ 
fore,  the  excessive  cost  of  conductors  for  distribut¬ 
ing  the  current.  Another  difficiiity  which  was 
much  discussed  in  the  parliamentary  investigation 
was  the  supposed  necessity  of  switching  in  an 
eqiiivaient  resistance  whenever  a  consumer  desired 

ex  ingiiish  one  or  more  lamps,  thus  making  the 
expense  just  as  great  when  the  lamps  were  not  in 


Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition.  519.7 
use  as  when  employed  for  lighting.  There  were  l‘-777 
other  minor  difflciiities  which  were  discussed  sncli 
as  the  disagreeable  color  of  the  light,  the  nitrons 
fumes  produced  in  the  air,  and  the  distnrhin- ef¬ 
fects  of  the  currents  on  neighboring  telegraph  and 
telephone  circuits. 

68  x-Q.  Which  of  the  scientific  men,  to  whose 
opinions  you  have  referred,  did  adopt  this  fallacy 
and  based  their  opinions  as  to  the  possibility  of 
practically  or  economically  subdividing  the  electric 
light  wholly  or  mainly  upon  it ' 

®‘’®ms  to  be  entirely  oomiiiitled  to 
this  fallacy.  Professor  Morton,  as  shown  by  mv 
quotations  from  his  lecture  given  in  my  last  answer 
seems  to  accept  the  fallacy  in  the  early  part  of  his 
lecture,  hut  in  the  closing  paragraphs  he  evidently 
doubts  its  truth.  Deacon  labors  under  the  fallacy 
clearly  and  yet,  in  his  answer  to  question  lO.aU,  he 
evidently  thinks  that  this  fallacy  is  not  insiit- 
monntable. 

12779 

il,*' expense  of 
he  electric  light,  1  suppose  vou  would  say 
that,  in  a  general  way.  all  the  teiideiicvof  inod’- 
ern  iinproveinent  and  investigation  is  to  reduce 
and  to  render  the  electric  light 

llol.i'V  concentrated 

iignts  willbe  very  much  reduced  in  co.st.  he- 
cau.se  I  do  not  see  where  the  diminution  of  cost 
=>  to  come  from.  It  cannot  be  in  the  niachine. 

DHcause  we  know  that  alreadv  a  very  high 
c  hcieiicy  of  the  machine  has  ’been  ob'tained. 

I'lioo"  ‘m  to  ti  very  great  extent  in  tlie 

amp ,  but  in  the  subdivided  system  I  tliink 
eiict*”"*^  oe  a  very  great  increase  of  eflici- 

Cooke  appears  to  labor  under  the  same  fallacy. 

Siemens  adopts  the  fallacy  ;  but  in  his  answer  to 
*9,  261)  and  261,  which  I  quoted  in  my  last  answer, 

.  ere  .ir.  Edison's  claims  are  under  discussion,  lie 


.1190  Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder &2rain" Deposition. 

12781  seems  to  base  his  doubts  on  Edison’s  peculiardyna- 
mo,  rather  than  upon  the  fallacy. 

Trant  adopts  tile  fallacy,  and  in  his  article  in 
"Nature,”  which  is  already  in  evidence,  refers  to 
rontaine’s  experiments. 

Keats  does  not  adopt  the  fallacy  in  .so  m-iiiv 
words,  but  he  says  that  “the  light  cannot  be'di- 
vided.” 

These  are  the  only  electricians  or  scientific  men 
197S}  ^  ascertain,  who  appear 

to  have  accepted  the  fallacy  stated  in  cross-question 
60,  and  to  have  based  tlieir  opinions  to  any  extent 
upon  it. 

•^^“"aary  26,  1891,  at 


New  Yoiis,  January  26,  1891.  11  A.M. 
Met  pursuant  to  adjourn inent. 

Present— counsel  as  before. 

Cnoss-ExAMixATiON  OP  PaoF.  CitAiSLEsP.  Chaxd- 
LKitiivMit.  Cuims: 

197RA  ^  answer  to  cross-question  57  yon 

er,  as  t  understand  it,  to  the  testimony  of  Deacon 
as  containing  a  statement  that  it  would  be  dilRcnlt 
or  impossible  to  obviate  differences  in  tension  such 
as  are  referred  to  in  the  patent  in  suit  in  different 
parts  of  the  system  due  to  the  resistance  of  tlie 
mam  conductors,  and  refer  particularly  to  ids 
answers  to  questions  992  and  994;  do  you  still  think 
Sion  ^^‘‘"'"'“'‘*  differences  in 


Prof.  Chandler's  "Feeder  &  Mam"  Deposition.  6197 

73  x  Q.  Do  you  find  any  references  to  differences  ] 
of  tension  such  as  are  referred  to  in  the  patent  in 
suh  in  any  other  part  of  Mr.  Deacon’s  testimonv  ’ 

A.  1  do  not.  Deacon  does  not  seem  lo  have  "one 
beyond  the  question  of  subdividing  the  light"  he 
does  not  even  mention  the  dillicnlties  of  distribu¬ 
tion  ;  and  wlmn  as  111  question  994,  he  mentions 
distances,  he  does  so  in  connection  with  the  ones 
tioii  of  subdivision  of  light,  and  not  in  connection 
'Mtli  tile  loss  of  tension. 

7-1  x-Q.  Referring  now  to  the  lecture  of  Mr  .1  \V 
Swan,  from  which  you  quote  in  your  answer  to 
cross-question  67,  do  you  understand  that  in  this 

eclttre  Mr.  Swan  makes  any  reference  to  differences 

in  tension  in  different  parts  of  tile  system,  such  as 
are  referred  to  in  the  patent  in  suit  as  due  to  the  re 
sistance  of  the  main  conductors,  except  so  far  as 
such  references  are  implied  in,  or  are  to  be  inferred 
from  ills  stiitements  in  regard  to  the  waste  of  energy 
in  the  conducting  wires  ? 

A.  He  does  not. 


^^:w  York,  Monday,  February  2,  1891,2  P.M. 

Met  iiursiiaiit  to  adjuuriiiiieiit. 

Present— Counsel  ns  before. 

Ci103S.Exa.MINATION  op  PltOFESSOR  Chari.es  F.  ’ 
CiiANiiLKR  RY  Mr.  Curtis,  continued  : 

94  .\-Q.  Is  it  not  n  fact  that  the  literature  of  the 
subject  shows  that  the  general  conception  of  the 
-1  problem  of  the  subdivision  of  the 

uluctrichgi.t,  asit  was  understood  prior  to  1880, 
as  t  lat  it  related  to  the  production  of  any  kind  of 
ectric  lamps  having  illuminating  power  about 
nnw'l  gas  jet  and  adapted  to  like  pur- 

P  s,  winch  should  possess  such  characteristics  as 


iil98  Prof.  Chandler's  “Feeder  d-  Main"  Depusilion 

12789  would  make  it  practicable  for  one  generator  to 
operate  a  considerable  number  of  them  located  at 
reasonable  distances  from  it,  and  which  at  the  same 
time  should  be  economical,  dur.able  and  cheap 
enough  to  make  them  commercially  useful,  .and  so 
simple  and  reliable  that  they  could  be  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  public  to  manipulate? 

A.  The  lamp  described  in  the  question  was  un¬ 
doubtedly  recognized  at  that  date  as  one  of  the 
necessary  elements  of  the  problem  of  the  subdivision 

12790  of  the  electric  light,  but  at  the  same  time  it  was 
recognized  that  the  problem  included  as  an  equally 
essential  part  of  the  problem  a  system  of  dislrihu- 
tion  so  arranged  that  no  more  current  would  be 
called  foi  than  was  necessary  to  actuate  the 
lamps  in  actual  use  at  any  given  time,  and  to 
supply  a  suitable  current  with  such  economy  in  the 
cost  of  conductors  as  would  make  the  system  prac¬ 
ticable,  and  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  every 
electrician  realized  the  fact  that  the  current  sent  out 

12791  must  he  of  such  a  character  as  to  tension  and  uni¬ 
formity  as  to  proiierly  actuate  the  lamps. 

915  x-Q.  You  mean  by  your  last  answer  to  say 
that  the  production  of  such  a  lamp  as  is  described 
in  the  preceding  question  w.as  not  what  was  gener¬ 
ally  regarded  prior  to  1879  or  1880  its  the  problem  of 
the  subdivision  of  the  electric  light? 

A.  I  mean  to  say  that  that  was  simply  a  part  of 
the  problem  as  it  was  understood  at  that  time. 

12792  I'''"'Ps  liad  already  been  invented  which  possessed 
many,  if  not  all,  of  the  properties  mentioned  in 
question  94,  but  they  never  had  been  carefully  tested 
oyer  any  considerable  area  with  a  proper  svsteiu  of 
distribution. 

98  x-Q.  Was  the  production  of  such  a  lamp  the 
most  important  part  of  the  problem  ? 

A.  I  cannot  say  that  it  w.as.  Lamps  had  .already 
been  invented  which  might  have  been  found  success¬ 
ful  if  the  other  elements  of  the  problem  had  been 
successfully  worked  out.  Even  without  considering 


Prof  .Chandler' s  “Feeder  &  Main"  Deposition.  5199 

the  carbon  lilament  lamp  of  Mr.  Edison,  for  which  10793 
he  applied  for  a  patent  on  the  4th  of  November, 

,  1879,  and  for  which  he  received  on  .lanuarv  07 
188U.  Patent  No.  22.3,898,  or  the  lamp  of  Mr’ 

Swan,  the  exact  date  of  which  I  do  not  remem¬ 
ber,  but  think  it  was  brought  out  about  the  same 

97  x-Q.  Ill  your  last  answer  j'oii  s.ay,  “even  with¬ 
out  considering  the  carbon  lilament  lain[i.”  &c., 
did  yon  mean  to  imply  by  that  that  there  were 
other  lamps  suitable  for  the  purpose  besides  tho.se 
of  Air.  Edison  and  Mr.  Swan,  which  were  known 
at  that  time  ? 

A.  I  did.  I  meant  to  imjily  that  such  lamps 
IIS  those  of  Starr  (or  King)  of  1840,  of  Konn  of 
1878,  of  Sawyer  &  Man  of  1878,  of  Woodward  of 
1870,  Edison’s  platinum  lamp,  or  even  W.*rder- 
mann’s  lamp  of  1878,  or  the  Lane-Eox  lamp  of 
1878,  described  in  his  English  Ptiteiit  of  October 
O.  1870,  No.  3088.  I  do  not.  of  course, 
mean  to  express  the  opinion  that  any  of  these 
earlier  lamps  were  as  good  as  those'of  Edison, 

Swan  or  other  inventors  of  later  date,  hut  that 
they  might  and  probably  would  have  been  used 
successfully  had  not  these  improved  lamps  been  iii- 
veiited. 

98  .\--Q.  Do  you  mean  to  express  the  opinion  that 
the  lamps  referred  to  in  your  last  answer,  or  any  of 
them,  were  practically  useful  lamps,  or  were  suita¬ 
ble,  or  could  have  been  made  suitable,  without  in- 
veniion.  for  successful  commercial  use,  with  a  sys¬ 
tem  of  distribution  such  as  is  desoribedin  the  patent 
in  suit? 

A.  I  do,  assuming,  of  course,  that  no  better  lamps 
Were  brought  into  competition  with  them. 

99  x-Q.  Do  you  mean  your  last  answer  to  apply 
to  all  of  the  lamps  referred  to  in  your  .answer  to 
cross-Q.  97? 

A.  I  do. 


5200  Prof. Chandler's  “Feeder  &  Main"  Deposi lion 


100  x-Q.  All  the  carbon  lamps  you  refer  to  ii 
your  answer  to  cross-Q.  97  had.  for  incandescen 
conductors,  carbon  rods  of  far  too  low  a  resist 
anceforanypnictical  use,  in  multiple  arc,  had  tliet 

A  They  all  contained  rods  of  carbon;  and 
should  think  that,  as  they  were  presented  at  tin 
time  they  were  invented,  their  resistance  wtis  tot 
low  for  successful  use  in  multiple  arc.  Had  the- 
been  put  into  practical  use,  however,  their  resist 
ance  could  Inive  been  very  considerably  increaset 
by  reducing  the  size  of  the  carbons.  How  ftir  this 
modihcation  could  be  carried  without  involving  fur 
ther  invention,  I  am  not  prepared  to  say. 

11)1  x-Q.  Could  the  resistence  of  such  lamps  hart 
been  increased  sulliciently  without  invention,  t 
have  made  the  lamps  suitable  for  commercial  us 

in  a  system  of  distribution  such  as  is  described  i; 

the  patent  in  suit. 

"“'rbon  lani,)s 

except  tile  VVerdermann  of  earlier  dale  than  Ed 
isoti  s  and  I  do  not  feel  qualilied  to  answer  eilhe 
bn«.r'  qhestion.  I  have  the  opinion 

MortorV  ""w  electrician.  Profess,. 

Mo  ton,  to  the  effect  that  tintt  these  lamps  wer 
stiitab  e  for  use  in  the  system  shown  and 
scribed  .and  claimed  in  the  patent  in  suit;  capabl 
of  being  so  arranged  as  to  have  the  same  cantil. 

piessed  in  his  answers  to  cross-questions  ino  am 

“  ■"f  «' 

.Slips  . 

that  Professor  Morton  in  believing 

}  in  the  system  shown,  described  nnd 


Pro/.0/aaidler's"Peeder&Mai7r’Peposilion.5m 

wotihl  be  regarded  by  the  courts  as  involving  fur-  128,,, 
ther  invention.  ” 

lOll  x-Q.  If  you  have  any  doubt  on  thi.s  point, 
am  (  0  not,  as  you  Miy  in  response  to  cross  question 
101,  feel  qualilied  to  say  whether  or  not  the  resist¬ 
ance  of  such  lamps  could  have  been  increased  sulli 
ciently  without  invention  to  have  made  the  I  nn., 
suitable  for  commercial  use  in  a  sv-r.o.,  r  i-  .  ** 

_  nsc 'll  .1  .sj stem  of  distribu¬ 

tion  such  as  IS  described  in  the  patent  in  .suit  how 

can  you  exjiress  the  o], inion  stated  in  vonr  answer- 
to  questions  98  and  99  i  .  •  s 

-4.  .\ry  doubts  all  relate  to  what  would  be  regard- 
edbytlie  courts  as  invention.  I  do  not  understand 
niut  any  one  of  these  carbon  lamps  was  in  aiiv  wiv 
limited  as  to  the  minimum  size  of  the  carb'oirrodV- 
and  every  electrician  knew  that  the  smaller  the- 
rods  were  inade,  the  greater  would  be  their  resist¬ 
ance.  In  using  them,  therefore,  with  the  svstem  of 
distribution  described  in  the  patent  in  suit'  the  size 
of  the  carbons  would  be  adjusted  to  the  resista'm^e 
require,!.  My  only  doubt  is  as  to  whether  such  re- 
dnction  in  the  size  of  the  carbon  rod  as  would  be 
necessary  for  the  system  of  the  patent  in  suit 
would  or  would  not  so  modify  the  lamp  as  to  lend 
the  courts  to  decide  that  it  embodied  a  new  inven- 


V'  /  “®®"">efroni  your  previous  testimonv 
tn.it  you  hold  the  opinion  that  it  was  Mr.  Edison  who 
sol  ed  the  problem  of  the  subdivision  of  the  electric 
■gilt,  which  at  one  time  was  regarded  as  diilicnlt  or  It 
impossible  of  solution.  Taking  this  view  of  the  mat¬ 
ter,  is  it  not  a  fact  that  the  invention  desoribeil  in 
nis  incandescent  lamp  patent.  No.  223,898,  to  wliii-h 
np.!*  1®  "'lint  constituted  the 

Practica  solution  of  the  problem  of  the  subdivision 
01  the  electric  light? 

A.  Only  in  part.  Edison  invented  a  complele 
sjstem  of  domestic  electric  lighting  for  large  areas. 
il|s  system  includes  the  improved  dynamo,  a  dis- 
utory  circuit,  a  lamp,  a  meter,  pressure  wires. 


12805  regulating  device  for  tl,e  dynamo,  safety  nl„,s 
luncnon  boxes,  etc.  I  do  not  think  the  lamp  ai one 

Sink'Ir  '’"’'r «*.e electric  liLht 
fhe  ^  rf  'ras  essential  to 

tile  so-called  solution  of  the  problem. 

Adjourned  to  Tuesday,  February  3,  at  1.30  P.  Ji. 


^oi!K,  Tuesday,  February  3,  1891  1 
,r  ,  1.30  P.  M.  ’ 

Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present— Counsel  as  before. 

Cltos^-FXAMIXATION  OF  P,,OFES.SOR  ClIAULrS  P. 
CnA^DL^u  iiv  Mis.  Cuirris  coNTiNOf® : 

105  x-Q.  Did  not  the  invention  described  in  the 
Edison  Patent  223,898  constitute  the  principal  na  t 

Ion  “•  »' 

tlm  "'“lerestimate  the  value  of 

i  m  rd  i,  I 

tbft  bn  “"f  important  inventions 

that  has  ever  been  made  in  electric  lighting  At 

mSo  lT'  "'•■’■"I  '» 

110^/10  of  the  practical  sola- 

hi  iftl  eUn  «"Mf'’i«ion  referretl  to.  I 

t  ITn  1“  connection  with 

the  lamps  previously  known. 

inveStL?'/“^;°V.“'"‘°''^‘'’®  "Pioion  that  the 
w^ntiou  described  in  the  patent  in  suit  was  the 

“m  anrib  °f  prob- 

soln’tionter^e  f  iorolved  in  such 

ation  wi^.'  n!i!i  °P‘"'°"  *bat  domestic  ilium- 
o  ts  comparable  in  illuminating  power 


Prof. Chandler's  " Feeder  &  Main"  Veposilion.  5203 

to  ordinary  gas  jets  could  have  been  successfniy  in-  i-og,® 
trodnced  by  means  of  the  system  of  distribiiti  r 
described  in  the  patent  in  suit,  «.,1.  ...c,  ,  „ 
and  other  apparatus  as  were  known  at  the  date  of 
the  application  for  the  patent  ? 

A.  It  is. 

lOS  x-Q.  Is  it  your  opinion  that  mere  eu'dneerir 

or  mechanical  skiil  would  have  been  sufficient  for 

adapting  forms  of  lamps,  dynamos  and  other  neces 
sary  appliances  known  at  the  date  of  the  applica¬ 
tion  for  the  patent  in  suit,  for  producing  the  result 
slated  in  the  preceding  question  in  connection  with 
thesjsteni  of  distribution  described  in  the  patent 

A.  It  is. 

109  x-Q.  In  your  answer  to  qiiestioti  7,  von  refer  to 
the  operation  of  “large  numbers  of  electric  lights” 
of  low  candle-power  “over  large  areas”  a  11 1  t 
oe  l.=  the_curreut  “great  dismnces.”  ’wha't  do 
you  me,. n  in  this  answer  by  “large  numbers,”  '2811 
tinge  areas  and  “great  distances » 

ivm.n  'I'siaiices  .as 

u  i.  1  develop  the  difficulty  referred  to  in  the  spec 
htalion  by  the  expressions  “drop.”  •‘diirerence  in 
1“"!'=??’  I  "  '’’■“f’ &c.  It  would  be  in,. 

possible  to  specify  the  e.xact  number  of  lamp.s  or 
condition  of  the  system  in  each  particular  case. 

aistmi'ce*fl  tbe  number  of  liimiis  and  their  12812 

st,a i  ce  fiotii  the  source  be  comparable  to  thenuni- 
and  ii  supplied  from  a  single  gas  works 

sSd  ItT  ‘  5"*’  -'J- 

I  tlnnk  that  a 

aref  and  ®''PI’^y 

than  a  1  nntnber  of  lamps  economic.allv 

'Oan  a  single  central  station. 

Ill  x-Q.  Did  you  mean  to  state,  in  your  answer 


12813  to  qiiestion.7,  what  you  understood  to  be  the  t.rol 
lent  referred  to  in  tlie  quotations  contained  in  vou 
^nswer  to  question  8,  tis  tlie  subdivision  of  the  elec 

A.  I  did. 

112  x  Q.  Do  you  understand  that  it  was  consid 
ered  at  the  date  of  these  various  quotations  tlial 
tlie  problem  of  subdivision  required  for  its  solntioi; 
that  the  number  of  lamps  and  their  distance  from  a 

12814  “‘"s'®  should  be  comparable  to  the  nnnibet 
of  gas  jets  supplied  by  a  single  gas  works  and  theit 
distance  from  the  same? 

A.  Substantially,  yes.  with  the  limitation  of  mv 
previous  answer. 

ll:i  x-Q.  As  a  matter  of  fact  was  not  tl  e  t  dir  1 
of  success  which  these  various  witnesses  and  writers 
had  in  mind  very  much  lower  than  this  ?  1  call 
your  attention  to  the  fact  that  a  considerable  nnim 
losir  7  ®'e:ht  lights  as  the  litnit- 

12816  ed  number,  and  none  of  them  mention  anv  verv 
much  larger  number  of  lamps  that  could  be  laii 
suece.ssfully  from  a  single  genenitor? 

A.  Ihese  witnesses  regarded  the  problem  as  verv 
difliciilt  or  impossible  of  solution,  and  when  they 
mentioned  six  lamps  it  was  not  as  a  limit  to  the  re- 

qnireinents  of  the  problem,  but  as  a  limit  to  what 
hey  believed  to  be  the  possibility  of  solution.  They 
thmight  .SIX  lamps  might  be  run  with  success  from  a 

12816  the  largest  number  that  it  was  desir.able  to  run.  In 
tact,  some  of  the  witnesses  speak  of  running  thou¬ 
sands  of  lamps.  I  cannot  at  this  moment  refer  to 
any  statement  in  the  testimony  taken  before  the 
ar  lainentary  Committee,  in  which  any  partioiilar 

m  ei  was  mentioned.  I  remember  that  Dr. 

inaugural  address,  published,  in 
68:,,  in  the  “Journal of  theSocietyof  Arts.’^inakes 
estimates  for  supplying  03,378  lights  for  the  Parish 
ot  6t.  James,  in  Loudon,  at  the  rate  of  twelve 

Ps  per  house.  The  whole  point  of  this  disctis- 


Prof.  Cha n (Her' s  ‘  ‘  Feeder  cfc  Ma in' '  Bepusil ion .  62().T 

sion  before  the  Parliamentary  Committee  was  the  12817 
problem  of  replacing  gas  lighting  for  domestic 
purposes  by  electric  lighting.  The  system  of  elec¬ 
tric  lighting  by  smtill  numbers  of  are  lamps  or 
Jabloclikoff  candles  of  very  high  illuminating  power 
had  already  been  perfected,  and  the  remaining 
problem  of  “dividing  the  electric  light”  embodied 
such  a  modification  of  the  .system  as  would  substi¬ 
tute  for  the  few  lamps  of  high  illuminating  power 
many  lamps  of  low  illuminating  power. 

114  x-Q.  Would  it  not  have  been  regarded,  prior 
to  November,  1879,  as  a  satisfactory  solution  of  the 
problem  of  subdividing  the  electric  light,  if  quite  a 
small  number  of  lamps,  each  iibout  equal  to  a  gas 
jet,  and  having  the  requisite  durtibility,  simjiliciiy 
and  cheapness,  could  have  been  run  by  one  gener¬ 
ator  with  reasonable  economy  when  distributed 
over  a  limited  area,  as,  for  instance,  if  such  ti  ntim- 
ber  of  lights,  each  of  a  power  equal  to  a  gas  jet,  as 
would  be  required  to  light  an  ordinary  sized  buihl- 
hig or  factory,  say  60  or  101)  lights,  located  through¬ 
out  such  a  building,  couid  be  suiiplied  rroin  ti 
dynamo  located  in  the  basement  or  L  of  such  build¬ 
ing'! 

A.  This  would  have  undoubtedly  been  regarded 
as  a  great  step  in  advance,  but  1  do  not  think  it 
would  have  been  regarded  tis  a  satisftictoiy  stdntion 
of  the  problem  of  subdividing  the  electric  light, 
and  making  it  valuable  as  a  substitute  for  illumin¬ 
ating  gas  for  domestic  purposes.  No  system  would  j.,32q 
be  a  pi'iictical  success  for  domestic  purposes  which 
required  a  dynamo  in  each  house. 

116  x-Q.  Would  it  not  have  been  deemed  a  satis¬ 
factory  solution  of  the  problem  of  subdividing  the 
electric  light,  as  that  problem  was  understood  prior 
to  November,  1879 1 
A.  I  do  not  think  it  would. 


12821  Nkw  York,  Wednesday,  Febiirary  4  189]  ) 
n  A.  M. 

Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present — Counsel  as  before. 

Cross-Examination  op  Professor  Charles  P 
Chandler  by  Mr.  Curtis  continued  : 
nCx-Q.  Would  you  desire  to  make  any  cban-i 
in  your  answers  to  cross-questions  107,  108  if  the 
I'"'®  referred  to  liad  been  stated  as  prior  to  Koven. 

A.  I  sliould  not. 

117  x-Q.  Did  you  understand  that  domestic  illu- 
ZlT.r"  'nentioned  in  those 

n  re°r"nf"T  “  considerable 

_  mtmber  of  lamps  distributed  over  a  considerable 
area  irom  a  single  source? 

A.  1  did. 

oross-question  07  you 
£  Vr  ®  '“"‘P-  As  I  remember, 

“  considerable  number  of  pat- 
one'if  <l»rerent  kinds.  Whicli 

one  of  these  did  you  refer  to.l 

whiel/  '■“^crcd  to  the  platinum  lamps  of  Edison 
Y  .k  tiM’f^^^^  described  In  the »  New 
bee,  of  December  21st,  1879,  which  have 

1  2  Vi  fi  -’a",  n-  “■  case  :  Piys. 

12824  Ml  Tim  ■  2  and  7  in  the  article  bv 

12824  Ml  Upton  pnbbslied  in  “ Scribner's  Monthly”  foV 
February  1880,  whicb  has  been  offered  in  IZ 

s-iirn  •n,.*?'  ’“'"P  referred  to  in  tlie 

of  11,1^  ,  “  ®°  '?  “  of  a  long  length 

A  Itlia,  it  nor? 


I’rnf .Chandler' s  "Feeder  &  Main"  DcpoaiUon.  0207 

used  for  the  practical  iiitrodnclioii,  commercially,  12S25’ 
of  domestic  ilhiniination  with  liglits  comparable  in 
illuminating  power  to  ordinaiy  gas  jets  by  nitttiiis 
of  tile  system  of  distribution  described  in  the 
patent  in  suit,  if  no  Iietler  lamps  liad  been  pro¬ 
duced  ; 

A.  I  think  they  would. 

121  x-Q.  Is  tile  himp  described  in  the  Edison 
Patent  No.  227,229  one  of  tlie  forms  of  Edison  phit- 
iaum  lamps  referred  to  in  yoiir  answer  to  cross-  12S2C 
question  IIS? 

A.  It  is. 


122  X  Q.  In  your  answer  to  question  8  you  re¬ 

ferred  to  the  statements  of  various  witnesses  exam¬ 
ined  before  tile  parliamentary  commission  and  to 
the  statements  of  varions  writers  on  electric  light¬ 
ing.  as  suggesting  or  advocatitig  the  use  of  parallel 
series  or  mtiltiple  series  of  arrangeitietits  of  binips, 
wliere  tlie  current  is  to  be  conveyed  to  cotisiderable  jggg- 
distatices  from  the  station  or  generator.  As  ti  mat¬ 
ter  of  fact,  have  tiot  tl  eg  f 

beeti  used  very  largely  in  modern  iticandeseetit 
lighting  since  tlint  time,  iind  are  tltey  not  still 
largely  used  ? 

A.  They  liave  been  largely  used  and  are  still 
liirgely  used. 

123  X  Q.  The  arrangement  of  circuits  used  in  the 
defendants’  Tretiton  plant  is  a  multiple  series  ar- 
rangeinent,  is  it  not;  that  is  to  say,  there  are  two 
lamps  cotinected  in  series  between  the  main  coii- 
dnetors  from  the  dynamos.  In  each  case  these  pairs 
of  lamps  so  connected  in  series  are  connected  in 
parallel  to  the  main  conductors? 

A.  That  appears  to  be  the  case  from  the  diagram 
and  tile  testimony  of  Mr.  Stieriiiger. 

124  x-Q.  In  your  answer  to  question  4  you  refer  to 
your  liaving  visited  the  Thirty-nintli  street  station 
of  the  Edison  Company.  Is  it  not  a  fact  tliat  the 


'  5208  Prof  .Chandler' s  “  Feeder  &  Main"  P^osUion. 

12829  so-called  three-wire  system  of  distribution  is  used 
at  that  station  1 
A  It  is. 

125  X  Q.  That  system  is  a  modification  of  the 
multiple  series  system  also,  is  it  not  ? 

A.  I  think  it  might  be  called  so. 


New  York,  Marcli  4,il891,  11  A.  M. 
Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

Present— Counsel  tis  before,  as  to  defendant ; 
Samuel  P.  Betts,  Esq.,  for  complainant. 
Adjourned  to  1.30  P.  M.  same  day. 


1.30  P.  M.,  met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 

12881  OF  Professor  Charles  P. 

Chandler  coitTiiruED : 

202  x-Q.  In  your  answer  to  question  17,  you  siiy 
tluit  in  plants  involving  the  use  of  only  a  small  iittin- 
ber  of  lights  and  short  distances  to  be  traversed 
there  would  be  no  difllculty  in  providing  conduc¬ 
tors  which  would  supply  the  current  to  all  the  lamps 
near  and  remote,  without  involving  such  a  drop  in 
potential  ns  would  interfere  either  with  the  dura¬ 
bility  or  usefulness  of  the  lamp.  Do  you  mesin  bv 
12832  that  providing  such  conductors  would  not  have 
involved  any  difficulty  prior  to  the  application  for 
the  patent  in  suit,  on  the  part  of  a  constructor  or 
electrician  who  was  skilled  in  the  art  as  it  existed  at 
that  time  i 

A.  I  mean  that  the  difficulty  which  it  is  the  ob¬ 
ject  of  the  patent  in  suit  to  overcome  would  not 
have  been  met  in  small  plants,  either  before  or  after 
the  date  of  tlie  application  for  the  patent.  Those 
difficulties  are  due  to  the  large  areas  and  large  num¬ 
bers  of  lamps  to  be  supplied. 


Prof.  Chandler' s" Feeder  &  Main"  Deposilion.  .5209 

203  xQ.  Do  you  think  it  would  liave  involved  12833 
any  difficulty,  prior  to  the  application  for  tlje  pat¬ 
ent  in  suit,  to  make  the  conductors  of  such  a  size  as 
to  secure  the  results  indicated  in  your  answer  to 
question  17,  in  such  a  plant  as  is  there  referred  to, 
.Tssnining  the  constructor  or  electrician  to  heskilled 
in  the  art  as  it  stood  at  that  time  ? 

A.  It  would  not  have  involved  any  difficulty  to 
construct  a  small  plant  with  a  few  lights,  as  the  dif¬ 
ficulties  due  to  distance  and  large  numbers  of  lights 
would  not  be  encountered.  12834 

2(l-l  x-Q.  Is  not  that  the  way  in  which  such  a  con- 
atrnctor  would  have  naturally  constructed  any  mul¬ 
tiple  arc  plant,  for  incandescent  lighting  of  any  size, 
up  to  the  point  where  the  difficulty  due  to  the  cost 
of  the  conductors  of  sufficient  size  for  supplying  an 
increased  number  of  lights,  or  lights  located  at  a 
greater  distance  from  the  generator,  began  to  iiiaiii- 
fest  itself? 

A.  I  think  it  is.  12835 


New  York,  March  9,  1891,  2  P.  if. 
Met  pursuant  to  adjournment. 


CliOSS-EXAMINATION  OK  PUOFISSOIi  ClIAUt.KS  P. 

Chandler  continued  : 

245  x-Q.  Please  consider  the  unfortunate  person  1 
to  whom  ytiti  refer  to  be  the  person  skilled  in  the 
art  not  wholly  unknown  to  the  law,  that  he  was 
familiar  with  what  was  known  in  the  early  part  of 
1880,  say  prior  to  .lune  of  that  year,  in  regard  to 
electricity,  electrical  distribution  and  electric 
lighting;  that  he  was  skilled  in  the  construction 
and  operation  of  such  electric  lamps  and  electiic 
light  apparatue  as  were  tlien  known,  and  that  he 
knew  what  had  been  done  publicly  in  this  country 
prior  to  that  time;  knew  all  that  had  been 


5210  Prof. Chandler's  "Feeder &Main"  Deposilion. 

12837  iiatented  and  all  that  had  been  published  with  re- 
ffird  to  electric  lighting  and  electrical  distribution 
in  this  country  or  in  foreign  countries  prior  to  that 
time.  Do  you  think  that  if  such  a  person  had  been 
required  to  make  use  of  the  arrangement  of  ciretiiis 
described  in  the  Khotinsky  patent  for  lightning  an 

■  ordinary  building,  with  lifty  or  one  Imndred  incan¬ 
descent  lamits,  such  tis  tire  referred  to  in  cross¬ 
question  242,  located  in  the  same  building  and  in 
the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  lamps,  lie  would 

12838  have  been  unable  to  do  so  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
make  the  system  operate  properly  ? 

Objected  to  as  not  limited  to  the  state  of 
the  art  as  shown  in  the  proofs  in  this  ctise, 
and  therefore  as  indeliuite. 

A.  I  think  such  an  omniscient  person  might 
have  solved  the  problem  successfully. 

240  x  Q.  Don’t  you  think  that  such  a  person 

12839  would  have  made  such  a  plant  operate  properly,  so 
far  as  securing  equality  of  tension  at  the  dilfeient 
lamps  is  concerned,  if  he  had  displayed  good  .skill 
and  judgment  in  applying  e.xisting  knowledge  in 
the  construction  of  the  plant! 

A.  I  should  think  he  might  have  done  so. 

247  x-Q.  Don’t  you  think  he  would  have  done  so '! 

A.  I  think  he  would. 


12840 


T.  A.  EDISON. 

ELEOIEIO  DiaTEIBUTIOir  AND  TEAN8EATI0N  BtSTEM. 

No.  264,642.  Patented  Sept.  19, 1882, 


/rare/Uor. 

.  .j^etor/tey* 


Sir  William  Th 


UNITED  STATES  CIRCUIT  COU 
District  ok  New  Ji;itsKy. 


The  Edison  Edectkic  Light  Com- 


IVeSTINGHOUSE,  CiIUHCII,  KEHHit  Co.M- 


Januahy  "itli,  1891, 

Met  pui-simnt  to  written  notices  of  tiiking 
inony  of  Sir  Willinni  Tlioinsoii  nniler  tlie  > 
issued  to  the  United  Stntes  Consul  at  Gin 
land. 

Copies  of  said  notiees  served  upon  defend 
tors,  Messrs.  Kerr  and  Curtis,  with  adinissio 
tliereon  filed  with  the  Comuiissionorand  ami 
deposition. 

Present— SA.MOE1:,  E.  Beits,  Esq.,  eoiinsc 
plainant,  and  CnAiiLES  A.  Teiiiiy,  Esq., 
defendant. 

Deposition  of  witness,  produced,  sworn  ai: 
the  fifth  day  of  January,  in  the  year  01 
eiglit  hundred  and  uinet3'-oue,  under  and  by 
commission  issued  out  of  the  United  Sti 
Court,  District  of  Now'  Jersey,  in  a  certain  ct 


521G 


Sir  William  Tho>. 


i— Direct. 


128d7  ve.-s.ty  of  Glasgow,  ,.ged  GG  years  upwanls.  be 
duly  a..<l  ,„.bl.cly  svvor..  i„„-su„„t  to  the  directi, 
hereto  a....exed,  a..,l  exau.iued  o..  the  part  of  , 
pla.nt.ff,  doth  depose  and  say,  as  follows : 

tiol?  ‘*g«.  reside..ce  a..d  occu] 

A.  Jly  .laiuo  is  William  Thomson  ;  a"o  GG  •  reside., 
the  U..ivci-sity  of  Glasgow;  professor  of  natui 

if  T'  ^  l'>f  i 

128o8  of  ..at...n  ph.losophy  in  that  i..stit..tion  for  44  yea.>.. 
2  Q.  -nbat  attentio..  have  you  given  to  electrii 
c..ce,  and  l.ow  lo.ig  have  you  bee.,  fa.niliar  with  ti 
same.  Are  you  co....ected  with  any  scie.itifie  bodi 
uhoso  pu.-i)oso.sfle  Iv  .  ce  citofel.<t.i(.d..(.i.n- 
uml,  .f  so, ...  what  capacity,  and  have  you  hold  a. 
oihce  therei..?  H..ve  you  written  or  published  ... 
a.  c,e  or  articles,  or  treatise  or  treatises  upon  the  sul 
ject  of  eleet.-.e.ty,,.nd  if  so,  what?  Have  you  bee 
losiio  "•“‘■•“Ctio'i  upon  the  subject  , 

1.859  electricty  and  its  practical  applications,  and  if  so,  fc 

ft!.-!  •  State  fully  and  i 

clot.  1  all  facts  tending  to  inform  the  Court  .m  to  you 
quahhcatioiis  mi  a  practical  and  scientific  olectrieiau? 

A  1  have  given  much  attention  to  electrical  soieiic 
for  the  last  50  yoai-s.  About  50  veai-s  ago  I  wrote 
‘'‘8°0'of  electricity,  whici 
aas  pubhshed  m  1842in  the  ■■  Cainbridje  W  tl  t  c 
Jounial  and  republished  nearly  .20 
1^860  Vlmislv  Ti-°,  "?“  a  eolleotion  of  my  pre 

neZ  o»  electro.statiepand  nmg. 

of  oleitricir'seimf 


and  its  practical  application  since  184G,  in  my  public 
lectures  and  in  my  physical  laboiiitory  in  the  University 
of  Glasgow. 

During  the  years  185G-57-58  I  wits  one  of  the  direct¬ 
ors  of  the  Atlantic  Telegraph  Company,  and  was  at  sea 
on  the  experimental  expedition  to  the  Bay  of  Bisciy  in 
1857,  to  test  the  possibility  of  laying  anil  lifting  tcle- 
grapliic  cables  in  deep  water.  I  was  on  board  H.  H.  S.  128G3 
“Aj5aiueiniioii,”  biking  charge  of  all  the  electrical  arrange¬ 
ment  during  the  laying  of  the  cable  from  Valccia,  in 
Ireland,  to  Trinity  Bay,  Newfoundland,  in  1858 ;  my 
signalling  iust.'umo..ts  were  used  during  the  short  ti.ne 
of  the  successful  working  of  that  cable.  They  were 
brought  into  use  again  on  the  two  permanently  success¬ 
ful  cables  of  186G,  a..d  have  been  continued  in  use  on 
those  cables  and  have  been  regularly  used  on  all  great 
submarine  cables  over  since.  I  was  consulting  elec¬ 
trician  to  the  French  Atlantic  cable  otl8G8,  a..d  I  have  128G4 
acted  ns  electrician  and  engineer  for  all  the  Atlantic 
cables  since  laid  by  Messrs.  Siemens. 

My  sig..alli..g  instrumo.its  included  a  marine  galva¬ 
nometer,  an  entirely  now  form  of  electric  .neasuriug  in¬ 
strument,  which  was' used  first  at  sea  on  board  the  U.  S. 
frigate  “  Niagara  ”  and  H.  M.  S.  “  Agamemnon,”  in  the 
Bay  of  Biscay  in  1857.  It  was  of  my  invention  and  it 


5218 


Sir  William  Tin 


t— Direct. 


12865  of  tlio  Eastern  Telegiai)h  Company.  %  signalin.r 
stnimeiits  inchulod  also  a  recorder  forgiving  in  a'’pt 
manent  curve  or  ribbon  paper  the  signals  rcceiv( 
through  a  submarine  cable.  They  included  also  a  for 
of  .uirror  galvanometer  used  for  receiving  signals  will 
out  recording  them.  This  instrument  has  been  lar-e 
used  ever  since  I  first  patented  it  in  1858,  for  clecfr 
cable  testing  in  factories,  for  every  kind  of  elect.- 
measurement  in  laboratories,  and  very  especially  fortl 
mensuiement  of  the  electric  coiidiictivity  of  eoiino 

128GG  whotber  for  submarine  eablei  i  1  i  1  td  gr  ,  h  ' '  c 
or  for  electric  lighting. 

I  Gi-St  pointed  out  in  1858  that  differ,  nt  siH.eimens  c 
copper  wire,  rod  and  sheet  supplied  by  the  maker  as  c 
the  best  quality,  and  previously  believed  by  all  practi 
mil  easinoore  to  be  equally  good  eoiidiietors  of  elec 
tricity  did,  in  reality,  differ  so  much  that  som.  ton 
ducted  only  forty  per  cent,  us  well  ns  others, 
mst.tuted  a  system  of  testing  all  samples  of  copper  sup 
a  r,?i  °i  !®n  ““‘-•owling  to  wliicl 

1-8G7  all  uhieh  fell  short  of  the  best  by  more  than  three  o 

four  per  cent,  ivere  rejected.  This  system  has  been  i. 
use  ever  since,  and  the  nmnufactiirors  of  copper  wire 
rod  and  sheet  have  adopted  the  system  of  testing  foi 
deetric  conductivity  to  such  good  effect  that  when  sup. 
p  o  copjier  eame  to  be  demanded  for  electric  light- 
ng  they  were  readily  obtained  at  prices  little  cvceedmg 
those  of  ordinary  bar  copper.  ^ 

SumI'p?  fileetrieiai.  for  the  original 

10868  “  Company  of  Newcastle,  England. 

'Zinl  l’*'“sont  consulting  engineer  to  theNnHomd 
Telephone  Company,  to  the  Metropolitan  Electric  Siip- 
Pl3  Company  of  London,  to  the  Electric  Construction 
Corpoi-ation  of  EiiLdand.  to  tl.„  -i:-!... 


Sir  ll7f/iaw  J  lioi. 


A.  Yes,  much  attention  ever  smei-  .diont  the  y 
1870,  when  varied  praet  1  f  li  d  proba 

for  the  electric  arc  light.  I  was  iiitmiatelv  ae(|uain 
with  the  late  Sir  AVilham  Siemens  and  heaid  mi 
rroiii  him  of  his  own  great  work  in  dvnamos,  and  tl. 
ippliciitioii  to  the  electric  a.c  light,  and  the  eled 
iraiismission  of  power.  In  1881  1  got  from  his  work 
shunt  dvnamo.  the  fii-st  that  w.-is  made e.\ce])l  for  exp 
miental  jiiirposes  in  their  work.s,  ami  ap))licd  it  to 
electric  lighting  of  my  lecture  room,  laboratory  :i 
bouse  by  incandescent  laui]).s.  From  that  time  till  u 
I  have  been  continually  occupied  with  electric  hgbti 
both  ill  my  own  establishment  and  in  advising  pul 
Bompaiiies  and  others.  I  have  ilevoted  myself  much 
ilcsigiiiiig  and  constnictiug  iiistriiinciits  fur  the  eleci 
iiioiuiurenieiit  required  for  practical  work  in  cleci 
lighting.  I  have  iiivciited  and  patented  many  iiist 
meuts  fur  this  purpose,  iiicludiiig  iinqiere  meters 
lueasui-e  currents  of  from  loss  than  half  an  ampere 
ton  thousand  amperes,  and  volt  meters  to  iiieiis 
eleotrie  pi-essiires  of  from  less  than  one  volt  to  one  In 
ilred  thousaud  volts ;  also  an  electric  supply  meter  ii 
a  miiriiio  volt-meter;  all  these  instruments  are  in  pr 
tical  use.  As  early  as  1859  1  introduced  into  Eiiglii 
the  system  of  absolute  electric  meiisiirciiieiit  initiate.1 
Gerniauy  by  Gauss  iiud  Weber,  and  through  the 
operation  of  a  committee  of  the  British  Assocint 
iilipoiiited  about  1800  I  succeeded  in  obtaining 
general  acceptance  of  this  system  in  England.  I  wa 
member  of  the  Paris  Congresses  by  which  within 
last  ten  years  it  has  become  generally  adopted  by 
gineers  and  soiontific  men  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  i 
the  names  Ampere,  Volt,  Ohm,  etc.,  have  been  gi' 
with  universal  acquiesceiice  to  the  si  f  1 


1  imiHtub  imve  heeii  described  or  nr 

t  posod  or  used  up  to  that  tiu.e  for  the  purpose  of  elect, 
"ghtiug.  I  hecaioe  familiar  both  by  seein-  I  boliev 
all  the  really  important  apparatus  in  aetuaUse  and  I 
■  ead.ug  on  the  subject  iu  scieutilic  jourmUs.  I  ah 
learned  much  fro.n  continual  intercourse  with  engineer 
electricians  and  scieutilic  men  generally. 

I  was  intimately  acquainted  with  the  scientific  men 
hers,  Lord  Lindsay  and  Dr.  Lyon  Playfair  (now  .Si 
Pari  ’,.!  ?,  “n“  appointed  b 

tious  o,.  H  aiitliorizo  imuiioipal  corpora 

fo,  I-  w  °  1*°’  to  adopt  any  sohemi 

[mdpf  ‘o  e-onsider  liow^ far,  am 

unde,  ahat  conditions,  if  at  all,  gas  or  other  publi, 

rrer  r  ^  to  supply  light  bj 

in  Wo,  T  1  *'■“  l^“fore  that  com 

0^^  !  .  -  ‘'*®  ™°8t  recent  proi,o,sah 

[h  t  engineer  up  to 

that  nor!  1  /  subject  up  to 

was  im.!  rJ  8"’"‘8  evidence  which  I 

n  A  '  °  ^'*'^**  before  timt  committee, 

metl  oda  °rdiuary  modes  and 

880  i  '""-y  past  and  prior  to 

’i«es  a  .1  "*  throughout  town  and 

rr  as  f  ^  ‘  ““‘''"‘I®  "se  for  approximately, 

•veto'  possible,  equalizing  pressures  in  such 


lished  volumes  of  collected  papeis,  and  othei-s  are  to  be 
found  iu  the  proceedings  of  the  Royal  .Society  of  Edin¬ 
burgh,  the  Transactions  of  the  same  society,  and  the 
“Philosophical  afagazine."  I  am  familiar  with  the 
methods  in  use  for  iqiproximately,  or  as  far  ns  possible, 
equalizing  pressures  in  such  .systems,  and  was  so  familiar 
prior  to  1880. 

C  Q.  Have  you  rend,  and  do  you  i  1 

of  the  following  i.atents  : 

British  Patent  of  Riehard-Werdermnnn,  No.  2477  of 
1878 ;  British  Patent  of  St.  George  Lane-Fox,  No.  31)88 
of  1878,  and  No.  4030  of  1878 ;  French  Patent  of 
Khotiiisky,  No.  107,307,  Jlarch  llltli,  187.5  ? 

And  also  of  the  following  publications  : 

“Napier’s  Electro  Jfotallurgy,"  published  iu  1807, 
page  055 ;  a  letter  from  St.  George  Lniie-Fox,  entitled 
“Flectric  Lighting,’’  published  iu  “Loudon  Times”  of 
December  20,  1878  ;  “  Practical  Treatise  on  the  ilniiu- 
facturo  and  Distribution  of  Coal  Gas,”  by  Samuel 
Clegg,  Jr.,  published  in  London,  1841,  pages  106-174 ; 
“Treatise  on  Pressure  of  Illmniiintiiig  Gas  and 
the  Means  to  be  Employed  for  Eegulntiiig 
It,”  by  H.  Giroud,  published  iu  Paris,  1807,  pages 
1  to  11,  50  to  80,  110  to  137,  and  same  work  of  the 
same  author,  edition  of  1872,  pages  9  to  15,  20  to  28, 
40  to  49 ;  paper  entitled  “  Sooiete  Technique  de  L'lii- 
dustrie  du  Gas  en  France,”  Paris,  1879,  pages  134  to 
136,  containing  a  2)ajier  on  Pressure  iu  a  S^’steiu  of 
Pipes,  by  F.  Allavoine;  “The  Telegraphic  Journal  and 
Electrical  Review,”  published  iu  London  in  1878,  vol¬ 
ume  6,  pages  455-458  ;  articles  entitled  “  The  Werder- 
mann  Electric  Lieht.”  also  article  entitled  “  La  Luiiiiere 


.si.ecif3MvHh  wlmt  you  were  then  m.t  fmniliur? 

Ol.jeetoa  to  us  irrelevunt  an.l  iiumntoriul. 

A.  I  w  us  fmuiliur  with  AVerdoinmnirs  Lunin  ‘les'-'ho 

i»  L‘S“‘.rr''  ’?•  r" 

r-iOBd  1  coituinlj  sum  it  m  uctiou  ut  Paris  in  1881,  and  I  nm 
have  read  it  as  early  as  188l.  hut  I  am  not  sure 
read  Lane-Fox’s  letter  to  the  “London  Times”  at'tl, 

to,  about  ton  years  ago,  but  I  am  not  sure  if  I  I,.,,. 

12884  1879.  As  oariy^lTsTri'’"’ 

lesoiibed  ni  Napiers  Electro  Metallurgy,”  and  in  tl 

tl-e  time  it  appeared  in  1878.  I  do  not  reiiieiiiber  i4a( 


self  pointed  out  that  this  might  bo  done  by  in- 
veiitioiis  not  then  iiindo  accoi-diiig  to  which  a  govonioi 
for  tlio  dynamo  might  bo  provided,  which,  when  one  o; 
the  lights  is  ])orfeetly  sliort-circuitod,  would  not  give 
more  current  than  is  wanted  for  the  otlier  light  oi 
lights,  whether  in  the  same  circuit  or  in  parallel 
circuits  (see  my  answer  to  question  1,840,  on  page 
187  of  the  printed  rejjort  of  the  Commission).  Ni 
light  whatever  was  thrown  by  any  of  the  witnesses 
whether  gas  eugiiioei-s  or  oloeti-ic  engineers,  or  scioiitilii 
men  not  engineei's,  on  the  question  of  maintaiain;: 
uniform  differenoes  of  potential  at  the  terminals  of  al 
lamps  used  for  the  oloctrio  lighting  of  any  considorobU 
area,  whether  distant  from  or  near  to  the  source  ol 
supply. 

0  Q.  Are  j-ou  familiar  with  the  system  of  electric 
distribution  for  electric  lighting  with  incandescenl 
lamps,  for  lighting  large  ureas  or  districts  with  sueli 
lamp,  supplied  and  regulated  from  a  central  station 
as  practiced  by  conqianies  or  individuals  under  the 
Edisciu  patents,  and  it  so,  how  long  have  you  been  s.. 
familiiu'  with  such  svstem  ? 


were  thereby  shortened.  And  wl 
Iiiilciitinl  at  the  source  was  redi) 
suitable  for  tho  laboratory  or  lectii 
lamps  in  my  house  were  dull  on  ace 
lucssure.  Tho  inconvenience  was,  la 
because  I  scarcely  over  had  more  t 
niunbor  of  lamps  lighted  in  my  hoi 
my  laboi-atory  or  lecture  rocmi  wai 
tlicrefore,  not  thought  it  worth  wl 
installation  after  having  learned  the 
Udi.son,  though  I  saw  jierfoctly  how 
such  ns  it  was,  would  bo  perfectly  i 
tiou  of  the  feeder  sj’stom. 

So  far  ns  I  can  recollcict,  my  lirst 
feeder  system  was  when  I  lirst  saw  i 
station,  in  New  york,  in  1884. 

I  saw  a  very  excellent  use  of  tho 
largo  juto  spinning  mill,  in  Dundee, 
'88.  I  was  asked  by  tho  proprietci 
installation.  It  consisted  of  four  co 
at  dilferent  distances  from  the  engiiit 
plying  tho  current.  Each  of  these 
ciiits  was  supplied  by  a  pair  of  con 
feeder  coming  away  from  the  supiily  f 
but  all  insulated  from  one  another, 
sonted  in  figure  9  of  Edison  Patent  2 

10  Q.  You  have  stated,  in  answer 


12897  you  are  familiar  with  the  system  of  eleetrie  distributic 
as  refened  to  tliereiu  and  praeticed  under  the  Edis, 
patents.  Now,  please  state  whether  you  know  of  fl 
use  therein  of  large  numbers  of  eleetrie  lights  form, 
of  u0..t,„ao.,s  lueandescent  condiietors.  grouped 
one  system,  whieh  system  has  the  following  charaete 
istics  aiul  method  of  o])oration  for  equalizing  the  tei 
Sion  or  pressure  of  the  current  throughout  the  sam 
and  preventing  drop  in  tension  from  unfavorahl 

12898  supply  and  regnlatiou  of  the  eleetrie  current  to  tli 
s.vstem;(2)  the  system  one  in  which  the  numbi 
of  lamps  and  the  distance  of  some  of  tin  s,,,, 
IS  so  great  that  drop  in  tension  is  a  dilli 
cuty  which  has  to  he  met  and  avoided 
(3)  such  lamp.s  connected  in  multiple  arc  bohveon  direc 
and  letiirn  coiiductoi's,  forming  mains  or  consumption  cir 
0111  s;  (4)  the  mums,  or  consumption  circuits,  so  pronor 
tioued  as  to  quantity  of  conducting  material,  with  relatioi 

9S(in  1  T  '“'“P®  «>>tl  tlio  distances  o 

2899  such  lamps  from  each  other,  that  the  drop  in  tensio-  o' 
siiidi  mnius  IS  not  suDicient  to  vary  practically  the  rel«. 
tno  tandle-powor  of  the  lamps  connected  therewith 
Wl  tlie  mams  or  consumption  circuits  fed  and  regulated 
from  the  centml  station  through  siiecial  conductors  oi 
feedera  with  which  no  current  cons  uiig  lev  c 
am  diiectly  connected,  and  the  ciuTont-traversiug  which 
s  under  the  control  of  the  central  station  exclusively  ns 
to  its  pressure. 

■JOO  Objected  to  ns  immaterial  and  irrelevant. 

A.  The  Pearl  Street  Station  of  New  York,  when  I 
sessed.  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge,  all  the  character- 


layoo  struct  a  system  for  practically  distributing  electricit 
for  electric  lights  over  a  considerable  area  aud  witi 
reasonable  economy  in  conductors  ? 

Please  give  such  reasons  as  occur  to  you  for  an 
oiunioii  that  you  may  express  in  your  answer  to  tlii" 
interrogatory  ? 


A.  In  my  ojiiniou  the  system  of  distribution  rc 
1290G  ferred  to  in  the  10th  iiiterrogatory  and  in  my  auswei 
to  it,  was  not  one  which  in  and  during  the  year  1880 
«ould  have  naturally  suggested  itself  to  a  person 
skilled  in  the  art  and  familiar  with  the  tlieorv 
and  practice  of  electricity  at  that  day.  I  believe  tha't 
an  eluctrieinn  of  that  tla}*,  if  he  had  boon  required  to  do- 
vise  or  constnict  a  system  for  practically  distributing 
electricity  over  a  considerable  area,  would  not  have  found 
It  possible  to  provide  sufficiently  uniform  voltage  for  all 
lonn-  'rl°  largo  condiictora. 

1200  (  The  only  way  which  could  have  occurred  to  him,  without 
thoroughly  new  invention,  to  keep  within  reasonable 
economy  iii  the  conductors,  would  have  been  to  provide 
a  coiitral  station  with  steam  engines  and  dynamos  for 
each  such  comparatively  small  districts  of  consumption 
as  would  allow  nearly  enough  uniform  voltage  to  bo 
hlmjl'“““‘  ‘'‘e  eood  working  of  the 

Edisoids  iiivoiitioii  of  supplying  a  pair  of  separate  con- 

lennfi  r'T  T  “f  a  largo  area  to  bo 

12008  lighted  solves  the  problem,  but  it  is  a  very  remarkable 
invention  and  one  which  could  not  have  been  suggested 
to  auy  electrician  from  what  ho  knew  of  previous 
electric  science  or  practice.  The  subject  had  in  fact 
jcen  much  discussed  so  far  as  subdividing  the  electric 
light  to  give  numerous  smalt  lights  suitable  for  domestic 
lighting,  etc.,  was  concerned;  but  the  special  require- 


Sir  WiU/aiu  Thu, 


5229 


able,  presented  quite  a  new  prohlcin. 
cation  of  electricity  previously  made 
such  requirements;  and  no  combini 
and  batteries  and  electric  conducte 
devices,  or  any  mode  of  using  the  el 
the  conductors  previously  used  in  luu 
in  published  works  so  far  as  I  know,  I 
features,  the  adaptation  of  which,  w 
new  invention,  could  have  solved  Edis 
ing  problem. 


No  other  apjili- 
had  presented  any 
ition  of  dynamos 
a-s  and  fninslating 
lectric  ciiiTcnts  in 
ctice,  or  descrihed 
liad  presented  any 
ithoiit  thoroughly 
ion’s  electric  light- 


1290! 


13  Q.  Ill  answering  question  12,  you  referred  to  “  the  12910 
special  requirements  of  the  incandescent  hinq.  accord 

ing  to  which  dilTerencos  of  pressure  of  more  than  2  or 

3  per  cent,  would  bo  a  considerable  evil  and  source  of 
loss  ;”  to  what  typo  of  incaiidesoeut  lamp  do  you  there 
refer  ? 


A.  I  had  ill  my  mind  the  modern  Swaii-Edison 
lamp.  A  lamp  of  older  typo,  such  as  the  original 
Edison  lamp,  aud  experiencing  only  something  less  than 
a  eaudle-iiower  on  a  sixteen  candle  lamp,  with  o  per 
cent,  diirercnce  on  the  voltage,  would  not  be  seriously  12911 
iiicoiiveiiionced  by  a  diireienco  of  5  per  cent,  on  the 
voltage  iu  different  parts  of  the  consumption  circuit. 

In  that  case  I  should  consider  5  per  cent,  of  diffoience 
of  voltage  in  different  parts  of  the  consumptioii  circuit 
quite  allowable. 

14  Q.  Did  any  such  system  of  distribution  or  means 
of  supplying  or  iiiaiiitainiiig  equality  of  tension  or 
pre-ssiire  throughout  a  .system  of  electric  lighting,  as 
that  referred  to  in  the  lOtli  interrogatoiy  aud  your 
answer  thereto,  occur  to  you,  or  to  your  knowledge,  to  12912 
any  of  the  other  electricians  who  were  before  the  Par¬ 
liamentary  Commission  in  1879,  ns  a  means  of  solving, 
or  ns  toudiug  iu  auy  degree  to  solve,  the  difficulties 
incident  to  the  distribution  of  electricity  to  large  num¬ 
bers  of  electric  lights,  over  considerable  area,  at  equal 
pressures  or  potentials,  and  with  reasonable  economy 
of  conductors ;  if  not,  why  not? 


Objected  to  as  irrelevant,  immaterial  and  in- 


question  iNo.  389.  “Supposing  timt  the  occupier'i 
one  house  insht-il  to  put  out  his  ligl.ts,  l.oiv  ivonhl  tin 

thro«  out  n  liouse,  you  must  tlirow  into  the  circuit 
Insistence  exactly  equal  to  what  you  cut  out.  If  yo 

an8'tir'‘°"'’  r"'^  “‘’“‘tinplated 

and  the  preceding  question,  388,  shows  that  incandes 
eeneo  lamps  were  thought  of.  In  answer  to  anothei 
ques  ion  numher  425  page  51,  Mr.  Cooke  said,  referrinj 

ov«  onT  r"'  ““  soeiiil  think 

ovei  ..UU  lamps  on  one  circuit”  (of  Edison’s)  “] 

1291G  Tl^'  nUlUnd  L 

11  can  say  This  clearly  proves  that  Edison’s  svs- 

?irenn1  1  "f  obtained 

Dy  It  could  have  been  obtained. 


the  other  light  or  lights,  whether  in  the  .same  ei 
in  parallel  circuits.” 

I  had  not  myself  at  tliat  time  any  idea 
towards  the  practical  realization  of  any  such  il 
tion  of  conductors  and  jilacing  of  lights  to  be  « 
by  them  lus  that  referred  to  in  the  10th  intern 
and  the  only  ideas  tending  in  that  directioi 
were  brought  before  the  iiarliainentary  com 
in  1879  were  those  which  had  been  suggested  by 
which  had  come  from  America  of  jlr.  Edison 
and  inventions.  Even  as  late  as  1SS2,  Mr.  Swi 
had  by  that  time  brought  out  in  England  his 
descent  lamp,  and  had  very  carefully  and  an 
studied  the  question  of  distributing  eloctricit)’  fc 
numbers  of  electric  lights,  in  a  paper  commuiiic 
the  British  Association  at  Soiitlnimpton,  in  . 
1882,  made  the  following  statement :  “  'riii 


com))onents  are  equal.  Tin's,  then,  is  the  priacli'le  on 
wliicl)  the  size  of  a  coiiduetor  should  ho  detereiiiied.” 
(Extracted  from  the  "  London  Electrician  ”  of  Novem¬ 
ber  IKtli,  1882,  ])ages  17-10).  Tliuro  is  not  a  word  here 
of  the  necessity  to  secure  against  too  great  drop  of 
electric  potential  between  the  dynamo  and  the  lamps, 
or  too  great  differences  of  drop  botwoeii  the  different 
lamps  of  the  system,  and  the  narrow  limitation  12921 
of  the  area  insisted  niron  shows  that  Er.  Siemens  had 
no  idea  of  Edison’s  solution  of  the  problem,  and 
thought  only  of  overcoming  the  difficulty  by  enormously 
massive  copper  conductors  with  biunches  diverging 
from  them  to  the  points  of  consumption.  From  his 
earliest  commeucement  us  an  inventor  and  engineer, 
Siemens  had  been  occupied  with  water  and  gas.  His 
very  first  invention  was  a  water-meter,  and  it  is  not 
probable  that  any  one  in  the  j-ears  1879-80  knew  better 
than  he  did  of  the  difficulties  met  with  in  the  distribu-  12928 
tion  of  water  and  gas,  and  of  the  methods  which  had 
been  practicidly  used  or  proposed  for  overcoming 


iiir  Williavi  Thomson— Direct. 

I  as  would  be  iiiuonsistent  with  the  good  workiu- 

lamps.  At  that  time  ho  had  no  idea  of  the 
system,  which  he  1ms  since  adopted  witli  marke 
cess  m  the  Kensingtoii-Knightsbridge  electric  li. 
Siemens  solution  was  not  augmenting  the  size  ' 
to„d„utoi-s  above  tliat  calculated  from  the  ect 
law  but  to  limit  the  size  of  the  sbitioii  siii 
>either  this  nor  the  solution  first  proposed  bv  C 
ton  IS  satisfactory  in  respect  to  the  practicardei 
fo.  the  electric  lighting  of  towns.  Edison’s 
sy.stem  is  now  universally  admitted  to  be  satisfact 
a  very  remarkable  degi-ee.  I  „m  asked,  why  di, 
some  one  else  not  invent  it.  The  only  answer  t, 
the  last  part  of  the  ipiestion,  I  can  think  of,  is  tl 
one  else  was  Edison. 

All  that  portion  of  the  last  answer  foil, 
the  words  “Edison’s  work  and  inventions’ 
commencing  with  the  words  “even  ns  lai 
1882,  etc.  IS  objected  to  as  irresponsive  to 
lung  contained  in  the  question  ;  and  obje 
s  also  iiindo  to  all  the  references  to  the  Ei 
patent,  as  being  entirely  irrelevant  to  the  i 
tioii,  and  irresponsive  ;  and  further  objeetii 
made  to  those  portions  of  the  iiisuci  s  ckij 
couple  the  naine  of  “  Edison  ’’  with  various 
tom  o  distribution  as  being  an  nnwarrani 
attempt  to  laud  Mr.  Edison. 

15  Q.  Please  state  whether,  in  your  opinion 

t?oTand  r'''%‘’"“‘V“ 

tea  h  electrician  skilled  in  thetheor 

hetle^l  ■  r  “'“1  1880 

■S™  “>  Hie  publicat 

referred  to  hi  intern 
idtv’co?ir'f“"““°‘““^®"“'*  Pei-sous),  that  e 

citj  could  be  successfully  distributed  over  con 
r  and  by  the  means  referred  to  in  tL  inn. 


volume  of  eollected  papei-s  inentioned  in  my  answer  to 
interrogatoiy  2.  To  make  a  2)ropcr  working  analogy,  1293f 
the  pipe  through  which  gas  or  water  flows  must  ho 
filled  with  porous  or  spongy  material,  through  which 
the  gas  or  water  would  percolate  when  compelled  to  do 
so  by  diiTereuce  of  iiressure  at  the  two  ends  of  the 
pipe.  “We  should  then  have  flow  of  the  iioudorable 
fluid  in  simple  iiroportion  to  the  pressure,  us  is  the  flow 
of  electricity  in  a  conductor.  In  reality,  the  flow  of 
gas  or  water  through  a  pipe  is  nearly  in  proportion  to 
the  square  root  of  the  diirerence  of  pressures,  but  it  is 
also  affected  by  various  other  circumstances  for  which  12930 
there  is  no  analogy  in  the  flow  of  electricity  through 
conductors,  'rims,  in  the  defendants’  translation  of 
Giroud’s  treatise  (page  015),  we  find  :  “  Coming  from  the 
holder  under  a  incssuro  which  is  necessarily  constant, 
in  Paris,  150  mm.  for  o.\aniple,  the  flow  of  gas  is  ob¬ 
structed  first  by  the  outlet  valves  at  the  works,  then 
by  the  turns  or  elbows  of  the  jiipes,  by  narrowings  of 
pipes  of  too  small  diameter,  by  differences  of  level,  and 
finally,  by  the  stopcock  of  the  bumer  itself ;  and  this 


!  lower  ends  i 


electricity  could  bo  successfully  d 
sidcrablo  nreiis  to  incandescent  li 
and  by  the  means  referred  to  in 

The  equalizing  of  electric  pres 
cent,  iu  the  cousumptioii  circuit,  i 
tions  of  tbo  lamps  used  in  dillerei 
and  the  calculation  of  the  conduc 
purpose  and  for  tlie  feeding  con 
formed  tlio  idea  of  using  feedi 
problem  upon  which  no  light  whi 


year  ami  i,ubh.sl.e.l  in  the -Journal  of  tl.o  Society  of 
Arts  for  October,  1885,  Riving  an  elaborate  an.l  full 
eonipanson  of  electric  (bstribntion  with  gas  distribution 
aiK  describing  Mr  Edison’s  feed...  «iste.n  and  pateid 
tlinf  H  "  :  “  It  must  be  acknowledged 

that  the  simple  tree  system,  where  all  the  dynamos  are 
eoimeeted  Ill  jiaiallel  with  the  mains,  presents  a  very 
serious  obsfaele  in  the  rapid  fall  of  potential,  the  niax- 
iinum  distance  of  a  lamp  from  the  station  alon.r  Dm 

1294G  line  of  conductors,  consistent  with  the  economical’ con- 
pressure  re, ..i..d 

"  III  the  year  1880,  Mr.  Edison  took  out  a  patent  in 
England  (Eo.  3,880),  besides  other  countries,  in  which 
mails’*  ’'I'  "Iiat  ho  calls  feeder 

arrive i‘“m  ““■■‘‘'“'I-'-’ 

wnT„  ‘'■'’roughly  and  intelligently 

12947  o,J.  hrw^*/’'«  r’J-  I  ““■■ 

in  (•  ‘  ^  "‘'‘S*  S"!’  tlint  it  is  interesting 

mil  !  T  v  fil  “‘“''■‘■‘■•i-  liRl’ting,  altliough  in  a 
svste  l  f ‘leseribes  the  tree 
i^jstem  ns  being  all  that  is  required  for  electric  lighting, 

”  ■•““4 

is  .wollf -'■‘■“■•'I'-eo  ivith  what 

12948  Ed  sn,.v  I  ‘■'■■''‘■'“■f  I  l‘“vo  given  that  Hr. 

12948  Eibsons  feeder  method  was  a  new  solution  of  a 

Sd  ,r'-r  !"""?■  ‘■''■'■‘ri-i-’®  had  worked  with- 

the  l  ®  koowledgeof 

triluKl  f  '  ‘"«‘ri'’'>‘io-  and  electric  dis- 

L.  S;;  “  “  ®™'  » M-  “"s  1- 

xT'"  si'-e  as  full  a  description  ns 

?onan^KS.StS:Lt!““‘'"  “®- 

A.  It  consists  of  several  pairs  of  feedere,  supplying 


testimony  to  the  ingoiiiiity  and  to  the  practical  value 
of  the  invention. 

99  x-Q.  IVore  you,  as  an  electrician,  aware,  prior  to 
1880,  that  in  order  to  attain  an  even  distribution  of 
pressure  over  a  given  circuit  that  the  size  or  condiic-  12951 
tivity  of  the  conductor  must  bo  taken  into  co  isidera- 
tion? 

A.  Yes. 

100  x-Q.  And  that  with  a  given  number  of  current 
consuming  devices,  connected  in  parallel  or  in  multiple 
arc  between  two  conductors  supplied  with  a  given 
difference  of  potential,  that  difference  of  potential  could 
be  more  nearly  equalized  throughout  the  eircuit  by  in¬ 
creasing  the  size  of  the  conductors? 

A.  Yes.  12952 

101  x-Q.  Was  it  a  matter  of  common  knowledge 
among  well-informed  electricians  ? 

•  .4.  Many  very  well  informed  electricians  of  great  in- 


Sir  William  Thomson-Gross. 


2953  gardiiig  the  indication  of  tension  by  electrostatic  force 
Many  scientific  professors  and  pi-actical  electricians  an 
electrical  engineers  had,  in  1880,  scarcely  clearer.: 
moie  accurate  notions  tliaii  AVerderinann  in  1878  rc 
garding  electric  potential  or  electro-motive  force 
102  x-Q.  Still  it  was  known,  was  it  not.  prior  to  1881 
that  to  prevent  g,‘cat  inequalities  in  pressure  the  sb 
of  the  conductor  should  bo  as  largo  as  praeticable’ 

A  Few  people  know  it.  Every  one  thought  of  con 

12954  throi'iTthn’*''*rr'‘  of  ciirren 

l2.to4  tbioiigh  the  whole  series,  whatever  be  the  sire  of  tl 

wire.  Few  people  thought  of  connections  in  multipl 
are.  I  know  of  no  others  than  Lane-Fox  and  Ediso 
«Iio,  prior  to  1880,  showed  in  any  published  paiior  o 
.statement  any  knowledge  of  dilferences  of  prissure 
diflerent  points  of  a  multiple  arc  system.  * 

103  x-Q.  To  what  particular  published  statement 
Ldison  do  you  refer  in  your  last  answer 

1880  ™  Edison’s  prior  ( 

1880  coutaming  such  statement  as  is  referred  to  I 
12.)o5  ““swering  the  question  No.  102, 1  thought  of  prior  t 

tions  that  largo  eondiictoi-s  would  bo  needed  to  pre 

ent  inconveniently  great  inequalities  of  pressure.  Oi 

St  1 1°“'^  B  of  this  pat 

in  „  ^  r  ^  ®““’*  ‘“'fioition  in  it,  but  I  find 

page  2,  lines  112  to  114  of  this  patent  (Defendant’s 

12958  JimS’cM  f  ^^Swledge  that 

to  'VOS  known  to  others,  was  it  not,  prioi 

to  1880,  that  in  a  given  electric  circuit  the  electric 
resisb  ,  Pvoportional  to  the  specific 

-SrersV'*^  ai  their 

tlie  cSdiictore  t  ‘seV“““ 

ascevf,.:  It  .  ’’“"OS,  or  when  currents  which  arc 

rctore  l  i®**""’  all  the  con- 

dnctois,  however  the  equality  is  maintained. 


patent,  asking  an  expression  of  opinion  oi 
posititioiis  and  only  partially  stated  case 
Coimsel  for  defendant  replies,  that  th 
tiou  is  a  perfect!}' proper  one.  the  witness 
during  his  direct  examination  undertaken 
cuss  the  Napier  publication  and  its  reh 
the  state  of  the  art.  And  the  counsel 
states  that  he  does  not  consider  that  ho  ii 
any  obligation  to  refer  to  any  specific  sti 
wbich  may  or  may  not  be  in  the  ease. 

!  would  have  advised  that  it  could  be  don 
to  machine  or  Wilde  or  Gramme;  but 
lot  bo  done  without  veiy  great  loss  of  ene 
interest  on  the  value  of  the  conductors,  hi 


eprcseuted  h,  Napier's  diagram,  would  bo  oxh 

fiistefiil,  if  tlie  source,  wbetlier  battery  or  iiii 
lacluiie,  is  at  any  eousiderablo  distance. 

107  x-Q.  Supposing  tliero  were  a  very  largo  ni 
f  baths,  would  it  still  bo  a  wasteful  pro'ceeding  ’ 


A  It  lould  be  more  and  more  wasteful,  the  grei 

c  number  of  the  batbs,  if  the,  uere  connected 
lUltiplo  are;  less  and  less  wasteful,  the  gieater 
‘m.  i"  series- 

108  x-Q.  The  wastefulness  would  depend  upon 
7.0  of  the  conductor,  leading  from  the  maehini  to  I 
ith,  in  any  given  ease,  would  it  not? 

Same  objeetions  as  to  previous  question. 

f  ^1'°" preseiibed  conditions,  us 
«n  .  y  of  eleetro-plating  to  be  done,  the  time  duri 
“  !  *  rir  ‘i*®  e°st  of  power  at  t 

!  size  of  thocondui 

,  AMiioh  would  minimize  the  waste. 

be  nsedf  H'eeonduoto 

Same  objeotioiis  ns  to  last  question. 


ncerned,  and  my  judgment 
eet  to  economy. 

110  x-Q.  If  tliese  caloulati 
'en  instance  the  greatest  eco 
r  25  per  cent,  of  the  total  el 


111  x-Q.  If,  ill  constructing  your  house  plant 
laboratoiy  and  lecture  room  had  chanced  to  be  Ic 
in  a  direction  diametrically  opposite  the  engine 
from  that  occupied  bj-  the  house,  how  would  yon 
constructed  the  plant  ? 

Objected  to  as  immaterial  and  hypotli 
and  not  directed  to  tlie  spccitic  structnr 
scribed  in  the  direct. 

A.  I  would  not  have  lighted  the  lecture  room  a 
I  only  did  so  because  I  found  I  could  do  it  by  b 
wires,  brought  awaj'  eouveiiiently  from  the  wires  le 
to  the  house.  The  wiring  in  the  laboratory  is  it 
perimeutal  purposes  entirely,  and  coudiictora  fror 
dynamo  are  brought  into  it  for  such  piirfioses,  ai 
controlling  and  regulating  the  current  and  potenti 
the  dynamo  itself,  which  is  only  separated  fron 
laboratory  by  a  partition,  with  huge  openings  for 
ing  any  desired  connection,  the  .eugiue-room 
practicallv  a  part  of  the  laboratory. 


the  plant  ..tull,  at  that  time,  but  for  my  experiment 

.  "’ork  on  the  Paine  battery,  in  my  laboratory.  I  mig 

have  made  a  smaller  plant  afterwards,  to  aid  mo  in  e 
peiimenting  upon  and  in  designing  my  eleetric 
raea  urmg  msti-nment.s,  but  it  is  very  improbable 
should  have  made  it  of  .snlKeieut  eapaeity  for  the  li.r|, 
iiig  of  my  lioiise.  ° 

113  x-Q.  Assuming,  however,  thatfor  some  reason  vc 
had  desired  to  light  the  hon.se  in  e.ssentiallv  the  sail 
29/0  niainior  that  you  (lid,  and  that  you  did  n-'t  care  to  - 

lights  in  the  lahomtory  or  lecture  room,  what  otlu 
changes  than  the  omission  of  the  laboratory  and  leetni 
room  lights  would  yon  have  made  ? 

Same  objections  as  to  last  question. 

A.  I  would  have  placed  the  engine  and  dynamo  am 
secondary  battery  close  to  the  hou^so.  ^ 

““y  li'tA  still  been  inori 

Same  objection  ns  to  last  question. 

A.  I  would  not  have  done  the  thing  at  all,  in  such 
oircumstances,  unless  I  was  *1  • 

dyimmointhelahoniry. 

972  had^ltm.^^'  t^""””g>J'‘>''-over.that  the  eiroumstnnees 
hsd  been  such  that  they  would  have  induced  you  to  so 
light  your  house,  and  so  locate  the  engine  and  dynamo 
regardless  of  the  laboratory  and  lecture  room^lights! 
then  how  would  you  miswer  the  last  question  ? 

Same  objections  as  above,  and  also,  as  the 
witness  has  stated  that  sueh  assumption  is  con- 
h™-e  done  "hat  he  would 

A.  If  I  had  undertaken  to  do  such  a  thin,,  a 


I  felt  I  was  working  altogether  on  Edison’s  system, 
ditforiiig  essciitinlly,  as  it  did,  from  Swan’s  ideas  oi 
designs  at  that  time  in  respect  to  the  arrangement  ol 
the  lamps.  I  had  both  Swan  and  Edison  lamps,  kiiidly 
presciited  to  mo  by  the  two  inventors.  I  arranged  all 
the  Swan  lamps  in  pairs  of  two,  in  separate  scries. 
This  was  ns  neiu-  ns  I  could  to  the  multiple  arc  oi 
single  lamps  which,  until  I  know  of  Lane-Fox’s  patent, 
I  thought  was  wholly  of  Edison’s  origiuation,  but  which, 
with  the  diflcrenco  of  earth  returns  instead  of  two  in¬ 
sulated  conductors,  I  found  had  been  projiosed  by 
Lane-Fox  in  his  earlier  patent.  I  should  most  prob¬ 
ably  have  arranged  the  system  wholly  for  single  Edison 
lamps  of  100  volts  in  parallel  instead  of  making  up  84 
or  80  volts  by  pahs  of  lamps  in  some  cases  and  single 
incandescent  lamps  made  later  by  Swan  in  other  cases. 


524G 


Sir  iriliiam  T/toinso}! — Cross. 


2197,  A.  Iwonhllmve  looked  into  tlio  whole  question  of 
the  gauges  of  the  conductoi-s,  the  mode  of  insulating 
them  and  the  shortest  path  to  the  house  available.  I 
invo  no  doubt  I  would  have  made  gieat  changes  in  siieli 
matters,  but  it  is  impossible  for  me  to  tell  now  wb-.f 
they  would  have  been. 

119  .V-Q.  Assuming  that  you  then  knew  what  you 
now  know  to  have  heen  published  relating  to  such 
>natte.s  prmr  to  1880,  do  you  see  any  reason  why  yol, 

Sir'"""” 


Same  objection  and  protest  by  complainant’s 
eonnsel. 


120  x-Q.  In  what  directions 

Same  objection  and  protest,  also  as  the  wit- 
,  ness  has  a  number  of  times  answered  this  ques¬ 
tion  as  fully  as  he  states  he  ean. 

insti  T\  of  tlio  conduetois,  mo<lo  of 

insulation  and  place  of  laying  them. 

inn  ti  1  ‘'‘0  ooo'lietors  lead- 

ng  to  the  house  larger,  or  would  you  Lave  so  modiBed 
he  eonduetom  leading  to  the  house  that  the  drop  in 

~  of  r‘r"  the  candle- 

power  of  the  lamps  in  the  house  ? 


Same  objeotious  and  protest,  and  the  witness 
IS  luatrueted  by  complainant’s  counsel  that  ho  is 
not  compelled  to  guess  or  speculate  as  to  what 
hvTintW-  ornoiild  have  done  wider 

lOpothetieal  eirciimstances  ten  yeai-s  ago,  nor  to 
state  further  than  his  positive  knorrfedge  in 
auswer  to  such  question. 


ttrely  escape  all  pmetieal  inconvenience  tom  dlrenc" 


Sir  William  Thomson— Cross.  5211 

of  pressure  between  the  house  and  the  dynamo  ter 
minals. 

122  x-Q.  Would  the  making  of  the  eonduelors  non 
massive  cause  the  drop  in  tension  thereon  to  vary  prao 
tically  the  relative  candle-power  of  the  lamps '! 

Sumo  objection  as  above. 


A.  No.  It  could  not  vary  llie  relative  power  of  the 
lamps,  but  it  would  bring  the  pressure  in  the  house  to 
be  so  nearly  the  same  as  the  pre.ssiire  at  the  dynamo 
terminals  that  the  engine-nian  would  have  to  regulate 
simply  to  make  the  proper  potential  at  his  own  volt¬ 
meter,  irrespectively  of  his  observation  of  the  strength 
of  the  current  going  to  the  house,  or  of  any  message 
from  the  house  by  telephone  or  otherwise,  as  to  the 
pressure  shown  on  the  volt-meter  there.  This  con¬ 
venience  would  bo  quite  worth  the  cost  of  the  heavier 
metal  in  the  conductors. 

123  x-Q.  What  led  you  to  select  the  particular  size 
of  conductor  which  you  did  use  tom  the  laboratoiy  to 
the  house  ? 

A.  Merely  economy  of  power  and  coppoi',  irrespect¬ 
ively  of  the  inconvenience  of  drop  of  tension  in  the  con¬ 
ductors. 

124  x-Q.  Assuming  that  at  the  time  you  constnicte’d 
this  installation  you  had  also  wished  to  light  another 
house  similar  to  your  own,  but  located  in  the  opposite 
direction  with  respect  to  the  engine  room,  and  at  ap¬ 
proximately  the  same  distance,  do  you  not  now  think 
that  you  would  have  practically  duplicated  the  system, 
except  for  the  laboratoiy  and  lecture-room  lights  ? 


you  if.  uitli  tl.o  knowledge  that  you  then  had,  you  do 
t"he  ‘luplicated 

coLo,:!!  - 

The  same  objections  as  to  last  question,  also 
lonsfi  Z  ?  “  the  witness  what 

1.986  he  now  Innks  ho  might  then  l.ave  done  in  a  case 

winch  did  not  occur. 

A.  I  think  I  can  toll  very  clearly  now,  on  consideia 
tion,  what  r  should  tlien  have  done.  I  was  then  exceed¬ 
ingly  anxious  to  keep  tlie  potential  in  the  house,  always 
1. thin  at  the  most,  one  or  two  volts  of  constancy.  I 
should  therefore  have  placed  either  an  automatic  regu- 
Intor  in  each  house  and  made  the  conductors  perhaps 

12987  coi^udors  so  large  that  in  all  ordinary  use  in  either 

house  the  pressure  would  have  heen  within  two  volts  of 
hat  It  IS  at  the  dynamo  terminals.  I  should  probably 
!e?t  IJocnnso  I  should 

ce.  ta.nly  have  found  the  regulation  required  for  the 
y  “"ro  expensive  than  the  extm 
metal  .equired  ...  the  conductor  for  tl.o  latter. 

ha,l“r„  1879afriend 

ad  come  to  you  for  advice,  stating  that  ho  had  a  ho.ise 

12988  tl.o  «  '“'i®  incandescent  electric  lamps,  all  of 

12988  e  same  genem  character,  and  had  asked  you  h^w  he 

should  proceed,  how  weld  you,  as  an  electrical  engi- 
er  uith  the  knowledge  and  information  then  accessi- 
ole,  have  advised  him  ? 

Same  objection  as  to  last  question. 

A.  I  should  certainly  have  advised  him  against  anv 
sue  I  ai-^gement.  as  no  incandescent  light  was  known 
at  that  time  which  could  nossiblv  have  riven  him  a  sat- 


128  x-Q.  Why  ? 


Same  objection  as  to  last  question. 

A.  Because  that  is  the  system  that  would  give  tin 
best  results.  Mr.  Swan’s  multiple-series  system,  il 
each  lamp  had  only  been  adapted  for  20  or  30  volts 
might  have  been  thought  of,  but  I  should  have  piefenet 
independent  bridges  of  four  or  five  lamps,  to  bring  up 
the  pressure  to  80  or  100  volts  independently  for  eael 
such  row  of  lights. 

129  x-Q.  Supposing  the  lamiis  hud  required  a  differ- 
once  of  potential  of  100  volts  each  ? 


12990 


Same  objections  ns  to  last  question. 


A.  I  would  probably  have  advised  the  same  plan  as 
that  which  I  nfterw.mds  used  in  my  own  house. 

130  x-Q.  Supposing  that  he  had  asked  you  where  he 
must  place  his  generator,  what  would  have  been  youi 


Same  objections  as  to  last  question. 

A.  With  the  lamps  known  in  1879, 1  could  not  have 
given  him  any  other  advice  than  that  which  I  pointed 
to  in  my  evidence  before  the  Parliamentary  Commis¬ 
sion  of  1879.  The  possibility  of  an  incandescent  light 


5250 


Sir  JFilliat/i  Thomson — Ci'oss. 


12993  it  did  not  show  liow  to  realize  it  successfully  in 

practice.  •' 

131  x-Q.  Assuming,  however,  that  the  incandescent 
lump,  sncli  as  referred  to  in  cross-question  129,  had 
existed  and  was  known  to  you  at  that  time,  how  would 
you  have  advised  him  about  placing  the  dynamo  ? 

Same  objections  as  to  previous  question. 

A.  I  cannot  assume  this  knowledge  without  other 

12994  Knowledge  that  became  public  also  between  1878  and 

132  x-Q.  Why  not  ? 

Same  objections  as  above. 

A.  Because  I  cannot  assume  a  revoreal  of  the  history 
of  science,  a  displacement  of  the  order  of  discovon- 
ami  of  the  formation  of  ideas  founded  on  discoveries  in 
science. 

i  1^3  X-Q.  What  are  the  otlior  ideas  SO  closoly  linked 
1-995  to  the  assumption  of  the  existence  of  the  incandescent 
lamp  referred  to  that  you  cannot  make  the  assumption 
called  for  in  cross-question  131  ? 

Same  objections. 

A.  The  horse-power  required  to  produce  a  certain 
quantity  of  light,  by  any  of  the  lamps  known  in  1878, 

was  foreknown  by  no  human  being  ns  to  bo  invented 

1299G  mg  the  unknown,  not  then  invented  lamii.  The  dis¬ 
lodging  of  one’s  own  mind  from  the  idea  of  series  for 
lai^s,  towards  which  Khotinsky’s  patent  and  a  reversal 
of  Wordermann  s  combination  gave  the  only  published 
suggestion,  except  Lane-Fox’s  1878  patent. 

iQon  1879  or  early  part  of 

1880  your  friend  had  said  :  “  I  have  50O  incan¬ 
descent  electric  lamps,  each  requiring  100  volts,  ar- 
^nged  in  multiple  arc,  in  my  house,  and  I 
lave  a  dynamo  supplying  these  lights'  which  is 
located  ivithin  the  house,  but  I  do  not  like  the 


Sir  Willia 


5251 


noise  which  it  makes  and  wish  to  li-iv»  :i  i 

elsewhere;  I  have  a  watcr-poaer 

ter  of  a  mile  from  the  house  and  I  wisi,  to  hav 

advise  me  whether  I  can  place  this  dynamo  or  another  ’ 

one,  at  the  water-power,  and  siqiply  my  lights  from  it.” 

^  such  case  how  would  you  have  advised  him  at  that 

date,  m  view  of  what  was  published? 

The  same  objection  as  to  previous  questions. 

A.  It  IS  quite  certain  that  no  such  combination  as  you  12998 
describe  existed  at  that  date,  unless  possibly  it  had 
been  realized  by  Edison  himself. 

135  x-Q.  'Hie  question  merely  makes  the  assiimiitiou 
and  asks  you  under  that  lussumptioii,  what  you  would 
have  advised  ? 

Same  objection,  and  the  coniplniuaiit’s  coun¬ 
sel  draws  the  attontion  of  the  Court  to  this  con¬ 
tinued  hypothetical  exaniiimtioii  as  improper. 

It  is  only  allowed  by  complainant’s  counsel  be-  12999 
eaiiso  the  oiroiimstaneos  under  which  tlie  evi¬ 
dence  is  taken  preclude  an  appeal  to  the  Court 
us  to  whether  such  questions  should  bo  permit¬ 
ted. 

Coimsel  for  defendaut  replies  that  he  has  no 
desire  to  protract  the  examination  ;  on  the  con¬ 
trary  is  anxious  to  coiujilote  the  oxaiiiiuatioii  us 
soon  as  possible ;  that  the  witness  having  testi¬ 
fied  upon  direct  examination  regarding  the  state 
of  the  art  in  1879,  and  particularly  so  in  his  13000 
answer  to  question  8,  ns  well  as  elsewhere,  it  is 
believed  to  be  perfectly  jiroper  that  he  bo  re¬ 
quired  to  now  express  his  views  fully  as  to  all 
matters  pertaining  thereto. 

A.  I  would  probably  have  advised  altering  the 
arrangement  to  multiple-series,  and  using  a  Brush  dy¬ 
namo  to  give  a  irotential  of  six  or  seven  hundred  volts. 

This  was  the  plan  which  I  saw  in  use  ou  board  H.  jU. 

S.  “Infioxible,”  in  1881,  with  40  or  45  volt  Swan  lamps. 


5252  Sir  William  Thomson—Croas. 

13001  The  dnmruo  used  was  a  Brush  dynamo,  ou  board  the 

ship,  and  if  it  had  been  a  liouso  to  bo  lighted  from  a  dis 
tauce  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  the  multiple-series 
arrangement  ami  the  high  voltage  dynamo  would  have 

^en  more  deeidedly  the  right  thing,  so  far  as  any  idea 
1  had  myself  formed,  prior  to  1881,  went 
13GX.Q.  Why? 


13002  f  energy  in  the  conduetors. 

137  x-Q  But  supposing  that  your  friend  had  said. 

*1  inn”*  “  “"'■'■ent  of  pressure  of  more 

tliau  100  volts  in  my  lionso  ?  ” 


A.  That  is  ail  idea  of  altogether  a  later  date.  There 
TOS  (00  volts  all  through  the  ■<  Inflexible."  In  the 
olhcers  cabins  and  every  part  of  the  ship. 

13003  *:  ^  answer  my  qiies- 

1  who  asked  your  advice, 

as  above  supposed,  did  not  wish  to  have  more  than  100 

aSeS" 

Same  objections  ns  above. 

A.  T()  wait  for  a  year  or  two  tiU  wo  cottld  get  a 
iS  ™  something  more  of 

18004  he  A£nHft 

nosed  V  ‘1>«  «>P- 

2  d  conditions  was  made  for  myself  by  SiemeL 
fmmer  f  in  the 

her  of  thJt  “  “‘e  Dccem- 

that  nn  l  t.i’  ’  '^1*°  ^  I  possessed  before 

it  hofl  1  '  qualities  I  knew,  except  the  Brush,  us 

t  had  been  seen  in  the  Glasgow  Gas  Exhibition,  ilnd 

dvm,mn  r  T  was  a  series- 

d^amo  supplied  to  me  by  Siemens  in  the  spring  of 

series  system.  Xoiie  of  these  dynamos,  except 


tion  H  ?■  «‘ei>«rooseBotthisques- 

mrt  1..“  1-ad  i«  the  latter 

1880.  and  please  answer  the  question  with  this  assiimp- 


Same  objection  ;  also,  as  it  has  been  di.stinctlv 
stated,  that  there  was  no  such  dynamo,  and  the 
assumption  required  is  flierefore  contrary  to  the  laoni 
liuds  as  proved,  ami  not  permi.ssible,  even  in  a 
hypothetical  question. 


A.  I  cannot  answer  a  question  founded  on  an  unreal 
and  impossible  assumption.  The  supposition  that  iii- 
Tontions  essential  to  the  question  had  been  made, 
which  had  not  been  made,  and  that  ideas  which  grew 
up  during  several  years  subsequent  to  the  making  of 
those  inventions,  through  large  experience  in  their  use, 
bad  beou  formed  in  the  mind  of  mi  imaginaiy  fnend  13007 


contemplated  by  inten-ogatory  10,  fii-st  publicly  known  ? 

A.  The  nearest  approach  to  it  I  know  of  is  that  de¬ 
scribed  in  Mr.  Upton’s  paper,  published  in  “  Scribner’s 
Monthly,”  in  Eebrnary,  1880,  with  a  prefatory  note 
from  Mr.  Edison,  and  found  in  defendant’s  record, 
page  895. 

141  x-Q.  Wlion  were  incandescent  elootrio  lamps, 
sueh  os  contemplated  by  interrogatory  10,  first  publicly  1,3008 
known  ? 

A.  So  far  as  I  know  this  same  paper  was  the  first  to 
make  them  publicly  known.  They  certainly  were  not 
generally  known  in  England,  to  the  best  engineers  and 
eleotriciniis.  at  the  time  of  the  Parliamentarv  Commis- 


6204  Sir  William  'Thomson— Cross. 

13009  A.  I  did  not  remember  the  individmil  article  ;  I  Lave 

bad  it  in  my  lionse  for  years.  Since  I  came  into  this 
room  this  morning  I  have  looked  into  it,  in  tbe  de¬ 
fendants’  record,  and  it  perfectly  confirms  all  mv 
recollections  on  ivl.icli  my  answers  of  yesterday  wore 
founded.  J  “ 

143  x-Q.  How  do  you  mean  Hint  it  confirms  your 
recollections  upon  whicli  you  founded  yonr  answere  of 
3*e.sterdiiy  ? 

lamo  of  1880,  neitber  dynamo 

13010  nor  electric  lamp  fiilhlling  tlio  conditions  presented  in 

some  of  tbe  questions  bad  been  made  known  by  any 
pnbbc.ntion.  •' 

144  x-Q.  How  docs  this  paper  in  “Scribner’s  "prove 
oyontbat  neitber  tbe  dynamo  nor  tbe  electric  lamp 
bad  not  been  made  known  in  some  other  publications 
before  that  day  ? 

licatiou*^  “‘’“‘“O'*  “o  reference  to  any  sneb  proyions  pub- 

13mi  Aodfrom  Hint  fact  simply  do  you  wish  to 

13011  be  understood  as  saying  that  it  proves  that  no  publica- 
tions  of  sueb  devices  wore  made  before  that  time  ? 

Objected  to  as  not  eorreetly  quoting  the  wit¬ 
ness,  whose  statement  was  that  tbe  paper  "  con¬ 
firmed  bis  recollection." 


146  x-Q.  Then  there  may  have  been  other  publioa- 
13019  r®.’  lamps  or  dynamos  or  both, 

13012  which  were  suitable  for  tbe  conditions  required  b; 

10  prior  to  this  Scribner  aiHcle,  may 

Objected  to,  as  not  limited  to  the  witness’s 


A.  I  know  of  none. 

147  x-Q.  Is  tbe  dynamo  described  in  this  Scribner 
article  suitable  for  operaHng  incandescent  lamps  ar¬ 
ranged  in  multiple  arc  ? 


Sir  M’illiam.  'Thomson- Cross. 


A.  Yes ;  for  operating  about  fifty  lamps 
nize  it  by  its  appearance  in  the  drawing,  whic 
with  an  Edison  d3'namo  shown  to  me  bv  Me 
derson  &  Munro  in  Gln.sgow  a  year  or  two  a 
date  of  tbe  Scribner  article.  In  the  Scribnei 
under  the  diagram  showing  the  dvnamo,  there 
as  its  designation,  “Faiadic  Generator,”  audit 
in  tbe  text  that  Mr.  Edison  proposed  to  so  cal 
Faraday. 

148  x-Q.  Supposing  that  in  the  earlier  part 
or  tbe  latter  part  of  1879,  yon  bad  been  tol 
existence  of  such  a  dynamo  lus'this,  and  of  sue 
descent  electric  lamps  as  called  for  by  interi 
10,  bow  then  would  you  have  answered  the  ( 
put  in  cross-question  134  ? 

Same  objections  as  to  cross-question  ] 
also  as  requiring  a  supposition  contrary 
ns  there  was  no  ])lniit  of  300  incandescci; 
in  existence  at  tbe  period  referred  to. 

A.  I  would  have  said  j’oii  would  need  eigh 
such  dynamos,  unless  wo  find  we  can  got  larger  d 
of  the  same  kind,  so  that  a  smaller  number,  ore 
dynamo  may  sufiice;  and  you  must  put  pli 
copper  into  your  conductors  between  your  wate; 
station  and  your  bouse. 

149  x-Q.  How  would  you,  as  an  electrical  ei 
have  determined  the  proper  size  of  wire  to  use  1 
tbe  water-power  station  and  tbe  bouse  ? 

Same  objections  as  to  lost  question. 

A.  I  would  hove  made  it  such  that,  when 
lights  ore  buining  in  the  bouse,  all  will  be  satisft 
bright,  and  that  when  only  one  or  two  or  th 
burning  they  will  not  be  damaginglj’  over-incaui 

150  x-Q.  You  would  not,  would  I’ou,  have  taki 


Sir  Wtlliam  Thomson— Cross. 


13017  A.  I  jslioiili]  certiiiiilv  Jmvo  t-il-o..  i 
tio  f  ,  1  t  II,  ■  ^  ^  ‘ 

Sa.no  objoction  as  to  last  question 

inJt‘'hrilblV/°"“’“’‘““”’^  'oaMhave  eutere.I 
Same  objections  as  to  last  question. 

..  'nr''''”"’ ' 

Sumo  objections  us  above. 

“  -“I  !..» 

I  .UoM 

wLioL  aske(]^f'thaT«-oHbl'*T°  “nsvvered  my  question, 
emtion  ?  «■«  only  consid- 

13020 . 

Same  objections  as  above. 

tliouglit  of  tb!  jmSbilitrof  ^ 

fectly  certain  I  llZn  ^  and  I  am  per- 

expense,  onee  L  .ro;'  ‘o  go  to  the 

tlian  to  keen  a  im,  ’  i  ^“^*"’8  plenty  of  copper 
bouse  or  at  tl.n  ,1  legulating  either  in  tbe 

e«ible  iX It  s  -''“‘an  intol- 

't  IS,  quite  irrespectively  of  tbe  ques- 


coula  Have  thereby  saved  in  the  e.xi,enditnre  for 
per? 

Same  objections  ns  above. 

A.  I  probably  ,vould  liave  suggested  to  liim  th 
man  costs  X1,000,  and  tlint  two  men,  for  four  liour 
and  for  four  boure  on,  ,voiihl  cost  X2,000,  and  tha 
bad  better  put  bis  money,  ,vhieb  would  he  vastly 
than  Hint,  in  copper. 

ISO  x-Q.  I  fear  you  do  not  fully  uudeistand 
question.  Would  you,  as  an  electrical  engince,  1 
told  him  that  he  could  use  less  copper,  and  thus  sai 
the  original  outlaj’? 


Sir  William  Thomson— Gross. 


Siuno  objections  as  above. 

A.  Yes. 

lo9  x-Q.  Would  the  loss  duo  to  transmission  of  elec¬ 
tricity  fi-om  the  water-power  station  to  the  bouse  have 
romaiiied  tho  same  ? 

2g  Same  objections  as  above. 

A.  There  would  have  been  eonsidorably  more  loss, 
which  would  be  an  expense  of  quite  a  serious  character, 
If  steam  power  or  a  gas  engine  was  employed,  but  I 
considered  the  water  power  in  the  question  to  bo 
abundant,  HI  my  answer,  aud  did  not  take  it  into  ao- 

count  when  I  said  oul}’  wages. 

loss  of  eleotricity. 
due  to  the  smaller  condiictoi-s.  produce  any  variation  in 
j7  the  relative  candle-power  of  tho  lamps,  in  tho  house’ 


wbt  ^0  “■•0  snpposing  the  pressure 

“‘6  l»°uso  to  be  kept  constant, 
or  saj  within  five  per  cent,  of  absolute  uniformity. 


246  x-Q  If  in  the  early  part  of  the  year  1880  yon. 
ofi  “!  ““  loogihcor,  had  been  shown  such  a  system 

been2!T  1  5-”  '““o'! 

been  asked  how  to  consti-uct  the  conductors  leading 

the  sm^  ‘r  ‘  ““®"“P‘lon  circuit,  provided 

ffie  source  was  distant,  say  from  one-quimter  to  one- 
half  a  mile,  how  would  you  have  proceeded  ? 

Objected  to  as  hypothetical,  as  the  witness  is 
not  coniiielled  or  required  to  speculate  as  to 
what  ho  might,  could,  or  would  have  done  more 
than  ten  yearn  ago,  and  cannot  put  himself  in  a 
position  to  fairly  make  any  such  statement; 


testify  with  full  knowledge  in  regard  to  it. 
ness  is  requested  to  demand  every  detail 
nectcd  with  the  problem  .suggested. 

A.  There  was  no  knowledge  among  engineers 
electricians  of  that  time  to  allow  any  one  to  give  a 
for  a  system  such  as  that  shown  in  the  diagram, 
the  source  one-ipiarter  of  a  mile  from  one  end,  a 
mile  and  three-qnartei-s  from  the  other  end  of  a  ro 
lamps  connected  in  parallels. 

247  x-Q.  I  presume  in  giving  your  last  answer 
have  reckoned  tho  coiisumption-circiiit  ns  a  mile 
three-quarters  long,  by  calculating  tho  relative 
tances  shown  in  tho  diagram.  Assume  that  the  ( 
sumption-circuit  is  of  the  character  set  forth  in  ; 
answer  to  x-Q.  245,  and  that  the  source  was  siinpl 
bo  moved  away  from  that  consnmption-circiiit  ? 

Same  objection  and  instruction  as  after 
question. 

A.  My  answer  is  the  same  as  that  which  I  gav 
x-Q.  246,  with  tho  omission  of  all  after  the  word  “ 
gram;”  and  tho  explanation  that  iiicaiidcsccnt  lai 
and  dynamos  proper  to  feed  them  and  the  strength 
current  through  them  in  ordinary  use,  and  the  strei 
of  current  that  they  will  bear  without  breaking  and 
variations  of  strength  permissible  without  incoin 
iently  great  variation  of  the  light,  wcic  not  uniciLi 
known  at  that  time  to  allow  any  engineer  in  the  wi 
to  give  trustworthy  advice  on  the  i  ilj  t 
tho  question. 

248  x-Q.  Would  you  have  made  tho  sine  of  the  c 
ductors  dependent  upon  the  cost  of  copper  and  of  j 
ducina  clectricitv  ? 


52G0 


Sir  William  Thomson— Cross. 


13033  of  properties  of  iiHitter  nud  possibilities  of  electric  lielit 
mg  not  known  to  any  living  man  at  tliat  time.  ^ 

Recess  until  2:45. 

madt'’tT^’-^''°r’‘lr'  ™’  P“‘'‘ 

Tsed  fH  fr  ‘  ‘>>0  instance  sup- 

posed  m  the  last  two  questions,  suel.  that  there  would 
have  been  greater  drop  per  unit  of  length  than  in  the 
coiisiiinj)tion  eireiiit  ? 

13034  c  ... 

bame  objections  ai  1 1  t  t  s 

A.  1  can’t  tell  what  I  should  have  done  in  such  a 
matter  in  1880.  “ 

250  x-Q.  What  do  you  think  you  would  have  done? 

Same  obj'eotions  as  above. 

oa/  slightest  conception. 

13035  ti.r  r  1  s'ectrical  engineer,  knew  at  that 

13036  time,  did  you  not,  that  it  would  be  desirable  that  the 
consumption  circuit  should  bo  constniotod  of  suflioiently 

consumption  circuits. 

202  x-Q.  Was  that  true  of  Lane-Fox? 

.  '"►fa  EJU»  1„ 

laose  ^  x-Q.  Tlien.  ilyou  ware  familiar  with  Lane-fa'a 

SSiTlalp"” 

of^thp^o?,!  V  ““  ®i6s‘rio“I  engineer,  knowing 

woul'vou!  would  ha;eknown^ 

of  potential  through  a  consumption  eireiiit  having 


Sir  I('i7h'a/a  'Thomson— Cross. 


5201 


multiple  13037 


translating  devices  connected  iii 
are,  the  conductors  coiistitiitiiig  the  ransmnjitio,.  ,:„euii 
should  bo  sufficiently  large  ? 

A.  It  needed  no  knowledge  of  the  publications  of 
Lane-Fox  to  know  that  for  the  olijects  stated  in  the 
fiuestion  the  coiidiictois  must  he  sufficiently  large. 

255  .\-Q.  And  you  knew  also  that  if  those  tmuslating 
devices  were  incandescont  laiu|)s  of  the  character 
described  in  the  “  Scribner  Magazine  "  article  of  Feb¬ 
ruary,  1880,  that  it  would  be  desimble,  when  they  were 
connected  in  inttlti|)le  are  in  a  consmnptiou  circuit-  it  13038 
should  have  an  n])proximatcly  even  distribution  of 
liotential  tliroughout? 

A.  There  wore  no  means  available,  to  myself  or  any 
one  else  at  that  time,  to  give  any  practical  answer  to 
the  question  how  nearly  uniform  must  the  potential  he, 
and  what  are  the  best  jinietical  lueaiis  of  attaining  to 
the  requisite  uniformity. 

250  x-Q.  Your  knowledge  of  the  opeiution  of  electric 
lumps  of  other  kinds,  and  of  olectrio  transhiting  devices 
generally,  would  naturally  have  led  vott  to  siijipose,  13039 
would  it  not,  that  these  incandescont  lamps  would 
operate  best  when  supplied  with  an  iqiproxiniately  even 
distribution  of  potential. 


Obj'oetod  to  lUS  hypothetical;  the  witness 
should  bo  questioned  ns  to  facts  and  not  sup¬ 
positions. 


A.  I  had  never  seen  any  such  lamp,  and  1  had  no 
information  that  could  uuido  me  as  to  the  limits  of  13040 


5262 


Sir  William  Thomson — Cross. 


16041  ness  to  speculate,  unci  as  without  foundation, 

unless  it  is  shown,  that  such  a  question  was 
asked  the  witness  and  answered  by  him  in 
1880. 


A.  I  am  perfectly  satisfied  that  the  Court  will  not 
misunderstand  any  luiswer  I  have  given. 

258  x-Q.  Question  repeated  ? 


Same  objection,  also  objected  to  as  fully  nn- 
.snorcd  ly  the  witness,  in  so  far  as  it  is  proper 
to  answer  any  such  question,  and  the  witness  is 
instructed  that,  if  he  has  answered  such  question 
as  far  as  ho  can,  he  is  at  liberty  to  so  state  and 
not  compelled  to  answer  differently  simply  bo- 
cmiso  a  question  is  repented. 


A.  No. 

259  x-Q.  What  opinion  would  yon  then  have  enter¬ 
tained  ? 


Same  objection  as  to  previous  question. 

A.  I  utterly  object  to  any  such  question  being  put. 
I  feel  sure  that  no  court  in  the  United  States  could 
possibly  o.xpcct  me  now  to  give  an  imaginary  answei 
to  a  question  put  to  mo  in  1880,  on  tho  supposition 
that  I  then  know  just  exactly  what  it  was  possible  I 
could  Imvo  known  by  having  read  every  patent,  prac¬ 
tical  or  unpractical,  or  every  newspaper  report,  or 
magazine  article  shadowing  forth  some  now,  possibly 
13044  to  be,  practical  invention  in  electric  lighting.  If  I  am 
wrong  in  making  this  protest,  I  apologize  to  tho  Court, 
and  say  that  it  is  in  ignorance  of  the  rules  and  usages 
of  the  United  States  courts  that  I  do  so. 

Complainant’s  counsel  states  that  the  matter 
of  the  above  protest  by  witness  is  covered  by 
counsel’s  objections  to  such  questions,  and 
that  if  tho  testimony  wore  being  taken  within 
the  re.ach  of  a  United  States  Judge  the  testi¬ 
mony  would  bo  brought  before  such  Judge,  aud 


familiar  with  flic  science  of  elcc 
Groat  Britain,  to  which  ho  rcpiie 
ativo ;  tho  wit  ss  f  fl  sf  t  1 
part  of  his  answer  to  question  4, 
to  the  Fariiamcntarv  Coimiiissic 
March,  187!),  that  ho  made  a  stm 
subject  up  to  that  period  and  lear 
recent  proposals  for  electric  lij 
most  able  engineers.  In  Q.  12 
virtually  asked  to  carry  his  mim 
year  1880,  aud  consider  whether 
and  carrying  into  practice  of  the  i 
tnbution  described  in  the  10th 
was  “  one  which  would  iiaturallj'  1 
itself  to  a  person  skilled  in  tho  ar 
with  tho  tlieoiy  and  practice  of  cic 
day,  or  was  within  the  ordinary  s 
ing  of  electricians  at  that  date,  if  1 
been  required  to  devise  or  coustru 
system.  It  is  thought,  therefore,  I 
ont  question  calls  for  nothing  whi 


even  nir  Willmin  Sieiiiens,  sevcnil  yeai-s  afte 
Mr.  Crompton  also,  and  I  believe  almost  all 
in  this  country  thought  it  impraeticiihle  to 
system  of  electric  lighting  tliiough  any  lar 
than  would  allow  nearly  enough  nniforin  vol 
maintained  tlirongliout  it  for  the  good  work 
liimps  without  intolerably  heavy  exi)emlituri 

21)3  x-Q.  The  economy  with  which  in 
lamps  may  he  operated  has  increased  niateri 
not,  during  the  last  live  or  six  years,  ow: 
greater  ellicionoy  of  the  lamps  inannfactnred 

A.  Yes  ;  very  much,  I  holiove. 


332  Eo-d.  Q.  In  cross-questions  1-18  to  l(i 
tlietical  case  has  been  put  before  you,  involv 
her  of  suppositions,  stated  in  the  questiom 
have  been  asked  what  you  would  have  advii 
latter  part  of  1870,  or  earlier  part  of  1880 
problem  as  is  sot  forth  in  these  questions 
thou  put  before  you  for  solution.  I  now  des 
you 

(1)  Whether  any  case  involving  the  siippi 
these  questions  was,  in  fact,  presented  to  yoi; 
1880  for  your  opinion  thereon  ? 

(2)  Whether,  to  your  knowledge,  the  sup 
problem  set  forth  in  these  questions  had 
stated  in  substantially  the  same  way  it 
stated,  for  solution  by  any  one,  prior  to  the  t 
plication  for  the  Edison  j)atent  in  suit  ? 

(3)  In  what  respects,  if  any,  do  the  su 
contained  in  these  questions  differ  from  the  .a 
ditiou  of  the  art  of  electric  lighting  as  it  exn 


. . .  uuu  iuuepenaently  0 

the  suijpositmus  coiitaiued  iu  the  questions  ? 

(5)  'Whether  or  not,  in  your  opinion,  the  supposition! 
of  these  questions,  and  the  manner  of  stating  th, 
problem  proposed  therein,  would  in  any  way  point  ou( 
the  difficulties  and  aid  tlioir  solution,  and  do  this  in  t 
dilierent  manner  from  any  suggestion  which  has  been 
maue  in  l«iU  or  the  earlier  part  of  1880’ 

13058  (ti)  Whether  or  not  there  is  in  the  suppositions  and 
su^estions  of  these  questions,  and  in  the  answem 
tailed  out  by  them,  anything  more  than,  or  beyond 
what  would  naturally  have  suggested  itself  to  a  poison 
skilled  in  the  art,  aud  who  had  only  the  information 
Jmh  existed  therein  in  1879  and  in  the  earlier  part  of 

Objected  to  as  immaterial,  and  clause  4  is  ob- 
iqnijti  ‘Of  endeavoring  to  elicit  from  the  wit- 

lauoj  ness  a  diftereut  answer,  since  the  questions  and 

answers  fully  exi>Iaiu  themselves. 

x-Os  fas  tTTrn"'’”’'’-”®,  suppositions  stated  in 

knZn  »  ®  “O'-  pot  before  mo,  or 

known  to.  me,  by  any  publication,  or  communication 
from  any  person. 

tions  !  P'obieni  set  forth  in  those  ques- 

isnan  substantially  in  the  Lme 

13060  ay  as  therein  stated,  for  solution  by  any  one  priori 

No^incTT"'"M*'”'’^"'®‘““-‘‘=  '-Sbt  at  that  time. 
Ao  incM  ksceit  1  mp  e\i  tel  i  hinli  could  be  ex- 
pected  ^o  light  the  house  of  my  imaginary  frienf:f  ^ 
evLiI  f  Scribner  •;  article  referred  to  contained  no 
e|ideuce  of  lamps  having  been  made,  or  of  its  beliiK 
wtlt  en!,‘u“!^"'’l  "bicb  would  last 

for  the  li.Th’thw  *fl  '^®®Psc‘  practically  available- 
ohtiug  of  the  supposed  house  bv  “  HOD  in. 


.  iiurope  until  after  the  end  of  1880.  Xo  dynamo  or  set 
of  dynamos  working  together,  which  'could  fulfill 
the  conditions  supposed  to  bo  put  before  me  by  uiv 
friend,  “  in  the  latter  part  of  1879  or  the  early  part  of 
.1880,”  wore  then  known  to  bo  possible.  The  dynamo 
represented  in  “Scribner’s  JIagazine”  was  not  kn'owii  to 
have  been  realized  outside  Kdison’s  laboratorv  and 
workshop.  From  the  appearance  of  the  armature  as 
represented  in  the  picture,  and  its  dimensions  as  com¬ 
pared  with  the  picture  of  Jlr.  Edison  standing  beside  it,  130G? 
any  electrician  could  now  judge  that  it  was  not  caji.able 
of  supplying  more  than  fifty  or  one  hundred  lOO-volt 
lamps.  From  knowledge  generally  possessed  at  that 
time  it  could  not  have  been  told  that  live  or  ton  such 
,  dynamos  could  work  in  parallel.  On  the  contrary, 
judging  from  the  only  general  ox]ieiionco  of  that  time, 
whieh  was  that  of  series-wound  dynamos,  it  might  have 
boon  supposed  that  two  or  more  dynamos  could  not 
work  iu  parallel.  Taking  them  separately  and  all  to¬ 
gether,  the  suppositions  contained  in  x-Qs.  148  to  100,  13003 
assume  something  wholly  dilTerent  from  the  actual  con¬ 
dition  of  the  art  of  electric  lighting  as  it  existed  at  the 
time  refeiTed  to,  and  which  was  not  found  realized  until 
after  the  end  of  1880.  Even  the  supposed  objection  of 
ray  friend  to  have  more  than  100  volts  in  his  house  was 
prophetically  out  of  date  iu  the  latter  part  of  1879  or 
the  early  part  of  1880.  So  far  ns  I  know  the  fiist  indi¬ 
cation  of  a  limit  to  the  voltage  admissihlc  into  a  house 
was  given  by  mj’self  iu  an  address  delivered  on  the  1st 
September  of  1881  to  Section  A  of  the  British  Associa-  13064 
tiou  at  its  meeting  at  York  in  that  year. 

In  answering  the  question  referred  to  I  could  not  say 
what  I  would,  iu  fact,  have  then  advised.  I  did  say 
what,  judging  with  my  present  knowledge,  I  thought  I 
might  possibly  or  probably  have  advised,  not  iu  view  of 
the  actual  condition  of  the  electric  lighting  art  at  that 
time  alone,  but  guided  by  the  statement  siqipooed  te 
have  been  made  to  me  as  contained  in  the  questions 
(x-Qs.  148  to  100). 


5268  Sir  William  Thornton — Ite-direcl. 

of  stating  the  problem  adopted  in  them  point  out  dif¬ 
ficulties  and  suggest  modes  of  solution  unknown  and. 
untbought  of  in  1879  or  the  earlier  part  of  1880.  No 
one,  in  fact,  at  that  time  had  diagnosed  the  problem  of 
lighting  a  large  country  house  in  the  manner  put  forward 
in  the  statement  and  suppositions  until  long  after  1880. 

The  idea  suggested  in  the  x-Qs.  150,  151,  152,  163, 
154,  155,  159  and  ICO,  that  expense  on  cop¬ 
per  might  be  advisedly  avoided  by  reducing  the 
supply  conductors,  notwithstanding  that  this  would  en¬ 
tail  a  more  than  negligible  drop  in  the  pressure,  was 
not  known  in  the  early  part  of  1880,  nor  I  believe  to 
any  one  prior  to  the  date  of  Edison’s  Patent  No.  264,- 
642 ;  and  so  also  was  the  idea  unknown  of  regulating 
at  a  central  station,  so  us  to  maintain  a  constant  lower 
pressure  at  a  distant  point,  whether  with  or  without 
the  aid  of  pressure  wires. 


LAITED  STATES  CIRCUIT  COURT, 
ok  New  Jeikey. 

Edison  Electiuc  LiGimxo  Co.mi-anv] 


Westinqhouse,  Ciiuncn,  I 


Stipulation  as  to  rmug,  &c.,  of  Coxumis- 

^  ““'I  '^otween 

counsel  for  complainants  and  connsel  for  defendart- 

repesenting  the  respective  partie  .  tie  evee  tMf 

this  coimnissmn,  in  the  City  of  Gla.sgow,  that  the  depo¬ 
sition  of  Sir  William  Thomson,  containing  his  testimony 
as^  written  out  and  signed  by  him,  and  the  entire  com¬ 
mission  as  made  up  and  certified  by  the  United  States 
Consul,  and  sealed  up  and  directed  to  the  Clerk  of  tne 
Court  m  whieh  this  suit  is  brought,  by  the  coinmis- 
moner  may  be  intrusted  to  the  custody  of  Mr.  William 
J.  Jenks,  as  tlio  ageut  of  suit!  cominissioner,  to  be  by 
him  conveyed  to  the  United  States  for  filing,  and  that 
the  said  AVilliam  J.  Jenks  shall  retain  this  ooinmission 
until  by  order  of  court  entered  on  agreement  of  oouii- 
sol,  or  otherwise,  he  is  directed  what  disposition  to 
make  of  said  commission,  in  order  that  the  same  may 
bo  opened  and  filed  in  this  ease. 

It  is  hereby  further  stipulated  between  said  counsel 
that  all  formalities  and  technicalities  us  to  taking  down, 
certifying,  transmission,  filing  and  opening  of  said 
commission,  are  hereby  waived,  except  that  it  is  to  be 
transmitted  as  above  stated  in  this  stipulation. 

Glasgow,  January  21st,  1891. 

Sam’l  E.  Beits, 

Of  Counsel  for  Complainant. 

Charles  A.  Terry. 


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